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(Mai 4.1-4.3) Descriptive Statistics

This document provides exercises on descriptive statistics from the International Baccalaureate Mathematics: applications and interpretation curriculum. The exercises include identifying types of data, describing sampling methods, calculating measures of central tendency and spread from data sets, representing data in stem-and-leaf diagrams, and manipulating measures when data is transformed. The exercises provide practice with key concepts in descriptive statistics.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

683 views34 pages

(Mai 4.1-4.3) Descriptive Statistics

Uploaded by

Juhi Kastiya

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Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: applications and interpretation

MAI

EXERCISES [MAI 4.1-4.3]

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis

A. Paper 1 questions (SHORT)

1. [Maximum mark: 6]
Indicate by the words “discrete” or “continuous” the type of data below:

Number of children in a family in Rome

Height of Greek men
Time spent in a supermarket
Final grade in IB exams
100m sprint time
100m sprint time to the nearest second

2. [Maximum mark: 4]
A population of 20 000 people consists of 15 000 men and 5 000 women. We need a
sample of 100 people. Match the following:

METHOD EXAMPLE
random
1 A Select 75 men and 25 women.
sampling
Systematic Consider two groups: smokers and non-smokers.
2 B
sampling Select 50 from each group.
Stratified
3 C Select 100 people out of a hat
sampling
Quota
4 D Arrange names in a row. Pick every 200th person
sampling

.................................................................................................................................

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[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

3. [Maximum mark: 7]
A set of data is 6, 2, 3, 8, 6, 5, 7, 6, 2. Find
(a) the measures of central tendency: mode, median, mean. [3]
(b) the measures of spread: range, IQR, standard deviation and variance. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

4. [Maximum mark: 7]
Consider the following frequency table for 200 entries of x:

x f

5 54
6 60
7 16
8 20
9 50
Find
(a) the measures of central tendency: mode, median, mean. [3]
(b) the measures of spread: range, IQR, standard deviation and variance. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

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[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

5. [Maximum mark: 7]
For the data presented in the stem and leaf diagram below

Stem Leaf Key 5 1 represents 51.

5 1, 3, 7,
6 0, 5, 8,
7 7, 9,
8 2, 4, 4, 7,
9 5, 9

(a) write down the first four entries (i.e. the smallest ones) [1]
(b) find the measures of central tendency: mode and median, [2]
(c) find the measures of spread: range and interquartile range [4]

.................................................................................................................................

6. [Maximum mark: 5]
The following results give the heights of sunflowers in centimetres.
180 184 195 177 175 173 169 167 197 173 166 183 161 195 177
192 161 165
Represent the data by a stem and leaf diagram.

.................................................................................................................................

Page 3
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

7. [Maximum mark: 12]

Consider the data 10, 20, 30, 40 with
mean = 25 standard deviation = 5 5 variance = 125
Find the new mean, standard deviation and variance in the following cases

standard
mean variance
deviation

if each number is increased by 2

if each number is multiplied by 2

if each number is increased by a

if each number is multiplied by a

8. [Maximum mark: 7]
Consider the following data

Class interval Frequency

(number of words) f
1–5 16
6–10 28
11–15 26
16–20 14

(a) Find the mean by using the appropriate formula. [3]

(b) Write down the modal group [1]
(c) Find the standard deviation and the variance [3]

.................................................................................................................................

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[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

9. [Maximum mark: 6]
Three positive integers a, b, and c, where a < b < c, are such that their median is 11,
their mean is 9 and their range is 10. Find the value of a.

.................................................................................................................................

10. [Maximum mark: 6]

Let a, b, c and d be integers such that a < b, b < c and c = d.
The mode of these four numbers is 11. The range is 8. The mean is 8.
Calculate the value of each of the integers a, b, c, d.

.................................................................................................................................

11. [Maximum mark: 6]

Consider the four numbers a, b, c, d with a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d, where a, b, c, d  .
The mean of the four numbers is 4. The mode is 3. The median is 3. The range is 6.
Find the value of a, of b, of c and of d.

.................................................................................................................................

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[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

12. [Maximum mark: 6]

The population below is listed in ascending order.
5, 6, 7, 7, 9, 9, r, 10, s, 13, 13, t
The median of the population is 9.5. The upper quartile Q3 is 13.
(a) Write down the value of (i) r (ii) s [4]
(b) The mean of the population is 10. Find the value of t. [2]

.................................................................................................................................

13. [Maximum mark: 6]

A set of data is
18, 18, 19, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23, 27, 28, 28, 31, 34, 34, 36.
The box and whisker plot for this data is shown below.

(a) Write down the values of A, B, C, D, E [5]

(b) Find the interquartile range. [1]

.................................................................................................................................

14. [Maximum mark: 6]

The box and whisker diagram shown below represents the marks received by 32
students.

(a) Write down the value of the median mark. [1]

(b) Write down the value of the upper quartile. [2]
(c) Estimate the number of students who received a mark greater than 6. [3]

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
Page 6
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

15. [Maximum mark: 5]

The following diagram is a box and whisker plot for a set of data.

The interquartile range is 20 and the range is 40.

(a) Write down the median value. [1]
(b) Find the value of (i) a; (ii) b. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

16. [Maximum mark: 5]

A scientist has 100 female fish and 100 male fish. She measures their lengths to the
nearest cm. These are shown in the following box and whisker diagrams.

(a) Find the range of the lengths of all 200 fish. [3]
(b) Four cumulative frequency graphs are shown below.

Which graph is the best representation of the lengths of the female fish? [2]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 7
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

17. [Maximum mark: 6]

The 45 students in a class each recorded the number of whole minutes, x, spent doing
experiments on Monday. The results are Σx = 2230.
(a) Find the mean number of min the students spent doing experiments on Monday. [2]

Two new students joined the class and reported that they spent 37 minutes and 30
minutes respectively.
(b) Calculate the new mean including these two students. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

18. [Maximum mark: 4]

The mean of the population x1, x2, ... , x25 is m
25
(a) Given that x
i 1
i = 300 find the value of m . [2]
25
(b) Given that m = 10 find the value of x
i 1
i . [2]

.................................................................................................................................

19. [Maximum mark: 4]

At a conference of 100 mathematicians there are 72 men and 28 women. The men
have a mean height of 1.79 m and the women have a mean height of 1.62 m. Find the
mean height of the 100 mathematicians.

.................................................................................................................................

Page 8
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

20. [Maximum mark: 6]

From January to September, the mean number of car accidents per month was 630.
From October to December, the mean was 810 accidents per month.
What was the mean number of car accidents per month for the whole year?

.................................................................................................................................

21. [Maximum mark: 7]

A box contains 100 cards. Each card has a number between one and six written on it.
The following table shows the frequencies for each number.
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 26 10 20 k 29 11
(a) Calculate the value of k. [2]
(b) Find (i) the median; (ii) the interquartile range. [5]

.................................................................................................................................

22. [Maximum mark: 4]

Given the following frequency distribution,
Number (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency (f ) 5 9 16 18 20 7
ﬁnd
(a) the median; [2]
(b) the mean. [2]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 9
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

23. [Maximum mark: 6]

A standard die is rolled 36 times. The results are shown in the following table.

Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 3 5 4 6 10 8

(a) Write down the standard deviation. [2]

(b) Write down the median score. [1]
(c) Find the interquartile range. [3]

.................................................................................................................................

24. [Maximum mark: 6]

The number of hours of sleep of 21 students are shown in the frequency table below.

Hours of sleep Number of

students
4 2
5 5
6 4
7 3
8 4
10 2
12 1
Find
(a) the median; [2]
(b) the lower quartile; [2]
(c) the interquartile range. [2]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 10
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

25. [Maximum mark: 6]

The table below shows the marks gained in a test by a group of students.

Mark 1 2 3 4 5
Number of students 5 10 p 6 2

The median is 3 and the mode is 2. Find the two possible values of p.

.................................................................................................................................

26. [Maximum mark: 7]

The following table gives the examination grades for 120 students.

Grade Number of students Cumulative frequency

1 9 9
2 25 34
3 35 p
4 q 109
5 11 120

(a) Find the value of

(i) p; (ii) q. [4]

(b) Find the mean grade. [2]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 11
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

27. [Maximum mark: 7]

In a school with 125 girls, each student is tested to see how many sit-up exercises (sit-
ups) she can do in one minute. The results are given in the table below.
Number of Cumulative
Number of sit-ups
students number of students
15 11 11
16 21 32
17 33 p
18 q 99
19 18 117
20 8 125

(a) (i) Write down the value of p (ii) Find the value of q. [3]
(b) Find the median number of sit-ups. [2]
(c) Find the mean number of sit-ups. [2]

.................................................................................................................................

28. [Maximum mark: 6]

The following table shows the mathematics marks scored by students.
Mark 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency 0 4 6 k 8 6 6
The mean mark is 4.6.
(a) Find the value of k. [5]
(b) Write down the mode. [1]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 12
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

29. [Maximum mark: 4]

The table shows the scores of competitors in a competition.

Score 10 20 30 40 50
Number of competitors
1 2 5 k 3
with this score

The mean score is 34. Find the value of k.

.................................................................................................................................

30. [Maximum mark: 6]

The following stem and leaf diagram gives the heights in cm of 39 schoolchildren.
Stem Leaf Key 13 2 represents 132 cm.
13 2, 3, 3, 5, 8,
14 1, 1, 1, 4, 5, 5, 9,
15 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9,
16 1, 2, 2, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8,
17 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6,
18 0,

(a) State for the height

(i) the lower quartile, (ii) the median (iii) the upper quartile. [3]
(b) Draw a box-and-whisker plot of the data using the axis below.

120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

height in cm [3]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 13
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

31. [Maximum mark: 6]

The histogram below represents the ages of 270 people in a village.
(a) Use the histogram to complete the table below. [2]

Mid-interval
Age range Frequency
value
0 < age < 20 40 10

20 ≤ age < 40

40 ≤ age < 60

60 ≤ age < 80

80 ≤ age ≤100

(b) Hence, calculate an estimate of the mean age. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

32. [Maximum mark: 6]

A student measured the diameters of 80 snail shells. His results are shown in the
following cumulative frequency graph. The lower quartile (LQ) is 14 mm and is marked
clearly on the graph.
90
80
70
Cumulative frequency

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
LQ = 14
Diameter (mm)
(a) On the graph, mark clearly in the same way and write down the value of
(i) the median; (ii) the upper quartile. [4]
(b) Write down the interquartile range. [2]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 14
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

33. [Maximum mark: 6]

The cumulative frequency curve below shows the heights of 120 basketball players in
centimetres.

120

110

100

60
Number of players
50

0
160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
Height in centimetres
Use the curve to estimate
(a) the median height; [2]
(b) the interquartile range. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 15
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

34. [Maximum mark: 6]

A test marked out of 100 is written by 800 students. The cumulative frequency graph
for the marks is given below.

(a) Write down the number of students who scored 40 marks or less on the test. [2]
(b) The middle 50 % of test results lie between marks a and b, (a < b). Find a and b. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

35. [Maximum mark: 6]

The following is a cumulative frequency diagram for the time t, in minutes, taken by 80
students to complete a task.

Time Number of
(minutes) students
0 ≤ t < 10 5
10 ≤ t < 20
20 ≤ t < 30 20
30 ≤ t < 40 24
40 ≤ t < 50
50 ≤ t < 60 6

(t)
(a) Write down the median. [1]
(b) Find the interquartile range. [3]
(c) Complete the frequency table next to the diagram. [2]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 16
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

36. [Maximum mark: 6]

The cumulative frequency graph below shows the heights of 120 girls in a school.

130

120

110

100

90
Cumulative frequency

0
150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185
Height in centimetres

(a) Find
(i) the median; (ii) the interquartile range. [4]

(b) Given that 60% of the girls are taller than a cm, find the value of a. [2]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 17
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

37. [Maximum mark: 6]

The cumulative frequency curve below shows the marks obtained in an examination by
a group of 200 students.
200

190

180

170

160

150

140
Number
of 130
students
120

110

100

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mark obtained
(a) Use the cumulative frequency curve to complete the frequency table below. [3]

Mark (x) 0 ≤ x < 20 20 ≤ x < 40 40 ≤ x < 60 60 ≤ x < 80 80 ≤ x < 100

Number 22 20
of students
(b) Forty percent of the students fail. Find the pass mark. [3]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 18
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

38. [Maximum mark: 6]

In the research department of a university, 300 mice were timed as they each ran
through a maze. The results are shown in the cumulative frequency diagram below.

Time t Number
(seconds) of mice
t<7 0
7≤t<8 16
8≤t<9 22
9 ≤ t < 10 p
10 ≤ t < 11 q
11 ≤ t < 12 70
12 ≤ t < 13 44
13 ≤ t < 14 31
14 ≤ t ≤ 15 23

(a) How many mice complete the maze in less than 10 seconds? [1]
(b) Estimate the median time. [1]
(c) Another way of showing the results is the frequency table next to the graph..
(i) Find the value of p and the value of q.
(ii) Calculate an estimate of the mean time. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 19
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

39. [Maximum mark: 6]

The four populations A, B, C and D are the same size and have the same range.
Frequency histograms for the four populations are given below.

(a) Each of the three box and whisker plots below corresponds to one of the four
populations. Write the letter of the correct population under each plot.

...... ...... ......

[3]
(b) Each of the three cumulative frequency diagrams below corresponds to one of
the four populations. Write the letter of the correct population under each
diagram.

[3]

Page 20
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

B. Paper 2 questions (LONG)

40. [Maximum mark: 10]

The following diagram represents the lengths, in cm, of 80 plants grown in a laboratory.

15
frequency
10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
length (cm)

(a) How many plants have lengths in cm between

(i) 50 and 60? (ii) 70 and 90? [2]

(b) Calculate estimates for the mean and the st.deviation of the lengths of the plants. [4]
(c) Explain what feature suggests that the median is different than the mean.
(d) The following is an extract from the cumulative frequency table.

length in cm less than cumulative frequency

. .
50 22
60 32
70 48
80 62
. .

Find an estimate for the median of the lengths of the plants. [3]

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
Page 21
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

41. [Maximum mark: 14]

The following is the cumulative frequency curve for the time, t minutes, spent by 150
people in a store on a particular day.

150

140

130

120

110

100
cumulative frequency

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

time (t)

(a) (i) How many people spent less than 5 minutes in the store?
(ii) Find the number of people who spent between 5 and 7 minutes in the store.
(iii) Find the median time spent in the store. [6]

(b) Given that 40% of the people spent longer than k minutes, find the value of k. [3]
(c) (i) Complete the following frequency table.

t (minutes) 0≤t≤2 2<t≤4 4<t≤6 6<t≤8 8 < t ≤ 10 10 < t ≤ 12

Frequency 10 23 15

(ii) Hence, calculate an estimate for the mean time spent in the store. [5]

Page 22
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

.................................................................................................................................

Page 23
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

42. [Maximum mark: 11]

The speeds in km h–1 of cars passing a point on a highway are recorded in the first
table below.

Speed v Number of cars Speed v Cumulative frequency

v ≤ 60 0 v ≤ 60 0
60 < v ≤ 70 7 v ≤ 70 7
70 < v ≤ 80 25 v ≤ 80 32
80 < v ≤ 90 63 v ≤ 90 95
90 < v ≤ 100 70 v ≤ 100 a
100 < v ≤ 110 71 v ≤ 110 236
110 < v ≤ 120 39 v ≤ 120 b
120 < v ≤ 130 20 v ≤ 130 295
130 < v ≤ 140 5 v ≤ 140 300
v > 140 0
(a) Calculate an estimate of the mean speed of the cars. [2]
(b) The second table gives some of the cumulative frequencies.
(i) Write down the values of a and b.
(ii) On graph paper, construct a cumulative frequency curve to represent this
information. Use a scale of 1 cm for 10 km h–1 on the horizontal axis and a
scale of 1 cm for 20 cars on the vertical axis. [5]

(c) Use your graph to determine

(i) the percentage of cars travelling at a speed in excess of 105 km h–1;
(ii) the speed which is exceeded by 15% of the cars. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 24
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Page 25
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

43. [Maximum mark: 10]

A survey is carried out to find the waiting times for 100 customers at a supermarket.

waiting time number of

(seconds) customers
0–30 5
30– 60 15
60– 90 33
90 –120 21
120–150 11
150–180 7
180–210 5
210–240 3

(a) Calculate an estimate for the mean of the waiting times, by using an appropriate
approximation to represent each interval. [2]
(b) Construct a cumulative frequency table for these data [1]
(c) Use the cumulative frequency table to draw, on graph paper, a cumulative
frequency graph, using a scale of 1 cm per 20 seconds waiting time for the
horizontal axis and 1 cm per 10 customers for the vertical axis. [4]
(d) Use the cumulative frequency graph to find estimates for the median and the
lower and upper quartiles. [3]

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
Page 26
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Page 27
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

44. [Maximum mark: 15]

In a suburb of a large city, 100 houses were sold in a three-month period. The following
cumulative frequency table shows the distribution of selling prices (in thousands of
dollars).

Selling price P P ≤ 100 P ≤ 200 P ≤ 300 P ≤ 400 P ≤ 500

($1000)
Total number 12 58 87 94 100
of houses

(a) Represent this information on a cumulative frequency curve, using a scale of 1

cm to represent $50000 on the horizontal axis, 1 cm to represent 5 houses on the
vertical axis. [4]
(b) Use your curve to find the interquartile range. [3]

The information above is represented in the following frequency distribution.

Selling price P 0 < P ≤ 100 100 < P ≤ 200 200 < P ≤ 300 300 < P ≤ 400 400 < P ≤ 500
($1000)
Number of 12 46 29 a b
houses

(c) Find the value of a and of b. [2]

(d) Use mid-interval values to calculate an estimate for the mean selling price. [2]
(e) Houses which sell for more than $350000 are described as De Luxe.
(i) Use your graph to estimate the number of De Luxe houses sold.
Give your answer to the nearest integer.
(ii) Two De Luxe houses are selected at random. Find the probability that both
have a selling price of more than $400000. [4]

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................
Page 28
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Page 29
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

45. [Maximum mark: 16]

One thousand candidates sit an examination. The distribution of marks is shown in the
following grouped frequency table.

Marks 1–10 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50 51–60 61–70 71–80 81–90 91–100
Number of candidates 15 50 100 170 260 220 90 45 30 20

(a) Complete the following table, which presents the above data as a cumulative
frequency distribution. [3]

Mark ≤10 ≤20 ≤30 ≤40 ≤50 ≤60 ≤70 ≤80 ≤90 ≤100
Number of candidates 15 65 905

(b) Draw a cumulative frequency graph of the distribution, using a scale of 1 cm for
100 candidates on the vertical axis and 1 cm for 10 marks on the horizontal axis. [5]

(c) Use your graph to answer parts (i)–(iii) below,

(i) Find an estimate for the median score. [2]
(ii) Candidates who scored less than 35 were required to retake the
examination. How many candidates had to retake? [3]
(iii) The highest-scoring 15% of candidates were awarded a distinction. Find
the mark above which a distinction was awarded. [3]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 30
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Page 31
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

46. [Maximum mark: 15]

A supermarket records the amount of money d spent by customers in their store during
a busy period. The results are as follows:

Money in $ (d) 0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 100–120 120–140

Number of customers (n) 24 16 22 40 18 10 4

(a) Find an estimate for the mean amount of money spent by the customers, giving
your answer to the nearest dollar ($). [2]

(b) Complete the following cumulative frequency table and use it to draw a
cumulative frequency graph. Use a scale of 2 cm to represent $20 on the
horizontal axis, and 2 cm to represent 20 customers on the vertical axis. [5]

Money in $ (d) <20 <40 <60 <80 < 100 < 120 < 140
Number of customers (n) 24 40

(c) The time t (minutes), spent by customers in the store may be represented by the
2
equation t = 2d 3 +3.
(i) Use this equation and your answer to part (a) to estimate the mean time in
minutes spent by customers in the store. [3]
(ii) Use the equation and the cumulative frequency graph to estimate the
number of customers who spent more than 37 minutes in the store. [5]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 32
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Page 33
[MAI 4.1-4.3] DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

47. [Maximum mark: 12]

There are 50 boxes in a factory. Their weights, w kg, are divided into 5 classes, as
shown in the following table.

Class Weight (kg) Number of boxes

A 9.5 ≤ w ≤18.5 7
B 18.5 ≤ w ≤ 27.5 12
C 27.5 ≤ w ≤ 36.5 13
D 36.5 ≤ w ≤ 45.5 10
E 45.5 ≤ w ≤ 54.5 8

(a) Show that the estimated mean weight of the boxes is 32 kg. [3]
(b) There are x boxes in the factory marked “Fragile”. They are all in class E. The
estimated mean weight of all the other boxes in the factory is 30 kg. Calculate the
value of x. [4]
(c) An additional y boxes, all with a weight in class D, are delivered to the factory.
The total estimated mean weight of all of the boxes in the factory is less than 33
kg. Find the largest possible value of y. [5]

.................................................................................................................................

Page 34

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