2016 01 03 German Crystal Clear A1 B1 Days 32 55
2016 01 03 German Crystal Clear A1 B1 Days 32 55
2016 01 03 German Crystal Clear A1 B1 Days 32 55
EDITORIAL
Autor & Herausgeber: Michael Schmitz
aka smarterGerman
Friedelstraße 38
12047 Berlin
https://smartergerman.com
(c) Texte & Photos 2015: Michael Schmitz / Moritz Möller (Profil-Foto)
Yours
Michael Schmitz
RECOMMENDED TOOLS
[THE LINKS MIGHT BE CLICKABLE. IN CASE THEY DON’T WORK, JUST ENTER THE URL OR SEARCH FOR THE
NAME.]
italki (goo.gl/S8hcLG)
Above all you will need guided speaking practice. You might have already realised that relatives
and friends do not very often make good practice partners due to your emotional involvement and
due to a lack of experience on how to correct someone properly. italki harbours affordable tutors.
Consider paying your tutor well.
memrise.com
This gorgeous vocabulary app is available on all significant platforms and will save you an
immense amount of time by helping you to organise your vocabulary training. Don‘t miss out on
this tool. It is the best of its kind.
linguee.com
A good dictionary is important. Linguee provides you with samples from the real world and also
gives you an indication whether a word is more frequent than another.
Writing training
To practice your writing skills, register at lang-8.com and figure out how it works. You will have to
correct other learner‘s written work in your language. In return they will correct your German
writing. All for free. Make frequent use of it. Paying for it will get you quicker corrections they say.
Speaking training
Read this article of mine [smartergerman.com/german-tandem-partner/] to find a reliable
conversation trainer or partner.
Grammar Videos
This book comes with a series of German Grammar videos. They contain the same information as
this book but presented in a different way.
That should get you started. I now wish you success with your German. I am thankful for any
feedback that you can provide and if you like my work, please leave a rating and a review in the
following places to help me maintaining and improving it:
Google+ [goo.gl/da4Dyi]
Facebook [goo.gl/yoJiP7]
My homepage [smartergerman.com/shop]
(c) 2016 Michael Schmitz / smarterGerman 4
HERZLICH WILLKOMMEN 2
HOW TO WORK WITH THIS BOOK 3
RECOMMENDED TOOLS 3
DAY 32-VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS 8
X-DAY 32-VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS 9
A-DAY 32-VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS 10
DAY 33-PERSONAL PRONOUNS 11
DAY 34-DEPENDENT CLAUSES 12
DAY 35-DEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH WEIL 13
X-DAY 34/35-DEPENDENT CLAUSES 14
A-DAY 34/35-DEPENDENT CLAUSES 16
DAY 36-PASSIVE PRESENT - PASSIV PRÄSENS 17
X-DAY 36-PASSIV PRÄSENS 19
A-DAY 36-PASSIV PRÄSENS 20
DAY 37-PASSIV PRÄTERITUM 21
DAY 38-INFINITIVE CLAUSES - INFINITIV MIT ZU 22
NO EXERCISES 22
DAY 39-DASS-CLAUSES 23
A LITTLE HELP WITH THE DASSES 24
X-DAY 39-DASS-CLAUSES 25
A-DAY 39-DASS-CLAUSES 26
DAY 40-SENTENCES WITH UM-ZU - FINALSÄTZE 27
X-DAY 40-UM… ZU... vs ZU 28
A-DAY 40-UM… ZU... vs ZU 29
to bring, to buy and to tell are verbs that also in English and all other languages of this universe
can (!) use two objects. Well, they might not always be literal objects but there is always a
something transmitted and a person that receives. So there is no real need to learn an extra
table of verbs that can take two objects as you already know them from your native language.
You might have noticed that in the examples, the receiver (=Mutter, Schwester, Kollege) stands
in the dative case (as can be seen at seiner, ihrer, seinem) and that the transmitted thing (Tee,
Kette, Gerücht) stands in the accusative case (=einen, eine, einx). It's always like this!
RULE I: There is always one dative and one accusative. And the dative is always used
for the receiver while the accusative is used for the thing transmitted.
RULE II: There are three exceptions: lehren, kosten, fragen that can take two
accusatives and never take the dative.
RULE III: In general, the order is DADA meaning: Dative before Accusative. Unless you
want to use an accusative pronoun, then the following rule applies:
Accusative personal pronouns first (a bit like ladies first)
E.g. Der Mann möchte ein Auto. or Die Frau kauft dem Mann das Auto.
The man would like to have a car. The wife buys the man the car.
dative accusative
See the appendix for a list with relevant verbs that can take two objects
1. Er schenkt sein____ Mutter frisch____ Blumen (pl). He is giving his mother fresh flowers.
2. Ich überweise ____ (du) ____ Geld (n) morgen. I’ll transfer you the money tomorrow.
3. Mami, bringst du ____ (ich) ____ Überraschungsei (n) mit? Mum, will you bring me an egg?
4. Warte Schatz, ich packe ____ (du) ____ Pausenbrot (n) ein. Wait, I’ll pack your bread.
5. Können Sie ____ (ich) ____ Restaurant (n) empfehlen? Can you recommend a restaurant?
6. Sie hat ____ (ich) ____ Freundschaft (f) gekündigt. She has cancelled our friendship.
7. Niemand kann ____ (ich) ____ Frage (f) beantworten. Nobody can answer this question.
8. Zeigen Sie ____ (ich) mal ____ (Sie) Fingernägel (pl). Show me your fingernails.
9. Dies____ Urlaub (m) habe ich ____ (ich) verdient. This vacation I have earned dearly.
10. Mein Mann hat ____ (ich) ____ Affäre (f) verheimlicht. My husband has kept his affair secret.
11. Der Arzt hat ____ (ich) ____ Medikament (n) verschrieben. The doc has prescribed me pills.
12. Meine Mutter hat ____ (ich) als Kind immer ____ Haare (pl) gewaschen. washed hair
13. Du hast ____ (ich) ____ Rosengarten (m) versprochen. You’ve promised me a rose garden.
14. Mein Vater hat ____ (uns) als Kind immer ____ Geschichten (pl) vorgelesen. read to
15. Würden Sie ____ (uns) ____ Tisch (m) reservieren? Would you reserve us a table?
16. Der Chef hat ____ (uns) ____ Telefonnummer (f) mitgeteilt. The boss gave us his number.
17. Sie wollte ____ (ich) ____ Namen (m) nicht nennen. She wouldn’t give me her name.
18. Ich habe ____ (du) eben ____ Email (f) geschickt. I have just sent it to you via mail.
19. Mein Arzt hat ____ (ich) ____ Rauchen (n) verboten. My doc has forbidden me to smoke.
20. Darf ich ____ (Sie) ____ Whiskey (m) anbieten? May I offer you a whiskey?
m n f Pl formal
Nominative: ich du er es sie wir ihr sie Sie
Accusative: mich dich ihn es sie uns euch sie Sie
Dative: mir dir ihm ihm ihr uns euch ihnen Ihnen
Just a quick hint that might help you remembering the right form for the appropriate case:
The he, it, she & also the plural forms contain the article ending
There will be no exercises for this topic as personal pronouns can be found in all other exercises
more than enough.
II. Wenn er nicht bald kommt, fangen wir ohne ihn an.
If he doesn't come soon, we'll begin without him.
Is the fact, that he is tired, more important than the information that he has gotten up early?
Well, again, it doesn't really matter (to build a correct sentence). But you can see the
highlighted words. These introduce a dependent clause and are called conjunctions.
Worth Noticing
Grammatically a dependent clause means that you have to change the sentence structure:
II. Wenn er nicht bald kommt, fangen wir ohne ihn an.
conjunction verb, verb
RULE II: With the dependent clause at the beginning, the verbs of both the dependent-
clause and the main-clause come together. Not all dependent-clauses can be put
to the beginning.
- ist is at the end, as it carries the ending t for the person er.
- aufgestanden is a participle.
- In dependent clauses those are never at the end.
II. Sie kommt morgen, weil sie die Kinder abgeben kann.
She is coming tomorrow, because she the kids give-away can.
Because the part, coming after weil tells us about the reason or cause of something that
happened in the main-sentence, weil-sentences are called kausal. They are used when someone
asks you a question starting with Warum?
That's all there is. The verb in the weil-sentence goes to the very end. weil can stand at the
beginning of a sentence-combo:
All you need is the appropriate form of werden and the past participle which is the same form that
you use to express the Perfekt past tense [see level A1]. A few more examples before we move on:
In German courses you will come across exercises where you have to transform a normal sentence -
also called active clause- into a passive clause. This is helpful to understand the more advanced
usage of the passive. Let us go through a few simpler examples for now:
Der Koch bereitet eine Suppe zu. The cook is preparing a soup.
subject verb accusative object
As you can see, there is an accusative object (=eine Suppe). This is very important to notice. To turn
this sentence into a passive one you'll need to take this accusative object and make it the subject
('the boss'):
As the soup has turned into the subject, there is no object left over. And that's fine. Also, the cook is
gone as with the passive we want to focus on the action (=cooking soup) instead on who is doing
it. But let's say you would like to toll the cook a little bit of respect while not giving up your focus
on the action. For that you could, but wouldn't have to, integrate him or her with the help of von:
The accusative becomes the new subject so it has to change the case to nominative:
einen Bungalow (A) > ein Bungalow (N)
Finally here are the forms of werden that you need to build the Passiv Präsens:
ich werde
du wirst
es wird
wir werden
ihr werdet
sie werden
That's enough for the beginning. Exercise this thoroughly in the exercise section and with all other
sources you've got at hand and then continue with the next chapter.
That`s it. That simple. Just exchange wird with wurde. Of course you have to use the appropriate
forms which are:
ich wurde
du wurdest
es wurde
wir wurden
ihr wurdet
sie wurden
There`s nothing more to add and exercises wouldn’t make much sense as the passive preterite
works exactly like the passive present. Next topic, please.
You might have recognized that the infinitive clauses aren`t very different from the English ones.
While you might be fine by just comparing it to how it is in English, let me just tell you that it all
depends on the short phrase that stands in front of the comma. Some examples:
Don’t just learn a list of those phrases that initiate an infinitive clause. Just listen well to how
Germans use these and you will pick it up eventually. Let me summarize a few important points:
There is no subject in infinitive clauses because it is clear from the sentence before.
No subject means that the verb can`t have a personal ending, hence it`s used in the infinitive.
The infinitive is always at the very end of the zu-sentence.
You can’t use them with the modal verbs, e.g. wollen. This is different from English where it is
possible to say: She wants to sing. > Sie will singen.
NO EXERCISES
Simple exercises to build the infinitive with zu wouldn’t make much sense. You will find
exercises that will help you to differentiate between infinitive with zu and ‘um... zu + infinitive’
a few pages ahead.
The problem in the last example is, that the two combined sentences have two different subjects
(marked red & blue). And as you remember from the last lesson, the infinitive with zu only works
out when there`s an identical subject in both sentences.
Unfortunately not all infinitive clauses can be replaced with dass clauses but it can still help you to
identify whether to use zu or um zu. So, now we should deal with that topic to get it off our chest.
II. Das habe ich ja noch nie gehört. >> This das is a definit pronoun.
I haven’t hear that before
III. Das Auto, das ich mir gekauft habe, ist schnell. >> This das is a relative pronoun.
To figure out whether you have the dass with double s in front of you it might help to notice a
few things about the three das above:
ad I: An article is always followed by a noun, Auto in the above example. In the sentence:
Er sagt, dass er später kommt. He says that he’ll come later.
There is no such noun in vicinity of dass, so it can’t be an article.
ad II: You could simply leave a dass aside (practiced in spoken German, never written German)
but never a das. Note that the verb-position changes in such a case:
-Er sagt, dass er später kommt. > Er sagt, er kommt später. compare to English:
He says that he’ll come later. > He says, he’ll come later.
-Das Auto, das ich mir gekauft habe. > Das Auto, ich habe mir gekauft.
ad II: The definite pronoun is always used to refer to something. One example:
Person 1: Klaus ist totkrank. Klaus is terminally ill.
Person 2: Oh, das habe ich nicht gewusst. Oh, I didn’t know that.
The das refers to what Person 1 has just (!) said.
ad III: The same principle as in ad II. A relative pronoun always refers to a noun that has
been used just right before the relative clause. In the example above the das
refers to
the Auto which is the word immediately before the comma.
1. Er sagt, _____________________________________________________
[Ich habe keine Zeit.] I have got no time.
Keep the translation in order to in mind when creating German sentences. This topic requires
discipline from an English speaker as it resembles the infinitive claues that we’ve talked about
before. In German it often makes a huge difference whether you use the um or not. Another good
clue to when to use the um is to try to substitute the relevant part with damit. I’ll talk about that in
detail in the next chapter. Just two last examples (from those above):
Here the substitution is possible. You will have to use the um with the zu in the first sentence.
Here damit wouldn’t make any sense as you can see by its translation. So you can not use the
um in the first sentence.
Now let`s turn this around: Change the examples to a simpler form without modal verbs.
III. Sie arbeitet acht Stunden täglich. Sie möchte sich etwas leisten können.
Sie arbeitet acht Stunden täglich, um sich etwas leisten zu können.
She‘s working eight hours daily to be able to afford something.
or Sie arbeitet acht Stunden täglich, damit sie sich etwas leisten kann.
She‘s working eight hours daily so that she can afford something.
The subject is identical so you have the choice between um zu and damit.
IV. Sie arbeitet acht Stunden täglich. Ihr Mann möchte sich etwas leisten können.
Sie arbeitet acht Stunden täglich, damit ihr Mann sich etwas leisten kann.
She`s working eight hours daily, so that her husband can afford something.
Sie arbeitet acht Stunden täglich, um sich (er?) etwas leisten zu können.
She`s working eight hours daily, to be able to (her husband?) afford something.
The subjects are different so you don‘t have a choice. Only damit applies.
There`s also a few things to be aware of and there are only few irregular forms.
groß > größer After o,u,a you often need to add an Umlaut to the comparative
big bigger
teuer > teurer The form with ‘more + adjective’ does not exist in German
expensive more expensive
Regular form
Infinitive Komparativ Superlativ
frisch frischer > am frischesten add an additional -e to the superlative
fresh fresher (at) the freshest* after -sch/-z/-ß/-s and -d/-t
There`s also a few things to be aware of and there are only few irregular forms.
* The literal translation(s) are there to clarify the German grammar structure
That`s mostly it, but you might soon realize that the superlative is also often used with the articles
der, das, die and all their forms.
First you have to understand the cause of the illness. Adjectives are a very sensitive species with
high demands. They require you to pay attention to their position in a sentence. E.g.
You can see that the adjective is at the end of each sentence and that it is unmodified [=in- finite].
Remember this by learning the following parole by heart:
If I haven`t lost you until now, I toll you my highest respect. Could you please explain to me the
rules of the distribution of endings in understandable English!?
For all the others: Don`t lose hope. There`s light at the end of the tunnel. Actually you’ve done a
great deal of preparation so far. It’s again all about articles and cases.
First of all note that an adjective alone, like in the first examples, where it was found at the end of a
sentence, is absolutely harmless. Remember: At the end no ending. It starts to cause trouble when
it is placed in front of a noun.
So in the following when we speak of adjectives we are actually talking about them in combination
with a noun like in the example above.
The second important thing to note is that the ending of an adjective highly depends on the article
or no-article before it. So you have to learn how to recognize an article. There are quite a few articles
in German but for the sake of understanding I will mention them below once but you will have to
practice with no more than two kinds: the der-kind and the ein-kind.
I reduced the articles to their endings, because that`s all that we are going to need. It will become
clear to you, that these endings are playing an important role throughout your whole German
learning. The good news is that these endings can only be found with two kinds of words: articles
and adjectives. but there are plenty of articles. Just some examples:
These are the most common articles. The *-marked articles do not have any endings. These become
more interesting later on. Let`s get started with cracking the adjectives, shall we?
These endings are quite easy to remember. Actually I bet you would be able to reconstruct it
right now after having seen them only for a short time. Test yourself and draw this table on
some extra piece of paper from your memory.
SPEAKING ADJECTIVES
So even if we used some tables to try to make it more visible, we don`t really need any of them.
The problem with tables is that they do not help you while speaking. So we need to simplify
things a bit. Looking at the table above we can summarize it in different ways. The first way
consists of either four rules or if you prefer one simple one.
The following rules only apply in sentences when there is an article(ending) before the
adjective:
Ja-Ja rules
I Once -en always -en
II Plural always -en
III Dative, Genitive always -en
IV After singular -r, -s, -e always -e (BUT ONLY in Nominative & Accusative)
EXAMPLES
For rule I: Ich sehe einen schönen Mann. Accusative, masculine
Er spricht mit den kleinen Kindern. Dative, plural
For rule II: Die netten Kinder spielen gern. Nominative, plural
Sie mag die netten Kinder. Accusative, plural
For rule III: Mit dem neuen Auto fahren wir nicht gerne. Dative, neuter
Der Vater des netten Kindes ist auch nett. Genitive, neuter
*This is not an official term. I simply made that up as those endings do not carry any information. They are indeed nothing more than
a decorative element. Yet it follows the rules that are mentioned in this chapter.
These four rules are easily remembered and can help you to speak correctly.
Question I: Is there an article in front of the adjective? Ja? Then proceed with
Question II: Does that article have an ending? Ja? then apply the Ja-Ja rules.
If you take a look at the articles you will realize that they either don`t have an ending [I, II] or that
there aren’t any articles [III, IV=zero-article] and what isn`t there can`t have an ending, either.
In this case our nice, handy rules from before cannot be used as they require an article AND an
ending at the article. Now, what to do? Luckily, you`ve already learned everything you need to deal
with this situation. If you look at the examples once again, note the marked endings. They are the
same as the ones an article would normally carry, if there was one.
RECAP: Some articles [Nm, Nn, An] do not take any endings.
Some articles [zero-article] prefer to not appear.
No article ending means: No decoration.
No article means: No article ending means: No decoration.
*You might notice that I haven`t used the article endings in these (Genitive) cases. This is because
the article is given away already by the s-ending of the noun [guten Tages]. As these will be used in
only very rare cases, we will leave it at this. One more thing about the adjectives and we are good.
DAY 46-ROUND UP
There`s three more things that I`d like to share with you. Consider this a bonus chapter, as you do
not really need it to master the adjectives but if you get this chapter, it could simplify the matter
even more.
The second is a way to reduce the complexity of the Ja-Ja rules. This can be achieved by either
reducing all four of them to one single rule:
Always -en, except after -er,-e,-s. [in singular nominative, accusative]
If this last rule works for you, make use of it. Now to the final way of simplifying things:
Instead of reducing the Ja-Ja rules you could add another rule to the Ja-Ja group:
Einmal -e, immer -e [singular only]
one time -e, always -e
That`s all I have to offer regarding the German adjectives. And please, invest as much time as
necessary to get fluent in this method. It is fantastic once you understand its full capacity.
I. als means as a
Ich arbeite als Gärtner. > I work as a gardener.
Als Kind war ich klein und dünn. > As a kid I was small and skinny.
Study these examples thoroughly. Number three will become more important later on in B1. So far
numbers I and II should be understood well.
Questions starting with Welch- require you to use a definite article [e.g. der]. Questions
starting with Was für ein- require you to use an indefinite article [e.g. ein]
Ich nehme das weiße Hemd. > Welches Hemd nimmst du?
Er nimmt ein blaues Hemd. > Was für ein Hemd nimmt er?
Ich and mich are the same person, hence this is the reflexive version of the normal verb
rasieren. You could also say:
where ich and meinen Vater are not the same person.
There‘s a few pure reflexive verbs, that don‘t have a normal form, meaning they don‘t allow a
pronoun that names a different person than the subject. For example one can say:
There‘s a little trick to help you remember that a verb is reflexive: When you learn the word just
add a mirror to the linkword-sentence. A mirror always reflects the person using it and not any
other person (unless there’s staying someone behind you). Also when there are two objects the
old rule applies that the person in the sentence is in the dative while the thing is in the
accusative:
Ich wasche mir die Hände. Er wäscht sich die Hände.
D A D A
You‘ll find a list of some of the more popular pure and also a list of common twins in the back of
this book. To find out about the forms of the reflexive pronouns see the next page.
Accusative Dative
mich mir
dich [shared] dir
sich
uns
euch
sich
The only differences to those standard pronouns are to be found in the 3rd persons singular and
plural. They have become much easier now as sich is used for all forms (he, it, she, they). So you
won`t have to think at all about using the dative or the accusative in those cases.
which doesn`t mean that someone is sitting on the bus` roof. These prepositions are also followed
by a dative or accusative case. The good news is, that you already know by which one, thanks to the
preposition songs (click the names to get to the videos on youtube):
Just the two-wayprepositions cause trouble, because now the questions Wo? and Wohin? don`t
make any sense. In the sentence
Ich denke an meine Mutter. I think ‚at‘ my mother.
it doesn`t make any sense to ask Where do I think? or Where to do I think?
After vor, hinter, über, unter, neben, an, zwischen, auf and in NOW you simply use the
Accusative and you’ll be correct in 95% of the cases. Meaning that you are left with only about 20
verbs + two-way prepositions + dative. Learn these and you are done with this part of the
problem. Of course you`ll find a list of them in the back of this book.
Let’s take a look at a few examples. Note that the English samples are often not direct translations
but rather memory-aids in English that are thought to simplify your work.
warten auf wait for > Er wartet auf den Aufzug. He waits for the offer.
denken an think of > Anna denkt an ihre Karriere. Anna thinks of her career.
bitten um ask for > Er bittet um einen Umhang. He asks for a lumberjack.
The thing they have got in common is Mann. This is what I call the relative. Now let’s put those
two sentences together. It takes three steps:
Step II: Relative Clauses are dependent-clauses so I put the verb of 2) at the end
Der Mann, der Mann groß ist, kauft ein Bier.
Step III: I eliminate the double contact. Here: Mann. Achtung: der stays!!!
Der Mann, der groß ist, kauft ein Bier.
This is it already. It’s that simple. All thats missing is the table of relative pronouns. The blue der in
the last example e.g. is called a relative pronoun. Here are all relative pronouns for future
reference. Notice the similarities and the differences with the standard definite articles:
masculine neuter feminine plural
Nominative der das die die
Accusative den das die die
Dative dem dem der denen
Genitive dessen dessen deren deren
That doesn’t seem completely right yet as we know that the relative pronoun must always begin
the relative clause (with only one exception that we will talk about in the B1 book). So let me add
another step:
You get the idea, right? This is it for A2. In B1 we will cover
the dative and the genitive and also some of the specialties
that might occur.
1. Ich habe ein neues Auto gekauft. Das Auto hat ein Schiebedach.
___________________________________________________________
2. Dafür haben wir einen Kredit aufgenommen. Wir haben ihn günstig bekommen.
___________________________________________________________
3. Wir haben letzten Sonntag eine Episode ‘Tatort’ geschaut. Sie war sehr spannend.
___________________________________________________________
4. Am Wochenende war ich mit meinem Kollegen Kegeln. Ich habe ihn besiegt.
___________________________________________________________
5. Sie haben sich mit einem Anwalt getroffen. Sie kennen ihn schon.
___________________________________________________________
6. Ich hätte gern eine Kamera. Die Kamera soll nicht viel kosten.
___________________________________________________________
7. Der Bürgermeister ist ein beliebter Mann. Er hat einen Verein gegründet.
___________________________________________________________
8. Ein Gauner ist ein Krimineller. Man sollte ihn möglichst schnell einsperren.
___________________________________________________________
9. Die Mutter gab ihrem Sohn Geld. Das Geld hat er aber sofort verloren.
___________________________________________________________
10. Sie hätte gern einen Mann. Den Mann könnte sie von ganzen Herzen lieben.
___________________________________________________________
1. Ich habe ein neues Auto gekauft, das ein Schiebedach hat.
2. Dafür haben wir einen Kredit aufgenommen, den wir günstig bekommen haben.
3. Wir haben letzten Sonntag eine Episode ‘Tatort’ geschaut, die sehr spannend war.
4. Am Wochenende war ich mit meinem Kollegen, den ich besiegt habe, Kegeln.
5. Sie haben sich mit einem Anwalt getroffen*, den sie schon kennen.
6. Ich hätte gern eine Kamera, die nicht viel kostet.
7. Der Bürgermeister, der einen Verein gegründet hat, ist ein beliebter Mann.
8. Ein Gauner ist ein Krimineller, den man möglichst schnell einsperren sollte.
9. Die Mutter gab ihrem Sohn Geld, das er sofort verloren hat.
10. Sie hätte gern einen Mann, den sie von ganzem Herzen lieben könnte.
*”getroffen” would not be written after “haben” as it would be what I call an “orphan”.
So all you’ve got to do is to check at the end of a sentence that contains werden if there is either an
infinitive, a past participle (Partizip II) or no verb at all. Let me give you a few examples and
explanations:
about form 1: werden is only rarely translatable into to become. only in sentences like:
Ich werde Vater. I (will) become a father, werden actually means something.
In Forms 2 and 3 e.g it doesn’t mean a thing and simply cannot be translated.
about form 2: The future tense is part of B1. It is mainly used to express prognosises or
assumptions but rarely in everyday communication about future events. So
instead of Ich werde heute Abend ins Kino gehen. Germans would always
prefer Ich gehe heute Abend ins Kino.
about form 3: The form used the most often is this one. Germans love the passive:
Hier wird nicht geraucht. It is not allowed to smoke here.
Hier wird gearbeitet. Work is being done here.
For now it is enough to focus on the passive as you have learned it in this course.
Wenn es regnet, (dann) gehen wir nicht schwimmen. If it rains, (then) we won’t go swimming.
condition consequence
The condition is always introduced with the help of wenn. The consequence can be introduced with
help of dann but doesn’t have to. Try not to translate it as it will confuse you. It looks a bit like the
English word when and at times it is also used as such. It is also translated with if but that rather
leads to confusion instead of being helpful. You better simply learn wenn=condition. Not
translating here will lead to a much less faulty German. There are different forms of conditional
I would suggest that you focus on writing short letters to imaginary friends or companies like they
are required in the B1 exam and that you then let a native German correct. Those writing tasks can
be found if you search for ‘B1 Deutsch Modellprüfung’ or you go to www.telc.net or
www.goethe.de and click your way through and at www.lang-8.com you can find someone to
correct them.
You might have noticed that like in English we differentiate between when and if in German just in
a different way. For if you would have to use the Konjunktiv II (see examples 3 and 4 and the
following chapters) after the wenn. Stick here to a strict non-translation policy and you’ll be better
off.
Two examples:
I) Würden Sie bitte woanders rauchen. Would you please smoke elsewhere?
>> This is a request. It is not real in the sense that the person is not yet smoking in another
place (=elsewhere). If that person was already smoking elsewhere there would be no need
for such a request.
As you can see with the above examples to build the Konjunktiv II we need a form of würden would
plus the infinitive. This is the only form you will ever need even for sein. Nevertheless there is
something like a complex version of the KII. But unless you write a novel or read many of those
you can ignore it. We will nevertheless talk about it in the following chapters. I don’t want to be
held responsible for any potential next German Dichter and Denker to die unacknowledged, no
matter where she comes from.
EXAMPLE: Ich würde gerne nach Hause gehen. I would like to go home.
That’s all there is to say to this topic. Just a few more examples to clarify the above:
1. Ich würde gerne im Lotto gewinnen. =wish: I would like to win the lottery.
2. Du würdest im Anzug gut aussehen. =hypothetically: You would look good in a suit.
Ach ja: The word gern means with pleasure. So it is only used in the Konjunktiv II if there is some
pleasure involved. That is usually the case with wishes or pledges. Not with a hypothesis. See
example 2 of the last chapter.
LIST OF SOME PURE & TWIN REFLEXIVE VERBS WITH TWO OBJECTS
sich etwas ansehen to look at something
sich etwas kaufen to buy sth. for oneself
sich etwas leihen to borrow (oneself) sth.
sich die Hände waschen to wash one`s hands
sich etwas leisten to afford sth.
sich die Mühe machen to make an effort
sich Sorgen machen to worry
sich etwas vorstellen to imagine
sich etwas wünschen to wish for sth.
sich die Zähne putzen to brush one`s teeth
abhängen von Er hängt von seinem Telefon ab. He -pends on his phone de-
ankommen auf Das kommt auf den Offizier an. It -pends on the officer de-
sich bemühen um Wir bemühen uns um eine Luftmatratze. Uma makes an effort to get an air bed.
sich bewerben um Bewirb dich um eine Stelle als Baumpfleger. Apply for a job as room-cleaner.
denken an Du denkst immer nur an Mama. You are only thinking of angels.
sich entschuldigen bei Ihr entschuldigt euch beim Bio-Lehrer. Say sorry to your biology teacher.
(sich) erinnern an Sie erinnert sich gern an seinen Antrag. She remembers his annoyance.
erkennen an + Dat. Ich erkenne Dracula an seinem Anorak. I recognize Dracula by his tan.
fragen nach Frag nicht nach Nacktschnecken. Don’t ask for naked snails.
sich freuen auf / über Ich freue mich auf den Lauf morgen und über Rüben als Geschenk.
I’m looking forward to the office tomorrow and am happy about rubber gloves as a present.
sich fürchten vor + Dat. Dracula fürchtet sich vor Forschern. Dracula is afraid of frogs.
gehen um Es geht um einen Puma. It’s about a puma.
(sich) gewöhnen an Ich habe mich an Anchiovi gewöhnt. I’ve got used to anchiovi.
glauben an Der Trainer glaubt an seine Mannschaft. The coach believes in his team’s anger.
halten von Ich halte nichts von Führerscheinen. I disapprove fun.
sich interessieren für Ich interessiere mich für Kartoffelpuffer. I’m interested in furs.
leiden an + Dat. Dracula leidet an Wahnvorstellungen. Dracula suffers from mania.
liegen an + Dat. Es liegt an meinem Mann, Dracula. It’s due to my man, that we can’t have
children.
nachdenken über Freud dachte über das Über-Ich nach. Freud reflected on the Über-Ich
reagieren auf Man reagiert auf den Aufmarsch. They react to the offer.
riechen nach Es riecht nach Nacktschnecken hier. It smells like naked snails.
schreiben an Sie schreibt an ihren Mann. She writes to her man.
(sich) schützen vor + Dat. Ein Fort schützt vor Dracula. A fort is protecting against Dracula.
(sich) sorgen um Er sorgt sich um seinen Untermieter. He is worried about his underwear.
teilnehmen an + Dat. Dracula nimmt am LAN-Treffen teil. Dracula articipates at the LAN-party.
träumen von Wir träumen schon lange von einem Telefon. We’re dreaming of a phone.
sich verlassen auf Kann ich mich auf den Kaufvertrag verlassen? Can I rely on the office?
sich verlieben in Inga hat sich in Ingo verliebt. Inga has fallen in love with Ingo.
warten auf Wartest du auf den Aufzug? Are you waiting for the officer?
verzichten auf Ich verzichte auf’s Saufen. I waive suffering.