Theories of Personalities: Prelims – Freudian Theory of Personality

Jung’s Analytic Psychology • Jung strongly asserted that the most

important portion of the unconscious springs
not from personal experiences of the
• Carl Jung (1875-1961) individual but from the distant past of
o Highly introspective child human existence – the collective
o His desire to understand himself unconscious. Conscious and the personal
led him to the field of psychiatry unconscious are of lesser importance.
which he obtained from the
University of Basel in 1900
o Studied with Eugene Bleuler
(schizophrenia) and Pierre Janet
(consciousness and hypnosis)
Levels of the Psyche
o Met Freud in 1907 and had a 13-hr
• Conscious
conversation with him
o Attitudes and Functions
o First president of the International
▪ Combine = Psychological
Psychoanalytic Association
Types
o Was considered by Freud as his
o Psychological types
heir apparent in the movement.
• Personal Unconscious
o Disagreed with Freud about the
o Complexes
nature of personality
o Parted with the Vienna group in • Collective Unconscious
1914. o Archetypes
o Spent the next 7 years in virtual
isolation exploring the depths of his
own unconscious mind. 1. Conscious
o Scholars disagree whether this was ✓ Conscious images are those that are
a period of voluntary introspection sensed by the ego, whereas
or a lengthy psychotic episode. unconscious elements have no
o Emerged from these years of relationship with the ego.
introspection with a new theory of ✓ Jung saw the ego as the center of
personality consciousness, but not the core of
o Devoted the rest of his career to personality.
private practice, travel, reading, ✓ Ego is not the whole personality,
and studying. but must be completed by the more
o His observations and introspections comprehensive self
led to numerous volumes and ✓ Self - the center of personality that
lectures. is largely unconscious.
o His theory is one of the most ✓ In a psychologically healthy
intriguing and thought-provoking person, the ego takes a secondary
theories of personality. position to the unconscious self
o The most prolific writer among
Neo-Freudians
➢ Attitude - a predisposition to act or react
in a characteristic direction.

…Jung’s Analytic ➢
o Introversion
o Extraversion
Both introversion and extraversion can
Psychology combine with any one or more of four
functions, forming eight possible
orientations, or types.
• Jung, like Freud, based his personality
theory on the assumption that the mind, or
psyche, has both a conscious and an
unconscious level.
Theories of Personalities: Prelims – Freudian Theory of Personality

The Attitudes o People who know something and

just know because of gut feeling,
they are intuitive.
 Introversion
o Turning inward flow of psychic
energy with an orientation toward
the subjective
o Turned to their inner world with all
its biases, fantasies, dreams and
individual perceptions
o Perceive external world selectively
o They prefer to draw into and
themselves
o They like to be alone, reflect, think,
overthink (it is more natural for
introverts, but not impossible for
extroverts)
 Extraversion
o Turning outward flow of psychic
energy so that the person is
oriented toward the objective
o More influenced by their
surroundings than by their inner
world
o Like to interact, talkative.
o Talking does not make them tired
unlike introverts

The Functions 2. Personal Unconscious

✓ repressed, forgotten, or subliminally
 Thinking perceived experiences of one particular
o Enables one to recognize meaning individual.
 Feeling ✓ contains repressed infantile memories
o Tells the value or worth of and impulses, forgotten events, and
something experiences
o The valuing of every conscious ✓ formed by our individual experiences
activity and should be distinguished and is therefore unique to each of us
from emotion ✓ Contents of the personal unconscious
 Sensation are called complexes.
o Tells people that something exists
o More of using your senses to make
judgements, using info to tell if • Complex
something is real or not, or to make • emotionally toned conglomeration
decisions of associated ideas.
 Intuition • largely personal, but they may also
o Allows them to know about be partly derived from humanity’s
something without knowing how collective experience.
they know • partly conscious and may stem
o Perception beyond the workings of from personal and collective
consciousness unconscious
o More of feeling of a global feeling ▪ Example: Mother
or six sense Complex
Theories of Personalities: Prelims – Freudian Theory of Personality

▪ Emotional core because of • Archetypes

the attachment or feeling • A universal thought form or
towards your mother predisposition to respond to the
▪ When you hear the word world in certain ways (Jung, 1936)
mama, mother, or mom it • A potential to respond to the world
brings or create a spark on in a certain way the psychic
you. Makes you think and counterpart to an instinct
certain memories are • Jung - there are “as many
recalled archetypes as there are typical
▪ It can also be triggered by situations in life”.
similar smells or someone • Similar patterns that can be found
dress or who looks like or seen on human behaviors
your mom.
▪ Can also be negative
because of abuse or
unpleasant personality

How do you spot or know if you have a complex?

• Think about automatic thoughts, dominant

ideas and strong or recurring feelings you
have in everyday life.
• Connected feelings: Boyfriend breaking up
= Hurt → Remembering her mother’s abuse
o Do these thoughts and feelings
gravitate towards a certain theme?
o How do these thoughts and feelings
influence the way you interpret
events in your life and the way you
Some Important Archetypes:
do things?
• Learn the patterns to suppress negative core 1. Persona
memories. • The side of personality on show to
the world.
• Each person must project a role,
3. The Collective Unconscious one that society dictates
✓ Consists of thoughts and images that are • Should not be confused with
difficult to bring into awareness complete self
✓ However, these thoughts were never • If people identify too closely with
pressed out of consciousness their persona, they remain
✓ Each of us was born with this unconscious of their individuality
unconscious material and is basically and are blocked from attaining self-
the same for all people realization
✓ Just as we inherit physical • One may lose touch with inner self
characteristics from our ancestors, we and remain dependent on society’s
also inherit unconscious psychic expectations
characteristics
✓ Made up or primordial images
collectively referred to as archetypes
2. Anima and Animus
• Anima - the female side of the male
• Animus – the masculine side of the
female
• Principal function of these
archetypes is to is to guide the
selection of a romantic partner and
Theories of Personalities: Prelims – Freudian Theory of Personality

the course of the subsequent and again in his patients’ dreams

relationship. and in the artwork of all cultures.
o We look for a partner by • It represents the self-striving
projecting our toward wholeness.
anima/animus onto
potential mates
• Anima and Animus 4. Shadow
o Androgynous ideal
• Contains the unconscious part of
- the presence of both ourselves that is essentially
masculine and feminine negative
qualities in an individual and • The evil side of human kind
the ability to realize both • Located partly in the personal
potentialities. unconscious in the form of
repressed feelings and partly in the
collective unconscious
• Good vs. evil is the most common
theme in literature because the
collective unconscious of all people
readily grasps the concept.
• Well-adjusted people incorporate
their good and evil parts into a
wholeness of self.
• Otherwise, we may project our evil
thoughts on others. (projection)

Evidence for the Collective Unconscious

 Evidence comes from a lifelong study of
modern and ancient cultures particularly
mythology, cultural symbols, dreams, and
the statements of schizophrenics.
3. Self  If a collective unconscious exists that is
• An inherited tendency to move towards basically the same for each of us, the
growth, perfection, and completion primordial images should be found in some
• The archetype of archetypes because it form in all cultures and across time.
pulls together other archetypes and  Primordial images -expressed in dreams, art,
unites them in the process of self- folklore, and mythology.
realization  People suffering from psychosis are said to
• Includes both personal and collective describe archetype-based images.
images
• Symbolized by a person’s ideas of
perfection, completion, and wholeness
buts its ultimate symbol is the mandala

• Mandala
• in Hindu and Buddhist thought is a
symbol of the universe
• a symbol of the self (Jung).
• a concentrically arranged figure
such as a circle, wheel, or cross,
which Jung saw appearing again
Theories of Personalities: Prelims – Freudian Theory of Personality

Dynamics of Personality • Exemplified in Jung’s midlife crisis

• Causality ~ Both are essential if people are to

• Holds that present events have their achieve individual growth or self-
origin in previous experiences realization
• However, a causal viewpoint does
not explain everything
• Teleology
• Holds that present events are
motivated by goals and aspirations
Self-Realization
for the future that directs a person’s
 Psychological rebirth is called self-
destiny
realization or individuation
• Human behavior is shaped by both
 The process of becoming an individual or
causal and teleological forces
whole person
• Jung insisted on balance  The process of integrating the opposite poles
• Synchronicity into a single homogeneous individual
• a phenomenon in which events are  Coming to selfhood means that a person has
related to one another through all psychological components functioning in
simultaneity and meaning. unity with no psychic process atrophying
• two events occur either at the same  Relatively rare and is achieved only by
time or close in time (simultaneity), people who are able to assimilate their
and, though they happen unconscious into their total personality
independently, they seem  Involves individuation and transcendence
inextricably linked (meaning). o Individuation
▪ Example: We may dream ▪ When the systems of the
of a friend whom we have individual psyche achieve
not seen in a long time, their fullest degree of
and the next day we learn differentiation expression,
that our friend died the and development.
night before. ▪ fulfilling one’s own
• a third component that could lead specific nature and
to self-realization in addition to the realizing one’s uniqueness
principles of causality and in one’s place within the
teleology whole.
• arise from the simultaneous ▪ Not individualism
occurrence of two different psychic o Transcendence
states. ▪ refers to integration of the
• May be due to transpersonal diverse systems of the self
collective unconscious toward the goal of
• Progression wholeness and identity
• Involves a forward flow of energy with all of humanity.
needed to adapt to the outside ▪ a deeper self or essence
world emerges to unite a person
• Inclines a person to react with all of humanity and
consistently to a given ser of the universe at large.
environmental conditions
• Regression
• Adaptation to the inner world relies ~ If we view the psyche as a wheel,
on a backward flow of energy the hub of which is the archetype of
• A necessary backward step in the the self, we can suggest that the
attainment of a goal true self emerges when the
• Activates the unconscious psyche – opposites coincide (as in a mandala
aids the solution of a problem
Theories of Personalities: Prelims – Freudian Theory of Personality

 Neurosis results from a one-sided - Third person: ego is

personality development. perceived as an object;
 The coincidence of opposites is the ultimate it is not yet aware of
goal of personality development in the itself as perceiver.
Jungian view. iii. Dualistic phase
 Freud - the person is inescapably in conflict - the ego is divided into
 Jung - the person ultimately seeks harmony. the objective and
subjective.
- refer to themselves in
the first person and are
Jung and Spirituality aware of their existence
as separate individuals.
- islands of
 Spirituality
consciousness become
o the search for meaning or for a
continuous land,
power beyond the self rather than
inhabited by an ego-
adherence to particular tenets, as in
complex that recognizes
a formal religion.
itself as both object and
o Jung’s self-archetype is the God
subject
within.
o Jung reminds us that we must take
2. Youth
responsibility for the
a. The morning suns
transformation of our god images.
b. climbing toward the zenith, but
o Our longing for the spiritual must
unaware of the impending decline
be satisfied in a loving, life-
c. puberty until middle life
affirming, and constructive quest
d. youth is a period of increased
for self-understanding that goes
activity, maturing sexuality,
beyond the rational and includes
growing consciousness, and
the transformative intuition.
recognition that the problem-free
o New gods: alcohol, drugs,
era of childhood is gone.
codependent relationships, fanatical
e. The major difficulty is to overcome
devotion and terrorist actions
the natural tendency to cling to the
narrow consciousness of childhood,
thus avoiding problems pertinent to

Stages of Development f.
the present time of life.
Conservative principle -desire to
live in the pas
1. Childhood
a. Early morning sun 3. Middle life
b. full of potential, but still lacking in a. brilliant like the late morning sun,
brilliance (consciousness) but obviously headed for the sunset
c. 3 Substages b. begins at approximately age 35 or
i. Anarchic phase: 40
- characterized by c. Comes with increasing anxieties
chaotic and sporadic but also a period of tremendous
consciousness. potential.
- “Islands of d. If middle-aged people retain the
consciousness”. social and moral values of their
early life, they become rigid and
ii. Monarchic phase: fanatical in trying to hold on to
- characterized by the their physical attractiveness and
development of the ego agility.
and by the beginning of
logical and verbal
thinking.
Theories of Personalities: Prelims – Freudian Theory of Personality

4. Old age o Dreams are often compensatory

a. evening sun
b. its once bright consciousness now ✓ Active Imagination
markedly dimmed o This method requires a person to
c. Jung believed that death is the goal begin with any impression—a
of life and that life can be fulfilling dream image, vision, picture, or
only when death is seen in this fantasy—and to concentrate until
light. the impression begins to “move.”
d. Backward orientation -clinging o The person must follow these
desperately to goals and lifestyles images to wherever they lead and
of the past and going through the then courageously face these
motions of life aimlessly. autonomous images and freely
e. Treatment: establish new goals and communicate with them.
find meaning in living by first o Purpose is to reveal archetypal
finding meaning in death. images emerging from the
f. He accomplished this treatment unconscious.
through dream interpretation. o Advantage: images are produced
Symbols of rebirth: long journeys, during a conscious state of mind,
changes in location thus making them clearer and more
reproducible.
o Variation is to draw, paint, or
express in some other nonverbal
Jung’s Method of manner the progression of their
fantasies

Investigation ✓ Psychotherapy
o Psychotherapy
✓ Word Association Test o Four basic approaches to therapy:
o purpose of the test in Jungian ▪ Confession of a
psychology today is to uncover pathogenic secret
feeling-toned complexes. (Cathartic method of
o Jung typically used a list of about Breuer)
100 stimulus words ▪ The second stage involves
o instructed the person with the first interpretation,
word that came to mind. explanation, and
o Certain types of reactions indicate elucidation.
that the stimulus word has touched • used by Freud,
a complex. gives the patients
✓ Dream Analysis insight into the
o Jung objected to Freud’s notion causes of their
that nearly all dreams are wish neuroses, but
fulfillments and that most dream may still leave
symbols represent sexual urges. them incapable of
o believed that people used symbols solving social
to represent a variety of concepts— problems.
not merely sexual ones ▪ The third stage, therefore,
o Dreams are our unconscious and is the approach adopted by
spontaneous attempt to know the Adler and includes the
unknowable. education of patients as
o The purpose of Jungian dream social beings.
interpretation is to uncover ▪ Transformation (fourth
elements from the personal and stage)
collective unconscious and to • Therapist must
integrate them into consciousness first be
in order to facilitate the process of transformed into
self-realization. a healthy human
Theories of Personalities: Prelims – Freudian Theory of Personality

being, preferably
by undergoing
psychotherapy

~ Only after transformation and an

established philosophy of life is the therapist
able to help patients move toward
individuation, wholeness, or self-realization.

~ Employed with patients who are in the

second half of life and who are concerned
with realization of the inner self, with moral
and religious problems, and with finding a
unifying philosophy of life.

Related Research
◼Personality Type Investing
Money

◼MBTI

◼Personality Type and Interest in

and Attrition from Engineering

◼Archetypes and evolutionary

psychology