Function:

Function is a rule where we get exactly one output for each input.
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Example: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 is a function because for each values of x we get exactly
one values of y.
𝑥 = 0; 𝑦 = 2.0 + 1 = 1
𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = 2.1 + 1 = 3
But 𝑦 2 = 𝑥; 𝑦 = ±√𝑥 is not a function because for each values of x we get more
than one values of y.
𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = ±√1; 𝑥 = 2; 𝑦 = ±√2
Domain and range of a function:
If x and y are related by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥); then the set of all allowable x
values is called the domain of x and the set of all y values is called the range of f.
Example: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1; 𝑥 = 0,1,2,3
𝑥 = 0; 𝑦 = 2.0 + 1 = 1
𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = 2.1 + 1 = 3
𝑥 = 2; 𝑦 = 2.2 + 1 = 5
𝑥 = 3; 𝑦 = 2.3 + 1 = 7
Domain of f, 𝐷𝑓 = {0,1,2,3}
Range of f, 𝑅𝑓 = {1,3,5,7}

Problem: Find domain and range of the following functions:

i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ;
ℝ = 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
ii) (H.W)𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5, , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
1
iii) 𝑦=
𝑥+5
 1
iv) 𝑦=
2𝑥+7

Solution:
i) Given that,
𝑦 =𝑥+3
Here f(x) is defined for all real values of x.
Domain of f,𝐷𝑓 = ℝ
Again,
𝑦 =𝑥+3
⟹𝑥 =𝑦−3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦.
Range of f,𝑅𝑓 = ℝ
1
𝑦= ; 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 1 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟;
𝑥+5

𝑥 + 5 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
1 0
= 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑/𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 ; = 0
0 1
iii. Given that,
1
𝑦= ;
𝑥+5
1 1
𝑥 + 5 = 0; 𝑥 = −5; 𝑦 = = = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
−5 + 5 0
Here f(x) is defined for all real values of x except at 𝑥 = −5.
Domain of f,𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {−5}
1
Again, 𝑦 =
𝑥+5

⟹ 𝑦(𝑥 + 5) = 1
⟹ 𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 = 1
⟹ 𝑥𝑦 = 1 − 5𝑦
 1 − 5𝑦
⟹𝑥=
𝑦
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
𝑦=0
Range of f,𝑅𝑓 = ℝ − {0}
1
iv. 𝑦 =
2𝑥+7

⟹ 𝑦(2𝑥 + 7) = 1
⟹ 2𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 = 1
⟹ 2𝑥𝑦 = 1 − 7𝑦
1 − 7𝑦
⟹𝑥=
2𝑦
2𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 = 0
Range of f,𝑅𝑓 = ℝ − {0}
Domain and range of piecewise function:
𝟓; 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏; (𝟎, 𝟏)
i) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟏𝟎; 𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐; (𝟏, 𝟐]
𝟏𝟓; 𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑; (𝟐, 𝟑]

Domain of f, 𝑫𝒇 = (𝟎, 𝟏) ∪ (𝟏, 𝟐] ∪ (𝟐, 𝟑]

= (𝟎, 𝟏) ∪ (𝟏, 𝟑]
Range of f, 𝑹𝒇 = {𝟓, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟓}

𝟏 − 𝒙; −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟏; [−𝟏, 𝟏)
ii) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟎; 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐; [𝟏, 𝟐]
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒; 𝒙 > 𝟐; (𝟐, ∞)

Domain of f, 𝑫𝒇 = [−𝟏, 𝟏) ∪ [𝟏, 𝟐] ∪ (𝟐, ∞)

= [−𝟏, ∞)

Range of f, 𝑹𝒇 = (𝟎, 𝟐] ∪ {𝟎} ∪ (𝟎, ∞) = [𝟎, ∞)

Intervals:
a) Open-open interval or 𝒂 < 𝒙 < 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 (𝒂, 𝒃)
b) Open-closed interval or 𝒂 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 (𝒂, 𝒃]
c) closed-open interval or 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 [𝒂, 𝒃)
d) closed-closed interval or 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 [𝒂, 𝒃]
Inverse function:
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙); 𝒙 = 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚)
Problem: Find the inverse of the following functions:
𝒙−𝟑
i) 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝒙+𝟏
ii) (𝑯. 𝑾)𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟑

Solution: i) Let 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒙−𝟑
⟹𝒚=
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
⟹ 𝒚(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝒙 − 𝟑
⟹ 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟑
⟹ 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙 = −𝟑 − 𝒚
⟹ 𝒙(𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏) = −𝟑 − 𝒚
−𝟑 − 𝒚
⟹𝒙=
𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏
−𝟑 − 𝒚
⟹ 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚) =
𝟐𝒚 − 𝟏
[𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙); 𝒙 = 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚)]
Replacing y by x;
−𝟑 − 𝒙
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
Composite function:
 𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙;
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘:
𝒇𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))
𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙))
Problem: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙; then calculate 𝒇𝒐𝒈(𝒙) and
𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙).
Solution: Given that,
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙
𝒇𝒐𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))

= 𝒇(√𝒙)

= √𝒙 + 𝟏

𝒈𝒐𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙))
= 𝒈(𝒙 + 𝟏 )
= √𝒙 + 𝟏
Limit, continuity & differentiability
Limit:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝟐

𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐋 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒉)

𝒙→𝒂 𝒉→𝟎

𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐋 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒉)

𝒙→𝒂 𝒉→𝟎

Problem: Find the value of 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) if

𝒙→𝟑
 𝒙 − 𝟏; 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕; 𝒙 > 𝟑
Solution: At 𝒙 = 𝟑;
𝐋. 𝐇. 𝐋 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝟑 − 𝒉)
𝒙→𝟑 𝒉→𝟎

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 − 𝒉 − 𝟏
𝒉→𝟎

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 − 𝒉 = 𝟐 − 𝟎 = 𝟐
𝒉→𝟎

[𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 − 𝟏; 𝒇(𝟑 − 𝒉) = 𝟑 − 𝒉 − 𝟏 ]

𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐋 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝟑 + 𝒉)

𝒙→𝟑 𝒉→𝟎

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝟑(𝟑 + 𝒉) − 𝟕
𝒉→𝟎

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝟗 + 𝟑𝒉 − 𝟕
𝒉→𝟎

= 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝟐 + 𝟑𝒉 = 𝟐 + 𝟑. 𝟎 = 𝟐
𝒉→𝟎

𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑳 = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑳
So limit exists at 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟑

Continuity:
𝒇(𝒙); 𝒙 = 𝒂
i) 𝑓(𝑎)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→𝑎
iii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

Problem: A function f(x) is defined as follows:

 3
3 + 2𝑥; − ≤ 𝑥 < 0
2
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥; 0 ≤ 𝑥 <
2
3
{ 3 + 2𝑥; 𝑥 ≥ 2
Show that the function f(x) is continuous at x=0 and discontinuous at 𝑥 = 3/2.
Solution: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0
i) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0; 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥;
𝑓(0) = 3 − 2.0 = 3
So, for x=0; f(x) is defined.
ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
L.H. L= lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(0 − ℎ)
𝑥→0 ℎ→0
= lim 3 + 2(0 − ℎ)
ℎ→0
= lim 3 − 2ℎ = 3 − 2.0 = 3
ℎ→0

R.H. L= lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(0 + ℎ)

𝑥→0 ℎ→0
= lim 3 − 2(0 + ℎ)
ℎ→0
= lim 3 − 2ℎ = 3 − 2.0 = 3
ℎ→0
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 3
So lim 𝑓(𝑥) is exists.
𝑥→0

iii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 = 𝑓(0) = 0

𝑥→0
So, f(x) is continuous at x=0.

Differentiability:
𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎
L.H. D=R.H. D
𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒂) 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 −𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Every differentiable function is continuous but every continuous function is
not differentiable.
Problem: A function f(x) is defined as follows:
3
3 + 2𝑥; − ≤ 𝑥 < 0
2
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥; 0 ≤ 𝑥 <
2
3
{ 3 + 2𝑥; 𝑥 ≥ 2
Show that the function f(x) is differentiable or not at x=0.
Solution: at x=0

𝒇(𝒂 − 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑫 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 −𝒉
𝒇(𝟎 − 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝟎)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 −𝒉
𝟑 + 𝟐(𝟎 − 𝒉) − {𝟑 − 𝟐. 𝟎}
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 −𝒉
𝟑 − 𝟐𝒉 − 𝟑 −𝟐𝒉
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐
𝒉→𝟎 −𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 −𝒉

𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑫 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝒇(𝟎 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝟎)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟑 − 𝟐(𝟎 + 𝒉) − {𝟑 − 𝟐. 𝟎}
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟑 − 𝟐𝒉 − 𝟑
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟐
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑫 ≠ 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑫
So, f(x) is not differentiable at x=0.
 Problem:(H.W) A function f(x) is defined as follows:
3
3 + 2𝑥; − ≤ 𝑥 < 0
2
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2
3
{ −3 − 2𝑥; 𝑥 > 2
3
Show that the function f(x) is differentiable or not at 𝑥 = .
2

Basic differentiation:
Formula:
𝒅
i) (𝒙) = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
ii) 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
iii) (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
iv) (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙
v) 𝒅/𝒅𝒙(𝒍𝒏𝒙) = 𝟏/𝒙
𝒅
vi) (𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
vii) (𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
viii) (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
ix) (𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
x) (𝒂𝒙 ) = 𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒂
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
xi) (𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝒅 𝟏
xii) (𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 −√𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝒅 𝟏
xiii) (𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐

𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
xiv) (𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 𝒗+𝒗 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 𝒅 𝒅
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 𝒖−𝒖 𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
xv)
𝒅𝒙 𝒗
( )= 𝒗𝟐

Problem: Find the derivative of the following functions:

i) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
ii) 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
iii) 𝒚 = 𝒆√𝒍𝒏𝒙
Solution: i) Given that,
𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 … … (𝒊)
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝒊)𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒙;
𝒅 𝒅 𝒙
𝒚= (𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅 𝒙
= 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒆
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒆𝒙
ii) 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 = 𝒆√𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝒊𝒊𝒊)
Given that,

𝒚 = 𝒆√𝒍𝒏𝒙 … … (𝒊)
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 (𝒊)𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒙;
𝒅 𝒅 √𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝒚= 𝒆
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
= 𝒆√𝒍𝒏𝒙 √𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏
= 𝒆√𝒍𝒏𝒙 (𝒍𝒏𝒙)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅
= 𝒆√𝒍𝒏𝒙 (𝒍𝒏𝒙)𝟐−𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝒙
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒆√𝒍𝒏𝒙 (𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙
Problem: (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒚 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)𝒙 … . . (𝒊)
Taking ln in both sides of (i)
𝒍𝒏(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)𝒙 [𝒍𝒏𝒂𝒃 = 𝒃𝒍𝒏𝒂];
𝒚𝒍𝒏(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = 𝒙𝒍𝒏(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚) … . . (𝒊𝒊)
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x
𝒅 𝒅
𝒚𝒍𝒏(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = 𝒙𝒍𝒏(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
⟹𝒚 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) + 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) 𝒚=𝒙 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚) + 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚) 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒚
⟹ 𝒚. . (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) + 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = 𝒙. . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚. + 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚) . 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
⟹ −𝒚𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) = 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒚 + 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
⟹ 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) − 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚) + 𝒚𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
⟹ {𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) − 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒚} = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚) + 𝒚𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚) + 𝒚𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
⟹ =
𝒅𝒙 {𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) − 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒚}
Problem: Find the derivatives of the following functions:
i) 𝒙 = 𝒚𝒍𝒏(𝒙𝒚) = 𝒚[𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒚] = 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒚
𝒙 = 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒚 … . . (𝒊)
Differentiating (i) with respect to x;
𝒅 𝒅
𝒙= {𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒚}
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅
𝟏= 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒚
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏 = 𝒚. + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒚. + 𝒍𝒏𝒚
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝟏−
𝑨𝒏𝒔: = 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 (𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒚 + 𝟏)
 Problem: Find the derivatives of the following parametric functions:
i) 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕; 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
ii) 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕; 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝒅𝒚 −𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 + 𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝑨𝒏𝒔: = 𝒕
𝒅𝒙 𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 + 𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
Solution: Given that,
𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 … . . (𝒊)
𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 … . (𝒊𝒊)
Differentiating (i) and (ii) with respect to t
𝒅 𝒅
𝒙= {𝒍𝒏𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕}
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙 𝟏
= + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒕
𝒅 𝒅 𝒕
𝒚= (𝒆 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒆𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒕 𝒆𝒕 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
Now, = 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 +𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝒕

Successive differentiation
𝟐
𝒅𝒚 ′
𝒅 𝒚 𝒅𝟑 𝒚
= 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒚 ; = 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚 ; 𝟑 = 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒚′′′
′′
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Problem: 𝑰𝒇 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) ; 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕,
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Solution: Given that,
𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) … . . (𝒊)
Differentiating (i) with respect to x;
𝒅 𝒅
𝒚= 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 … . . (𝒊𝒊)
𝒅𝒙
Differentiating (ii) with respect to x;
𝒅 𝒅𝒚 𝒅
= {𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙}
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅 𝒅
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙{−𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙}𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝟐
= −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) − 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺 = 𝟐
+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) − 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
= −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟎 = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
(H.W) Problem: 𝑰𝒇 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙; 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒅𝟒 𝒚
+ 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟒

Indeterminate form:
𝟏 𝟎 ∞
, , , 𝟎 × ∞, 𝟎∞
𝟎 𝟎 ∞
Evaluate the following limits:
𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙 −𝟐 𝟎
i) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎]
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝟎
𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳′ 𝑯𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍′ 𝒔𝑳𝒂𝒘]
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐𝒙
 𝒆𝒙 − (−𝒆−𝒙 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐. 𝟏
𝒆𝒙 + (𝒆−𝒙 )
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟐
𝒆 + 𝒆−𝟎
𝟎
=
𝟐
𝟏+𝟏
= =𝟏
𝟐
𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙 −𝟐𝒙
ii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒆𝒙 +𝒆−𝒙 −𝟐𝒙 𝒐
Solution: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎]
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒐

𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳′ 𝑯𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍′ 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒘]
𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

𝒆𝟎 − 𝒆𝟎
=
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎
𝟏−𝟏
=
𝟏
=𝟎
𝒆𝒙 −𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
iii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒆𝒙 −𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟎
Solution: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎]
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟎

𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳′ 𝑯𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍′ 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒘]
𝒙→𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒆𝒙 − [𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 . (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)]
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒆𝒙 − [−𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 . (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) + (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙. 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) + 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 . 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙(−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)]
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
 =𝟏

𝒆𝒙 −𝒆−𝒙 +𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙−𝟒𝒙
iv) 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟑
𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝟒
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙
𝒆 − 𝒆 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟔𝒙
𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝟔
𝟎 −𝟎
𝒆 + 𝒆 − 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟎
=
𝟔
𝟏+𝟏−𝟐 𝟎
= = =𝟎
𝟔 𝟔
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
v) (H.W)𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟑
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
vi) (H.W)𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟑
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
Formula: 𝒆𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 ; 𝒆−𝒙 = −𝒆−𝒙 ; 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 ;
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝒅
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙; 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝟎 + 𝒆−𝟎 − 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝟎
𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕: = =
𝟎𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
Application of basic differentiation
Problem 1: A point moves on a parabola 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 in such a way that when
x=3, the abscissa is increasing at the rate of 3 cm/sec. At what rate is the
ordinate increasing at that point?
Solution: Given that,
𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 … … . (𝒊)
Differentiating (i) with respect to t;
𝒅 𝒅 𝟐
𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
⇒𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙 … . . (𝒊𝒊)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙 𝟑𝒄𝒎 𝒅𝒚
Given that, 𝒙 = 𝟑; = ; =?
𝒅𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
Now from (ii); 𝟑 = 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒚
⇒𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟑. 𝟑
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒚 𝟏𝟖
⇒ = = 𝟔𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒅𝒕 𝟑
So the ordinate is increasing at the rate of 6cm/sec.

Problem 2:
𝟏
The rate of change of radius of a circle is .
𝝅

Find the rate of change of

i) circumferential length
ii) the area of circle at the instant when the radius is 2 cm
Solution: Let the radius of the circle be r, circumferential length be s and area
be A.
We know that,
The circumferential length of the circle be,
𝑺 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 … (𝒊)
And area of the circle be,
𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 … . (𝒊𝒊)
Now differentiating equation (i) and (ii) with respect to t;
𝒅𝒔 𝒅
= 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒓
⇒ = 𝟐𝝅
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 𝒅𝒔 𝟏 𝒅𝒓 𝟏
⇒ = 𝟐𝝅. [ = ] = 𝟐𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒅𝒕 𝝅 𝒅𝒕 𝝅
𝒅𝑨 𝒅
And = 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒓
⇒ = 𝝅. 𝟐𝒓.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑨 𝟏
⇒ = 𝝅. 𝟐. 𝟐. = 𝟒
𝒅𝒕 𝝅
𝒅𝑨
⟹ = 𝟒𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒅𝒕
Problem 3(H.W): A circular plate of metal expands by heat so that its radius
increases at the rate of 0.01cm/sec. At what rate is the area is increasing when
the radius is 700 cm.
Solution: Given that,
𝒅𝒓 𝒄𝒎 𝒅𝑨
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ; 𝒓 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎; =?
𝒅𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒅𝒕
Problem 4:
The volume of a spherical ballon is increasing at the rate of 10 cubic centimeters
per second. Find the rate of change of change of its surface at the instant when
its radius is 16 cm.
Solution: Let the radius, volume and surface of the spherical ballon be r, v and
A
We know that,
𝟒 𝟑
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆, 𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓 … . . (𝒊)
𝟑
And 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 , 𝑨 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 … . . (𝒊𝒊)
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝑨
Given that, = 𝟏𝟎; 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎; =?
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Differentiating (i) and (ii) with respect to t

𝒅𝒗 𝟒 𝒅 𝟑
= 𝝅 𝒓
𝒅𝒕 𝟑 𝒅𝒕
 𝒅𝒗 𝟒 𝒅𝒓
= 𝝅. 𝟑𝒓𝟐 .
𝒅𝒕 𝟑 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟎
⟹ = = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝒅𝒕 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝟑 𝝅. 𝟑𝒓 𝟑 𝝅. 𝟑(𝟏𝟔)
𝒅𝑨 𝒅𝒓
And = 𝟒𝝅. 𝟐𝒓.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑨
⟹ = 𝟒𝝅. 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔. (𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ) = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒅𝒕
Rolle’s theorem:
Statement:
Let f be
i) Differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏)
ii) Continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏]
iii) If 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏) ,
iv) Then there is at least one number c in (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
Problem: Verify the Rolle’s theorem for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 − 24 in the
interval (2,3).
Solution: Given that,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 − 24
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 26
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 3𝑐 2 − 18𝑐 + 26

Now,
𝑓(2) = 23 − 922 + 26.2 − 24
= 8 − 36 + 52 − 24 = 0
𝑓(3) = 33 − 9. 32 + 26.3 − 24
= 27 − 81 + 78 − 24
=0
 𝑓(2) = 𝑓(3) = 0

Since f(x) is a polynomial function so that it is continuous and differentiable on

(2,3) and 𝑓(2) = 𝑓(3).
Thus, Rolle’s theorem guarantees that there is at least one number c in (2,3)
such that
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 18𝑐 + 26 = 0

−(−18) ± √(−18)2 − 4.3.26

⇒𝑐=
2.3
18 ± √12
⇒𝑐=
6
18 + √12 18 − √12
⇒𝑐= ,
6 6
⇒ 𝑐 = 3.5774, 2.4224
Clearly 2.4224 ∈ (2,3)𝑏𝑢𝑡 3.5774 ∉ (2,3)
So that Rolle’s theorem is verified.
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Formula: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2𝑎

Problem:(H.W) Verify the Rolle’s theorem for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 in

the interval (0,4).