1.

Aim: Determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) by using M/20
oxalic acid (HOOC – COOH, 2H2O) solution.
Theory:
Standard solution: A solution, whose concentration is known, is called a standard solution. Concentration of a solution is
generally expressed in terms of normality (N) or molarity (M).
Molarity(M): The number of gram moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of the solution
No. of gram moles of solute
M=
Volume of solution in litres
Molar mass of crystalline Oxalic acid = 126 g mol – 1.
Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M Oxalic acid, weight of oxalic acid crystals required = 126 g
126 1
Thus, for preparing 250 m; of M/20 solution, oxalic acid required = 1000 x 250 x 20 = 1.575 g
Molecular equation: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
HOOC – COOH.2H2O + [O] → 2CO2 + 3H2O] x 5
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5HCOO – COOH.2H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 18H2O + 10CO2
Ionic equation: MnO4 – + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2
C2O42 – → 2CO2 + 2e–] x 5
2MnO4 – +16H+ + 5C2O42 – →2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2
Indicator: KMnO4 is a self-indicator.
End point: Colourless to permanent pink colour (KMnO4)
Procedure:
1. Rinse the pipette with the M/20 oxalic acid solution and pipette out 10 ml of it a washed titration flask.
2. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution.
3. Add one test-tube ( ≈ 20ml) full of dilute sulphuric acid (≈2 M) to the solution in titration flask.
4. Note the initial reading of the burette.
5. Heat the flask to 60 - 70°C and add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink colour is imparted to
the solution in the titration flask on addition of a last single drop of KMnO4 solution.
6. Note the final reading of the burette.
7. Repeat the above steps at least 3 times to get concordant readings.
Observation:
Molarity of oxalic acid solution = M/20
Volume of oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10 ml.
S. Initial reading of the Final reading of the burette Volume of the KMnO4 solution Concordant volume
No. burette used
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculation:
Molarity of KMnO4 solution
𝑀1𝑉1 𝑀2𝑉2
= M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution = ?
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑀2𝑉2𝑛1
Or, M1 = V1 = Volume of KMnO4 solution = concordant volume
𝑛2
= n1 = No. of moles of the KMnO4 = 2
= M2 = Molarity of Oxalic acid solution = M/20
V2 = Volume of Oxalic acid solution 10 ml
n2 = No. of moles of the Oxalic acid = 5
Strength of the KMnO4 solution: Strength (in g/L) = Molarity X molar mass
= ……….. x 158 g/L
=…….. g/L
2. Aim: Determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) by using M/50
oxalic acid (HOOC – COOH, 2H2O) solution.
Theory:
Standard solution: A solution, whose concentration is known, is called a standard solution. Concentration of a solution is
generally expressed in terms of normality (N) or molarity (M).
Molarity(M): The number of gram moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of the solution
No. of gram moles of solute
M=
Volume of solution in litres
Molar mass of crystalline Oxalic acid = 126 g mol – 1.
Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M Oxalic acid, weight of oxalic acid crystals required = 126 g
126 1
Thus, for preparing 250 m; of M/50 solution, oxalic acid required = 1000 x 250 x 50 = 0.63 g
Molecular equation: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
HOOC – COOH.2H2O + [O] → 2CO2 + 3H2O] x 5
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5HCOO – COOH.2H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 18H2O + 10CO2
Ionic equation: MnO4 – + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2
C2O42 – → 2CO2 + 2e–] x 5
2MnO4 – +16H+ + 5C2O42 – →2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2
Indicator: KMnO4 is a self-indicator.
End point: Colourless to permanent pink colour (KMnO4)
Procedure:
1. Rinse the pipette with the M/50 oxalic acid solution and pipette out 10 ml of it a washed titration flask.
2. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution.
3. Add one test-tube ( ≈ 20ml) full of dilute sulphuric acid (≈2 M) to the solution in titration flask.
4. Note the initial reading of the burette.
5. Heat the flask to 60 - 70°C and add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink colour is imparted to
the solution in the titration flask on addition of a last single drop of KMnO4 solution.
6. Note the final reading of the burette.
7. Repeat the above steps at least 3 times to get concordant readings.
Observation:
Molarity of oxalic acid solution = M/50
Volume of oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10 ml.
S. Initial reading of the Final reading of the burette Volume of the KMnO4 solution Concordant volume
No. burette used
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculation:
Molarity of KMnO4 solution
𝑀1𝑉1 𝑀2𝑉2
= M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution = ?
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑀2𝑉2𝑛1
Or, M1 = V1 = Volume of KMnO4 solution = concordant volume
𝑛2
= n1 = No. of moles of the KMnO4 = 2
= M2 = Molarity of Oxalic acid solution = M/50
V2 = Volume of Oxalic acid solution = 10 ml
n2 = No. of moles of the Oxalic acid = 5
Strength of the KMnO4 solution: Strength (in g/L) = Molarity X molar mass
= ……….. x 158 g/L
=…….. g/L
3. Aim: Determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) by using M/20
Mohr’s salt [ FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] solution.
Theory:
Standard solution: A solution, whose concentration is known, is called a standard solution. Concentration of a solution is
generally expressed in terms of normality (N) or molarity (M).
Molarity(M): The number of gram moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of the solution
No. of gram moles of solute
M=
Volume of solution in litres
Molar mass of crystalline Mohr’s salt = 392 g mol – 1.
Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M Mohr’s salt, weight of oxalic acid crystals required = 392 g
392 1
Thus, for preparing 250 m; of M/20 solution, Mohr’s salt required = 1000 x 250 x 20 = 4.9 g
Molecular equation: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
2 FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 13H2O] x 5

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10 FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 68H2O + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 10(NH4)2SO4

Ionic equation: MnO4 – + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–] x 5
MnO4 – +8H+ + 5 Fe2+ →Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5 Fe3+
Indicator: KMnO4 is a self-indicator.
End point: Colourless to permanent pink colour (KMnO4)
Procedure:
1. Rinse the pipette with the M/20 Mohr’s salt solution and pipette out 10 ml of it a washed titration flask.
2. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution.
3. Add one test-tube ( ≈ 20ml) full of dilute sulphuric acid (≈2 M) to the solution in titration flask.
4. Note the initial reading of the burette.
5. Add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink colour is imparted to the solution in the titration flask
on addition of a last single drop of KMnO4 solution.
6. Note the final reading of the burette.
7. Repeat the above steps at least 3 times to get concordant readings.
Observation:
Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution = M/50
Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 10 ml.
S. Initial reading of the Final reading of the burette Volume of the KMnO4 solution Concordant volume
No. burette used
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculation:
Molarity of KMnO4 solution:
𝑀1𝑉1 𝑀2𝑉2
= M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution = ?
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑀2𝑉2𝑛1
Or, M1 = V1 = Volume of KMnO4 solution = concordant volume
𝑛2
= n1 = No. of moles of the KMnO4 = 1
= M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution = M/20
V2 = Volume of Mohr’s salt solution = 10 ml
n2 = No. of moles of the Mohr’s salt = 5
Strength of the KMnO4 solution: Strength (in g/L) = Molarity X molar mass
= ……….. x 158 g/L =…….. g/L
4. Aim: Determine the molarity and strength of the given solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) by using M/50
Mohr’s salt [ FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] solution.
Theory:
Standard solution: A solution, whose concentration is known, is called a standard solution. Concentration of a solution is
generally expressed in terms of normality (N) or molarity (M).
Molarity(M): The number of gram moles of solute dissolved in 1 L of the solution
No. of gram moles of solute
M=
Volume of solution in litres
Molar mass of crystalline Mohr’s salt = 392 g mol – 1.
Hence, for preparing 1000 ml of 1M Mohr’s salt, weight of oxalic acid crystals required = 392 g
392 1
Thus, for preparing 250 m; of M/50 solution, Mohr’s salt required = 1000 x 250 x 50 = 1.96 g
Molecular equation: 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5[O]
2 FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 + 13H2O] x 5

2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10 FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 68H2O + 5 Fe2(SO4)3 + 10(NH4)2SO4

Ionic equation: MnO4 – + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–] x 5
MnO4 – +8H+ + 5 Fe2+ →Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5 Fe3+
Indicator: KMnO4 is a self-indicator.
End point: Colourless to permanent pink colour (KMnO4)
Procedure:
1. Rinse the pipette with the M/50 Mohr’s salt solution and pipette out 10 ml of it a washed titration flask.
2. Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution.
3. Add one test-tube ( ≈ 20ml) full of dilute sulphuric acid (≈2 M) to the solution in titration flask.
4. Note the initial reading of the burette.
5. Add KMnO4 solution from the burette till a permanent light pink colour is imparted to the solution in the titration flask
on addition of a last single drop of KMnO4 solution.
6. Note the final reading of the burette.
7. Repeat the above steps at least 3 times to get concordant readings.
Observation:
Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution = M/50
Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 10 ml.
S. Initial reading of the Final reading of the burette Volume of the KMnO4 solution Concordant volume
No. burette used
1.
2.
3.
4.
Calculation:
Molarity of KMnO4 solution:
𝑀1𝑉1 𝑀2𝑉2
= M1 = Molarity of KMnO4 solution = ?
𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑀2𝑉2𝑛1
Or, M1 = V1 = Volume of KMnO4 solution = concordant volume
𝑛2
= n1 = No. of moles of the KMnO4 = 1
= M2 = Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution = M/50
V2 = Volume of Mohr’s salt solution = 10 ml
n2 = No. of moles of the Mohr’s salt = 5
Strength of the KMnO4 solution: Strength (in g/L) = Molarity X molar mass
= ……….. x 158 g/L =…….. g/L