PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

Quarter 3 - Week 1:
Nature of Inquiry and Research

Development and Quality Assurance Team

Developer: Nicole Hope S. Ario
Evaluator: Jeshrel B. Plaza, EdD and Ivy M. Maloloy-on, MST
Illustrator: Nicole Hope S. Ario
Team Leader: Rosalinda E. Urbiztondo, PhD
Learning Area Supervisor: Edna E. Trinidad, EdD

Illustration Credits:
Title Page: Marieto Cleben V. Lozada
Visual Cues: Ivin Mae M. Ambos

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
 Competencies:

1. Shares research experience and knowledge. CS_RS11-IIIa-1

2. Explains the importance of research in daily life. CS_RS11-IIIa-2
3. Describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of research.
CS_RS11-IIIa-3
4. Differentiates quantitative from qualitative research. CS_RS11-IIIa-4

Objectives:

At the end of the week, the students should be able to:

1. identify the characteristics, processes and ethical
considerations in conducting research;
2. create a graphic organizer of the differences between
qualitative and quantitative research; and
3. value the importance of research in their daily life.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview

Wondering a lot about your world, you are always in quest of

knowledge about people, things, places, events --- their characteristics or
qualities make you wonder continuously. Questions after questions on the
many aspects of the object of your curiosity prod you to move, act or do
something to find answers to your questions or to discover truths about your
inferences or speculations on such object. Behaving like an investigator,
seeking and asking answers to some questions about the thing you find
puzzling indicates the true nature of inquiry or research.

Research is significant in our everyday activities. It is the result of a

thinking process that involves you, students, in questioning techniques or
models. In this lesson, you will be able to know the importance of research in
your daily life, Identify its characteristics, processes and the ethical
considerations that must be followed when conducting a research.

As you go through this lesson try to think of this important question: How
does inquiry and research facilitate in finding solutions to real-life problems
and develop critical thinking skills and lifelong learning?

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Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
 Definition of Research
Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines
an individual’s speculation with reality.

AGAIN FIND

Definition of Inquiry-based
Learning
Inquiry-based learning is a form of active learning that starts by posing
questions, problems or scenarios.

Example:
In education, it contrasts with traditional education where it generally
relies on the teacher presenting facts and their own knowledge about the
subject.

THE INQUIRY MODEL

Research is important when we know how to make sense of it. With this,
we need to check the learner‘s prior knowledge of how research is used in
daily life. Assessing these will facilitate teaching and your understanding as a
student of the importance of research in daily life. Check the model of inquiry
below and its process.

According to Drayton & Falk (2001), the following are some of the
characteristics of classrooms where teachers emphasized inquiry-based
learning:

 Inquiry is in the form of authentic (real-life) problems within the context

of the curriculum and/or community.
 The inquiry capitalizes on student curiosity.
 Data and information are actively used, interpreted, refined, digested
and discussed

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

3
Importance of Research
Research is important in our everyday life because it:

 Gives us a light to inquire about the right information.

 Develops and attitude to not believe everything easily available and
go on one track.
 Sharpens the brain and gives it a judicious vision to look.
 Leads us to the ultimate philosophy of all the subjects and builds a
graphic vision of life.
 Empowers us with knowledge and efficient learning of new things.
 Helps us in understanding various issues of life in a larger manner.
 Evolves us to mark out the thin line between truth and lie.
 Makes good habits of reading, analysing, thinking, and learning.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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 Why do we need to conduct Research?

 To be better informed and have less biased decisions.

The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

Characteristics:

1. Empirical – Research is based on observed and measured phenomena

and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from
theory or belief.

2. Logical – Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

Meaning to say it is guided by a set of rules of logical reasoning and
the logical process of induction and deduction. This makes research
more meaningful in the context of decision making.

3. Cyclical - Research is a cyclical process because it always starts with a

problem and ends with a problem.

4. Analytical – Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering

the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case
study.

5. Critical - Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

6. Methodical – Research is conducted in a methodical manner without

bias using systematic method and procedures.

7. Replicability – The research design and procedures are replicated or

repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.

Source: Calmorin and Calmorin, Research Methods and Thesis Writing.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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 Research Process Diagram

Formulates
Hypothesis or
Selects a
Reviews the Select Specific Collects
General
Problem Literature Research Problem Data

Analyzes
Interprets and
and Presents
reports Data
Data

Qualities of a Good Researcher

 A good researcher must be open-minded and must also adopt a

critical way of thinking.
 Besides, he/she should be hard working, diligent, focused and devoted
to his/her specific field of interest.
 Updating his/her knowledge is of utmost importance and can be
accomplished in several ways, such as following the current literature,
attending conferences or exchanging ideas with colleagues working in
a relevant field.
 Furthermore, a modern researcher must be resourceful and inventive in
order to transform his/her scientific queries and hypotheses into a
realizable protocol.

Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

 Researcher’s area of interest

 Availability of funds
 Investigator‘s ability and training

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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 Definition of Ethics
Ethics in Research
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or
wrong, proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition
(Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional
practice.

Ethical considerations in conducting research

 Objectivity and integrity

 Respect of the research subjects‘ right to privacy and dignity and
protection of subjects from personal harm
 Presentation of research findings
 Misuse of research role
 Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
 Distortions of findings by sponsor

Unethical practices in conducting research

 Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study

 Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her extreme
embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by remaining him or her of an
unpleasant experience
 Invading the privacy of a respondent
 Studying the respondents or research subjects without their knowledge
 When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the facts, presenting
facts out of context, falsifying findings or offering misleading
presentation such as lying with statistics

Quantitative and Qualitative

Research
Definition of Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is a type of educational research in which the
researcher decides what to study; asks specific, narrow questions; collects
quantifiable data from participants; analyzes these numbers using statistics;
and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
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 Definition of Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is a type of educational research in which the

researcher relies on the views of participants; asks broad, general questions;
collects data consisting largely words (text) from participants; describes and
analyzes these words for themes; and conducts the inquiry in a subjective,
biased manner.

Qualitative Quantitative
In-depth understanding of  Quantification of data
Objectives underlying reasons and  Measurement of incidence,
motivations etc.
 Non-statistical
Data Analysis  Contextual  Statistical
 Thematic
 Broad based insights
Not conclusive nor
Outcomes  Population based
generalizable
understanding

Differing Philosophical Assumptions of Quantitative and

Qualitative Researchers
Assumptions of Quantitative Assumptions of Qualitative
Researchers Researchers
There exists a reality ―out there, ‖ The individuals involved in the
independent of us, waiting to be research situations construct
known. The task of science is to reality; thus, realities exist in the
discover the nature of reality and form of multiple mental
how it works. constructions.
Research investigations can
Research investigations produce
potentially result in accurate
alternative visions of what the
statements about the way the
world is like.
world really is.
It is possible for the researcher to It is impossible for the researcher to
remove him- or herself—to stand stand apart from the individuals he
apart—from that which is being or she is studying.

Source: Fraenkel and Wallen, How To Design And Evaluate Research In Education .

Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research

Quantitative Methodologies Quantitative Methodologies
Preference for precise hypothesis stated Preference for hypotheses that emerge
at the outset. as study develops.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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 Preference for precise definitions stated Preference for definitions in context or
at the outset. as study progresses.

Data reduced to numerical scores. Preference for narrative description.

Much attention to assessing and

Preference for assuming that reliability
improving reliability of scores obtained
of inferences is adequate.
from instruments.

Assessment of validity through a variety Assessment of validity through

of procedures with reliance on statistical crosschecking sources of information
indices. (triangulation).

Preference for random techniques for Preference for expert information

obtaining meaningful samples. (purposive) samples.

Preference for precisely describing Preference for narrative/literary

procedures. descriptions of procedures.

Preference for logical analysis in

Preference for design or statistical
controlling or accounting for
control of extraneous variables.
extraneous variables.

Preference for specific design control for Primary reliance on researcher to deal
procedural bias. with procedural bias.

Preference for statistical summary of Preference for narrative summary of

results. results.

Preference for breaking down complex

Preference for holistic description of
phenomena into specific parts for
complex phenomena.
analysis.
Willingness to manipulate aspects,
Unwillingness to tamper with naturally
situations, or conditions in studying
occurring phenomena.
complex phenomena.

Source: Fraenkel and Wallen, How To Design And Evaluate Research In Education

Activity #1
A. SPILL and SPELL. Do the following activity by simply reading the definition
and rearranging the letters to form the word. Write your answer on the
space provided below the popsicle stick.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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 It is the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes
collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts
that lines an individual’s speculation with reality.

S E R H C A E R = ______________________

Research is conducted in a methodical manner without

bias using systematic method and procedures.

A L C T O H E M I D = ______________________

Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering

the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental
and case study.

L A A N C Y L I T A = ______________________

Research is based on observed and measured

phenomena and derives knowledge from actual
experience rather than from theory or belief

E P M I I R C L A = ______________________

Research is a cyclical process because it always starts with a

problem and ends with a problem.

C C Y L C A I L = ______________________

B. WHAT AM I? Read the following statement below and identify whether it is

a process, ethical consideration or unethical practice of conducting a
research. Write P if it is a process, EC if it is an ethical consideration and UP
if it is an unethical practice.

______________1. Respect of the research subjects‘ right to privacy and dignity

and protection of subjects from personal harm

______________2. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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 ______________3. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her
extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by remaining him or her of
an unpleasant experience

______________4. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance

______________5. Formulates hypothesis or select specific research problem

Activity #2
Fishbone. With the use of the fishbone graphic organizer differentiate
qualitative from quantitative research.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

11
 Activity #3
Write a reflective essay about the importance of research to your daily
life as a student. Put it in an A4 size bondpaper. It could be printed or hand
written depending on what you are comfortable with doing. Please see
attached rubric as your guide on how you will be rated.

Criteria 1 2 3 4 Score
The essay is
The essay is
The essay is focused,
focused on
The essay poorly focused on purposeful,
the topic
Focus/ Main addresses topic topic and and
and
Point and includes includes few reflects
includes
irrelevant ideas loosely related clear
relevant
ideas insight and
ideas
ideas
Persuasively
Supports supports
Supports main main main
Provides little or point with some point with point with
Support no support for underdeveloped developed well
the main point reasons and/or reasons developed
examples and/or reasons
examples and/or
examples
Effectively
Organization Little or no organizes
& Some Organizes
organization of ideas
Format organization of ideas to
ideas to build to build a
ideas to build an build an
an logical,
(Paragraphs, argument argument
Transitions) argument coherent
argument
Effective
and
Little or no use Appropriate
creative use
of elements of use of
Language Some use of of
style elements of
Use, elements of style elements of
style
Style & style to
Many errors in
Conventions Contains enhance
grammar, Uses correct
frequent errors in meaning
(Sentence spelling, and grammar,
structure, word grammar,
punctuation, spelling, and
choice, grammar, spelling, and Uses correct
spelling, makes reader’s punctuation
punctuation) punctuation grammar,
comprehension with few
spelling,
difficult errors
punctuation
throughout

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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 with very
few errors
Distinctive
Experiment-
Sufficient tation with
Experimenta- language
tion with and usage
No language to
Very little
experimentation and usage enhance
experimentation
Originality nor to concepts
to enhance
enhancement enhance
(Expression of concepts
the theme in a of concepts concepts Applies
creative way) higher
Does not exhibit
No adherence Applies order
creativity
to the theme basic thinking
creative skills and
to creative
relay ideas skills to relay
complex
ideas

Formative Test
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
the letter of your choice on the space provided before the number.

1. Based on what you know, the following are supposed to be the

experiences that you will have when conducting a research, except one.
a. Answer questions of the your research questionnaire
b. Craft questionnaire to be used for the gathering of data
c. Look for a field or specific area that you are interested about
d. Research readings such as literature and studies

2. Why is it important to have research in our daily life?

a. It develops an attitude to believe that everything is easily available
b. It empowers us with knowledge and efficient learning of new things.
c. It gives us a light to inquire about the wrong information.
d. It helps us in understanding various issues of life in a meager manner.

3. What idea justifies that research is cyclical?

a. Research is based on direct experience.
b. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
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Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.
 c. Research design and procedures are replicated or repeated.
d. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

4. Which of the following is not an example of ethical consideration when

conducting a research?
a. Acknowledging your co-researchers and those who assisted you.
b. Asking the respondent too personal questions that he/she founds
uncomfortable with
c. Objectivity and Integrity
d. Presentation of research findings

5. Based on what you know, how would you differentiate quantitative from
qualitative research?
a. Quantitative: Broad based insights
Qualitative: Population based understanding
b. Quantitative: Narrative summary
Qualitative: Statistical summary
c. Quantitative: Numerical data
Qualitative: Verbal data
d. Quantitative: Subjective
Qualitative: Objective

Answers’ Key
ACTIVITY #1 - A

1. Research
2. Methodical
3. Analytical
4. Empirical
5. Cyclical

ACTIVITY #1 - B

1. E
2. U
3. U
4. E
5. P

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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 ACTIVITY #2
- Answer’s may vary

ACTIVITY #3
- Answer’s may vary

References
Focus on Research: A Guide to Developing Students’ Research Skills.
Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Education, 1990.
http://www.library.ualberta.ca/documents/focusonresearch.pdf.

Donham, Jean, Kay Bishop, Carol Collier Kuhlthau, and Dianne Oberg.
Inquiry-based Learning: Lessons from Library Power. Worthington, OH:
Linworth, 2001.

Focus on Inquiry: A Teacher’s Guide to Implementing Inquiry-based Learning.

Ebook. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Alberta Learning, Learning and
Teaching Resources Branch, 2004.
http://www.teachingbooks.net/content/FocusOnInquiry.pdf.

Jonassen, David H. Computers as Mind tools for Schools: Engaging Critical

Thinking. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Fraenkel, Jack R., and Norman E. Wallen. How To Design And Evaluate.
Research In Education. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Education, 2003.
―Reflection Evaluation Criteria‖. Accessed June 2016.
http;//web.uri.edu/assessment/files/reflection_rubric.doc.

Biglete, Amelia. ―Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research.‖ Lecture,

May 2014.

Calmorin, Laurentina P., and Melchor A. Calmorin. Research Methods and

Thesis Writing. 2nd edition. Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2007.

Paton, Michael. Quantitative Evaluation and Research Methods. 2nd ed.

Newburry Park, CA: Sage, 1990.

Willig, Carla. Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology: Adventures in

Theory and Method. Ebook. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill
Education,
Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
use and constitutes fair use. All Rights Reserved.

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