2/7/2012

IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Public Speaking

WHY STUDY PUBLIC SPEAKING?

“Communication skills, including Public
Speaking were ranked first among the personal
qualities of college graduates sought by
employers.” (The Wall Street Journal, 1998)

Public Speaking is vital means of civic
engagement.

Allow us to ‘make a difference’ in life.

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PUBLIC

SPEAKING AND CONVERSATION

Organizing your thoughts logically

Tailoring your message to your audience

Telling a story for maximum impact

Adapting to listener’s feedback

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUBLIC

SPEAKING AND CONVERSATION

Public Speaking is more highly structured.

Public Speaking requires more formal language.

Public Speaking requires a different method of
delivery.

DEALING WITH NERVOUSNESS IN PUBLIC

SPEAKING

Acquire speaking experience

Prepare, Prepare, Prepare!

Think positively

Use the power of visualization.

Know that most nervousness is not visible.

Don’t expect perfection

DEALING WITH NERVOUSNESS IN PUBLIC

SPEAKING… MORE TIPS

Be at your best physically and mentally.

As you wait, tighten and relax your muscle.

Take a couple slow, deep breath before you start
speaking.

Get through your introduction as it is the most
difficult part.

Make eye contact with your audience.

Concentrate on communicating with your

audience.

Use visual aids.
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THE SPEECH COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Situation Speaker

Feedback Message
Interference

Listener Channel Situation

7

IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
8 Chapter 2: Ethics Public Speaking

PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with
issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a
potential course of action against a set of ethical
standards or guidelines.

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GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL SPEAKING

Make sure your goals are ethically sound.

Be fully prepared for each speech.

Be honest in what you say.

Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive

language

Name-calling and personal dignity.

Name-calling and free speech.

Put ethical principles into practice.

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GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL LISTENING

Be courteous and attentive.

Avoid prejudging the speaker.

Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

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PLAGIARISM

Global plagiarism.

Patchwork plagiarism.

Incremental plagiarism.

Quotations

Paraphrases

Plagiarism and the Internet.

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
13 Chapter 4: Informative Speech

TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH

Speeches about objects

Speeches about process

Speeches about events

Speeches about concepts

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SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS

Objects includes anything that is ‘visible’,
tangible, and ‘stable’ in form.

Objects may have moving parts or be alive.
Objects could include places, structures,
animals, people.

To talk about objects, you need to choose one
aspect of the objects as the focus and put it in
your purpose. (i.e. “ To inform my audience
about what to look for when buying a laptop”.

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SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES

A process is a systematic series of actions that
leads to a specific result or product.

Examples of the purpose statement: “ To inform
my audience how to prepare a sandwich”.

Tow kinds of informative speech about
processes are:

Explains a process so that listeners will understand
it better. “ To inform my audience how a submarine
works”.

Explains a process so listeners will be better able to
perform the process themselves. “To inform my
audience to prepare a lab report”.
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SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS

Event is anything that happens or is regarded as

happening.

Examples of a purpose statement: “To inform my
audience about the experience of climbing the
Mount Kinabalu”.

Explaining events could be in the form of
chronological order or explains its causes and
effects (causal order).

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SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS

Concepts includes beliefs, theories, ideas,
principles and the like.

Examples of a purpose statement: “To inform my
audience about Islam”

Speeches about concepts are normally organized
in topical order.

Other form of speeches about concepts are to
define a concept or to explain competing schools
of thoughts.

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GUIDELINES FOR INFORMATIVE SPEAKING

Don’t overestimate your audience.

Relate the subject directly to your audience.

Don’t be too technical.

Avoid abstractions.

Personalize your ideas

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
20 Chapter 6: Choosing a topic and purpose

CHOOSING A TOPIC

Topic is the subject of a speech.

Categories of potential topics for your speech are:

Topics you know a lot about.

Topics you want to know more about.

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BRAINSTORMING FOR TOPICS

Personal inventory.

Clustering.

Reference search.

Internet search.

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DETERMINING THE GENERAL PURPOSE

Along with your topics, you need to identify the
general purpose of your speech.

The general purpose of a speech is the broad goal
of a speech.

It could fall into one of these categories:

To inform – you act as a teacher or lecturer.

To persuade – you act as an advocate or a partisan.

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DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE

The specific purpose should focus on one aspect of
a topic.

You should be able to state your specific purpose
in a single infinitive phrase that indicates
precisely what you hope to accomplish with your
speech.

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TIPS FOR FORMULATING THE SPECIFIC

PURPOSE STATEMENT

Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive
phrase, not as a fragment.

Express your purpose as a statement, not as a
question.

Avoid figurative language in your purpose
statement.

Limit your purpose statement to one distinct
idea.

Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague
or general.
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QUESTION TO ASK ABOUT YOUR SPECIFIC

PURPOSE

Does my purpose meet the assignment?

Can I accomplish my purpose in the time
allotted?

Is the purpose relevant to my audience?

Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?

Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

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PHRASING THE CENTRAL IDEA

Central idea is a one-sentence statement that
sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a
speech.

The central idea should be:

Be expressed in a full sentence.

Should not be in the form of a question.

Should avoid figurative language.

Should not be vague or overly general.

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
28 Chapter 7: Analyzing the audience

AUDIENCE CENTEREDNESS

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every
step of speech preparation and presentation.

To be audience centered, ask these questions:

To whom am I speaking?

What do I want them to know, believe or do as a
result of my speech?

What is the most effective way of composing and
presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?

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DEMOGRAPHIC AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

Age

Gender

Sexual Orientation

Racial, ethnic and cultural background

Religion

Group membership

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SITUATIONAL AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

Size

Physical setting

Disposition toward the topic:

Interest

Knowledge

Attitude

Disposition toward the speaker

Disposition toward the occasion

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GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT THE

AUDIENCE

Interviewing

Questionnaires

Open ended

Scale

Close ended

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ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE

Audience adaptation before the speech:

Assessing how your audience would likely to respond
to what you will say in your speech.

Adjusting what you say to make it as clear,
appropriate, and convincing as possible.

Audience adaptation during the speech:

Adjust delivery to the changed in audience condition.

Be sure to pay attention at the audience feedback.

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
34 Chapter 8: Organizing the body of speech

MAIN POINTS

Main points are the major points developed in
the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from
two to five main points.

Number of main points

Strategic order of Main Points:

Chronological order

Spatial order

Causal order

Problem-solution order

Topical order

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TIPS FOR PREPARING MAIN POINTS

Keep main points separate

Try to use the same pattern of wording for main
points

Balance the amount of time devoted to main
points

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CONNECTIVES

Connective is a word or phrase that connects
the ideas of a speech and indicates the
relationship between them.

Transitions – a word or phrase that indicates when
a speaker has finished one thought and moving on
to another.

Internal previews – a statement in the body of
speech that lets the audience know what the
speaker is going to discuss next.

Internal summary – a statement in the body of
speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding
points.

Signposts- A statement that indicates where a
speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on
key ideas.
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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
38 Chapter 9: Beginning and ending the speech

THE INTRODUCTION

Get attention and interest.

Relate the topic to the audience.

State the importance of your topic.

Startle the audience.

Arouse the curiosity of the audience.

Question the audience.

Begin with a quotation.

Tell a story.

Reveal the topic.

Establish credibility and goodwill.

Preview the body of the speech. 39

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TIPS FOR PREPARING THE INTRODUCTION

Keep introduction relatively brief.

Be on the look for possible introductory materials
as you do your research.

Be creative in devising your introduction.

Don’t worry of about the exact wording of your

introduction until you have finished preparing
the body of speech.

Work out your introduction in detail.

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THE CONCLUSION

Signal the end of the speech.

Reinforce the central idea.

Summarize your speech.

End with a quotation.

Make a dramatic statement.

Refer to the introduction.

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TIPS FOR PREPARING THE CONCLUSION

Keep an eye for possible concluding materials as
you research and develop the speech.

Conclude with a bang, not a whimper.

Don’t be long winded.

Don’t leave your conclusion to chance. Work it

out in detail and give yourself plenty of time to
practice delivering it.

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
43 Chapter 10: Outlining the speech

THE PREPARATION OUTLINE

A preparation outline is a detailed outline
developed during the process of speech
preparation that includes the title, specific
purpose, central idea, introduction, main points,
sub points, connectives, conclusion, and a
bibliography of a speech.

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GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION

OUTLINE

State the specific purpose of your speech.

Identify the central idea.

Label the introduction, body and conclusion.

Use the consistent pattern of symbolization and

indentation.

State main points and sub points in full
sentences.

Label transitions, internal summaries, and
internal previews.

Attach a bibliography.

Give your speech a title, if one is desired. 45

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THE SPEAKING OUTLINE

The speaking outline is a brief outline used to jog
a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a
speech.

Guidelines for the speaking outline:

Follow the visual framework used in the preparation
outline.

Make sure the outline is legible.

Keep the outline as brief as possible.

Give yourself cues for delivering the speech.

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
47 Chapter 11: Delivering the speech

METHODS OF DELIVERY

Reading verbatim from manuscript. (Speeches
that must be delivered words by words e.g.
Religious speech, President’s message, technical
report)

Reciting a memorized text. ( Short speeches i.e.
toasts, congratulatory remarks, acceptances,
introductory speeches)

Speaking impromptu. ( A speech delivered with
little or no preparation)

Speaking extemporaneously. (Speeches
prepared ahead of time, but the exact words are
chosen at the moment of delivery) 48

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THE SPEAKER’S VOICE

Volume (the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice)

Pitch (the higness or lowness of the speaker’s voice)

Rate (the speed at which a person speaks)

Pauses (a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a
speech)

Vocal variety (changes in speaker’s rate, pitch and volume
that give the voice variety and expresiveness)

Pronunciation (the accepted standard of rhythm and sound
for words in a given language

Articulation (the physical production of particular speech
sound)

Dialect (a variety of a language distinguished by variations
of accent, grammar or vocabulary) 49

THE SPEAKER’S BODY

Personal appearance

Movement

Gestures

Eye contact

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PRACTICING DELIVERY
1. Go through your preparation outline aloud to
check how what you have written translates
into spoken words.
2. Prepare your speaking outline.
3. Practice the speech aloud several times using
only your speaking outline.
4. Polish and refine your delivery.
5. Give a dress rehearsal under conditions as close
as possible to those you will face.

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ANSWERING AUDIENCE QUESTIONS

Preparing for Q&A session

Formulate answer to possible questions.

Practice the delivery of your answers.

Managing Q&A session

Clarify the format.

Approach questions with a positive attitude.

Listen carefully.

Direct answers to the entire audience.

Be honest and straightforward.

Stay on track.

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
53 Chapter 12: Using Visual Aids

ADVANTAGES OF VISUAL AIDS

Clarity ( your message is clearer when you
discuss about an object if the audience can see
the object)

Interest (visual aids creates interest not only in
speech making)

Retention (visual image stays longer in you mind
than spoken words)

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KINDS OF VISUAL AIDS

Objects

Models

Photographs

Drawings

Graphs

Charts

Video

Transparencies

Multimedia presentations

The speaker
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GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING VISUAL AIDS

Prepare visual aids in advance.

Keep visual aids simple.

Make sure visual aids are large enough.

Use fonts that are easy to read.

Use a limited number OF fonts.

Use color effectively.

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GUIDELINES FOR PRESENTING VISUAL

AIDS

Avoid using the chalkboard for visual aids.

Display visual aids where listeners can see them.

Avoid passing visual aids among the audience.

Display visual aids only while discussing them.

Talk to your audience, not your visual aids.

Explain visual aids clearly and concisely.

Practice with your visual aids.

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
58 Chapter 14: Introduction to Persuasive Speech

SPEAKING TO PERSUADE

Persuasion: the process of creating, reinforcing,
or changing people’s beliefs or action.

The importance of persuasion: involves all
aspects of life.

Ethics and persuasion

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THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSUASION

The challenge of persuasive speaking.
Strongly Moderately Slightly Slightly in Moderately Strongly in
Neutral
opposed opposed opposed favor in favor favor

How listeners process persuasive messages:

mental dialogue with the audience where there is
a mental give and take between speaker and
listener during persuasive speech.

The target audience: the portion of the whole
audience that the speaker most want to
persuade.
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PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

Questions of fact: a question about the truth or
falsity of an assertion.

Questions of value: a questions about the worth,
rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or
action.

Questions of policy: a question about whether a
specific course of action should or should not be
taken.

Speeches to gain passive agreement.

Speeches to gain immediate action.

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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
62 Chapter 15: Methods of Persuasion

BUILDING CREDIBILITY

Credibility is the audience’s perception of
whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a
given topic. The two major factors influencing a
speaker’s credibility are competence and
character.

Competence: how an audience regards a speaker’s
intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.

Character: how an audience regards speaker’s
sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well
being of the audience.

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TYPES OF CREDIBILITY

Initial credibility: the credibility of a speaker
before she or he starts to speak.

Derived credibility: the credibility of the speaker
produced by everything she or he says and does
during the speech itself.

Terminal credibility: the credibility of a speaker
at the end of the speech.

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ENHANCING YOUR CREDIBILITY

Explain your competence: advertise your
expertise on the speech topic.

Established common ground with your audience:
connect yourself with the values, attitudes or
experiences of your audience.

Deliver your speech fluently, expressively and
with conviction: speaker’s credibility is strongly
affected by his or her delivery.

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USING EVIDENCE

Tips for using evidence:

Use specific evidence.

Use fresh evidence.

Use evidence from credible sources.

Make clear the point of your evidence.

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REASONING

Reasoning from specific instances: reasoning
that moves from particular facts to a general
conclusion.

Reasoning from principle: reasoning that moves
from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Causal reasoning: reasoning that seeks to
establish the relationship between causes and
effects.

Analogical reasoning: reasoning in which a
speaker compares two similar cases and infers
that what is true for the first case is also true
for the second. 67

APPEALING TO EMOTIONS

Fear
Generating

Compassion emotional appeal:

Pride

Use emotional
language

Anger

Develop vivid

Guilt examples

Reverence
Speak with sincerity
and conviction

68

IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
69 Chapter 16: Using Supporting Materials / Ideas

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SUPPORTING MATERIALS

Supporting materials are the materials used to
support a speaker’s ideas. The three major kinds
of supporting materials are:

Examples

Brief Examples

Extended Examples

Hypothetical Examples

Statistics

Testimony

Expert Testimony

Peer Testimony

Quoting Versus Paraphrasing
70

IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
71 Chapter 17: Effective Listening

LISTENING AND CRITICAL THINKING

Appreciative listening: listening for pleasure or
enjoyment.

Emphatic listening: listening to provide
emotional support for a speaker.

Comprehensive listening: listening to understand
the message of a speaker.

Critical listening: listening to evaluate the
message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

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CAUSES OF POOR LISTENING

Not concentrating : thinking about other things
while listening.

Listening too hard: taking in all the speaker’s
points word by word.

Jumping to conclusions: putting words into the
speaker’s mouth.

Focusing on delivery and personal appearance:
we tend to judge people by the way they look and
speak.

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BECOMING BETTER LISTENER

Take listening seriously.

Be an active listener.

Resist distraction.

Don’t be diverted by appearance or delivery.

Suspend judgment.

Focus your listening:

Listen for main points.

Listen for evidence.

Listen for technique.

Develop note taking skills.
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IMD207: COMMUNICATION
SKILLS FOR INFORMATION
PROFESSIONALS 2
75 Chapter 18: Using Language Effectively

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LANGUAGE IS IMPORTANT

Meaning of words

Denotative meaning: the literal meaning.

Connotative meaning: the meaning suggested by
the associations or emotions triggered by a word or
phrase.

Using language accurately

Using language clearly

Using language vividly

Using language appropriately

A note on inclusive language

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USING LANGUAGE CLEARLY

Use familiar words.

Choose concrete words (words that refer to
tangible objects).

Eliminate clutter (discourse that takes many
more words than are necessary to express an
idea).

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USING LANGUAGE VIVIDLY

Imagery

Concrete words

Simile (i.e fresh as a daisy; strong as an ox)

Metaphor (i.e life is a stage and we are the actor)

Rhythm

Parallelism (rich and poor, wise and foolish…)

Repetition (when you see your street, see my street…)

Alliteration(peace is essential for progress, but
progress…)

Antithesis (Ask not what your country can do for you;
ask what you can do for your country… JF Kennedy)

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USING LANGUAGE APPROPRIATELY

Appropriateness to the occasion.

Appropriateness to the audience.

Appropriateness to the topic.

Appropriateness to the speaker.

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A NOTE ON INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE

Avoid the generic “HE”.

Avoid using “MAN” when referring to both men
and women.

Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by
gender.

Avoid identifying personal traits that are
unrelated to the topic.

Use names that groups use to identify
themselves.

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REFERENCE

Lucas, S.E (2004) The Art of Public Speaking. 8th

ed. Boston: McGraw Hill

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