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The Solid State Class 12 Notes Chemistry
Chapter 1
February 7, 2022
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Class 12 Chemistry Notes students can refer to the The Solid State Class 12 Notes
Chemistry Chapter 1 https://www.cbselabs.com/solid-state-cbse-notes-class-12-chemistry/
Pdf here. They can also access the CBSE Class 12 The Solid State Chapter 1 Notes while
gearing up for their Board exams.
The Solid State Class 12 Notes Chemistry Chapter 1
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Solid State Class 12 Notes Chapter 1
1. Solids are substances which have fixed shape
and volume. 1’hey are characterised by rigidity, incompressibility, slow diffusion and
mechanical strength. They are classified as:
(a) Crystalline solids
(b) Amorphous solids .
2. The crystalline solids are further classified as:
(a) Metallic solids
(b) Ionic solids
(c) Covalent solids
(d) Molecular solids
3. A regular three dimensional arrangement of points in space is called a space lattice or
crystal lattice. There are only 14 three-dimensional lattices known as Bravais lattices. The
basic difference between the 14 Bravais lattices are the angles between the faces and the
relative proportion of the sides.
4. A unit cell is the smallest unit of the crystal which when repeated again and again gives
the crystal of the given substance.
Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 Notes
5. There are three types of unit cells based on the cube. These are:
(a) Primitive or simple cube which has one constituent at each comer.
(b) Body-centred cube in which one constituent at the centre of the cube as well as one at
each comer.
(c) Face-centred cube in which there is one constituent at the centre of each face as well as
one at each comer.
6. A pure metal in the solid crystalline state is composed of atoms that are identical in shape
and size. The identical spheres can be packed in a number of ways.
7. The number of nearest neighbours of an atom, ion or a molecule is called its coordination
number.
8. In the hcp and ccp structures, about 74 percent of the available space is occupied by the
spheres. In bcc arrangement, about 68 percent of the available space is filled up. In simple
cubic structures about 52 4 percent of the available space is occupied by the spheres
cubic structures, about 52.4 percent of the available space is occupied by the spheres.
9. The density of the unit cell,
Solid State Notes Chapter 1 Class 12
10. Any departure from perfectly ordered arrangement of atoms or ions in crystals is called
imperfection or defects. These are of two types:
(a) Point defects (b) Line defects
11. Schottky defects occurs when a pair of ions of opposite charge, i.e., cations and anions
are missing from the ideal lattice. The presence of a large number of schottky defects lowers
the density of a crystal, e.g., AgBr.
12. The atoms or ions which occupy the normally vacant interstitial sites in a crystal are
known as interstitials. It results in increase in density of crystal.
13. Frenkel defects is a combination of schottky defects and interstitials. It occurs when an
ion leaves its position in the lattice and occupies an interstitial site leaving a gap in the
crystal.
14. Non-stoichiometric defects are a large number of inorganic solids in which the ratio of
the number of atoms of one kind to the number of atoms of the other kind does not
correspond to the ideal whole number ratio. Such compounds are called non-stoichiometric
compounds.
15. When there is an excess of metal ions in non- stoichiometric compounds, the crystal
lattice has vacant anion sites. These sites are occupied by electrons. Hie anion sites
occupied by electrons are called F-centres.
16. Based on their electrical conductivity, solids are classified as:
(a) Conductors
(b) Insulators
(c) Semi conductors
Chemistry Class 12 Chapter 1 Notes
17. Pure substances that show conducting behaviour like that of silicon and germanium are
called intrinsic semiconductors.
18. When solid substances are placed in a magnetic field, they do not show the same
behaviour Depending on their response to magnetic field the substances are classified as:
behaviour. Depending on their response to magnetic field, the substances are classified as:
(a) Diamagnetic substances:
(i) These substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field.
(ii) The electrons are paired.
(b) Paramagnetic substances:
(i) These substances are weakly attracted by the magnetic field.
(ii) These substances have permanent magnetic dipoles due to die presence of atoms,
molecules or ions containing unpaired electrons.
Solid State Notes Class 12 Chapter 1
19. Substances having unpaired electrons are classified as:
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