Permabond ®

Adhesive Guide
-Our science... your success

www.permabond.com
Permabond Adhesives ISO 9001:2008 Certified
Our Science ... Your Success

Adhesives for • Design • Manufacturing • Assembly • Maintenence • Repair & Overhaul

Permabond’s history of developing and

manufacturing engineering adhesives
spans four decades and three continents.
Today, Permabond Engineering Adhesives
Ltd (Europe & Asia) and Permabond LLC
(Americas) provide technological solutions
to engineers all over the world, with offices
and facilities in America, Asia and Europe,
backed by a high-tech ISO 9001:2008
certified production plant in Europe.

• Technical – Our chemists and technicians are available to provide

application assistance, custom formulation, in-house prototype testing,
joint product development programs and much more.

• Training – Permabond’s knowledgeable sales group will provide your

staff with the information they need to maximize the efficiencies, cost
savings, and safety benefits Permabond products generate.

• Sales – From preliminary project appraisals and product needs

assessments through to process reliability analysis, Permabond’s
knowledgeable sales group will support you from product concept
through to production.

This brochure contains information on our most popular products, if you don’t see exactly what you need, or
would like assistance in selecting the best product for your application, please contact us:

www.permabond.com
• UK - 0800 975 9800
• Asia + 86 21 5773 4913
• General Enquiries +44(0)1962 711661 Wessex Business Park
Wessex Way
• Deutschland 0800 101 3177
Colden Common
• France 0805 111 388 Winchester
• US - 732-868-1372 Hampshire
[email protected] SO21 1WP
[email protected] United Kingdom
[email protected]
 Contents
4. Adhesive Selection - choosing the right adhesive product

5. Joint Design - recommendations to achieve optimum bond strength

6. Coverage; Production Line Considerations

7-10. Surface Preparation - guide to preparing different substrates for bonding

11. Chemical Compatibility - check resistance against a variety of chemicals

12-13. Anaerobics - threadlockers, pipesealants, gasketmakers, retainers, sealants...

14-15. Cyanoacrylates - instant adhesives

16-17. Structural Acrylic Adhesives

18-19. Two-Part Epoxies

20-21. Single-Part Epoxies - heat cure

22-23. UV-Curables

24-25. MS-Polymers, Polyurethanes, Cleaners & Surface Pre-Treatments

26. Approvals; Conversion Tables

27. Glossary

Interactive Engineer’s Guide now

available free on smartphones
Adhesive Selection
Adhesive Selection
Bonding dissimilar materials together requires special
Selecting the most appropriate adhesive for an engineering
consideration, particularly in an environment subject to
application requires consideration of a number of factors:
temperature change. This is because differential thermal
Surfaces expansion and contraction between materials can induce stress
into the substrates and into the joint. For this reason slightly
Joint Design flexible, toughened adhesives can be better than rigid methods of
fixture - such as mechanical fastenings.
Service Conditions
Production Processes
Co-efficient of thermal expansion
Adhesive Recommendations figures for various materials

Surfaces:
Carbon Fibre
n Can the substrate(s) be bonded?
Glass Filled Nylon
n Which adhesive works best on the substrate?
n What are the surface preparation requirements? Titanium
n Reactivity of the substrate affects adhesive cure-speed. Nylon
Table below shows how anaerobic adhesive cure is affected by Aluminium
surface reactivity:
GRP
PTFE
Super Active Active Inactive Passive
Polyethylene
(Very fast cure) (Fast cure) (Slow cure) (Activator required)
Anodized
Steel aluminium Ceramics -20 0 30 80 130
Brass Nickel Cadmium finishes Glass Linear CTE (mm/mm/°C x 10-6)
Copper Iron Chrome finishes Plastics
Magnesium Aluminium Passivated metals Painted finishes
Zinc Stainless steel Lacquered finishes
Titanium

Hot strength of Permabond anaerobic adhesives:

Gap fill and adhesive viscosity: 100

Shear strength retention %

High temperature
Viscosity of adhesive and gap fill capability are closely related - the higher
80
the adhesive viscosity, the larger the gap filling capability.
To help “get a feel” for viscosity measurements, the list below shows 60
everyday substances and their approximate viscosity: Standard grades
40
Viscosity Viscosity
Substance Substance 20 Dismantleable grades
(mPa.s) (mPa.s)
Water 1 Maple syrup 5,000 0
Milk 3 Honey 10,000 0 50 100 150 200
Temperature°C
SAE 10 Motor oil 85-140 Choc. syrup 25,000
SAE 20 Motor oil 140-420 Ketchup 50,000
Typical temperature performance of
SAE 30 Motor oil 420-650 Mustard 70,000
different adhesive chemistries
SAE 40 Motor oil 650-900 Sour cream 100,000
MT Epoxy =Standard grades
Castor oil 1,000 Peanut butter 250,000
MS Polymer =Special grades
Service conditions:
Chemical exposure and environmental conditions affect adhesives, 2-part PU
therefore it is important to consider not only the type of chemical the UV-Curable
adhesive will be exposed to, but the concentration and the temperature
of that chemical, the loading of the joint and whether the joint design 2-part Epoxy
leaves adhesive vulnerable to attack.
Tough Acrylic

The temperature range the joint will be exposed to is an important Anaerobic

factor in deciding which adhesive to use. Adhesive strength reduces
as temperature increases, as demonstrated in the graph to the Cyanoacrylate
right. Provided adhesives are kept within their recommended 1-part Epoxy
temperature range, full strength should be regained upon
returning to room temperature. 0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature °C

4
Joint Design
There are three basic joint types; co-axial, lap and butt joints.
Anaerobic adhesives are usually most suitable for co-axial type joints These are examples of bad adhesive joint design.
(where one part slots into another) or for threaded parts. Whether or Load
not the joint needs to be dismantled will determine the strength of
adhesive to use.

It is vital to consider joint configuration in the early stages of your product

Cleavage: Bad LLL
design to achieve maximum performance. Joints that have originally been
designed to be welded may need to be redesigned to obtain optimum
performance with adhesives. The engineer also needs to consider the Peel: Bad LLL
loading of these joints and where the forces occur. The diagrams on this
page explain which joints are good, which to avoid and some suggested
alternative joint designs.
Flexible Load
Component
These are examples of good adhesive joint design.
Load
Compression: Best JJJ
Shear: Good JJ
Handy Tip: If joint design cannot be modified, opt to use a
toughened adhesive with high peel-strength.
Load

Corner Butt-Joint: Bad LLL

Load Load
A similar problem can occur with a corner
joint, if an indirect force is applied, it can
result in the introduction of a cleavage
Straight Butt-Joint: Bad LLL force into the joint.
Problems occur because this type
of joint is not very stable; a slightly
off-centre force will cause a crack to
propagate through the joint.

Suggested Best Suggested Alternatives

Alternatives

Better

Good

Correct assembly technique for pipe joints

n Taper to parallel pipe joints n Parallel to parallel pipe joints

Apply adhesive several threads back from the leading edge of the male Apply adhesive to the leading edge of the male component. EXCESS
component to ensure maximum contact. ADHESIVE SHOULD BE SEEN IN BOTH CASES AFTER TIGHTENING

5
Coverage
50ml of adhesive will go how far?
Handy Tip: 1 litre of adhesive covers 1 square metre at Glue line
a thickness of 1 mm i.e. if only 0.5 mm thick, 1 litre will Bead Length of
thickness (over
cover 2 square metres. Diameter Bead
25mm width)

Usage Estimator 1.5mm 25m 0.075mm

The number of free flow drops per container (cyanoacrylate):
Container Number Container Number
3mm 6m 0.3mm
Size of Drops Size of Drops
3g 45 10ml 150 6mm 1.5m 1.2 mm
20g 300 50ml 750
28g (1 oz) 420 75ml 1125 Usage Estimator - Threaded Fasteners
30g 450 250ml 3750 How many pipe-joints
Volume of per bottle?
300g 4500 300ml 4500 Imperial
Metric size adhesive per
454g (1lb) 6810 500ml 7500 size
fastener 50ml 200ml
500g 7500 750ml 11,250
2kg 30,000 1 litre 15,000 3mm 1/8” 0.07ml 700 2,800
Flat bond (any adhesive): 6mm 1/4” 0.1ml 500 2,000
Length (cm) x Width (cm) x Gap (cm) = Volume (ml)
9mm 3/8” 0.12ml 400 1,600
To get an answer in ml, convert all your dimensions to
cm first. 12mm 1/2” 0.14ml 340 1,360
Potting a cylinder:
19mm 3/4” 0.193ml 260 1,040
3.14 x radius (cm)² x length of cylinder (cm) = ml.
Radius is half the diameter. 25mm 1” 0.242ml 200 800

Production Line Considerations

Substrate preparation on a high-speed production line Automation
It is helpful to receive substrate components in a consistent condition For high-speed production lines conveyors, robotics and X-Y machines can
with little variation in surface finish. We would recommend checking this greatly aid increased production rates. Adhesives can easily be incorporated
regularly as sometimes component suppliers switch materials, cutting oils into highly automated systems with minimal cost.
or release agents which could necessitate changes in surface preparation
technique. For large batch production, components can be degreased Clamping / jigging & cure speed
via large-scale jet washes on a conveyor system. It is important that It is important bonded parts are not disturbed during the curing process,
such systems are not overloaded and that parts can drain off to give a at least until they have reached handling strength. Otherwise components
consistently clean/dry surface afterwards. could end up wrongly aligned or could result in a lower bond strength. To
keep clamping time to a minimum, choose one of Permabond’s rapid curing
Grit blasters offer a quick and easy way to abrade metal surfaces to adhesives to speed up production rates.
remove oxide layers. It is important to change grit regularly to keep it
sharp and free from contamination. n UV-curables - cure in 1-2 seconds on exposure to high-intensity UV-light
n Cyanoacrylates - cure to handling strength in 1 - 30 seconds
Surface activators, such as the Permabond CSA (for cyanoacrylates) n Structural acrylics - quick curing grades reach handling strength in 1-4 minutes
and A905 (for anaerobics), are available in bulk for batch dipping of n Two-part polyurethanes - rapid gel time between 2 and 20 minutes
components. This helps to ensure a clean, reactive surface for the n Anaerobics - range from two minutes up 1 hour depending on substrates
corresponding adhesive to bond to. n Two-part epoxies - can range from 5 minutes to several hours depending on grade
n Single-part heat-cure epoxies - dependent on cure temperature / heating method
Dispensing methods n MS-polymers take days to cure - even weeks depending on glue line thickness
For a rapid production line, high-speed dispensing systems can easily be
introduced. These can range from semi-automatic (e.g. a system which Curing Equipment
delivers a metered dose to the component after a person triggers the Permabond UV adhesives have been developed to cure quickly and easily,
dispensing valve via foot pedal), to fully automatic where minimal human even with low powered lamps. This makes it a lot easier for trialling
intervention is required. Permabond offer adhesive products in bulk adhesives or for small users to use UV-curables without having to invest
packaging to fit most dispensing equipment around the world. in high-tech equipment. We recommend the use of professional UV-
Two-part adhesives require more consideration to ensure the metered lamps where possible, particularly for regular production items and where
dose of resin and hardener is correct and that mixing is adequate. Upon consistent results are essential.
installation the equipment must be properly calibrated to ensure the correct Single-part epoxies require heat input either by oven, infra-red lamp, hot
mix ratio of adhesive is being dispensed. air gun or induction heating. Two-part epoxy cure can also be accelerated by
heating bonded parts.
Please contact Permabond for further information on equipment suppliers.
6
Surface Preparation
Surface Preparation Method Bonding
Most PB grades suitable, if using AA use
ABS ABS can be bonded “as received” so no surface preparation required. A905. ES may not be suitable as plastic may
melt. UV will require a clear substrate.

AA- Use A905. Best option is a CA with POP

Acetal Acetal can be very difficult to bond; abrading the surface can help.
Primer.

Most PB grades suitable, if using AA use

Acrylic Acrylic can be bonded “as received” so no surface preparation required. A905. ES may not be suitable as plastic may
melt. UV will require a clear substrate.

Several options - The most effective is to immerse the aluminium in phosphoric acid etch solution for 30
AA cure on aluminium can be slow so A905
minutes, rinse, dry and then bond immediately. However, health and safety restrictions imposed may
may be required. If bonding to a different
prevent the preparation and storage of such chemicals.
metal consider F201 or F202 flexible grade
to cope with differential expansion.
Alternatively:
ET, ES and TA particularly good for bonding
Degrease with Isopropanol, Acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits, meths etc. as
aluminium. TA4300 and TA4310 are particu-
these can leave a residue.
Aluminium lar favourites on this substrate, also ES550
Abrade with carborundum grit paper or if you have access to a grit or sand blaster, abrade the aluminium
performs very well on aluminium.
with fresh grit or sand.
UV can be used but other substrate needs
Degrease the aluminium a second time and then bond immediately.
to be clear (unless using a dual cure prod-
uct such as UV7141).
It is important to degrease before and after abrasion to avoid ingraining dirt and contaminants into the
PT and MS products also work well on
metal and to remove any loose particles and dirt afterwards. Aluminium forms a weak invisible oxide layer
aluminium.
very quickly so bond ASAP. Low strength bonds on aluminium can usually be attributed to this oxide layer.

Degrease with isopropanol, acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits, meths etc. as
these can leave a residue.
AA, ET, ES, TA, PT, all very good on brass. CA
Abrade with carborundum grit paper or if you have access to a grit or sand blaster, abrade the brass with
and MS are OK. UV can be used but other
Brass fresh grit or sand. Degrease the brass a second time and then bond immediately.
substrate needs to be clear (unless using a
It is important to degrease before and after abrasion to avoid ingraining dirt and contaminants into the
dual cure product such as UV7141).
metal and to remove any loose particles and dirt afterwards.

Brass can be etched with 25% ammonium persulphate solution to give a very good surface for bonding.

Wipe clean with isopropanol or Permabond Cleaner A to remove any processing lubricants and slip
Butyl Only cyanoacrylates can be considered on
additives. Permabond cyanoacrylates all work brilliantly on butyl rubber. The bonded joint is generally
Rubber this surface.
stronger than the parent material.

Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol or suitable CA, ET, MT, MS, ES, PT all work well on this
Carbon Fibre
solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding. substrate. Specialist grades available.

Remove large particles of rust and debris with a wire brush or wire wool.
Degrease with isopropanol, Acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits, meths etc. as these can
leave a residue. Abrade with carborundum grit paper or if you have access to a grit or sand blaster, abrade the
AA, ET, ES, all work well. If using CA then
cast iron with fresh grit or sand. Degrease the cast iron a second time and then bond immediately.
Cast Iron use 910 methyl grade for better durability
and higher strength bond.
It is important to degrease before and after abrasion to avoid ingraining dirt and contaminants into the
metal and to remove any loose particles and dirt afterwards. Rust spots are the visible sign of surface
oxidation on iron. It is important to bond ASAP after preparing the surface to prevent re-oxidation.

ET, ES or TA would be best choice. AA would

Glaze should be removed by abrasion or gritblasting, loose particles should then be removed. Degrease
Ceramic need A905 activator. CA durability could
with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding.
be poor.

Degrease with isopropanol, Acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits, meths etc. as
AA HM163 or HM135 are recommended for
Chrome these can leave a residue.
use on this surface.
Bonding chrome can be difficult because of its mirror-finish ultra-smooth surface.

Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol or suitable CA, ET, MT, MS, ES, PT all work well on this
Composite
solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding. substrate. Specialist grades available.

Remove large particles of dust and debris with a stiff brush. Ensure surfaces are as dry and clean as High viscosity ET or an MS would be most
Concrete
possible and free of oil. suitable for this surface.

Key:
AA=Anaerobic CA=Cyanoacrylate ET=2-Part Epoxy ES=Heat-Cure Epoxy MS=MS-Polymer
TA=Structural Acrylic PT=Two-Part Polyurethane UV-Curable
7
Surface Preparation
Surface Preparation Method Bonding
Degrease with isopropanol, acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits,
meths etc. as these can leave a residue. Abrade with carborundum grit paper or if you
have access to a grit or sand blaster, abrade the copper with fresh grit or sand.
Degrease the copper a second time and then bond immediately. AA, ET, ES, TA, PT, all very good on copper. CA and
MS are OK. UV can be used but other substrate
Copper
It is important to degrease before and after abrasion to avoid ingraining dirt and needs to be clear (unless using a dual cure product
contaminants into the metal and to remove any loose particles and dirt afterwards. such as UV7141).

Copper can be etched with 25% ammonium persulphate solution to give a very good
surface for bonding.
ET is an excellent choice. Also TA, PT & MS are good.
Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol
Corian CA can be used if necessary. AA and ES are not
or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding.
suitable.
Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol CA, ET, MT, MS, ES, PT all work well on this substrate.
CRP
or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding. Specialist grades available.
Degrease with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before UV recommended to give clear, non-yellowing bond.
Diamond
bonding. For diamond tipped tools, ES550 is normally used.

Permabond POP Primer and CA (normally the

Wipe clean with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Options for bonding EPDM are quite 105 would be recommended). Other adhesive
EPDM Rubber
limited as EPDM can be a bit difficult to bond. technologies are generally unsuitable and will not
bond EPDM rubber very well.

TAs are first choice with rapid room temp cure, good
Degrease with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before
Ferrite impact and temperature resistance. CA - 737 can be
bonding.
used. ES products can also be recommended.
ET is an excellent choice. Also TA, PT & MS are good.
Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol
Formica CA can be used if necessary. AA and ES products are
or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding.
not suitable.
Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol CA, ET, MT, MS, ES, PT all work well on this substrate.
FRP
or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding. Specialist grades available.
Galvanised zinc can be quite a difficult surface to bond. It is difficult to remove the
galvanised layer (as it is designed to protect the metal underneath). Bonding with a rubber
toughened or slightly flexible adhesive can offer better results. Flexible grades perform better. 737, TA435, MS, MT,
Galvanized Zinc
PT products are all recommended.
Degrease with isopropanol, acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits,
meths etc. as these can leave a residue.
UV first choice for clarity and strength. MS359CLEAR
Degrease with Permabond Cleaner A or isopropanol. Glass can have a very thin layer of can be used. TA will bond glass but the joint will be
Glass
processing lubricant so it is important to degrease. visible, ET should be used with 2K Primer first. CA
durability is poor.
Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol CA, ET, MT, MS, ES, PT products all work well on this
GRP
or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding. substrate. Specialist grades available.
Remove large particles of dust and debris with a stiff brush. Ensure surfaces are as dry and MS first choice, particularly for large panels. ET or
Gyprock
clean as possible and free of oil. pre-mix TA could also be used.
These polyolefin materials can prove challenging to bond due to their low surface energy.
Permabond POP + CA (e.g. 105 or 2050) gives
Unfortunately these substrates are very common due to their low cost and availability and
best results. Other adhesive technologies require
HDPE frequently require bonding.
significant pre-treatment. POP does not work with
Pretreat – corona, plasma or flame treat prior to bonding. Surface reactivity will decrease
technology other than CA.
over time so bond ASAP after treating.
Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol ET is an excellent choice. Also TA, PT & MS are good.
Laminate
or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding. CA can be used if necessary. AA and ES are not suitable.
Best results can be achieved bonding LCP with UV adhesive - this gives a very high
LCP strength, durable and aesthetically pleasing bond. Use UV for best results. CA will also bond LCP well.
Alternatively any of the cyanoacrylate range can be used.
These polyolefin materials can prove challenging to bond due to their low surface energy.
Permabond POP + CA (e.g. 105 or 2050) gives
Unfortunately these substrates are very common due to their low cost and availability and
best results. Other adhesive technologies require
LDPE frequently require bonding.
significant pre-treatment. POP does not work with
Pretreat – corona, plasma or flame treat prior to bonding. Surface reactivity will decrease
technology other than CA.
over time so bond ASAP after treating.
TA products are first choice with rapid room temp
cure, good impact and temperature resistance.
Degrease with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before
Magnet CA - 737 can be used. ES products can also be
bonding.
recommended although magnetism can be
weakened during the heat cure process.

Key:
AA=Anaerobic CA=Cyanoacrylate ET=2-Part Epoxy ES=Heat-Cure Epoxy MS=MS-Polymer
8 TA=Structural Acrylic PT=Two-Part Polyurethane UV-Curable
Surface Preparation
Surface Preparation Method Bonding
ET would be first choice, PT or MS could also be used.
Remove large particles of dust and debris with a stiff brush. Ensure surfaces are as dry and
Marble Beware no-Mix TAs - initiator staining on porous
clean as possible and free of oil.
marble (pre-mix TAs are OK).
ET is an excellent choice. Also TA, PT & MS also work
Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or Carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol
MDF well. CA can be used (and CSA activator if necessary).
or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding.
AA and ES are not suitable.
Degrease with isopropanol, Acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits,
meths etc. as these can leave a residue.
Abrade with carborundum grit paper or if you have access to a grit or sand blaster, abrade
the mild steel with fresh grit or sand. Degrease the mild steel a second time and then bond AA, CA, ET, ES, MS, MT, PT, TA can be used. UV is also
Mild Steel immediately. suitable providing the second substrate is clear or it
It is important to degrease before and after abrasion to avoid ingraining dirt and is a dual cure grade.
contaminants into the metal and to remove any loose particles and dirt afterwards. Rust
spots are the visible sign of surface oxidation on mild steel. It is important to bond ASAP
after preparing the surface to prevent re-oxidation.
Permabond 105 cyanoacrylate is recommended.
Wipe clean with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Options for bonding natural rubber are
Natural Rubber Other adhesive technologies are generally unsuitable
quite limited as it can be a bit difficult to bond.
and will not bond natural rubber very well.
Can be bonded “as received” or if you wish, wipe clean with isopropanol or a suitable
Nitrile Rubber solvent. Permabond cyanoacrylates all work brilliantly on nitrile rubber and will bond to such Any Permabond CA.
a high strength that the substrate will break before the bond does on destructive tests.
Dry out at 60°C for several hours or overnight. Unfilled Nylon doesn’t usually bond well,
AA- Activate with A905. CA - long term durability is
Nylon glass filled is much better. Abrade surface to allow extra mechanical bonding.
poor. TA, ET, PT or MS can all be considered.
Degrease with isopropanol
Degrease with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before AA particularly good. ET, ES and TA can also be
Passivated Zinc
bonding. Other surface preparation has very limited results. considered.
Bond as received. This material can be difficult to bond and often requires a high ES5741 has been developed especially for bonding
PBT
temperature resistant adhesive. PBT.
PEEK Bond as received. Surface preparation has little effect, this can be quite difficult to bond. All adhesives equally poor on this surface.
Recommended options are to surface treat these materials either by corona, plasma or
flame treatment. The suitability will be dependent on the size and shape of the parts and If suface preparation has been successful then look
PET
the production line requirements. Once surface treated these surfaces can be bonded to CA or UV for bonding.
more easily with cyanoacrylate or UV-curable adhesive.
Phenolic can be bonded “as received” (so no surface preparation is required). Ensure CA, TA, ET, PT can be considered. ES will also bond
Phenolic
surfaces are clean and dry. this material if a customer is able to heat cure.
Remove large particles of dust and debris with a stiff brush. Ensure surfaces are as dry and MS first choice, particularly for large panels. ET or
Plaster
clean as possible and free of oil. pre-mix TA could also be used.
CA - particularly the non-bloom grades. ET or TA can
Polycarbonate can be bonded “as received” (so no surface preparation is required). also be used (stress cracking with TA could be an
Polycarbonate
Beware stress cracking. issue). UV630 or UV640 are the best choice if the
polycarbonate is transparent.
These polyolefin materials can prove challenging to bond due to their low surface energy.
Permabond POP + CA (e.g. 105 or 2050) gives
Unfortunately these substrates are very common due to their low cost and availability and
best results. Other adhesive technologies require
Polyethylene frequently require bonding.
significant pre-treatment. POP does not work with
Pretreat – corona, plasma or flame treat prior to bonding. Surface reactivity will decrease
technology other than CA.
over time so bond ASAP after treating.
These polyolefin materials can prove challenging to bond due to their low surface energy.
Permabond POP + CA (e.g. 105 or 2050) gives
Unfortunately these substrates are very common due to their low cost and availability and
best results. Other adhesive technologies require
Polypropylene frequently require bonding.
significant pre-treatment. POP does not work with
Pretreat – corona, plasma or flame treat prior to bonding. Surface reactivity will decrease
technology other than CA.
over time so bond ASAP after treating.
Bond “as received” (so no surface preparation is required). Ensure surfaces are clean and ET, TA, PT can be considered. CA can attack this
Polystyrene
dry. Beware stress cracking. substrate.
Elastomeric PU can be bonded as received. Rigid PU: abrade and degrease. Some PUs Elastomeric PU bond with CA.
Polyurethane
resist abrasion. Rigid PU - PT, ET or TA.
Wipe clean with isopropanol or Permabond Cleaner A.
POP + CA 105.
Options for bonding PTFE are fairly limited. The easiest method is to prime with Perma-
Other adhesive technologies require significant pre-
PTFE bond POP primer and then bond with Permabond 105.
treatment. POP does not work with technology other
Alternatively, you can acid etch with “Tetra Etch” and then bond with epoxy, structural
than CA.
acrylic, cyanoacrylate, UV or anaerobic adhesive. PTFE can also be purchased pre-etched.
UPVC can be bonded with CA, ET, TA, UV.
Bond “as received” (so no surface preparation is required). Abrasion can help improve
PVC Flexible PVC restricted to CA, possibly a medical
mechanical bond strength.
grade UV.
Key:
AA=Anaerobic CA=Cyanoacrylate ET=2-Part Epoxy ES=Heat-Cure Epoxy MS=MS-Polymer
TA=Structural Acrylic PT=Two-Part Polyurethane UV-Curable
9
Surface Preparation
Surface Preparation Method Bonding
Options for bonding silicone are very limited. The
Degrease with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before easiest method is to prime with Permabond POP
Silicone
bonding. primer and then bond with Permabond 105 or 731
for extra flexibility.
SMC is easy to bond – you just have to get rid of the release agents used and these are CA, ET, MT, MS, ES, PT all work well on this substrate.
SMC
often internal. Light abrasion and solvent degrease is usually fine. Specialist grades available.
Degrease with isopropanol, Acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits,
meths etc. as these can leave a residue.
AA: HM136 or HM163 can be considered. A regular
Abrasion or shot blasting is necessary to remove the oxide film which has a low surface
AA could be used along with A905 to speed up cure.
Stainless Steel energy. Power tools can heat the metal causing it to re-oxidise instantly so keep metal
UV bonds well to stainless / glass.
cool. Abrasion through Permabond 2K Primer works well.
ET, TA, ES, CA, PT, MT, MS can also be used.
Mirror-finish stainless steel can be particularly problematic.
Degrease with isopropanol, acetone or Permabond Cleaner A. Do not use white spirits,
meths etc. as these can leave a residue.
Abrade with carborundum grit paper or if you have access to a grit or sand blaster, abrade the
steel with fresh grit or sand. Degrease the steel a second time and then bond immediately.
AA, CA, ET, ES, MS, MT, PT, TA can be used. UV is also
Steel It is important to degrease before and after abrasion to avoid ingraining dirt and contami- suitable providing the second substrate is clear or it
nants into the metal and to remove any loose particles and dirt afterwards. Rust spots are is a dual cure grade.
the visible sign of surface oxidation on steel. It is important to bond ASAP after preparing
the surface to prevent re-oxidation.
Different grades of steel will respond differently to abrasion – some are quite easy to
abrade, while others are almost impossible.
Remove large particles of dust and debris with a stiff brush. Ensure surfaces are as dry and ET would be first choice, PT or MS could also be used.
Stone
clean as possible and free of oil. Beware TA - initiator staining on porous marble.
POP + CA 105.
Wipe clean with isopropanol or Permabond Cleaner A.
Other adhesive technologies require significant pre-
Options for bonding Teflon are fairly limited. The easiest method is to prime with Permabond
treatment. POP does not work with technology other
Teflon POP primer and then bond with Permabond 105.
than CA.
Alternatively, you can acid etch with “Tetra Etch” and then bond with epoxy, structural acrylic,
Epoxy, acrylic, anaerobic, UV and CA can all be used
cyanoacrylate, UV or anaerobic adhesive. Teflon (PTFE) can also be purchased pre-etched.
if surface is acid etched first.
Phenolic can be bonded “as received” (so no surface preparation is required). Ensure CA, TA, ET, PT can be considered. ES will also bond
Tufnol
surfaces are clean and dry. this material if heat cure if possible.
In many cases you don’t need to do anything except ensure the surfaces are clean and
dry so a solvent wipe works well – however remember that tungsten carbide is a sintered
material and so can be semi porous. As a result solvent evaporation may take much longer For ultimate performance bond with toughened ES
Tungsten than you expect. (e.g. ES550).
Carbide Other technologies can be used but often strength
In some cases release agents are used on the moulds and these can be difficult to remove performance isn’t sufficient.
by washing alone. Shot blasting (using fresh grit) or etching with concentrated nitric acid
can improve performance significantly.
Can be bonded “as received” or if you wish, wipe clean with isopropanol or a suitable
Viton solvent. Permabond cyanoacrylates all work brilliantly on Viton rubber and will bond to such Any Permabond CA.
a high strength that the substrate will break before the bond does on destructive tests.
Lightly abrade surface with Scotchbrite or carborundum paper. Degrease with isopropanol
Wood CA, ET, PT, MT, MS, TA all suitable
or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before bonding.
Degrease with isopropanol or suitable solvent. Surface should be clean and dry before AA particularly good if on threaded components. ET,
Zinc
bonding. Other surface preparation has very limited results. ES and TA can also be considered.

Surface Cleaners Available from Permabond:

Permabond
Silane surface pretreatment -2 part kit
2K Primer

Permabond General purpose surface cleaner -

Cleaner A available as an aerosol spray

IPA Wipes Isopropanol wipe in convenient sachet

Key:
AA=Anaerobic CA=Cyanoacrylate ET=2-Part Epoxy ES=Heat-Cure Epoxy MS=MS-Polymer
TA=Structural Acrylic PT=Two-Part Polyurethane UV-Curable
10
Chemical Compatibility
Chemistry Polar Solvents
Non-Polar Sol- Gas Compatibility of Anaerobics
vents NB High temperatures and high concentrated solutions may
Anaerobic Excellent Excellent degrade adhesives.

Cyanoacrylate Poor Good Air OK

Toughened Acrylic Good Good Carbon dioxide OK
2-Part Epoxy Very Good Very Good Carbon monoxide OK
1-Part Epoxy Very Good Very Good Chlorine Not suitable
UV-Curable Good Good Freon Use high strength grade
2-Part PU Good Good Helium OK
MS Polymer Very Good Good Methane OK
Natural gas OK
Liquid Compatibility of Anaerobics Pure oxygen MH052 only
NB High temperatures and high concentrated solutions may
degrade adhesives. Ozone Not suitable
Acetic Acid Low concentration only Propane OK
Acetone OK Steam Not suitable
Alcohol OK
Ammonia Use high strength grade Liquid Compatibility of Anaerobics
NB High temperatures and high concentrated solutions may
Animal Fat OK
degrade adhesives.
Battery Acid Not suitable Lactic Acid OK
Bleach OK Nitric Acid Not suitable
Bromine Not suitable Oil (hydraulic) OK
Carbolic Acid Low concentration only Oil (linseed) OK
Carbonic Acid Low concentration only Oil (lubricating) OK
Cement OK
Oil (mineral) OK
China Clay OK
Ozone (wet) Not suitable
Chromic Acid Use high strength grade
Paraffin OK
Copper Sulphate OK
Perfume OK
Creosote OK
Petrol OK
Cyanide Solution Low concentration only
Petroleum Jelly OK
Detergents OK
Photo Developer OK
Dielectric Fluid Depends on brand
Use high strength grade for low
Phosphoric Acid
Dye Stuffs OK concentrations only
Ethyl Acetate OK Sewage OK
Ferric Chloride Low concentration only Shellac OK
Fertilizer Depends on brand Use high strength grade for low
Sodium Hydroxide
Formaldehyde Use high strength grade concentrations only

Glycerine OK Starch OK

Gypsum OK Sugar OK

Hexane OK Use high strength grade for low

Sulphuric Acid
concentrations only
Use high strength grade for low
Hydrochloric Acid Toluene OK
concentrations only
Ink OK Trichloroethane OK

Insecticide Depends on brand Turpentine OK

Isocyanate Resin OK Water (fresh/sea) OK

Jet Fuel OK Water (heavy) OK

Kerosene OK Xylene OK

11
Anaerobics
The Permabond range of anaerobic adhesives is formulated to provide superior performance benefits
in applications with self-supporting or closely-mating metallic components such as retaining bearings,
threadlocking, flange sealing, gasketing and sealing pipe work.

How do Permabond anaerobic adhesives work? Pipe Sealing

Permabond anaerobic adhesive formulations are designed to Permabond pipesealing anaerobic adhesives are designed to replace
cure when air is absent and metal surfaces (both ferrous and traditional thread sealing materials such as hemp, PTFE tape, Boss
non-ferrous) are present. The liquid adhesive fills imperfections White® and Boss Green® (for potable water).
Benefits
in the metal surfaces and gaps between the mated parts. The
nNo loose particles to clog valves
adhesive then rapidly cures to an inert acrylic adhesive/sealant nWill not shred, creep or relax over time
creating a solid 100% mechanical surface-to-surface contact and nEasy to apply, allows accurate positioning of pipes and fittings
physical lock. nLubricates for easier assembly
nSeals to the burst pressure of the pipe when fully cured
Retaining Compounds: nSuitable for water, gas, air and hydraulic systems
Retaining adhesives are for the permanent bonding of co-axial joints. nResistant to a wide variety of chemicals
Typical applications include:
nBearings into housings
nBushes Handy Tip: Pipe joints sealed with low-strength pipesealants can be
nKeyways and splines dismantled using normal tools. Heating parts with a hot air gun or
nGears blow torch will help weaken adhesive and make parts easier to undo.
nRotors Before re-using, clean pipe joints with a wire brush and chemically
nPulleys clean / degrease.
nCylinder linings
Benefits of using retaining adhesive include rapid, quick and easy
assembly of parts. Tolerances can be relaxed, reducing machining times
Gasketing
Permabond gasketing anaerobic adhesives are designed to replace
and eliminating the need for interference fits. Adhesive strength is
traditional cork, wood, rubber, paper and silicone gaskets.
usually higher than alternative methods of fixture. Adhesives have a
Benefits
better fatigue life as they prevent metal fretting (which can be an issue
nNo relaxation or shrinkage so no need to retighten over time
with interference fits).
nOne adhesive will replace many pre-cut gasket shapes
Handy Tip: Apply adhesive to leading edges of both components and nNo need to handle fragile gaskets
assemble with a rotating action. Take extra care to prevent adhesive nNo disintegration so no leaks or blockages
entering mechanisms and bearing races! nVibration proof
nNo long-term embrittlement
nEasy to dismantle with normal tools
Threadlocking: nLess machining - surfaces need not be so smooth
Permabond threadlocking anaerobic adhesives enable you to lock n100% metal to metal contact = better stress distribution.
screws, nuts, bolts and studs to protect against loosening caused by
vibration. Not only do liquid gasketing
Benefits adhesives give 100% contact
nPrevents nuts rusting on to bolts between metal parts, but
nPermabond offer a range of strengths - low strength for large parts they also allow the engineer
to cut down the amount of
which may require future disassembly, medium strength and high surface-finish machining,
strength permanent threadlockers to prevent theft and vandalism. therefore reducing costs and
nMore cost-effective than using mechanical fastenings increasing production rate.
nLubricates for easier assembly
nMachining tolerances can be increased
nSeals against leaks
nStops nuts and bolts working loose through vibration

Handy Tip: For blind holes, apply the adhesive

directly into the bottom of the hole, not the
fastener. If there is a void then apply the
adhesive to the internal thread instead.

12
Anaerobic Product Chart
Max. Handling Time Shear Torque Strength (Nm) M10 Service
Viscosity steel
Purpose Grade Features Colour Gap Fill (mins) Strength Temperature
(mPa.s)
(mm) Steel (MPa) steel Breakaway Prevail (°C)

A011 Low strength Red 500 0.12 15 5 4 3 -55 to +150

A1042 Rapid cure Blue 8,000 ST 0.12 5 12 16 7 -55 to +150
A113 General purpose Blue 500 0.12 15 12 16 7 -55 to +150
Threadlocking

A130 General purpose Blue 8000 0.12 15 12 16 7 -55 to +150

MM070 CoSHH friendly Blue 4000 0.12 25 N/A 20 12 -55 to +150
HM071 CoSHH friendly Green 550 0.12 25 N/A 22 40 -55 to +150
HM129 Permanent Red 500 0.15 10 17 32 56 -55 to +150
HH131 High temperature Red 10,000 T 0.3 15 17 27 54 -55 to +230
A025 High temperature Orange 750 0.2 15 8 26 46 -55 to +200
A118 Low viscosity Green 500 0.12 15 21 33 58 -55 to +150
A134 High viscosity Green 70,000 T 0.5 15 21 33 58 -55 to +150
A140 Gas approved Green 37,500 T 0.5 15 21 33 58 -55 to +150
F200 Toughened Brown 200 0.1 15 21 33 58 -55 to +100
F201 Toughened Brown 9,000 ST 0.2 15 30 33 58 -55 to +100
Retaining

F202 Toughened Brown 135,000 T 0.5 15 30 33 58 -55 to +100

A1046 Rapid cure Green 9,000 ST 0.25 5 25 33 58 -55 to +150
HM135 Rapid cure Green 500 0.2 5 30 38 65 -55 to +200
HM162 High temperature Green 800 0.2 5 30 32 62 -55 to +200
HM163 For stainless steel Green 4000 0.2 5 28 40 70 -55 to +150
HM165 High temperature Green 10,000 T 0.3 15 26 28 54 -55 to +230
HH167 Metal repair Silver 500,000 P 0.5 15 32 32 45 -55 to +150
A1044 High strength White 70,000 T 0.5 15 17 24 12 -55 to +150
A129 Medium strength Orange 65,000 T 0.5 15 12 12 5 -55 to +150
Threadsealing

A131 Low strength White 40,000 T 0.5 45 6 10 4 -55 to +150

MH052 Oxygen approved Yellow 50,000 T 0.5 15 10 20 11 -55 to +150
MH072 CoSHH friendly Yellow 50,000 T 0.5 30 N/A 18 8 -55 to +150
HM146 Gas approved Green 3000 0.3 30 20 30 48 -55 to +150
A1058 Very slow set White 300,000 P 0.5 90 8 N/A N/A -55 to +150
A136 General purpose Red 75,000 T 0.5 45 12 N/A N/A -55 to +150
Gasketing

MH196 High temperature Red 150,000 T 0.5 15 10 N/A N/A -55 to +200
MH199 High temperature Red 185,000 T 0.5 20 8 N/A N/A -55 to +200
LH197 Flexible Green 37,000 T 0.3 20 5 N/A N/A -55 to +150
A126 Penetrative viscosity Green 30 0.05 15 21 33 58 -55 to +150
Wicking
Sealant

for post assembly

A1024 application Yellow 20 0.05 20 N/A 12 N/A -55 to +150
A1062 Anaerobic / UV cure Green 20 0.05 20 7 N/A N/A -55 to +150
A905 Surface activator Green 2 T=Thixotropic P=Paste
ST=Slightly Thixotropic

13
Cyanoacrylates
Permabond cyanoacrylate adhesives bring a wide variety of performance benefits to the production
environment. These benefits include joining dissimilar and hard-to-bond materials, quick curing
with very strong adhesion and a wide range of viscosities. Permabond one-part cyanoacrylates are a
versatile solution for even the most demanding manufacturing and assembly applications.

How do Permabond cyanoacrylate adhesives work? Permabond low and medium viscosity cyanoacrylate
Permabond cyanoacrylate adhesives are one-part formulations provide:
adhesives that cure by reacting with minute traces of nSuperior bonding to plastic, wood and rubber.
moisture on the surface of the material being bonded. nExcellent bond strength when joining metal to
Permabond cyanoacrylates cure in seconds at ambient plastic, or rubber to metal.
temperatures and have been formulated to bond nInherent corrosion resistance; protects part assembly
flexible or rigid surfaces made from a wide range of from degradation.
plastics, rubbers and metals.
Permabond high viscosity cyanoacrylate adhesives
Permabond cyanoacrylates are available in a range of provide:
viscosities and material adhesion capabilities. These nFormulations for use in vertical applications or on
adhesives have been developed to bond a variety of porous surfaces.
porous and non-porous surfaces and to bond rigid or nGap filling ability up to 0.5mm.
flexible materials. nFast cure time; speeds production rates.
nHigh-strength adhesion, up to 25MPa; shear strength
Typical applications include: exceeds that of many substrate materials.
nElectronics wire tacking
nBonding blue-tooth headsets
nHose clips onto automotive tubes
nBonding automotive interior trim
nTacking parts during assembly process (temporarily)
nJoining silicone O-rings
nDisposable medical device bonding
Benefits
nBonding mobile phone casing, antennae and keypads
nSealing batteries
nGlazing applications nOne-part adhesive chemistry speeds preparation and
nSealing transformer laminates application.
nJoin dissimilar materials, such as rubber to metal,
with no compromise in bond strength.
nCures in seconds at room temperature; eliminates
need for costly jigs or ovens; accelerates assembly rates.
nGap fill up to 0.5mm.
nSolvent free; non flammable.
nSuperior bond strength; often exceeds
that of substrate material.
nLow odour non-blooming products available
nHigh-temperature resistance (up to 250°C).

Handy Tip: ‘Less is more’ - cyanoacrylates are very

efficient so only small drops are required to obtain a
high-strength bond.
Cyanoacrylate Product Chart
Shear Handling Times (seconds)
Viscosity Maximum Service
Grade Features Strength Steel
(mPa.s) Gap Fill (mm) Rubber Plastic Metal Temperature (°C)
(MPa)
101 Low viscosity, penetrating grade 1-3 0.05 19-23 2-5 5-10 3-5 -55 to +80

102 General purpose 70-90 0.15 19-23 5-10 7-10 10-15 -55 to +80

105 Difficult rubbers (e.g. EPDM) 30-50 0.10 18-22 5-10 5-10 10-15 -55 to +80

240 High viscosity, slow cure 1500-2500 0.43 21-25 15-20 15-20 15-20 -55 to +80

731 Highly flexible, toughened 100-200 0.15 24-30 15-20 30-45 30-50 -55 to +120

735 Highly flexible, toughened, black. 200-300 0.15 24-30 10-15 10-15 30-50 -55 to +120

737 Toughened - impact and peel resistant. Black 2000-4000 0.5 19-23 10-15 10-15 25-30 -55 to +120

791 Ultra fast cure, low viscosity 30-50 0.10 18-22 2-3 2-3 2-3 -55 to +80

792 Ultra fast cure, general purpose 70-90 0.15 18-22 2-3 2-3 2-3 -55 to +120

801 High temperature resistance 30-40 0.08 19-23 10-15 10-15 10-15 -55 to +130

802 High temperature resistance 90-110 0.15 19-23 10-15 10-15 10-15 -55 to +160

820 High temperature resistance 90-110 0.15 19-23 10-15 10-15 10-15 -55 to +200

910 Metal bonding 70-90 0.15 23-29 10-15 10-15 10-15 -55 to +90

920 High temperature resistance 70-90 0.15 19-23 10-15 10-15 15-20 -55 to +250*

940 Low odour, low bloom 5-10 0.05 16-20 2-5 10-15 10-15 -55 to +80

941 Low odour, low bloom 20-40 0.08 16-20 2-5 10-15 10-15 -55 to +80

943 Low odour, low bloom 90-110 0.15 16-20 2-5 5-10 10-15 -55 to +80

947 Low odour, low bloom 1000-1500 0.25 16-20 2-5 10-15 10-15 -55 to +80

2010 Very fast cure, thixotropic 2000-6000 0.5 19-23 10-15 10-15 10-15 -55 to +80

2011 Non-drip, non sag gel Gel 0.5 20-24 5-10 5-10 5-10 -55 to +120

2012 Low-odour gel 80,000-120,000 0.5 16-20 10-40 10-40 10-40 -55 to +80

2013 High temperature gel 100,000-140,000 0.5 28-32 5-20 5-20 5-20 -55 to +160

2050 High viscosity, flexible 1000-2000 0.2 16-20 5-10 5-10 10-15 -55 to +80

4C10 Medical device bonding 30-50 0.1 13-15 5-15 5-10 5-15 -55 to +80

4C20 Medical device bonding 400-600 0.12 13-15 10-25 10-25 10-30 -55 to +80

4C30 Medical device bonding 1500 0.12 13-15 5-10 5-10 5-20 -55 to +80

4C40 Medical device bonding 2000 0.15 13-15 5-10 5-10 5-20 -55 to +80

POP Polyolefin surface primer 0.6 For priming PE, PP, Silicone, PTFE before bonding with CA

CPP621 Fingerprinting grade 1-3 N/A

CSA Surface activator When using the cyanoacrylate adhesives to bond to acidic or porous surfaces, the
0.55
use of Permabond CSA prior to bonding may be beneficial. Post assembly application
of CSA-NF may also assist in the curing of adhesive fillets outside the bond area or in
CSA-NF Non-blooming surface activator 1 preventing the ‘blooming’ phenomenon sometimes associated with the use of this type
of adhesive.
*Post cure required at high temperature

15
Structural Acrylics
Permabond structural acrylic adhesives are suitable for bonding a wide variety of materials. The
rapid, room-temperature cure coupled with high strength and durability, make these adhesives
ideal for demanding applications where speed and ease of application of the adhesive is
important.

Permabond structural acrylic adhesives are Permabond offers several types of structural
suitable for a variety of applications. acrylic adhesive;

They are ideal for structural bonding of metals, No-Mix Adhesive & Initiator
composites, plastics, glass, wood and other materials. Initiator is applied to one of the bonding surfaces and
Permabond’s structural acrylic adhesives offer excellent the adhesive to the other. Suited to bonding close fitting
durability and resist tensile, peel, cleavage and impact parts, this system provides a long open time and a short
forces. They resist the stresses of differential thermal cure time.
expansion when bonding dissimilar materials.
Bead on Bead Part A & Part B
Permabond structural acrylics are formulated with A bead of one part is applied directly over a bead of the
chemical resistance in mind, so are suitable for other part. No hand mixing is required. When the two
applications that involve exposure to oils, greases, components are pressed together, enough mixing will
moisture and weathering. take place to cure the adhesive.

Typical applications include: 2-Part Pre-Mix Resin & Hardener

nMagnet bonding (particularly for electric motors) Adhesive is supplied in convenient 1:1 cartridges for use
nMetal & glass furniture manufacturing with a dispensing gun. Adhesive is dispensed via a static
nStreet signs mixing nozzle directly onto the substrate material.
nRear view mirror attachment
nStructural bonding - e.g. aluminium stiffeners Single Component - No mixing required
nShopfittings and facias These adhesives are simple to apply and cure with or
without an activator (activator can be used to reduce
cure times to seconds and to cure through larger gaps).

Benefits
nRoom temperature cure - eliminates ovens and
other equipment.
nRapid cure - increases daily output to reduce
production costs.
nNon-flammable and solvent-free formulations
available - provides a safe and comfortable work
environment.
nVersatile - suitable for bonding a wide variety of
substrates to increase design freedom.
nTechnical support- application specialists available
for assistance with joint design, adhesive selection
and production process.
Structural Acrylic Product Chart
Max.
Working Shear Service
Viscosity Gap
Grade Features Colour Handling Time (mins) Strength Strength Temperature
(mPa.s) Fill
(mins) (MPa) (°C)
(mm)
Very high strength bonding of
Resin: Amber Gap:~0mm (0 in) <2 mins
TA430 & metals, plastics, ceramics and 28,000 -
Initiator: Brown 0.5 0.25mm (0.01 in) 10 mins 40-60 15-25 -55 to 120
Initiator 41 wood. Fast cure on close fitting 32,000
Mixed: Amber 0.5mm (0.02 in) 20 mins
parts.
Very high strength bonding
Resin: Amber Gap:~0mm (0 in) <2 mins
TA435 & of metals, ferrites and 85,000 -
Initiator: Brown 0.5 0.25mm (0.01 in) 10 mins 30-60 15-25 -55 to 120
Initiator 41 thermoplastics. High impact 95,000
Mixed: Amber 0.5mm (0.02 in) 20 mins
applications.
Very high strength bonding
Resin: Amber
TA436 & of metals, ferrites and hard 16,000 -
Initiator: Green 0.5 1-3 minutes 30-60 15-25 -55 to 150
Initiator 43 plastics. High impact and high 18,000
Mixed: Green
temperature applications.
Single component. To bond Resin: Orange
3-5 minutes
ferrites and metals. For high (Initiator: Brown) 115,000 –
TA437 0.5 30-45 seconds with 30-60 14-20 -55 to 200
temperature applications. (Mixed: Dark 125,000
Initiator 41
Initiator 41 will accelerate cure orange)
Methacrylic acid free structural
Resin: Clear
TA439 & adhesive for magnet bonding. 800 -
Initiator: Green 0.12 20-40 10-12 -55 to 200
Initiator 43 Ideal for sealed electric motors. 1,200 10-20 seconds
Mixed: Green
High temperature resistance.
Bead on bead for rapid bonding Resin: Amber
8,000-
TA440 of metal, glass, wood and rigid Initiator: Green 0.5 <30 seconds 30-60 15-25 -55 to 120
12,000
plastics. Mixed: Green
Resin: Clear
TA459 & 10,000-
High viscosity version of TA439 Initiator: Green 0.5 15-30 seconds <3 12-18 -55 to 150
Initiator 43 20,000
Mixed: Green
No-mix resin and initiator for Resin: Amber
TA4246 & 28,000 -
high strength bonding of metal, Initiator: Brown 0.5 2-4 minutes 15-30 33-35 -40 to 120
Initiator 46 32,000
glass, composites and plastics. Mixed: Amber
2-part 1:1 rapid curing, gap
Part A: Off-white
filling, toughened. Ideal Thixo
TA4300 Part B: Brown 2 5-10 minutes 15-30 20-22 -40 to 120
for structural bonding of Paste
Mixed: Cream
aluminium.
2-part 1:1 very rapid cure, Part A: Pink
4,000 -
TA4302 can be applied bead on bead, Part B: Green 0.5 3-5 minutes 15-30 22-25 -40 to 120
5,000
multipurpose. Mixed: Grey
2-part 1:1 longer handling
Part A: Off-white
time than TA4300, gap filling, Thixo
TA4310 Part B: Brown 2 10-15 minutes 25-30 24-26 -40 to 120
toughened. Ideal for structural Paste
Mixed: Cream
bonding of aluminium.
Methacrylic acid free structural
Resin: Blue
TA4590 & adhesive for sensitive electronic
Initiator: Green Thixo 0.5 15-30 seconds <2mins 20-25 -55 to +150
Initiator 44 components. Helps prevent
Mixed: Turquoise
corrosion of copper parts.
Use with external mix equipment Part A: Blue
for high speed production lines. Part B: Yellow/
TA4592 Thixo 1 <30 seconds 10-30 secs 20-25 -55 to +120
Rapid cure speed, no mixing green
nozzles needed. Mixed: Turquoise

17
2-Part Epoxies
Permabond 2-part epoxy adhesives are suitable for bonding a wide variety of materials. Available
with a range of different cure speeds, Permabond epoxies have been developed to offer a high
standard of performance for demanding bonding applications.

Substrates Material selection

Permabond 2-part epoxy adhesives will bond The high strength and durability achieved using
most engineering materials. They form excellent these adhesives provides designers with greater
structural bonds to a wide variety of materials design freedom in their selection of substrate
including metals, composites, wood and some materials.
plastics.
Process
Durability 1:1 and 2:1 mix epoxies can be easily dispensed with
Their excellent chemical and water resistance a static mixing nozzle -no measuring or hand mixing
makes them suitable for harsh environmental is needed. Heat cure is not needed as the adhesives
conditions. These epoxies are an excellent choice will cure at room temperature. Heat can be used
for high-strength structural bonding. to accelerate the speed of cure quoted on the chart
opposite.
Applications
Epoxies are widely used in the marine, Joint Design
automotive, aerospace, appliance, general Joint design possibilities are greatly improved by
assembly and construction industries. the high shear and peel strength of joints bonded
Applications are diverse and include bonding with these adhesives and by the increased stress
aerospace structures, motor housings and distribution that they offer.
mounting brackets, tools and kitchen counter tops
amongst many others.

Benefits
nHigh peel strength increases design
versatility.
nEasy mix ratio of most Permabond
2-component epoxies reduces equipment
costs.
nDurability increases material choices.
nRapid cure increases production rates.
nRoom temperature cure reduces equipment
& energy costs.
nSolvent free formulation improves workplace
safety.
nLow odour improves workplace environment.
2-Part Epoxy Product Chart
Typical
Max. Shear Service
Appearance Mixed Handling
Grade Description Gap Fill Pot life Strength Temperature
(mixed) Viscosity Time
(mm) (MPa) (°C)
(mPa.s)

ET500 Very fast curing, clear, non-yellowing. Clear, transparent 17,000 2.0 3-4 mins 4-6 mins 12-14 -40 to +80

ET502 High viscosity version of ET500. Clear, transparent 44,000 4.0 2-3 mins 5-6 mins 8-12 -40 to +80

ET5011 Slower curing version of ET500. Clear, transparent 56,000 2.0 10-25 mins 25-30 mins 6-12 -40 to +80

Tough, structural multipurpose adhesive

ET505 Amber 19,000 2.0 1-2 hours 2-3 hours 18-21 -40 to +80
for bonding a wide variety of materials.

Rapid curing and flexible for excellent

ET510 Amber 21,000 2.0 10-15 mins 15-25 mins 8-12 -40 to +80
impact and peel resistance.

Toughened structural epoxy. Faster

ET514 Grey 70,000 2.0 30-40 mins 40-60 mins 18-20 -40 to +80
curing version of ET538.

Clear and flexible, again with excellent

ET515 Slightly amber 20,000 2.0 10-15 mins 15-25 mins 8-12 -40 to +80
peel and impact resistance.

Toughened, thixotropic, excellent gap fill

ET536 Grey 290,000 5.0 30-45 mins 60-90 mins 15-24 -40 to +80
and flow control.

Toughened, thixotropic, excellent gap fill

ET538 and flow control. Long pot life for large Grey 195,000 5.0 2-3 hours 3-4 hours 18-20 -40 to +80
assemblies.

Controlled flow FDA compliant epoxy for

ET5145 White 80,000 2.0 20-40 mins N/A 19-21 -40 to +80
food and beverage applications

High temperature resistant FDA

ET5147 compliant epoxy for food and beverage White 70,000 2.0 20-40 mins N/A 18-20 -40 to +120
applications
Toughened, thixotropic, excellent gap fill -40 to +140°C
Thick
ET5401 and flow control, improved temperature Grey 5.0 10-12 mins 3-4 hours 20-30* (continuous)
Paste
resistance. +180°C (peak)
-40 to +150°C
Heat cure
ET5411 High temperature resistant, low viscosity. Grey 8,500 2.0 16 hours 21 (continuous)
required
+300°C (peak)
Composite bonding grade with rapid Available in
ET5428 cure speed. Colour matched for bonding cream or 25,000 5.0 10 mins 1 hour 18-22 -40 to +80
GRP or Carbon Fibre. charcoal black

Composite bonding grade with longer

ET5429 Charcoal black 175,000 5.0 2 hours N/A 18-22 -40 to +80
pot life.

Modified epoxy hybvrid, low modulus,

MT382 self-levelling. Ideal for bonding Charcoal black 25,000 0.5 10-20 mins 30-60 mins 4-7 -40 to +80
composites or potting applications.

MT3281 High viscosity version of MT382 Charcoal black 133,000 5.0 10-20 mins 45-75 mins 4-7 -40 to +80

*Heat cure required to achieve maximum strength performance

19
Single-Part Epoxies
Permabond single-part epoxy adhesives are suitable for bonding a wide variety of materials. They
are available with a range of different viscosities and characteristics. Permabond epoxies have
been developed to offer a high standard of performance for demanding applications.

Substrates Material selection

Permabond single-part epoxy adhesives will bond most By replacing welding or brazing, the designer can have
engineering materials. They form excellent structural greater freedom of choice of manufacturing materials
bonds to a wide variety of materials including metals, and can bond dissimilar substrates together. This can
composites, ferrites and some plastics. help reduce component cost and weight as well as
improve performance.
Durability
These adhesives offer excellent performance at high Process
temperatures and harsh environmental conditions, These adhesives are available in cartridge form or in
having superb resistance to many aggressive chemicals. bulk to dispense via automated dispensing equipment.
They fully cure rapidly when exposed to heat via the
Applications use of an oven, induction coil, infra-red or hot air gun.
Single-part epoxies are ideal for use in heavy wear-
and-tear applications such as bonding tungsten Joint Design
carbide tools & machinery. They are ideal for replacing Joint design possibilities are greatly improved by the
welding and brazing and can significantly reduce high shear and peel strength of joints bonded with
assembly production costs. For this reason their use is these adhesives and by the increased stress distribution
widespread in the heat exchanger bonding market for that they offer.
sealing heat exchanger tubes and end-plates.

Benefits
nHigh peel strength increases design versatility

nNo requirement for weighing or mixing material

nDurability increases material choices

nRapid full cure increases production rates

nSolvent free improves workplace safety

nLow odour improves workplace environment

nExcellent high temperature resistance and can

withstand harsh environmental conditions

nAn effective alternative to welding or brazing

Single-Part Epoxy Product Chart
Shear
Viscosity Max. Gap Service
Grade Features Colour Cure Schedule Strength
(mPa.s) Fill (mm) Temperature (°C)
(MPa)
Toughened, non-sagging at
curing temperature, excellent 1,000,000 to 130°C: 45 minutes
ES550 Grey 3.0 27-41 -40 to +180
environmental resistance, good 2,000,000 150°C: 30 minutes
thermal conductivity.
Toughened, free flowing at
curing temperature, excellent 100,000 - 130°C: 60 minutes
ES558 Grey 0.5 27-41 -40 to +180
environmental resistance, good 300,000 150°C: 45 minutes
thermal conductivity.
Transparent when
Free flowing for potting and 120°C: 40 minutes
ES560 cured. Black 1000-3000 0.1 14-20 -40 to +180
encapsulation. 150°C: 20 minutes
version available.

ES561 Self levelling Amber 12,000 0.2 150°C: 15 minutes 15 -40 to +180

Self-levelling, free flowing at curing 15,000 - 120°C: 45 minutes

ES562 White 0.25 20-35 -40 to +180
temperature. 25,000 150°C: 30 minutes

80°C: 60 minutes
Lower temperature curing grade, 150,000-
ES566 Grey 2 100°C: 30 minutes 9-15 -40 to +180
ideal for bonding difficult plastics 300,000 T
120°C: 15 minutes
Rapid curing, general purpose 120°C: 50 minutes
30,000-
ES568 with good adhesion to a variety of Ivory 0.5 135°C: 25 minutes 20-25 -40 to +180
80,000
surfaces. 150°C: 15 minutes

High strength bonding, non-sagging 250,000 to 130°C: 60 minutes

ES569 Black 5.0 27-41 -40 to +180
at curing temperature. 500,000 150°C: 45 minutes

Good thermal conductivity, 600,000 - 130°C: 60 minutes

ES578 Black 5.0 27-41 -40 to +180
excellent electrical insulation. 800,000 150°C: 30 minutes

Good thermal conductivity, 100°C: 240 minutes

excellent electrical insulation. High 60,000- 120°C: 60 minutes
ES579 Ivory 2.0 27-41 -40 to +180
temperature resistance. Cures at 90,000 150°C: 45 minutes
low temperature. 180°C: 20 minutes
-40 to +250
Exceptionally high temperature 150°C for 1 hour 18-22
ES5504 Grey Paste 2.0 (continuous) +300
resistance. plus 200°C for 1 hour (aluminium)
(peak)
90°C: 180 minutes
Non-flowing. Ideal for bonding filter 400,000-
ES5675 Grey 3.0 100°C: 90 minutes 20-25 -40 to +180
seams. Low temperature cure. 1,200,000
120°C: 45 minutes
UV-Fluorescing for high speed
500,000-
production lines. High wet-strength, 130 - 150°C: 60 - 80
ES5691 White 600,000 5.0 27-41 -40 to +180
non-stringing formulation ideal for minutes
Thixo
bonding electrical components.
Ideal for bonding PBT and other 100°C: 45 minutes
20,000- 12-15
ES5741 difficult plastics. Rapid low Orange 0.5 120°C: 30 minutes -40 to +180
30,000 (aluminium)
temperature cure. 150°C: 10 minutes
150,000-
Gap filling, ideal for bonding mesh 130°C: 60 minutes
ES5722 Grey 300,000 5.0 20-30 -40 to +180
screens. 150°C: 45 minutes
Thixo

ES adhesive for coil winding

21
UV-Curable Adhesives
Permabond UV-curable adhesives are single part, cure on demand adhesives suitable for bonding
a wide variety of substrates. Upon exposure to UV light, Permabond UV curables will cure to a
high strength in a matter of seconds.

Permabond UV curable adhesives are suitable for a Permabond UV curable adhesives form strong and
variety of applications. durable bonds.
They are excellent for bonding glass to glass or glass Permabond UV curable adhesives cure during exposure
to metal and form very high strength bonds for load to ultra violet light. The adhesives contain photo-
bearing joints, such as those found in glass furniture initiators that react to specific wavelengths, causing the
and display cases. curing process to begin.

Flexible and stress absorbing, Permabond UV curable UV adhesives do not dissolve, melt or weaken the
adhesives are suited to applications where substrates two components. They form strong chemical bonds
with different thermal expansions need to be bonded. between the two substrates and provide a high
strength alternative to other joining methods.
Permabond UV curable adhesives bond a wide variety
of plastics. Some clear plastics contain UV stabilizers Lamps are available in a variety of intensities from small
that block the transmission of UV light, but they can inexpensive hobby type lamps to larger high intensity
still be bonded with visable light curing adhesives. units for high speed production. Permabond will help
Permabond’s technical staff can help you identify the you select the equipment best suited to your specific
UV characteristics of the plastic you are using. application.

Typical applications include:

nBonding glass furniture
nGlass to metal structural bonding
nAcrylic display racks
nLenses
Benefits
nSolar panels nCure on demand - allows proper alignment of
nTrophies and glass ornaments components before bonding.
nCure speed - increase production by simply adding
more lamps to the line.
nNon-flammable and solvent-free - provides a safe and
comfortable work environment.
nSingle part product - No mixing required.
n100% solids equal no waste and no VOCs
nSave energy and space - UV lamps require less
electricity and space compared to ovens.
nAppearance - UV adhesives provide quality aesthetics.
nTechnical support- application specialists available
for assistance with joint design, adhesive selection and
production process.

Cure speed of UV-curable adhesives:

There are a number of factors which determine the cure speed of UV-
curable adhesives (not just the reactivity of the adhesive itself):
-Intensity of UV-light and distance from the source
-Type of UV bulb - there are a variety of bulb types and LEDs with
different power outputs and spectra
-Age of the UV bulb (UV output of bulbs reduces with age)
-Light transmittance of the materials being bonded (many plastics have
UV-stabilisers which block UV rays).
UV-Curables Product Chart
Fixture time
Tensile Service
Viscosity (secs) Low Lap shear strength Hardness
Grade Description Appearance strength Temperature
(mPa.s) powered (MPa) (Shore D)
(MPa) (°C)
4mW/cm lamp

UV605 Very low viscosity Clear, colourless 50-100 15 14 Steel to glass 5-7 68 -55 to +120

High strength bonding for glass

UV610 Translucent 800-1000 11 17 Steel to glass 13-16 70 -55 to +120
to metal.
Bevel bonding grade with slow
UV612 Clear, colourless 400-500 15 5 N/A 35 -55 to +120
cure and easy clean-up
General purpose, optically clear,
UV620 Clear, colourless 2000-3000 5 16 Steel to glass 9-10 62 -55 to +120
excellent resistance to yellowing.
Non-drip for larger gaps and
UV625 Clear, colourless Gel 5 16.5 Steel to glass 10-11 65 -55 to +120
vertical applications.

UV630 Low viscosity, plastic bonding. Clear, colourless 200-300 6 14 PC to PC >9* 60 -55 to +120

Particularly good for bonding

UV632 Clear, colourless 3000-4000 Refer to TDS 13 PC to PC >5* 60 -55 to +120
acrylic substrate material.

UV640 Medium viscosity, plastic bonding. Clear, colourless 3000-4000 7 13 PC to PC >9* 60 -55 to +120

Plastic bonding. Good adhesion to 10,000-

UV645 Clear, colourless 7 11 PC to PC >9* 65 -55 to +120
acrylic. 12,000
High viscosity, excellent adhesion
UV648 Clear, colourless Gel Refer to TDS 11 PC to PC >5* 60 -55 to +120
to acrylic substrates.

UV649 Plastic bonding gel. Clear, colourless Gel 7 15 PC to PC >9* 65 -55 to +120

Flexible for metal and metallized

UV670 Clear, colourless 2000-3000 7 12 Steel to glass 8-9 58 -55 to +120
plastics.

UV675 For crystal clear bonding of glass. Clear, colourless 500-600 7 16 Steel to glass 13 70 -55 to +120

Tack-free coating UV. Ideal for

UV681 Clear, colourless 80-100 3.5 11 N/A 65 -55 to +120
encapsulation.
Tack-free UV for encapsulation or
UV683 Clear, colourless 1000-1500 3.5 13 N/A 60 -55 to +120
doming applications.
Steel to glass 6-7
Excellent resistance to moisture and
UV6231 Clear, colourless 6000-7000 <10 9 (after 500hrs 90% 47 -55 to +120
harsh environmental conditions
humidity @ 70°C)
Maintains optical clarity even in
UV6160 Clear, colourless 1000-2000 <10 20 Steel to glass 11 70 -55 to +120
high stress joints
UV and anaerobic curing. For Clear/colourless
UV7141 bonding ceramic coated glass, liquid, slightly 1000-2000 15 20 Steel to glass 14-17 - -55 to +150
mirrors, glass and metal. yellow when cured
UV/AA dual cure product for curing
UV7144 Green 500-600 15 (60mW) 30 N/A - -55 to +150
in shadow areas on metal parts.
UV/AA dual cure product for curing
UV7145 Green 2000-3000 15 (60mW) 24 Steel to glass 17-24 - -55 to +150
in shadow areas on metal parts.
UV/AA dual cure product for curing 4000-5000
UV7148 Red 7 N/A N/A 80 -55 to +150
in shadow areas on metal parts. Thixo
UV/Moisture dual cure (PU
UV7182 Amber 1000-4000 7 6 N/A 65 (A) -55 to +120
acrylate) for cure in shadow areas.

23
 MS-Polymers
Permabond MS-Polymers are single-part moisture cure “sealant”-type products. They cure slowly
from the outside in to form tough, yet flexible, bonded joints. Products are available either as gap
filling paste or lower viscosity self-levelling compounds suitable for potting or for bonding close-
fitting substrate materials.
Substrates
Permabond MS-Polymers can be used to bond most
materials including wood, metal, glass, plasterboard
Benefits
and a wide range of plastics. As they rely on moisture
for the cure, cure speed will depend on humidity and
moisture in the air and on the substrate surface. nSoft & flexible - impact and vibration resistant

nNo requirement for weighing or mixing material

Durability
MS Polymers have excellent resistance to harsh
nCan be dispensed with low-cost caulking gun
environmental conditions including cyclic temperature
conditions and water submersion - in fact the adhesives
nDo not contain silicone or isocyanates
strengthen in wet conditions. They work well on
substrates where differential expansion and contraction nCan be painted
could be an issue.
nLow shrinkage and does not leave witness marks
Applications
Ideal for use in the building construction industry, nInstant grab and fast skin-over time
bathrooms and glazing. Permabond MS359 CLEAR
offers an excellent aesthetic finish on glass. nExcellent environmental resistance

2-Part Polyurethanes
Permabond 2-part polyurethane adhesives are fast-setting structural adhesives ideal for bonding
a wide range of substrate materials, in particular composites and metal. They have high strength
performance due to a toughened matrix and excellent temperature resistance and durability.

Substrates
Permabond 2-part PUs can be used to bond most
materials including metal, composite materials, wood
Benefits
and a variety of different plastics.

Durability nHigh peel strength and good impact resistance

Permabond 2-Part polyurethanes have a higher
nEasy 1:1 mix ratio
service temperature range than standard 2-Part epoxy
adhesives and offer excellent environmental resistance.
nAvailable in cartridges
Applications
nRapid setting time
Ideal for use on carbon fibre automotive parts,
structural bonding applications, as well high speed nHigh temperature resistance
production items such as electronic chip / component
bonding or potting.

24
MS Polymers
Tensile Service
Viscosity Skin Over Approximate Cure
Grade Features Colour Strength Temperature
(mPa.s) Time Rate
(MPa) (°C)

Single-part moisture curing low-modulus.

Non-sagging
MS359 GREY Bonds most materials, ideal for building Grey 10-25 mins 2mm every 24 hours 1-2 -40 to +100
paste
construction applications.

Clear, transparent single part moisture

Transparent, Non-sagging
MS359 CLEAR curing sealant. Ideal for bonding glass, 10-20 mins 4mm every 24 hours 1-2 -40 to +100
colourless paste
composite, metal, wood and plastics.

Self-levelling lower viscosity version of 15,000- 3-4mm every 24

MS359A GREY Grey 10-20 mins 0.5-1.5 -40 to +100
MS359 GREY 70,000 hours

2-Part Polyurethanes
Viscosity Max. Gap Shear Strength Service
Grade Features Colour Pot Life
(mPa.s) Fill (mm) (MPa) Temperature (°C)

Very rapid curing 1:1 PU.

PT321 Ideal for bonding composites, Grey 5500 0.5 60 seconds 18-25 -40 to +120
metals, plastics and woods.

PT326 Slower setting version Grey 15,000 5.0 4-7 minutes 12-20 -40 to +120

5500
PT328 Even slower setting version Grey 5.0 15-20 minutes 11-16 -40 to +120
thixotropic

Other Products
Grade Features

Permabond
General purpose surface cleaner
Cleaner A

Permabond 2K
Silane surface pretreatment
Primer

Isopropanol Wipes Convenient sachet packaging

For dissolving cured

CA Solvent 2
cyanoacrylate adhesive

PT326 for automotive carbon fibre bonding

Permabond also supplies a number of sundry items such as
nozzles and guns. For automatic dispensing equipment or UV
curing equipment, please contact Permabond for assistance.

25
Basic Approvals / Standards List
Approval Grades with Approval
A011, A025, A113, A115, A118, A130, A131, A136, A140, A1042, A1044,
WRAS Drinking water (cold water and hot water up to 85°C)
A1058, F200, F201, F202, A1084, HM135, MH052
WRAS Drinking water (cold water use only) 102, 105, 240, 2010
AGA (Australian Gas Association) A131, A1044
DVGW (Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches) A1046, A1058, HH131, MH052
KIWA Gastec A131
ISO10993 Cytotoxicity 4C10, 4C20, 4C30, 4C40, 4UV80, UV630
Aerospace Approval - check with Permabond for further details 102, 910, TA4246
MIL SPEC Listed on www.permabond.com
Customer specific Check with Permabond
RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) Most products comply; letter available
REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of
Most products comply, letter available
Chemicals.)
UL94V-0 (Underwriter’s Laboratory) ES578 and ET527.0 compliant. Permabond letter available

FDA (Food and Drug Administration) ET5145 and ET5147 formulated with FDA compliant raw materials

NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) LH050PURE, MM115PURE, HH040PURE (US products)

Conversion Tables
Weight Volume Temperature
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) 1 US gallon = 8 US pints
= 2.2 pounds (lbs) = 3.79 litres 250°C 482°F
= 4 US quarts
1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz) = 0.83 UK gallons 232°C 450°F
= 453.6 grams (g)
1 Imperial gallon = 8 UK pints
200°C 392°F
1 ounce (oz) = 28.35 grams (g) = 4.55 litres
= 4 UK quarts
177°C 350°F
1 gram (g) = 1,000 milligrams (mg) = 1.2 US gallons

Length 1 litre = 1000 millilitres (ml) 150°C 302°F

1 metre (m) = 100 centimetres (cm) = 0.22 UK gallons
= 1000 millimetres (mm) = 0.26 US gallons 121°C 250°F
= 3.28 feet = 1.76 UK pints
= 39.37 inches = 2.11 US pints 100°C 212°F
= 33.81 fluid ounces
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres (cm)
66°C 150°F
= 25.4 millimetres (mm) 1 US pint = 473 millilitres (ml)
= 1000 mil (thou) 1 UK pint = 568 millilitres (ml) 50°C 122°F
1 millilitre (ml) = 1 cubic centimetre (cc)
1 centimetre (cm) = 0.39 inches 1 cubic inch = 16.39 cubic centimetres 38°C 100°F
= 10 millimetres (mm) 1 microlitre = 0.001 millilitres
10°C 50°F

1 millimetre (mm) = 1,000 microns (µm) Pressure 0°C 32°F
1 MPa =145 psi
-18°C 0°F
1 mil (thou) = 40 microns 1 psi =0.0069 MPa
1 MPa =1 N/mm² -40°C -40°F
1 bar =14.50 psi -50°C -58°F
1 psi =0.069 bar

26
Glossary
Activator (or accelerator) A substance which accelerates the cure rate Passive Surface An unreactive metal surface that is highly resistant to
of adhesive. chemical attack. Zinc and chrome are good examples. Use of surface
Adhesion Failure Failure of the adhesive to the substrate. No adhesive activator, A905 helps cure anaerobic adhesives.
is left on the substrate. Improving surface preparation can help avoid Plasma Treatment A method of surface preparation, mainly used for
this. hard-to-bond plastics. It is a mixture of electrons and positive ions in a
Ageing Adhesives can age from the effects of heat, chemical exposure gas which is passed over the substrate, helping raise the surface energy
and humidity. Accelerated ageing tests can be carried out in extreme and ‘wettability’ to allow the material to be bonded.
environments for a quick indication as to the longevity of the adhesive. Pot life The maximum amount of time adhesive can be used after it
Blooming A phenomenon associated with cyanoacrylate adhesives has been mixed (in a pot!) before it starts becoming semi-cured and
seen as a white powdery residue on substrate material. too difficult to apply.
Capillary Action Low viscosity adhesives will seep into narrow gaps Primer A substance that improves the adhesion of adhesives to
which makes them suitable for post-assembly application. components and can help improve environmental resistance.
Coefficient of Expansion A measure of the extent to which a material Refractive Index How much a beam of light alters its angle as it passes
expands. Linear coefficient expansion units commonly used are mm/ through a material. Glass is approximately 1.4 to 1.6.
mm/°C x 10-6. This is an important factor to bear in mind when bonding Relative Humidity How saturated air is with moisture (maximum
dissimilar materials in a temperature-changing environment. 100%). Low humidity (usually in cold environments) can affect
Cohesive Failure Failure within the adhesive. On examination of failed cyanoacrylate cure.
parts, adhesive should be visible on both components. Rheometry How a material flows, slumps etc.
Corona Treatment A method of surface preparation, mainly used for Room Temperature 23±1°C (as specified by DIN/ISO). Viscosity and
hard-to-bond plastics. High voltage discharge across substrate surfaces strength measurements are taken at this temperature.
produces active electrons, helping raise the surface energy and Shadow Cure This relates to UV-curable adhesives, UVs that have a
‘wettability’ to allow the material to be bonded. single UV- cure mechanism will not cure in areas not reached by UV
Cyclic Ageing A harsh method of accelerated ageing, ideal for dissimilar light.
materials. This usually involves heat ageing with cyclic temperatures Shore Hardness A scale set up to asses the hardness of a material.
so the effects of differential thermal expansion and contraction can be Materials measured on the Shore A scale are soft elastomers, Shore D
assessed. are tough, harder materials. The test is done with a spring-weighted
Density The specific gravity of a material measured in g/cm³. Water is pin that measures depth of penetration (units are 0-100 Sh, the
the benchmark at 1.0 (at 4°C). higher the number, the harder the material).
Differential Thermal Expansion & Contraction This occurs when Substrate Failure Failure of the substrate. This is observed as the
dissimilar materials are bonded together. They are likely to have different adhesive joint remains in tact and the substrate either breaks or the
coefficients of expansion. Using a toughened or flexible adhesive can surface of the substrate delaminates.
help reduce stress on components. Surface Tension / Surface Energy An example of a surface with low
Elongation How much a material ‘stretches’, usually measured as a surface energy is a freshly polished car bonnet sprayed with water
percentage. droplets. The water droplets stand proud. This is how hard-to bond
Fillet The meniscus of adhesive that can be seen on the outside of a materials such as polypropylene behave. Increasing surface energy
joint. When cured, this can help increase strength and protect joints makes the surface more ‘wettable’ and able to be bonded. Adhesives
against chemical and moisture ingress. are developed to have as low a surface tension as possible to ‘wet-
Flame Treatment A method of surface preparation, mainly used for out’ on difficult surfaces.
hard-to-bond plastics. Briefly exposing surfaces to a flame increases Tensile Strength The strength of an adhesive joint pulled apart in
surface electron activity, helping raise the surface energy and tension.
‘wettability’ to allow the material to be bonded. Thixotropy The flow behaviour of an adhesive that causes the
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) The temperature at which a normally viscosity to reduce when stirred, mixed or dispensed but will then
rigid, brittle “glass-like” structure changes to a soft, elastic material. thicken upon standing (preventing slump and run-off).
This can help determine operating temperature limits. Toughened Adhesives Can be rubber toughened to allow better
Handling Time / Speed the time at which adhesive has cured to a flexibility, higher peel strength and better impact resistance. They
sufficient strength to allow unclamping and gentle handling of the part. are ideal for bonding dissimilar substrates where differential thermal
Inhibition The presence of a chemical that can cause incomplete cure expansion and contraction could be an issue.
of adhesive. This could be oxygen preventing full cure of an anaerobic Torque Strength Measurement of adhesive strength on threaded
adhesive or chemicals within a substrate which could interfere with nuts and bolts. Breakout, prevailing and maximum strength can be
adhesive cure. measured to assess the ‘lockability’ of the adhesive. Units are usually
Modulus of Elasticity Determines the point at which a material Newton-metres (Nm) or in/lb.
becomes deformed under tension. Viscosity Measurement of how much a flowable substance flows. This
Open Time The length of time freshly applied adhesive is optimal for can be measured with a spindle spinning to measure resistance, on
bonding (after which strength could be compromised). an electronic rheometer or with a ‘U’ tube measuring time taken for
Outgassing The release of gaseous molecules from adhesive. material to flow from A to B.
Oxidation This commonly occurs in metals such as aluminium and iron Wettability / Wetting out If a substrate is ‘wettable’ it will allow liquid
(seen as rust) where surface electrons are stolen. Removal of weak (such as adhesive) to be spread across it without droplets bunching up.
oxide layers prior to bonding is recommended. If droplets do bunch up then the material could be difficult to bond and
surface pretreatment may be required.
Working Time / Strength The time at which a newly bonded joint can
be put into operation. The joint will have developed approximately
60% of its final strength so can be subjected to normal loading.

27
 www.permabond.com
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• Asia + 86 21 5773 4913
• General Enquiries +44(0)1962 711661 Wessex Business Park
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