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Principle of Accounting 1

The document provides an introduction to accounting and business. It defines a business as an organization that assembles resources to provide goods and services to customers with the aim of earning a profit. Accounting is described as an information system that provides reports on a business's economic activities and financial condition to both internal and external users. The accounting process involves identifying users' information needs, designing an accounting system, recording economic data, and preparing accounting reports. Accounting can be used for both non-profit and profit organizations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
118 views25 pages

Principle of Accounting 1

The document provides an introduction to accounting and business. It defines a business as an organization that assembles resources to provide goods and services to customers with the aim of earning a profit. Accounting is described as an information system that provides reports on a business's economic activities and financial condition to both internal and external users. The accounting process involves identifying users' information needs, designing an accounting system, recording economic data, and preparing accounting reports. Accounting can be used for both non-profit and profit organizations.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle of Accounting

Chapter 1: Introduction to accounting and business

1. Nature of business and accounting


- A bussiness is an organization in which basic resources (inputs), such as materials and
labor, are assembled and processed to provide goods and services (output) to
customers. Businesses come in all sizes with the main objective is to earn a profit.
- Apply to non-profit and profit organizations
 Types of bussiness
- Servive business
- Merchandising business
- Manufacturing business
 Role of accounting in business
- Accounting is an information system providing reports to users about the economic
activities and condition of a business
- The process of providing information: two groups (internal users and external users)
5 steps:
+ Identify Users: Internal (managers & employees), External (investors, creditors,
customers, government) Người sử dụng báo cáo tài chình là ai?
+ Assess Users’ Information Needs, Họ cần những thông tin gì? Liên quan đến hoạt
động tài chính, doanh thu bán hàng nhằm đề ra kế hoạch cho kinh doanh sắp tới
+ Design accounting system, depend on your purpose of business.
+ Record Economic data. Ghi nhân các dữ liệu kinh tế = Hoạch toán để hệ thống hoá
các dữ liệu.
+ Prepare Accounting Reports. Chuẩn bị báo cáo tài chính
- 2 kinds of accounting
+ Financial accounting (tài chính kế toán): for external users, need to follow
accounting rules, những người này xem bctc để xem tình hình hiện tại của công ty như
thế nào
+ Managerial accounting (kế toán quản trị): for internal users, flexible based on nature
of companies, để quản trị công ty hiệu quả hơn, linh hoạt hơn, tuỳ thuộc vào situation
of company
 Nhiều loại cho các mục đích sử dụng khác nhau.
 Role of ethics in accounting and business
- Ethics are moral principle that guide the conducts of individuals.
+ Trustworthy information, useful for decision making
+ Fraud  No one willing to invest or loan money to the business.
- The objective of accounting is to provide relevant, timely information for users
decision making
- The conceptual framework
+ Professional Competence and Due care
+ Integrity
+ Objectivity
+ Confidentiality
+ Professional Behavior
+ Independence

2. Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (GAAP)


- Financial accounting follow GAAP in preparing reports and make reports among
companies comparable.
 Term “Business entity concept”
- The business entity concept limits the economic data in an accounting system to data
related to the activities of the business. (Khái niệm thực thể kinh doanh giới hạn dữ
liệu kinh tế trong hệ thống kế toán liên quan đến các hoạt động của doanh nghiệp.)
 Form of business entity
- Proprietorship is owned by one individual
- Partnership is owned by two or more individuals
- Corporation is organized under state or federal statutes as a separate legal taxable
entity.
- Limited liability company (LLC) combines the attributes of a partnership and a
corporation.
 Cost concept
- Accounting amounts are recorded at their cost or purchased price.
- Mình chỉ ghi vào sổ kế toán con số mình mua.
- The cost concept also involves the objectivity and unit of measure concepts
- The objectivity concept requires that the amounts recorded in the accounting records
be based on objective evidence (only the final agreed-upon amount is objective
enough to be recorded in the accounting records).
- The unit of measure concept requires that economic data be recorded in dollars.

3. The accounting equation


- The resources owned by a business are its assets
- The debts of the business are liabilities
- The rights of the owners to their assets are owner’s equity.
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
Accounting element: 5 components
+ Assets: tài sản được sở hữu bởi doanh nghiệp
+ Liabilities: tất cả các khoản nợ của doanh nghiệp
+ Equity (Capital): quyền sở hữu của ông chủ với tài sản của doanh nghiệp.
+ Income
+ Expense
4. Business transactions and the accounting equation
- Business transactions are economic event or condition that directly changes an entity’s
financial position or its results of operations (Các giao dịch kinh doanh là các sự kiện
hoặc điều kiện kinh tế làm thay đổi trực tiếp tình hình tài chính của một đơn vị hoặc
kết quả hoạt động của nó)
- All business transactions can be stated in terms of changes in the elements of the
accounting equation.
 Types of Transaction:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
 Extend Accounting Equation
Asset = Liabilities + Owner investment – Drawing + Revenue – Expense
Original equity (Retained Earning) Net Income

Drawing: tài khoản rút vốn, khi chủ doanh nghiệp rút equity ra thì drawing tăng
- Retained Earning: lợi nhuận giữ lại, Sẽ có 2 trường hợp với doanh thu của công ty, 1
là lấy lợi nhuận chia hết cho cổ đông, 2 là cổ đông kh cần nhận cổ tức, lời sẽ được đưa
lại làm xoay vòng vốn.
- Revenue from providing services is recorded as fees earned
- Revenue from the sale of merchandise is recorded as sales
- Other examples of revenue include rent, which is recorded as rent revenue (renting
the building), and interest, which is recorded as interest revenue (put money into the
bank, lent other person).
- An account receivable is a claim against a customer, which is an asset. You already
give customer good or service but the customer dont give you money nhưng nó đã
thành 1 giao dịch. Nên mình sẽ ghi nhận nó là 1 khoản phải thu  account
receivable.
- Asset used in earning revenue are called expenses. Tài sản sử dụng để tạo ra doanh
thu  chi phí

Transaction A: Cash in bank: $25,000


Asset. = Lia + Equity
Cash in bank incr = Contribution (Account) vốn incr
$25,000. $25,000
Transaction B: Land incr, cash in bank decr
Land incr. Cash in bank incr
$20,000 $20,000
Transaction C: payables incr, supplies incr
Supplies incr Payable incre
$1,350 $1,350
Transaction D: sales incr, cash incr
Asset = Lia + Equity
Cash incr. Sale incr
$7,500. $7,500
Transaction E: Expenses incr, Cash decr
Cash decr. Expense (Wage, Rent,….) incre
$3,650. $3,650

- Asset: Là các nguồn được sở hữu bởi công ty, có giá trị và mình sử dụng tài trị để hoạt
động kinh doanh và tạo ra doanh thu.
+ Current asset (tài sản ngắn hạn): receivables (khoản phải thu), cash in hand, cash in
bank
+ Non – current asset (tài sản dài hạn): Land, Van, Building, Machine, …
Homework:
1.3.
Assets: motor vehicle, land, amount owed to us by customer (account receivable), inventory of
goods held for sale, bank overdraft
Liabilities: amount owed to customer by us (account payable), bank overdraft
Bank overdraft: 1 khoản thấu chi. Ví dụ, một doanh nghiệp có thể thấy rằng họ dự kiến sẽ thiếu
hụt tiền mặt 15.000 bảng trong một tháng do trả lương và nhà cung cấp. Nếu ngân hàng cho
phép, cơ sở thấu chi có thể được sử dụng để tạm thời vay mượn tiền mặt từ ngân hàng.

1.4.
Liabilities: Trade payables, Bank overdraft, Loan from bank.
Assets: Computers, Buildings, Inventory, Cash in bank, Trade receivable, Vans.
1.5.
Asset Liabilities
Trade receivables Loan from K.Jones
Office furniture Bank overdraft
Delivery Van Trade payables
Computer equipment
Machinery
Cash in hand
Warehouse
1.6.

Asset Liabilities
Trade receivables Trade payables
Cash in bank Loan from building society
Fixtures and fittings: văn phòng phẩm
Inventory: hàng tồn kho
Premises: toàn bộ máy móc, nhà xưởng
Equipment
Computers
1.11.

(a) Cheque: ngân phiếu, séc, tấm séc tương ứng với tài khoản trong ngân hàng của doanh
nghiệp.
Cash in bank decr, Payables decr
C, Bought goods on time: mua hàng chưa trả tiền

Assets Liabilities Capital

A Bank decr Payables decr

B Cash decr
Fixtures incr
C Good incr Payables incr

D Cash incr Contribution incr

E Cash decr
Receivable incr
F Receivable decr
Cash incr
G Supplies decr Payable decr

H Cash in bank decr


Office computer incr

ASSETS = LIABILITIES + OWNER’S EQUITY

SAU TẤT CẢ CÁC TRANSACTION, EQUATION KHÔNG ĐỔI

Assets Liabilities Capital

A Vans incr Payables incr

B Cash decr Payables decr

C Good incr
Cash in bank decr
D Cash incr Contribution incr

E Good incr
Receivable decr
F Good incr Payables incr

G Cash decr Drawing incr

H Cash in bank decr Payable decr

Creditor: chủ nợ
5. Financial statement in proprietorship companies
- The accounting reports providing information for users are called financial statements.
(Báo cáo tài chính)
- A proprietorship has 4 primary financial statements
 Income statement (Statement of Profit or Loss, State of Profit or loss): a summary of the
revenue and expenses for a specific period of time, such as a month or a year, based on
matching concept. Bảng báo cáo kết quả hoạt động kinh doanh.
- Revenue – Expenses = Net Income/Net profit/Earnings
- Expenses > Revenue  Negative earnings  Net loss
- Nếu chi phí lớn hơn doanh thu  Lỗ
- Nếu chi phí nhỏ hơn doanh thu  Lãi

 Statement of owner’s equity: a summary of a changes in the owener’s equity that have
occured during a specific period of time, such as a month or a year.
- It is prepared after the income statement because the net income or net loss for the
period must be reported in this statement.
- It is prepared before the balance sheet since the amount of owner’s equity at the end
of the period must be reported on the balance sheet.
- Statement of owner’s equity được tính cả phần vốn chủ sở hữu và net income sẽ thành
retain quay vòng.
INCOME STATEMENT  STATEMENT OF OWNER’S EQUITY  BALANCE SHEET
CASH OF FLOW

 Balance sheet (statement of financial position): a list of the assets, liabilities, and
owner’s equity as of a specific date, usually at the close of the last day of a moth or a
year. CURRENT TIME Bảng cân đối kế toán.
- Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s equity
- The asset and liability amounts are taken from the last line of income statement
- The equity is taken from the last line of the statement of owner’s equity
- Form of balance sheet: account form  basic format of the accounting equation
Assets Liabilities
Owner’s equity
Assets  non-current, current
Liabilities  non current, current
Equity  orginal equity, retained earning láy từ bảng income statement, drawing,
addition contribution.
Accounts payable: Liabilities
Accounts receivable: Asset Current
Cash: Current asset
Land: Non-current asset
Supplies: Goods/Inventory (hàng tồn kho): Current assets

Statement of Financial Position


Chickadee at April 30, 2014
Asset. Liabilities & Equity
Current asset. $87,750 Liabilities
Acc. Receivable $12,200 Accounts payable $12,200
Cash. $53,050
Supplies. $3,350 Owner’s Equity. $155,550
Non – current asset $80,000 (lấy từ statement of owner’s equity)
Land. $80,000
Total assets: $167,750 Total liabilities and owner’s equity. $167,750

 Statement of cash flows: a summary of the cash receipts and cash payments for a specific
period of time, such as a month or a year

- The statement of cash flow reports the changes of cash in operating activities,
investing activities, and financing activities.
Ví dụ: Công ty mình có 3 nhà cung ứng, hiện tại tiền của doanh nghiệp là $1000
+ Mình mua hàng của công ty A là $200, on time 3m
+ Mình mua hàng ở công ty B là $500
+ Mình mua hàng ở công ty C là $800, one time 6m
 Ở thời điểm hiện tại, nên mua hết vì cty A, C cho mình on time. Tiền còn lại là
$500, hàng hoá $1500
- 3 tháng sau, khách hàng đều là receivable, cash còn $500, vậy mình nên mua từ công
ty nào? Trước tiên, mình phải trả tiền mặt cho cty A  Cash = $300
 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOW cho mình biết cách hiệu quả nhất để sử dụng tiền
mặt của công ty
+ Cash flow from operating activities: summary of cash receipts and cash
payments from operations.
+ Cash flow from investing activities: reports the cash transactions for the
acquisition and sale of relatively permanent assets.
+ Cash flow from financing activities: reports the cash transactions related to cash
investments by the owner, borrowings, and withdrawals by the owner.

 Financial year totally different from calendar year


Financial year sẽ tuỳ thuộc vào từng công ty và đất nước.
1 năm tài chính sẽ cho biết doanh thu, chi phí để xác định các nghĩa vụ như thuế,…
 Interrelationships Among Financial Statements

1. Income statement and statement of owner equity


- Liên quan đến Retained Earning = Revenue – Expenses = Net profit/Loss
- Nếu họ có lãi thì có thể chọn trả cổ tức cho cổ đông hoặc sử dụng lãi để tái đầu tư, số
retained earning này có thể ghi vào Statement of Owner equity
2. Statement of Owner’s Equity and Balance Sheet
- Số vốn chủ sở hữu trong bảng statement of Owner Equity sẽ đc ghi vào Balance Sheet
3. Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flow
- Số tiền báo cáo trong balance sheet sẽ có trong statement of cash flow

1.13.
Balance sheet
T.Ross at 7 May 2024
Asset. Liabilities & Equity
Current asset. $11,450 Liabilities. $6,000
Cash at bank $550 Trade payable $6,000
Cash at hand. $200
Trade receivable. $6,000 Owner’s Equity. $26,060
Inventory $4,700 Capital. $26,060
Non – current asset $20,610
Fixtures. $12,390 Total liabilities and owner’s equity. $32,060
Motor vehicle $7,500
Computer. $720
Total assets: $32,060

1.14.
Balance sheet
J.Hill at 7 December 2019
Asset. Liabilities & Equity
Current asset. $22,175 Liabilities. $1,760
Cash at bank $9,890 Trade payable $1,760
Cash at hand. $485
Trade receivable. $3,320 Owner’s Equity. $33,645
Inventory $8,480 Capital. $33,645
Non – current asset $13,610
Equipment $6,310 Total liabilities and owner’s equity. $
Motor vehicle. $7,300
Total assets: $35,785
Assets Liabilities Owner’s Equity

Cash. $1,000 Acc. Payables. $1,530


Acc. Receivable
$3,200
Supplies. $850
Land. $10,000

1. The amount of owner’s equity = Assets – Liabilities


Equity = (1,000 + 3,200 + 850 + 10,000) – 1,530
= $13,520

2. ASSETS. = LIABILITIES. + OWNER’S EQUITY

Cash + Acc. Receivable + Supplies + Land. = Payables + Capital


1,000+ 3,2000 + 850 +10,000 = 1,530 + 13,520

A, + 3,928. +3,928
4,928. 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 1,530 + 17,448. Fee earned

B, - 1,055 -1,055
3,873 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 475. + 17,448.

C, + 3,700. + 3,700
7,573 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 475 + 21,148. Contribution

D, -1,200. -1,200
6,373 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 475 + 19,948.

E, + 2,025. + 2,025
8,398 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 475 + 21,973

F, -245. -245
8,153 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 475 + 21,728

G, +3,000. +3,000
11,153 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 475 + 24,728

H, - 1,635
11,153 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 475 + 24,728
I, - 850 – 325 – 250 – 75
11,153 3,2000 + 850 + 10,000 = 475 + 24,728
Chapter 2: Analyzing Transaction

1. Using accounts to record transactions.


- Accounting systems are designed to show the changes in each accounting equation
element as a separated record. This record is called an account
- An account (simplest form) has 3 parts – T account
+ A title, which is the name of the accounting equation element recorded in the
account. TEN CỦA TÀI KHOẢN
+ A space for recording increase in the amount of the element (CREDIT) RIGHT
HAND SIDE
+ A space for recording decrease in the amount of the element (DEBIT) LEFT HAND
SIDE
+ GHI CÓ VÀ GHI NỢ, tuỳ thuộc vào từng tài khoản khác nhau mà mình sẽ ghi nhận
việc tăng hay giảm credit hay debit.

- Recording transactions in accounts must follow certain rules.


- Increases in assets are recorded on the debit of an account
- Decrease in assets are recorded on the credit of an account
- The excess of the debits of an asset account over its credits is the balance of the
account.
- Sau khi recording 1 transaction xong mình sẽ phải làm balance of account
- Đối với tài khoản Cash, incr thì ghi nhận debit
Decr thì ghi nhận credit
 Chart of accounts
- A group of accounts for business entity is called a ledger
Ledger: sổ cái, 1 nhóm tài khoản thể hiện hoạt động của doanh nghiệp
- A list of the accounts in ledger is called a chart of accounts.
Danh mục các tài khoản
- The accounts are normally listed in the order in which they appear in the financial
statements:
+ The balance sheet accounts: asset, liabilities, and owner’s equity
+ The income statement accounts: revenues and expenses.
- Có thể sử dụng các con số để thể hiện các tài khoản, list chart of account cho mình
biết những tài khoản doanh nghiệp đang sử dụng qua các con số
 Chart of accounts
- Assets are resources owned by the business entity under physical or intangibles items
that have value. Assets also include accounts receivable, prepaid expenses (such as
insurance), buildings, equipment, and land
- Liabilities are debts owned to outsiders (creditors). Liabilities are often identified by
payables
- Owner’s equity is the owner’s right to the assets of the business after all liabilities
have been paid
2. Double-entry accounting system
- All businesses use what is called the double-entry accounting system. This system is
based on the accounting equation and required
+ Every business transaction to be recorded in at least two accounts
+ The total debits recorded for each transaction to be equal to the total credits
recorded.

Debit Side (Dr) Credit side (Cr)


Receiving Side Except for Capital Payment Side Except for Capital

Type of accounting Increase Decrease


Assets Debit Credit
Expenses Debit Credit
Capital Credit Debit
Liabilities Credit Debit
Revenues Credit Debit

Khi bắt đầu làm double entry system, có transaction, nghĩ xem 2 tài khảon naò bị ảnh
hưởng bởi giao dịch đấy. Sau đó, cái nào là debit, credit.
Capital account is always credit.

1. Asset tự tăng, tự giảm.


Ex: Put cash $100 into bank
Asset = Lia + Equity
Cash Tăng Credits
Bank giảm Debit
2. Lia or Equity tự tăng tự gỉam
Borrow $1000 from bank to pay A company.
Loan (Liabilities) credit
Payable (Lia) Debit

 Normal balance
The sum of the increase in an account is usually qual to greater than the sum of the
decrease in the account. Thus, the normal balance of an account is either a debit or
credit depending on whether increases in the account are recorded as debits or
credits
- 1 tài khoản cân bằng bình thường xảy ra khi ghi nhận con số cân bằng ở bên có ảnh
hưởng tăng lên.
-

1. Drawing, Dr. Incre, Cr. Decr, Debit


2. Account Payable, Dr. Decr, Cr. Incr, Credit
3. Cash, Cr. Decre, Dr Incre, Debit
4. Revenue, Dr. Decre, Cr. Incre, Credit
5. Supplies, Dr. Incre, Cr. Decr, Debit
6. Utilities expenses, Dr. Incre, Cr. Decre, debit
 Journalizing
- Transactions are intially entered in a record called a journal.
- Tất cả các giao dịch đều ghi nhận thông tin hoạch toán vào sổ nhật ký.
- The process of recording a transaction in the journal is called journalizing.
- The entry in the journal is called a journal entry.
- Những quy tắc ghi vào sổ nhật ký chung là journal

 Recording transaction in journal steps


1. Đọc giao dịch, xác định tài khoản liên quan
2. Xác định nó tăng hay giảm
3. Xác định là credit or debit
4. Ghi vào journal theo entry

Lưu ý: Journalizing toàn bộ tài khoản debit trước sau đó mới đến credit

 1 số từ được sử dụng khi cty chưa trả tiền cho supplier


- The remainder on account
- On account
 Posting journal entry to account
- The process of transferring the debits and credits from the journal entries to the
accounts is called posting. Sau khi ghi sổ nhật ký chung thì sẽ posting lên sổ cái
 Trial balance sẽ giúp mình xây dựng các báo cáo tài chính
- Các giao dịch sau khi đc hoạch toán được ghi vào sổ nhật ký chung, sau khi có nhật
ký chung mình sẽ ghi nhận lên sổ cái, T form của từng account. Sau đó, tất cả các
thông tin trên sổ cái. Balance of của các tài khoản đc đưa vào trial balance.
-
Sau khi mình ghi nhận các document, ghi lại vào nhật ký chung đầy đủ
thông tin
Tên tài khoản, số tài khoản là số trang của acc trong sổ cái.

Post.Ref. cho ta biết giao dịch đó được ghi ở sổ nào, trang số bao nhiêu
 Financial Analysis and interpretation: Horizontal Analysis
So sánh theo hàng ngang, có thể so sánh các chỉ số theo năm, để thấy đc các chỉ số tăng
trưởng theo từng figure và báo cáo hiệu quả hoạt động kinh doanh
- Vertical: Tính xem mỗi khoản chi phí chiếm bao nhiêu phần trăm trong tổng chi phí,
từ đó có thể tính đc xem nó có hợp lý không.
Chapter 3: The Adjusting Process

1. Nature of the Adjusting Process


- Accrual basic and Cash Basic
Accrual Basis (dồn tích) Cash basis
Revenues are recognized when earned and Revenues are recognized when cash is
expenses are recognized when incurred received and expenses recorded when
 GAAP cash is paid
Doanh thu được ghi nhận khi thu được và  Not GAAP
ghi nhận chi phí khi phát sinh Doanh thu được ghi nhận khi nhận tiền
Accrual thể hiện khi mình có những khoản mặt và ghi nhận chi phí khi trả tiền mặt
chi phí, doanh thu đc ghi nhận trc.
VD: đặt cọc trước nhà nhưng chưa sử
dụng thì sẽ không đc ghi vào tài khảon
Rent mà ghi vào Repaid.

 The accounting period: Accounting systems prepare periodic reports at regular invercal
2.12
2.14.A
2.15. A p.67

Chapter 4:

Accounting systems

Sổ cái chung,
Sổ cái chi tiết, có personal account, thu từ ông A bao nhiêu,…
Tài khoản trong sổ cái chung chỉ có tổng tiền
Selling
Revenue journal: khi mua hàng, tất cả giao dịch, dịch vụ ghi vào sổ doanh thu, giao dịch chưa
hay đã trả tiền đều ghi vào đây
Hoá đơn bán hàng, được ghi lại để tính xem mua bao nhiêu, tiền
Buying
Purchased: nhật kí mua hàng là bao nhiêu
Payment: tiền mặt

Được ghi lại vào accounts receibvable subsidiary ledger,


Số này xuất hiện trong sổ cái chung,

12) Accounts receivable


41) Fees Earned
The cash receipts

Sau khi post lên sổ cái, những tài khoản và cột bằng nhau.
Chapter 7: Inventory
1. Why is Inventory control important?
- Inventory is a significant asset and for many companies is the largest asset
- Inventory is central to the main activity of merchandising and manufacturing
companies.
- Mistakes in determining inventory cost can cause critical errors in financial
statements. (balance sheet, income statement)
- Inventory must be protected from external risks (such as fire and theft) from internal
fraud by employees.
2. Circle

Inventory

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