Self-Learning Module in GENERAL CHEMISTRY II

Lesson: The Force that Keeps Us Together

Quarter: 3 Week: 1 Day and Time:

Learning competency/ies:
1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids,and
2. describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
Learning Tasks:
Study Notebook Activity Sheet
 What I know, pp.1-2  What’s In, p.3
 What’s more B, p.7  What’s more A, pp.6-7
 What I have learned, p. 7
 Assessment pp. 8-9

I. Introduction:
This module will focus on Intermolecular force of attraction wherein after
going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain properties of liquids and solids using the kinetic molecular model,
2. describe the different types of intermolecular forces, and
3. predict the intermolecular forces possible for a molecule.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. What particular state of matter has particles that are close to each other,
but do not remain in fixed position?
a. Gas b. Liquid c. Plasma d. Solid
2. Why can solids maintain a definite shape and volume?
a. because their particles are ions.
b. because their particles have no kinetic energy.
c. because their particles have weak attractive force.
d. because their particles have strong attractive force.
3. Which of the following is an intermolecular force?
a. covalent bond c. ionic bond
b. hydrogen bond d. metallic bond
4. What kind of intermolecular force would be found between hydrogen (H2)
molecules?
a. covalent bond c. dispersion
b. dipole-dipole d. hydrogen bond
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5. Which of the following statement is TRUE about dispersion forces?
a. It is present in ionic molecules
b. It involved hydrogen bonding
c. It is the strongest force of attraction between molecules
d. It is the weakest force of attraction between molecules.
6. What bond is considered as a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction,
which is formed when H2 bonds with fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen?
a. covalent bond c. dispersion
b. dipole-dipole d. hydrogen bond
7. What process illustrates the transformation of a substance from a liquid to
gas?
a. condensation c. melting
b. freezing d. vaporization
8. What process illustrates the transformation of a substance from a gas to
liquid?
a. condensation b. freezing c. melting d. vaporization
9. What process illustrates the transformation of a substance from a solid to
liquid?
a. condensation b. freezing c. melting d. vaporization
10. How does the temperature affects the amount of kinetic energy of the
molecules?
a. As the temperature increases, the amount of kinetic energy of
the molecules also increase.
b. As the temperature decreases, the amount of kinetic energy of
the molecules also increases.
c. As the temperature increases, the amount of kinetic energy of
the molecules also decrease.
d. The temperature of surrounding does not affects the amount
of kinetic energy of the molecules.
For # 11-15 Predict the intermolecular force that are present in each of the
following materials.
11. Potassium chloride (KCl)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond
12. Methane (CH4)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond
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13. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond
14. Copper (II) Sulfate (CuSO4)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond
15. Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond

LESSON Intermolecular Forces

What’s In
Directions: Write T if the given statement is TRUE and F if
the statement is FALSE.
1. Kinetic molecular model is used to determine and analyze the
properties of liquids and solids molecules as well as the force of
attraction that account for such properties.
2. In a solid, molecules are held tightly in position with virtually no
freedom of motion.
3. Liquids are much more difficult to compress and they
are much denser at normal conditions.
4. Solids has more empty space between molecules than in a
liquid.
5. Solids are almost incompressible and possess definite
shape and volume.
6. Molecules in a liquid are held together by one or more types
of attractive forces.
7. Liquids can flow, can be poured, and assumes the shape of
its container.
8. Gaseous particles are highly compressible.
9. Both solid and liquid have low density while gases have a
higher density.
10. An increase in temperature results in increased kinetic
energies of gases dissolved in liquids.

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 What’s New

THE KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 11

Upon heating

Figure 1. Temperature affects the amount of kinetic energy of the molecules, therefore affecting
their movement. This means that theUponparticles
cooling of matter expand upon heating and contract
upon cooling.

melting LIQUID vaporization

SOLID
condensation GAS
freezing

SUBLIMATION
Figure 2. Phase transition as a function of varying temperature.

According to Apodaca (2017), the particles of each phase of matter are

as follows:
1. The particles of solids are closely packed together. Because of their
compact arrangement, solids have definite sizes and shapes. This particles
arrangement is also responsible for their malleability (the ability of solid to
be formed into thin sheets without breaking) and ductility (the ability of the
solid to be drawn into fine wires).
2. The particles of liquid are slightly far from one another. This amount of
space enables liquids to flow and take the shape of the containers. Thus, they
have no definite sizes and shapes
3. The particles of gases move freely and are very far from one another, which
why you cannot see them. Furthermore, gases diffuse easily.

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 What is It
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are the forces which mediate
interaction between molecules, including forces of attraction or repulsion
which act between molecules and other types of neighboring particles, e.g.,
atoms or ions. Intermolecular forces are weak relative to intramolecular
forces – the forces which hold a molecule together.

Attractive intermolecular forces are categorized into the following

types:

1. Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules,

these are the molecules that possess dipole moments. This type of force is
stronger than the dispersion forces because polar molecules have a
permanent uneven distribution of electrons. The nature of attraction is
electrostatic and the larger the dipole moment, the stronger the attraction.
An example of a dipole– dipole interaction can be seen in hydrogen chloride
(HCl) and chloroform (CHCl3).

2. Ion–dipole force – a type of force that consists of an ion and a polar

molecule interacting. They align so that the positive and negative groups are
next to one another, allowing maximum attraction.

3. Dispersion forces – these forces of attraction result from temporary

dipole moments induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules. These forces are
present between all types of molecules due to the movement of electrons. As
electrons move around the nucleus, an uneven distribution causes
momentary charge separation. Dispersion forces is classified to be the
weakest of intermolecular forces that can exist between two molecules, but
the larger the atoms present, the stronger the dispersion forces. For example,
F2, the lightest halogen, is a gas, Br 2 is a liquid, and the heavier I2, is a solid at
room conditions. Further, the more atoms that make up the molecules, the
stronger are the dispersion forces. Methane, CH 4, is gaseous, but larger
hydrocarbons like butane, C4H10 is liquid, and those with larger number of
carbon atoms, like the waxes, are solids at room temperature.

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4. Hydrogen bond – It refers to the attraction between the lone pair of an
electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an
electronegative atom, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. The hydrogen
bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction.
However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional,
stronger than a van der Waals force interaction, produces interatomic
distances shorter than the sum of their van der Waals radii, and usually
involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted
as a kind of valence. The number of Hydrogen bonds formed between
molecules is equal to the number of active pairs.

Hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between

the hydrogen atom in a polar bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
are particularly strong.

The interaction is written as A ‒ H ••• B or A ‒ H ••• A A and B represent

O, N, or F; A ‒ H is one molecule or part of a molecule and A or B is a part of
another molecule; the dotted line represents the hydrogen bond. Examples of
hydrogen bonding in water (H2O), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen fluoride (HF):

What’s More
A. Directions: Arrange the scrambled word to unlock the term that
is being describe in the given statement

IDESPORSIN CROFE 1. A force of attraction that result from

temporary dipole moments induced in
ordinarily nonpolar molecules.

PELOID- EPLOID 2. It is considered as an attractive force that

exist between polar molecules (molecules
that possess dipole moments).

ENDROHYG NODB 3. A special type of dipole-dipole interaction

between the hydrogen atom in a polar
bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or F‒H, and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom.

ARIMONTERLECUL 4. It is an attractive force that act between

molecules or particles in the solid or liquid
states.

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NIO EPLOID CROFE 5. A type of intermolecular force that arises
from the interaction between an iron and a
polar molecule and it is responsible for the
formation of cations in a solution.

B. Directions: Indicate the type of intermolecular force of attraction that

exists in each of the following compounds.

Type of Intermolecular Force

Compound (Hydrogen Bond, Ion Dipole Force,
Dipole-Dipole Force, Dispersion)
1. methane (CH4)
2. potassium chloride (KCl)
3. carbon dioxide (CO2)
4. ammonia (NH3)
5. hydrogen fluoride (HF)
6. Br2
7. CaF2
8. CuSO4
9. CCl4
10. PCl3

What I Have Learned

Based from the given lesson, describe the things that you have learned
using the format below:

Rubrics:
POINTS STATEMENT
5 The statement is exceptionally creative, realistic and neatly presented;
presentation of ideas is clear and organized.
4 The statement is creative and neatly presented; presentation of ideas is clear.
3 The statement is neatly and clearly presented
2 The statement is neatly presented but ideas are not properly organized
1 Wrong ideas; no clear organization of thoughts

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 Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What do call an attractive force that act between molecules or particles in
the solid or liquid states?
a. Intermolecular force c. Inter-attractive force
b. interdimensional force d. Intramolecular force
2. Which of the following does not belong to the molecular behavior of a
solid?
a. it has high density
b. it has definite volume
c. cannot be appreciably compressed
d. its particles are in random motion and covers a large distance
3. What particular state of matter has particles that are close to each other
and cannot be appreciably compressed?
a. Gas b. Liquid c. Plasma d. Solid
4. Why can solids maintain a definite shape and volume?
a. because their particles are ions.
b. because their particles have no kinetic energy.
c. because their particles have weak attractive force.
d. because their particles have strong attractive force.
5. Which of the following is NOT an intermolecular force?
a. dipole-dipole c. ion-dipole bond
b. hydrogen bond d. metallic bond
6. What kind of intermolecular force would be found in the Halogen group
like F2 and I2?
a. covalent bond c. dispersion
b. dipole-dipole d. hydrogen bond
7. Which of the following statement is TRUE about dispersion forces?
a. It is present in ionic molecules
b. It involved hydrogen bonding.
c. It is the weakest force of attraction between molecules.
d. It is the strongest force of attraction between molecules.

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8. What bond is considered as a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction,
which is formed when H2 bonds with fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen?
a. covalent bond c. dispersion
b. dipole-dipole d. hydrogen bond
9. What process illustrates the transformation of a substance from a liquid
to gas?
a. condensation b. freezing c. melting d. vaporization

10. What process illustrates the transformation of a substance from a gas to

liquid?

a. condensation b. freezing c. melting d. vaporization

For # 11-15 Predict the intermolecular force that are present in each of the
following materials

11. Ammonia (NH3)

a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond
12. Calcium fluoride (CaF2)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond
13. Chloroform (CHCl3)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond
14. Iodine gas (I2)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond
15. Sulfur tetrafluoride (SF4)
a. ion-dipole forces c. dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole forces d. hydrogen bond

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 Answer Key:

REFERENCES
A. Books
Brown, Theodore L. et. al. 2002. Chemistry: The Central Science ,
9th Edition. Printice Hall;.
LeMay, E.H. Jr., Robblee, K.M., Brower, H., Douglas C. 1996.
Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, Inc.
Mendoza, Estrella E., et. al. 1997. Science and Technology:
Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Inc.,
Mortimer, Charles E. 1975. Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach.
New York: Van Nostrand Co.,
Padolina, M. C. D. et. al. 2005. Conceptual and Functional
Chemistry Modular Approach, Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
B. Online and Other Sources

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/M ap
%3A_Chemistry The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/
11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/11.2%3A_Int
ermolecular_Forces
www.adhesiveandglue.com/intermolecular-forces.html

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