TYPES OF SPORTS  

                       
Sports is an activity that requires physical action and skills
where individuals or teams compete under a set of rules. It is
classified into individual, dual, or team sports. Individual
sports are played by one participant on each competing side,
dual sports are played by two competing pairs, while team
sports are played with three or more players.
 
Some of the popular individual and dual games include
badminton, bowling, boxing, lawn tennis, track and field,
table tennis, skating, swimming, and beach volleyball. Team
sports include basketball, football, softball, and volleyball.
However, there are some individual and dual sports that can
be played in teams, depending on the tournament and
sponsoring sports organization. Some sports can also be
played indoors, outdoors, or both.

                    
 

It is necessary to learn the basics of each sport in order to

properly play the game. Nonetheless, understanding how the
game is played is most essential.

In whichever sports, the benefits of participating in a physical

activity is the most significant.

STRATEGIES IN TEACHING SPORTS SKILL

There are four critical elements involved in teaching a sports skill. The coach must first
instruct the student on how to perform the skill. She then provides an actual
demonstration of the skill. Afterward, the student practices the skill, and finally, the
student performs the skill so the coach can evaluate and confirm the student's
knowledge.

There are also four various strategies for teaching critical elements, techniques, and
proper form:

  Part Method 

 If a coach were to teach a tennis serve, she would break it down into component parts.
First there would be the stance, then perhaps a bounce or two of the ball, then the toss,
then bringing the racquet back, then hitting the ball, and finally the follow through. The
athlete would then practice the separate parts, not necessarily in sequential order, before
putting them all together

 Chaining 
This is sometimes called the progressive part method, and is similar to the part method.
The athlete learns how to do a skill, in sequential order, and then chains them all together
into one fluid movement.

 Whole Method

Here, the coach demonstrates the entire skill from start to finish. The athlete then
attempts to replicate that skill. For example, the coach would serve a tennis ball from
start to finish and then have the pupil try to mimic the movements. This method tends to
work best for rapid movements.

 Whole-Part-Whole Method

This is in essence a combination of the whole and part methods. The coach would
demonstrate the entire skill, and then break it down into its component parts. This allows
the student to work on his weaknesses more than his strengths. Then, the student may
eventually demonstrate the entire skill back to the coach.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE OF AN

INDIVIDUAL

DUAL SPORTS

VS

TEAM SPORTS?

Individual sports foster a higher amount of discipline, self-

confidence, focus, and passion. The individual player is solely
responsible for winning or losing: succeeding or failing.
In team sports, many variables are considered to determine the
success or failure of the team. Although individual qualities and
skills are helpful, performance will not rely on a single talent. A
team’s performance or success depends on a collective effort of
all its players.
WHAT DOES ONE NEED TO KNOW IN PLAYING SPORTS?

Individual sports relies on the individual while team sports rely

on teammates. In playing any type of sports, it is important to
have focus, clear understanding of the game, and work ethics in
mastering the skills.
Some of the important aspects to consider in learning a sports
are:

1.
 History – the inventor of the sports, country of origin, and
development of the game.

2.
3.

Court Dimension/Venue – where the games are played

(indoor, outdoor or both) size, different designs for male and
female, and safety procedures for the players.

4.
5.

Equipment and Gear – proper protective gears, uniforms and

outfits which also involve safety of players and the officials.

6.
7.

Technical and Tactical Skills – technical skills are the basics

of playing the game (e.g., basketball – dribble, shoot, pass)
while tactical skills are the strategies to take advantage
during the game.

8.
9.

Rules of the game – set of rules on how the game is played,

violations, penalties, how to score points, how many players
are allowed, etc.

10.
11.

Officiating – officials of the game, their duties and

responsibilities of calling for violations, penalties, points, etc.
and the regulating fair play.

12.

          

      
                                 

BRIEF HISTORY: 

The game of table tennis was first invented in

England during the decade of 1880s. At that point
of time it was a game played by the English upper
class as an after-dinner parlor game. Later the
game was developed by the British military officers
who were serving mostly in India and South Africa
by using two hard books and a golf ball. Later in
the year 1921 the Table Tennis Association was
founded in the Great Britain and the current
governing body the International Table Tennis
Federation or ITTF was also founded in the year
1926 and the first ever official World Championship
for Table tennis was held in the same year. A Few
years later in the year 1933 the United States too
got interested into the game and founded United
States Table Tennis Association. Table tennis
became the Olympic sport in the 1988 Seoul
Olympics.
SKILLS:

1. Grip (Shakehand grip/Penhold grip)

2. Ready position
3. Forehand and backhand
4. Basic hitting
5. Topspin serve
6. Basic position, forehand, backhand drive
7. Forehand and backhand push

                                 

BRIEF HISTORY:

    Badminton, court or lawn game played with

lightweight rackets and a shuttlecock.
Historically, the shuttlecock  was a
small cork hemisphere with 16 goose feathers
attached and weighing about 0.17 ounce (5 grams).
These types of shuttles may still be used in modern
play, but shuttles made from synthetic materials
are also allowed by the Badminton World Federation.
The game is named for Badminton, the country estate
of the dukes of Beaufort
in Gloucestershire, England, where it was first
played about 1873. The roots of the sport can be
traced to ancient Greece, China, and India, and it
is closely related to the old children’s
game battledore and shuttlecock. Badminton is
derived directly from poona, which was played by
British army officers stationed in India in the
1860s. The first unofficial all-England badminton
championships for men were held in 1899, and the
first badminton tournament for women was arranged
the next year.
The Badminton World Federation (BWF; originally the
International Badminton Federation), the world
governing body of the sport, was formed in 1934.
Badminton first appeared in the Olympic Games as a
demonstration sport in 1972 and as an exhibition
sport in 1988. At the 1992 Games it became a full-
medal Olympic sport, with competition for men’s and
women’s singles (one against one) and doubles (two
against two). Mixed doubles was introduced at the
1996 Games.
SKILLS:

1. Grip - Handshake Grip (forehand and backhand

2. Ready Position and footwork
3. Serve - Long Serve and Short serve (forehand and backhand)
4. Forehand and Backhand overhead stroke
5. Forehand and Backhand clear
6. Forehand and Backhand drop
7. Forehand and Backhand smash
8. Forehand and Backhand drive

FLIGHT PATTERNS:

                              

                                                                      

BRIEF HISTORY

The only major sport strictly of U.S. origin,

basketball was invented by James Naismith (1861–
1939) on or about December 1, 1891, at the
International Young Men’s Christian
Association (YMCA) Training School (now Springfield
College), Springfield, Massachusetts, where
Naismith was an instructor in physical education.
For that first game of basketball in 1891, Naismith
used as goals two half-bushel peach baskets, which
gave the sport its name. The students were
enthusiastic. After much running and shooting,
William R. Chase made a midcourt shot—the only
score in that historic contest. Word spread about
the newly invented game, and numerous associations
wrote Naismith for a copy of the rules, which were
published in the January 15, 1892, issue of
the Triangle, the YMCA Training School’s campus
paper.
In the early years the number of players on a team
varied according to the number in the class and the
size of the playing area. In 1894 teams began to
play with five on a side when the playing area was
less than 1,800 square feet (167.2 square metres);
the number rose to seven when
the gymnasium measured from 1,800 to 3,600 square
feet (334.5 square metres) and up to nine when the
playing area exceeded that. In 1895 the number was
occasionally set at five by mutual consent; the
rules stipulated five players two years later, and
this number has remained ever since.
Originally, players wore one of three styles of
uniforms: knee-length football trousers; jersey
tights, as commonly worn by wrestlers; or short
padded pants, forerunners of today’s uniforms, plus
knee guards. The courts often were of irregular
shape with occasional obstructions such as pillars,
stairways, or offices that interfered with play. In
1903 it was ruled that all boundary lines must be
straight. In 1893 the Narragansett Machinery Co.
of Providence, Rhode Island, marketed a hoop of
iron with a hammock style of basket. Originally a
ladder, then a pole, and finally a chain fastened
to the bottom of the net was used to retrieve a
ball after a goal had been scored. Nets open at the
bottom were adopted in 1912–13. In 1895–96 the
points for making a basket (goal, or field goal)
were reduced from three to two, and the points for
making a free throw (shot uncontested from a line
in front of the basket after a foul had been
committed) were reduced from three to one.
Baskets were frequently attached to balconies,
making it easy for spectators behind a basket to
lean over the railings and deflect the ball to
favor one side and hinder the other; in 1895 teams
were urged to provide a 4-by-6-foot (1.2-by-1.8-
metre) screen for the purpose of eliminating
interference. Soon after, wooden backboards proved
more suitable. Glass backboards were legalized by
the professionals in 1908–09 and by colleges in
1909–10. In 1920–21 the backboards were moved 2
feet (0.6 metre), and in 1939–40 4 feet, in from
the end lines to reduce frequent stepping out-of-
bounds. Fan-shaped backboards were made legal in
1940–41.
SKILLS:

1. Footwork
2. Pivoting
3. Catching the ball
4. Dribbling
5. Passing
6. Shooting
7. Rebounding

Basketball skills can be broken down into two primary categories:

Offensive skills: shooting, rebounding, passing, and dribbling




Defensive skills: blocking, stealing, and again, rebounding

                                                                        
BRIEF HISTORY
Softball began in 1887 when George Hancock, a
reporter for the Chicago Board of Trade, invented
"indoor baseball". By the spring of 1888, the game
had spread outdoors. It was originally called
either mushball, kittenball or indoor baseball, but
by the 1920s it had acquired the name of softball.
The sport became organized in the United States in
1933 with the formation of the Amateur Softball
Association of America (ASA). The sport was
originally played by men and did not become popular
with women until the formation of the ASA.

Softball has a variation of baseball, the game

started with different elements from other sports
of which were boxing and boating. A boating club
and a boxing glove were the key parts when playing
a game of Softball. Throughout time softball was
once known as Indoor Baseball, kitten ball, mush
ball and pumpkin ball. The game then adopted the
name Softball by the 1930s. Softball then grew a
reputation across the United States and as a result
of its growth in popularity it became a well-
recognized sport across the world.

Softball spread slowly to the rest of the world

with, perhaps, it biggest push coming from American
servicemen playing and teaching the game on the
far-flung fields of World War II.   

It was not until 1965 that the International

Softball Federation (ISF) was formed. Author Karen
Christensen, in Encyclopedia of World Sport, notes
that softball spread to the United Kingdom because
of an American movie. The movie, "A Touch of
Class", was filmed in London and featured a
softball game, which began to be played in England
as a result.

SKILLS:

1.

Throwing

2.
3.

Catching

4.
5.

Fielding Flyballs and groundballs

 6.
7.

Playing catcher

8.
9.

Pitching

10.
11.

Batting

12.
13.

Baserunning

14.
15.

Sliding

16.

                                                                            

BRIEF HISTORY

Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G.

Morgan, physical director of the Young Men’s
Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke,
Massachusetts. It was designed as an indoor sport
for businessmen who found the new game of
basketball too vigorous. Morgan called the sport
“mintonette,” until a professor from Springfield
College in Massachusetts noted the volleying nature
of play and proposed the name of “volleyball.” The
original rules were written by Morgan and printed
in the first edition of the Official Handbook of
the Athletic League of the Young Men’s Christian
Associations of North America (1897). The game soon
proved to have wide appeal for both sexes in
schools, playgrounds, the armed forces, and other
organizations in the United States, and it was
subsequently introduced to other countries.
In 1916 rules were issued jointly by the YMCA and
the National Collegiate Athletic Association
(NCAA). The first nationwide tournament in the
United States was conducted by the National YMCA
Physical Education Committee in New York City in
1922. The United States Volleyball Association
(USVBA) was formed in 1928 and recognized as the
rules-making, governing body in the United States.
From 1928 the USVBA—now known as USA Volleyball
(USAV)—has conducted annual national men’s and
senior men’s (age 35 and older) volleyball
championships, except during 1944 and 1945. Its
women’s division was started in 1949, and a senior
women’s division (age 30 and older) was added in
1977. Other national events in the United States
are conducted by member groups of the USAV such as
the YMCA and the NCAA.
Volleyball was introduced into Europe by American
troops during World War I, when national
organizations were formed. The Fédération
Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB) was organized
in Paris in 1947 and moved to Lausanne,
Switzerland, in 1984. The USVBA was one of the 13
charter members of the FIVB, whose membership grew
to more than 210 member countries by the late 20th
century.
International volleyball competition began in 1913
with the first Far East Games, in Manila. During
the early 1900s and continuing until after World
War II, volleyball in Asia was played on a larger
court, with a lower net, and nine players on a
team.
SKILLS:

1.

Stance (ready position of the body and foot)

2.
3.

Service (underhand, sidearm and overhand serve)

4.
 5.

Tossing (underhand and overhand or finger toss)

6.
7.

Passing/receiving (forearm pass, overhand, and dig pass)

8.
9.

Attacking

10.
11.

Blocking

12.
13.

Defensive skills (rolling/sliding)

14.