Integration

MODULE - VIII
30 Calculus

INTEGRATION Notes

In the previous lesson, you have learnt the concept of derivative of a function. You have also
learnt the application of derivative in various situations.
Consider the reverse problem of finding the original function, when its derivative (in the form of
a function) is given. This reverse process is given the name of integration. In this lesson, we shall
study this concept and various methods and techniques of integration.

OBJECTIVES

After studying this lesson, you will be able to :

l explain integration as inverse process (anti-derivative) of differentiation;

l find the integral of simple functions like x n , sin x, cos x,

1 x
sec 2 x, cosec 2 x, sec x tan x, cosec x cot x, , e etc.;
x
l state the following results :

(i)   f  x   g  x   dx  f  x  dx   g  x  dx
(ii)    kf  x   dx  k  f  x  dx
l find the integrals of algebraic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric and exponential
functions;
l find the integrals of functions by substitution method.
l evaluate integrals of the type
dx dx dx dx dx
 x 2  a 2 ,  a 2  x 2 , x2  a2
,  a2  x2
,
ax 2  bx  c
,

dx  px  q  dx  px  q  dx
 , , 
ax 2  bx  c ax 2  bx  c ax 2  bx  c
l derive and use the result
f ' x 
 f  x   n f  x   C
l state and use the method of integration by parts;

MATHEMATICS 325
 Integration
MODULE - VIII l evaluate integrals of the type :
Calculus x 2  a 2 dx, a 2  x 2 dx, ax ax
  e sin bx dx, e cos bx dx ,

1 x dx ,  cos1 x dx ,
  px  q  ax 2  bx  c dx ,  sin
n m dx dx
Notes  sin x cos x dx ,  a  b sin x ,  a  b cos x
l derive and use the result
x  f  x   f '  x   dx  e x f  x   c ; and
e
l integrate rational expressions using partial fractions.

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

l Differentiation of various functions
l Basic knowledge of plane geometry
l Factorization of algebraic expression
l Knowledge of inverse trigonometric functions

30.1 INTEGRATION

Integration literally means summation. Consider, the problem of finding area of region ALMB
as shown in Fig. 30.1.

Fig. 30.1

We will try to find this area by some practical method. But that may not help every time. To
solve such a problem, we take the help of integration (summation) of area. For that, we divide
the figure into small rectangles (See Fig.30.2).

Fig. 30.2

Unless these rectangles are having their width smaller than the smallest possible, we cannot find
the area.

326 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
This is the technique which Archimedes used two thousand years ago for finding areas, volumes, MODULE - VIII
etc. The names of Newton (1642-1727) and Leibnitz (1646-1716) are often mentioned as the Calculus
creators of present day of Calculus.
The integral calculus is the study of integration of functions. This finds extensive applications in
Geometry, Mechanics, Natural sciences and other disciplines.
In this lesson, we shall learn about methods of integrating polynomial, trigonometric, exponential
Notes
and logarithmic and rational functions using different techniques of integration.

30.2. INTEGRATION AS INVERSE OF DIFFERENTIATION

Consider the following examples :
d d d
(i)
dx
 
x 2  2x (ii)
dx
 sin x   cos x (iii)
dx
 
e x  ex

Let us consider the above examples in a different perspective

(i) 2x is a function obtained by differentiation of x 2 .

 x 2 is called the antiderivative of 2 x

(ii) cos x is a function obtained by differentiation of sin x
 sin x is called the antiderivative of cos x

(iii) Similarly, e x is called the antiderivative of e x

Generally we express the notion of antiderivative in terms of an operation. This operation is
called the operation of integration. We write

1. Integration of 2 x is x 2 2. Integration of cos x is sin x

3. Integration of e x is e x

The operation of integration is denoted by the symbol  .

Thus
2 x d x  ex
1. 2xdx  x 2.  cos x d x  sin x 3. e
Remember that dx is symbol which together with symbol  denotes the operation of integration.

The function to be integrated is enclosed between  and dx.

d
Definition : If  f  x    f '  x  , then f (x) is said to be an integral of f ' (x) and is written
dx
as  f '(x)dx  f (x)
The function f '(x) which is integrated is called the integrand.

MATHEMATICS 327
 Integration
MODULE - VIII Constant of integration
Calculus 2 dy
If y  x , then  2x
dx
2
  2xdx  x
Notes Now consider d  x 2  2  or
d
 
x 2  c where c is any real constant . Thus, we see that
dx dx
integral of 2x is not unique. The different values of  2 x d x differ by some constant. Therefore,
2
2xdx  x  C , where c is called the constant of integration.

Thus  e x d x  e x  C ,  cos x d x  sin x  c

In general  f '(x) d x  f  x   C . The constant c can take any value.

We observe that the derivative of an integral is equal to the integrand.

Note :  f (x) dx ,  f (y) dy ,  f (z) dz but not like  f (z) dx

Integral Verification

x n 1 d  x n 1  n
 dx  n  1  C   x
n
1.  x dx  n  1  C  
where n is a constant and n  1 .
d
2.  sin x dx   cos x  C    cos x  C   sin x
dx
d
3.  cos x dx  sin x  C   sin x  C   cos x
dx
d
4.  sec
2 x dx  tan x  C   tan x  C   sec 2 x
dx
d
5. 2
 cosec x dx   cot x  C    cot x  C   cosec 2 x
dx
d
6.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C   sec x  C   sec x tan x
dx
d
7.  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  C    cosec x  C   cosec x cot x
dx
d 1
8. 
1
dx  sin 1 x  C 
1
 dx sin x  C  
1  x2 1  x2

328 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
1 d 1 Calculus
9.  1  x 2 dx  tan
1 x C 1

 dx tan x  C 
1  x2

d 1
10. x
1
dx  sec 1 x  C 
1
 dx sec x  C  
x2 1 x x2  1
Notes
d
11.  e x dx  ex C 
dx

ex  C  ex 
x ax d  ax  x 1
 C   a  if x > 0
12.  a dx  log a
C 
 dx log a
  x

1 d
13.  x dx  log x C   log x  C 
dx

WORKING RULE

1. To find the integral of x n , increase the index of x by 1, divide the result by new index
and add constant C to it.
1 dx
2.  f  x  dx will be very often written as  .
f x

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.1

5
1. Write any five different values of x 2 dx

2. Write indefinite integral of the following :
(a) x 5 (b) cos x (c) 0
3. Evaluate :

7 1
(a) 6
 x dx (b)  x dx (c)  x dx (d)  3x 5 x dx

3 9 1 9
(e)  x dx (f)  x dx (g)  dx (h)  x 8 dx
x
4. Evaluate :
cos  sin 
(a)  sin 2  d (b)  cos2  d

MATHEMATICS 329
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
cos 2   sin 2  1
Calculus (c)  d (d)  sin 2  d
cos2 

30.4 PROPERTIES OF INTEGRALS

If a function can be expressed as a sum of two or more functions then we can write the integral
Notes
of such a function as the sum of the integral of the component functions, e.g. if f (x)  x 7  x 3 ,
then
8 4
 7  x 3  dx  x 7 dx  x 3dx  x  x  C
 f  x  dx   x   8 4
So, in general the integral of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their integrals.

  f  x   g  x   dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx
Similarly, if the given function

f  x   x7  x2

we can write it as  f  x  dx    x 7  x 2  dx   x 7dx   x 2 dx

x8 x 3
  C
8 3
The integral of the difference of two functions is equal to the difference of their integrals.

i.e.   f  x   g  x   dx   f  x  dx   g  x  dx
If we have a function f(x) as a product of a constant (k) and another function  g  x  
i.e. f (x)  kg (x) , then we can integrate f(x) as

 f  x  dx   kg  x  dx  k  g  x  dx
Integral of product of a constant and a function is product of that constant and integral of the
function.

i.e.  kf  x  dx  k  f  x  dx
Example 30.1 Evaluate :

(ii)  4x dx (ii)   2 x   3 x  dx

x 4x
Solution :(i)  4 dx  log 4
C

330 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
2
x Calculus
x  
2x 2  3 C
(ii) 2
x   3 x  dx   dx     dx 2
3x 3 log  
3
Remember in (ii) it would not be correct to say that Notes

x 3 x dx   2 x dx  3 x dx
2
x
2
2x  3 x   
x x 3 C
Because  2 dx  3 dx  
log 2 

log 3 
 C 
2
log  
3
Therefore, integral of a product of two functions is not always equal to the product of the
integrals. We shall deal with the integral of a product in a subsequent lesson.

Example 30.2 Evaluate :

dx sin 2   cos2 
(i)  cos n x , when n = 0 and n = 2 (ii)  sin 2 
d

Solution :
dx dx
(i) When n = 0,  cosn x   coso x
dx
   dx
1 
odx
Now  dx can be written as x .

o x o 1
  dx  x dx  0 1
CxC
When n = 2,
dx dx
 cosn x  cos 2 x
  sec2 x dx
 tan x  C
sin 2   cos2  1
(ii)  d   sin 2  d    cosec2 d
sin 2 
 cot   C

MATHEMATICS 331
 Integration
MODULE - VIII Example 30.3 Evaluate :
Calculus
x2  1
(i)   sin x  cos x  dx (ii)  x3
dx

1 x  1 1 
(iii)  dx (iv)   2
  dx
Notes x 1 x 1  x2 

Solution : (i)   sin x  cos x  dx   sin x dx   cos x dx   cos x  sin x  C

x2  1  x2 1  1 1
(ii)  3
dx    3  3  dx   x dx   x3 dx
x x x 

x 31 1
 log x   C  log x  2  C
3  1 2x

(iii)
1 x  1 x 
 x dx    x  x  dx  
 x

1
2 
1
x2  dx
2 3/2
2 x  x C
3
 1 1  dx dx
(iv)   1  x2
   dx   2

1  x2  1 x 1  x2
 tan 1 x  sin 1 x  C

Example 30.4 Evaluate :

 x 3 
1  sin 2 d 
 4e   dx
(i)  (ii)
x x2  1 

 x6  1 
2
(iii)   tan x  cot x  dx (iv)   x 2  1  dx

Solution : (i) 1  sin 2  cos2   sin 2   2 sin  cos 

 sin 2   cos 2   1 
 

  cos   sin  2    cos   sin  

(sign is selected depending upon the value of  )
(a) If 1  sin 2  cos   sin 
then  1  sin 2 d    cos   sin   d

332 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
  cos  d   sin  d  sin   cos   C Calculus
(b) If  1  sin 2 d     cos   sin   d    cos  d   sin  d
  sin   cos   C
 x 3  x dx 3
(ii) 
 4e   dx   4e   dx Notes
2
x x 1  x x2 1
dx
 4 e x dx  3  x 1
x x 2  1  4e  3 sec x  C
2
  tan 
2
(iii)   tan x  cot x  dx  x  cot 2 x  2 tan x cot x dx

   tan 2 x  cot 2 x  2  dx
   tan 2 x  1  cot 2 x  1  dx
   sec2 x  cosec2 x  dx
  sec2 x dx   cosec 2 x dx
 tan x  cot x  C
 x6  1   4 2
(iv)   x 2  1  dx    x  x2  1  2  dx (dividing x 6  1 by x 2  1 )
x 1
dx
  x 4 dx   x 2 dx   dx  2
x2  1
x5 x3
   x  2 tan 1 x  C
5 3

Example 30.5 Evaluate :

3
1   5x 4x 
(i) 
  x  x  dx (ii)   4e  9e  3  dx
3x
 e 
Solution :
3
 1   3/ 2 1 1 1 
(i)   x  x  dx    x  3x x  3 x x  x 3 / 2  dx
3 / 2 dx 1 dx
 x  3 x dx  3 dx   x3 / 2
x

x5 / 2 x3 / 2 x1 / 2 2
 5
3 3
3 1
 C
2 2 2
x

MATHEMATICS 333
 Integration
MODULE - VIII 5 3 1 1
2 
Calculus  x 2  2x 2  6x 2  2x 2  C
5

 4e5x  9e 4x  3  4e5x 9e 4x 3dx

(ii)    dx   dx   dx   e3x
e3x  e3x e3x
Notes
 4  e2x dx  9  e x dx  3  e3x dx

 2e2x  9e x  e 3x  C

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.2

1. Evaluate :
 1 x 2
(a)   x  2  dx (b)  1  x2 dx

 9 1   5  3x  6x2  7x4  8x6 

(c)   10x  x  x  dx (d)   6  dx
 x 
2
x4  2 
(e)  1  x2 dx (f)   x   dx
 x 
2. Evaluate :
dx 2 2 cos x
(a)  1  cos 2x (b)  tan xdx (c)  sin 2 x dx
dx sin x
(d)  1  cos 2x (e)  cos 2 x dx (f)   cosec x  cot x  cosec x dx
3. Evaluate :
1
(a)  1  cos 2x dx (b)  1  cos 2x dx (c)  1  cos 2x dx

4. Evaluate :
(a)  x  2 dx

30.5 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

11.5.1 Integration By Substitution
This method consists of expressing  f  x  dx in terms of another variable so that the resultant
function can be integrated using one of the standard results discussed in the previous lesson.
First, we will consider the functions of the type f  ax  b  , a  0 where f (x) is a standard
function.
334 MATHEMATICS
 Integration

Example 30.6 Evaluate : MODULE - VIII

Calculus
(i)  sin  ax  b  dx
Solution : (i)  sin  ax  b  dx
Put ax  b  t . Notes
dt dt
Then a  or dx 
dx a
dt
  sin  ax  b  dx   sin t a
(Here the integration factor will be replaced by dt.)

1 1 cos  ax  b 
  sin t dt    cos t   C   C
a a a

Example 30.7 Evaluate :

n
1
(i)   ax  b  dx , where n  1 (ii)   ax  b  dx
n
Solution : (i)   ax  b  dx , where n  1
dt dt
Put ax  b  t  a  or dx 
dx a

n 1 n 1 t n 1
  ax  b  dx  t dt   C
a
 a  n  1
n 1
1  ax  b 
  C where n  1
a n 1

1
(ii)   ax  b  dx
1
Put ax  b  t  dx  dt
a
1 1 dt 1
   ax  b  dx   a  t
 log t  C
a
1
 log ax  b  C
a

MATHEMATICS 335
 Integration
MODULE - VIII Example 30.8 Evaluate :
Calculus
5x  7 dx
(i) e
Solution : (i)  e5x  7 dx
Notes dt
Put 5x  7  t  dx 
5
1 1 t
  e5x  7 dx  5  et dt 
5
e C

1 5x  7
 e C
5
1
Likewise  eax  bdx  a eax  b  C
Similarly, using the substitution ax + b = t, the integrals of the following functions will be :
n 1
n 1  ax  b 
  ax  b  dx 
a n 1
 C, n  1

1 1
  ax  b  dx 
a
log ax  b  C

1
 sin  ax  b  dx  cos  ax  b   C
a
1
 cos  ax  b  dx  sin  ax  b   C
a

2 1
 sec  ax  b  dx  tan  ax  b   C
a

2 1
 cosec  ax  b  dx  cot  ax  b   C
a
1
 sec  ax  b  tan  ax  b  dx  sec  ax  b   C
a
1
 cosec  ax  b  cot  ax  b  dx   a cosec  ax  b   C
Example 30.9 Evaluate :

2
(i)  sin x dx (ii)  sin 3 x dx (iii)  cos
3 x dx (iv)  sin 3x sin 2x dx
Solution : We use trigonometrical identities and express the functions in terms of sines and
cosines of multiples of x

336 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
1  cos 2x  2 1  cos 2x 
(i)
2
 sin x dx   2 dx  sin x   Calculus
2
1 1 1
   1  cos 2x  dx   1dx   cos 2x dx
2 2 2
1 1 Notes
 x  sin 2x  C
2 4
3 sin x  sin 3x
(ii)  sin 3 x dx   4
dx  sin 3x  3 sin x  4 sin 3 x 
 

1 1 cos 3x 
   3 sin x  sin 3x  dx   3 cos x  C
4 4 3 
cos 3x  3 cos x
(iii)  cos3 x dx   4
dx  cos 3x  4 cos3 x  3 cos x 
 

1 1  sin 3x 
   cos 3x  3 cos x  dx    3 sin x   C
4 4 3 
1
(iv)  sin 3x sin 2x dx  2  2 sin 3x sin 2x dx
 2 sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
1 1 sin 5x 
   cos x  cos 5x  dx   sin x  C
2 2 5 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.3

1. Evaluate :
2
(a)  sin  4  5x  dx (b)  sec  2  3x  dx
 
(c)  sec  x  4  dx (d)  cos  4x  5  dx
(e)  sec  3x  5  tan  3x  5  dx
(f)  cosec  2  5x  cot  2  5x  dx
2. Evaluate :
dx
(a)   3  4x 4 (b)   x  1
4
dx (c)   4  7x 
10
dx

3 1 1
(d)   4x  5  dx (e)  3x  5 dx (f)  5  9x
dx

MATHEMATICS 337
 Integration
MODULE - VIII 2 1
Calculus (g)   2x  1  dx (h)  x  1 dx
3. Evaluate :

2x 1dx 38x dx
1
(a) e (b) e (c)  e 7  4x  dx
Notes
4. Evaluate :
2 3 3
(a)  cos x dx (b)  sin x cos x dx
(c)  sin 4x cos 3x dx (d)  cos 4x cos 2x dx
f 'x 
30.5.2 Integration of Function of The Type
f x 

f ' x 
To evaluate  f  x  dx , we put f (x) = t. Then f ' (x) dx = dt.
f ' x  dt
  f  x  dx   t  log t  C  log f  x   C
Integral of a function, whose numerator is derivative of the denominator, is equal to the logarithm
of the denominator.

Example 30.10 Evaluate :

2x dx
(i)  x2  1 dx (ii)  2 x 3 x 
Solution :

(i) Now 2x is the derivative of x 2  1 .

 By applying the above result, we have
2x
 x 2  1 dx  log x2  1  C

1
(ii) is the derivative of 3  x
2 x
dx
 2 x 3  log 3  x C
x 

338 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
Example 30.11 Evaluate : MODULE - VIII
Calculus
e x  e x e 2x  1
(i)  ex  ex dx (ii)  e2x  1 dx
Solution :
Notes
(i) e x  e x is the derivative of e x  e  x
e x  e x
  ex  ex dx  log e x  ex  C

Alternatively,
e x  e x
For  ex  ex dx ,
Put e x  e x  t.
Then  ex  ex  dx  dt
ex  ex dt
  e x  ex dx    log t  C  log e x  e  x  C
t

e 2x  1
(ii)  e2x  1 dx
Here e 2x  1 is not the derivative of e 2x  1. But if we multiply the numerator and denominator
by e  x , the given function will reduce to
ex  ex
 ex  e x dx  log e x  e x  C

e2x  1 ex  ex
  e2x  1 dx   log e x  e  x  C
ex  e x

    
 e x  e x is the derivative of e x  e  x 


CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.4

1. Evaluate :
x 2x  1 2x  9
(a)  3x 2  2 dx (b)  x 2  x  1 dx (c)  x 2  9x  30 dx

MATHEMATICS 339
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
Calculus x2  1 2x  1 dx
(d)  x3  3x  3 dx (e)  x2  x  5 dx (f) 

x 5 x 
dx
(g)  x  8  log x 
Notes
2. Evaluate :

ex dx
(a)  2  bex dx (b)  ex  e x
30.5.3 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

(i)  tan x dx (ii)  sec x dx

Solution :
sin x  sin x
(i)  tan x dx   cos x dx  
cos x
dx

  log cos x  C (  sin x is derivative of cos x)

1
 log C or  log sec x  C
cos x

  tan x dx  log sec x  C

Alternatively,
sin x dx  sin x dx
 tan x dx   cos x
 
cos x
Put cos x  t.
Then  sin x dx  dt
dt
  tan x dx    t
  log t  C   log cos x  C

1
 log  C  log sec x  C
cos x

(ii)  sec x dx
sec x can not be integrated as such because sec x by itself is not derivative of any function. But
this is not the case with sec 2 x and sec x tan x. Now  sec x dx can be written as

 sec x  tan x 
 sec x  sec x  tan x  dx

340 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII

 sec2 x  sec x tan x  dx Calculus
 sec x  tan x
Put sec x  tan x  t.
Then  sec x tan x  sec2 x  dx  dt
Notes
dt
  sec x dx   t  log t  C  log sec x  tan x  C

1
Example 30.13 Evaluate  a 2  x 2 dx
Solution : Put x  a sin   dx  a cos  d

1 a cos 
  a 2  x 2 dx   a 2  a 2 sin 2  d
1 cos  1 1 1
  2
d   d   sec  d
a 1  sin  a cos  a
1 1 1  sin 
 log sec   tan   C  log C
a a cos 

x
1
1 a C 1 ax 1 ax
 log  log C  log C
a x2 a a
1 2 a2  x2 ax
a

1
1 a  x 2
 log   C 
1
log
ax
C
a ax 2a ax

1
Example 30.14 Evaluate :  x 2  a 2 dx
Solution : Put x  a sec   dx  a sec  tan d
1 a sec  tan  d
  x 2  a 2 dx   a 2 sec2   a 2
1 s ec  tan 

a  tan 2 
d  tan 2   sec2   1 

MATHEMATICS 341
 Integration
MODULE - VIII 1 sec  1 1 1
  d   d   cosec  d
Calculus a tan  a sin  a

1 1 1  cos 
 log cosec   cot   C  log C
a a sin 

Notes
a
1 1
 log x C 1 xa
a 2  log C
a a x2  a2
1 2
x

1 xa 1 xa
 log C  log C
a xa 2a xa

1
Example 30.15  a 2  x 2 dx

Solution : Put x  a tan   dx  a sec2  d

1 a sec 2 
 a2  x2 dx   a 2  1  tan 2   d


1 1 x 1 x 
  d    C   tan   tan  
a a a a 
1 x
 tan 1  C
a a

1
Example 30.16  a2  x2
dx

Put x  a sin   dx  a cos  d

1 a cos 
  dx   d
a2  x2 a 2  a 2 sin 2 
a cos 
  a cos  d   d C

x
 sin 1 C
a

342 MATHEMATICS
 Integration

1 MODULE - VIII
Example 30.17  dx Calculus
x2  a2

Solution : Let x  a sec   dx  a sec  tan  d

1 a sec  tan 
   a d Notes
x2  a2 sec 2  1
  sec d  log sec   tan   C

x 1
 log  x2  a2  C
a a

 log x  x2  a2  C

1
Example 30.18  a2  x2
dx

Solution : Put x  a tan   dx  a sec 2  d

  sec  d
1 2 x
 log sec   tan   C  log a  x2  C
a a

 log a2  x2  x  C

x2  1
Example 30.19  x 4  1 dx

Solution : Since x 2 is not the derivative of x 4  1 , therefore, we write the given integral as
1
1 2
 2 x 1 dx
x  2
x
1  1 
Let x   t . Then   1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
1 1
Also x2  2  2  t2  x2  2  t2  2
x x

MATHEMATICS 343
 Integration
MODULE - VIII 1 dt
1
Calculus x 2 dx  dt   2
  1  t2  2  t 2   2 
x2  2
x
x1 
1 t 1 1  x C
Notes  tan 1  C  2 tan  2 

2 2 
 

x2  1
Example 30.20  x 4  1 dx

1
1
x2 1 x 2 dx
Solution :  x 4  1 dx   1
x2  2
x
1  1 
Put x  t. Then  1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
1 1
Also x2  2   t2  x2   t2  2
x2 x2
1
1 dt
x 2 dx  dt 
 1  t2  2  2

x2  2  t 2   2 
x

1 t 2
 log C
2 2 t 2

1
 2 x
1 x
 log C
2 2 1
x  2
x

x2
Example 30.21  x 4  1 dx
Solution : In order to solve it, we will reduce the given integral to the integrals given in Ex-
amples 11.19 and 11.20.

x2 1  x2  1 x2  1 
 x4  1 dx    dx
2   x4  1 x4  1 
i.e., 

344 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
1 x2  1 1 x2  1
  4 dx   4 dx Calculus
2 x 1 2 x 1
 x1  1
x   2 
1 1  
x  1 x
  tan 1   log C
2 2 2 2 1
  x  2 
   x  Notes

1
Example 30.22  x 4  1 dx
Solution : We can reduce the given integral to the following form

1  x 2  1    x 2  1  dx
2  x4  1

1 x2  1 1 x2  1
 dx  dx
2  x4  1 2  x4  1

 x1  1
x   2 
1 1  
x  1 x
  tan 1   log C
2 2 2 2 2 1
  x  2 
   x 

1 x2  1
Example 30.23 (a)  x2  x  1 dx (b)  4
x  x2  1
dx

1 1
Solution : (a)  x 2  x  1 dx   2 1 1
dx
x  x   1
4 4
1
  2
dx
1 3
x  
 2 4

1
  2
dx
2
 1  3
x   
 2  2 

 1 
 x 
1 2 C
 tan 1 
3  3 
 
2  2 

MATHEMATICS 345
 Integration
MODULE - VIII 1
Calculus 1
(b) x2 1 x2
 x 4  x 2  1 dx   1
dx
x2  1 
x2

1  1 
Notes Put
x  t.   1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
1 1
Also x2  2   t2  x2  1   t2  1
x2 x2
1
1
x2 dx 
dt 1 t 1
  1  t2  1  log C
x2 1 2 2 t 1
x

1
x  1
1 x
 log C
2 1
x  1
x

Example 30.24  tan x dx

Solution : Let tan x  t 2  sec 2 x dx  2t dt

2t 2t
 dx  dt  dt
sec2 x 1  t4

 2t  2t 2
  tan xdx  t
  1  t4 
  dt   1  t 4 dt
 t2  1 t 2  1  t2  1 t2  1
  4  4  dt  dt 
 t 1 t 1
 t4  1  t 4  1 dt

Example 30.25  cot x dx

Solution : Let cot x  t 2  cosec 2 x dx  2t dt

2t 2t
 dx  dt   dt
cosec 2 x t4  1

 2t 
  cot x dx    t  4  dt
 t 1

346 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
2t 2  t2  1 t 2  1 
  4 dt     4  4  dt Calculus
t 1  t 1 t 1
Proceed according to Examples 11.19 and 11.20 solved before.

Example 30.26  tan x  cot x dx  Notes

Let sin x  cos x  t   cos x  sin x  dx  dt

Also 1  2 sin x cos x  t 2  1  t 2  2 sin x cos x

1  t2
  sin x cos x
2

sin x  cos x dt
 dx   dt

cos x sin x 1  t2  2
2 1  t2

 2 sin 1  sin x  cos x   C

(Using the result of Example 26.25)

Example 30.27 Evaluate :

dx dx
(a)  8  3x  x 2
(b)  x  1  2x 
Solution :
dx dx
  
(a) 8  3x  x 2 
8  x 2  3x 
dx
dx  
  2 2
9 9  41  x 3
8   x 2  3x        
 4 4  2   2

 3
 x  
2
 sin 1   C
 41 
 2 

 2x  3 
 sin 1  C
 41 

MATHEMATICS 347
 Integration
MODULE - VIII dx dx
(b)  x  1  2x   
Calculus x  2x 2
1 dx 1 dx
   
2 x 2 1  2 x 1 
 x2  x  
2 16  2 16 
Notes
 1 

1 dx  x  
2
  1 2  1
2 
1 1  
sin 
4 C

  x   2   1 
 
4  4   4  
1
 sin 1  4x  1   C
2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.5

1. Evaluate :
x2 ex x
(a)  x2  9 dx (b)  e2x  1 dx (c)  1  x 4 dx

dx dx dx
(d)  16  9x 2
(e)  1  3 sin 2 x (f)  3  2x  x 2
dx dx dx
(g)  3x 2  6x  21 (h)  5  4x  x 2
(i) x 3x 2  12

d e x dx 1 x
(j)  sin 4   cos 4  (k)  (l)  dx
1 e 2x 1 x
dx 3x 2  x  1
(m)  2ax  x 2
(n)  dx (o)  dx
9  16x 6 x2  1
dx sin  sec 2 x
(p)  (q)  d (r)  dx
9  4x 2 4 cos2   1 tan 2 x  4
1 1
(s)   x  2 2  1 dx (t)  dx
16x 2  25

30.6 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

In differentiation you have learnt that
d d d
 fg   f  g   g  f 
dx dx dx

348 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
d d d MODULE - VIII
or f  g    fg   g  f  (1) Calculus
dx dx dx

d
Also you know that  dx  fg  dx  fg
Integrating (1). we have Notes

d d d
 f dx  g  dx   dx  fg  dx   g dx  f  dx
d
 fg   g  f  dx
dx

d
if we take f  u  x :  g   v  x .
dx

(2) become  u  x  v  x  dx

d 
 u  x    v  x  dx     u  x    v  x  dx dx
 dx 

=I function  integral of II function   [differential coefficient of function  integralof II

function]dx
A B
Here the important factor is the choice of I and II function in the product of two functions
because either can be I or II function. For that the indicator will be part 'B' of the result above.
The first function is to be chosen such that it reduces to a next lower term or to a constant term
after subseqent differentiations.
In questions of integration like

x sin x, x cos 2 x, x 2e x
(i) algebraic function should be taken as the first function
(ii) If there is no algebraic function then look for a function which simplifies the product in
'B' as above; the choice can be in order of preference like choosin first function
(i) an inverse function (ii) a logarithmic function
(iii) a trigonometric function (iv) an exponential function.
The following examples will give a practice to the concept of choosing first function.
I function II function

1.  x cos x dx x (being algebraic) cos x

MATHEMATICS 349
 Integration
MODULE - VIII 2. 2 x

Calculus
 x e dx x 2 (being algebraic) ex

2
3. x log dx log x x2

log x 1
Notes
4.  1  x  dx
2 log x
1  x 
2

1
5.  x sin x dx sin 1 x x

6.  log x dx log x 1

(In single function of logarithm

and inverse trigonometric we
take unity as II function)

7. sin 1 x dx sin 1 x 1

Example 30.28 Evaluate :

2
x sin x dx

Solution: Taking algebraic function x 2 as function and sin x as II function, we herv..

x2 d 
 sin x dx  x 2  sin x     x 2   sin x dx  dx
I
 dx 

  x 2 cos x  2  x   cos x  dx

  x 2 cos x  2  x cos x dx (1)

again  x cos x dx  x sin x  cos x  c (2)

Substituting (2) in (1), we have

2
x sin x dx   x 2 cos x  2[ x sin x  cos x ]  C

  x 2 cos x  2 x sin x  cos x  C

Example 30.29 Evaluate :

2
x log x dx

Solution: In order of preference log x is to be taken as I function.

350 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
x3 1 x3
Calculus
2
  log x x dx  log x    dx
3 x 3
I II
x3 x2 x3 1  x3 
 log x   dx  log x   C
3 3 3 3  3 
Notes
3 3
x x
 log x   C
3 9

Example 30.30 Evaluate :

1
 sin x dx

Solution:  sin 1 x dx   sin 1 x 1  dx

x
 x sin 1 x   dx
1  x2

1
Let 1  x2  t  2x dx  dt  x dx  dt
2

x 1 dt
 dx  
2  t   t  C   1 x  C
2

1  x2

1
 sin x dx  x sin 1 x  1  x 2  C

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.6

Evaluate:

 1  x  cos 2 x dx
2
1. (a)  x sin x dx (b) (c)  x sin 2 x dx
2 2
2. (a)  x tan x dx (b) x sin 2 x dx

2
3. (a) x
3
log 2 x dx (b) 1  x  log x dx
2
(c)   log x  dx

log x log  log x 

4. (a)  dx (b)  dx
xn x

MATHEMATICS 351
 Integration
MODULE - VIII 2 3x 3x
Calculus 5. (a) x e dx (b) x e dx

2
6. (a)  x  log x  dx

1 1
7. (a)  sec x dx (b)  x cot x dx
Notes

30.7 INTEGRAL OF THE FORM

x
e  f  x   f '  x   dx

where f' (x) is the differentiation of f (x). In such type of integration while integrating by parts the
solution will be e x  f  x    C.

For example, consider

 e  tan x  log sec x dx

x

sec x tan x
Let   x   log sec x, then f ' x   tan x
sec x
So (1) can be rewritten as

e
x
 f '  x   f  x   dx  e x  f  x    C  e x log sec x  C

Alternatively, you can evaluate it as under:

 e  tan x  log sec x  dx   e

x x
tan x dx   e x log sec x dx

I II

 e x log sec x   e x log sec x dx   e x log sec x dx

 e x log sec x  C

Example 30.31 Evaluate the following:

x 1 1  x  1  x log x 
(a) e   2  dx (b) e   dx
x x   x 

x ex  1  sin x 
(c)   x  1 dx 2 (d) e
x
1  cos x dx
 

352 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
Solution:
Calculus
x 1 1  x 1 d  1  x1
(a) e   2 dx   e     dx  e  
x x   x dx  x    x

x  1  x log x  x1  Notes

(b) e  dx   e   log x dx
 x  x 

 d 
  e x  log x   log x  dx  e x log x  C
 dx 

x ex x  1 1 x x
 1 1 
(c)   x  1 2
dx   2
e dx    x  1  x  12 dx
e  
 x  1  

 1 d  1 
  ex    dx
 x  1 dx  x  1  
  

 1 
 ex  C
 x 1 

 x x
1  sin x 1  2sin cos 
  2 2 dx
  ex   dx   e x  
(d)  1  cos x  2 x
 2 cos 
 2 

1 x x
  e x  sec 2  tan  dx
2 2 2

 x d x 
  e x  tan   tan   dx
 2 x 2 

x
 e x tan C
2

Example 30.32 Evaluate the following:

3 x
(a)  sec x dx (b) e sin x dx

MATHEMATICS 353
 Integration
MODULE - VIII Solution:
Calculus 3
(a)  sec x dx

Let I   sec x  sec 2 x dx

Notes
 sec x  tan x   sec x tan x  tan x dx

 I  sec x tan x    sec3 x  sec x  dx tan 2

x  sec 2 x  1

or I  sec x tan x   sec 3 x dx   sec x dx

or 2 I  sec x tan x   secx dx

or I  sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x  C1

1
or I sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x   C
2
x
(b) e sin x dx

Let I   e x sin x dx

 e x   cos x    e x   cos x  dx  e x cos x   e x cos x dx


 e x cos x  e x sin x   e x sin x dx 
 I  e x cos x  e x sin x  1
or
2 I  e x cos x  e x sin x

ex
or I  sin x  cos x   C
2

Example 30.33 Evaluate:

 a 2  x 2 dx

Solution:
Let I   a 2  x 2 dx   a 2  x 2 1 dx

Integrating by parts only and taking 1 as the second function, we have

354 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
1 Calculus
I  
a2  x2 x  
2 a  x2 2
 2 x   x dx

x2 a2  a2  x2 
 x a2  x2   dx  x a 2  x 2   dx
a2  x 2
a2  x2 Notes

1
 x a2  x2  a2  dx   a 2  x 2 dx
2 2
a x

x
 I  x a 2  x 2  a 2 sin 1    1
a

 x
or 2 I  x a 2  x 2  a 2 sin 1  
a

1  x 
or I  x a 2  x 2  a 2 sin 1     C
2  a 

x x2  a 2 a 2
Similarly,  x 2  a 2 dx   log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2

x a2  x 2 a 2
  a 2  x 2 dx   log x  x a 2  x 2  C
2 2

Example 30.34 Evaluate:

(a)  16 x 2  25dx (b)  16  x 2 dx (c)  1  x  2 x 2 dx

Solution:

2
2 25 5
(a)  16 x  25dx  4  x  dx  4  x 2    dx
2

16 4

 x  a 2 dx we get,
2
Using the formula for

 x 2 25 25 25 
 16 x 2  25dx   x   log x  x 2  C
 2 16 32 16 

x 25
 16 x 2  25  log 4 x  16 x 2  25  C
8 8

MATHEMATICS 355
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
Calculus  a  x 2  dx we get ,
2
(b) Using the formula for

x 16 x
16  x 2 dx   4
2
 x 2 dx  16  x 2  sin 1  C
 2 2 4

1 x
Notes (c)
 1  x  2 x 2 dx  2    x 2 dx
2 2

1  x 1  1
 2     x 2      dx
2  2 16  16 

2 2
3  1
 2     x   dx
4  4

 1 1
x 4 9  x 
2

 2
1
x  
9
sin 1 4C
4  16  2 3 
 2 16  
 4 

 4x 1 1 9 4 x  1
 2  1  x  2 x 2  sin 1 C
 8 2 32 3 

4x 1 9 2 1 4 x  1
 1  x  2 x2  sin C
8 32 3

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.7

Evaluate:
1. (a) e
x
sec x 1  tan x  dx (b) e
x
sec x  log sec x  tan x  dx

x 1 x x
 1 1 
2. (a)  x 2 e dx (b) e
   sin x   dx
1  x2 

x  x  1 dx xe x
3. e  x  1
3 4.   x  1 2
dx

x  sin x x
5.  1  cos x dx 6. e sin 2 x dx

356 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
30.8 INTEGRATION BY USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Calculus
By now we are equipped with the various techniques of integration.

4x  5
But there still may be a case like 2
, where the substitution or the integration by parts
x  x6
Notes
may not be of much help. In this case, we take the help of another technique called techmique
of integrayion using partial functions.

p  x
Any proper rational fraction q x can be expressed as the sum of rational functions, each
 
having a single factor of q(x). Each such fraction is known as partial fraction and the process
of obtaining them is called decomposition or resolving of the given fraction into partial fractions.

3 5 8x  7 8x  7
For example,    2
x  2 x  1  x  2  x  1 x  x  2

3 5 8x  7
Here , are called partial fractions of 2 .
x  2 x 1 x  x2

f  x
If g x is a proper fraction and g (x)can be resolved into real factors then,
 
(a) corresponding to each non repeated linear factor ax + b, there is a partial fraction of the
form
2
(b) for  ax  b  we take the sum of two partial fractions  as

A B

ax  b  ax  b 2

3
For  ax  b  we take the sum of three partial fractions as

A B C
 
ax  b  ax  b   ax  b 3
2

and so on.
(c) For non-fractorisable quadratic polynomial ax 2  bx  c there is a partial fraction

Ax  B
ax 2  bx  c

MATHEMATICS 357
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
f  x f  x
Calculus Therefore, if g (x) is a proper fraction g x and can be resolved into real factors, g x can
   
be written in the follwoing form:
Factor in the denominator corresponding partial fraction
Notes A
ax+b
ax  b

A B
2 
 ax  b   ax  b   ax  b 2
A B C
3  
 ax  b   ax  b   ax  b   ax  b 3
2

Ax  B
ax 2  bx  c ax 2  bx  c

Ax  B Cx  D
2 
 ax2  bx  c  ax  bx  c  ax  bx  c  2
2 2

where A,B,C,D are arbitary constants.

The rational functions which we shall consider for integration will be those whose denominators
can be fracted into linear and quadratic factors.

Example 30.35 Evaluate:

2x  5
x 2
dx
 x2
2x  5 2x  5
Solution: 2

x  x  2  x  2  x  1

2x  5 A B
Let  
 x  2  x  1 x  2 x  1
Multiplyping both sides by  x  2  x  1 ,we have

2 x  5  A  x  1  B  x  2 
Putting x = 2, weget 9 =3A or A=3
Putting x = -1, we get 3 = -3B or B = -1
substituting these values in(1),we have

358 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
2x  5

3

1 Calculus
 x  2  x  1 x  2 x  1

2x  5 3 1
 x 2
dx   dx   dx
x2 x2 x 1
Notes

 3log x  2  log x  1  C

Example 30.36 Evaluate:

x3  x  1
 x2  1 dx
x3  x  1
Solution: I  dx
x2 1

x2  x  1 2x  1 2x  1
Now 2
 x 2  x
x 1 x 1  x  1 x  1

 2x 1 
 I    x   dx
  x  1 x  1 

2x  1 A B
Let   (2)
 x  1 x  1 x  1 x  1

 2 x  1  A  x  1  B  x  1

3
Putting x = 1, we get B 
2

1
Putting x = -1, we get A 
2
Substituting the values of A and B in (2) and integrating, we have

2x 1 1 1 3 1
 x2
 1
dx   2
2  x  1
dx  
2 x 1
dx

1 3
 log x  1  log x  1 (3)
2 2

MATHEMATICS 359
 Integration
MODULE - VIII  From (1) and (3), we have
Calculus
x2 1 3
I  log x  1  log x  1  C
2 2 2

Example 30.37 Evaluate:

Notes
8
  x  2  x 2
 4
dx

Solution:
8 A Bx  C
(a)   2
 x  2 x 2
 4 x2 x 4
(As x 2  4 is not factorisable into linear factors)
Multiplying both sides by  x  2   x 2  4  , we have

8  A  x 2  4    Bx  C  x  2 
On comparing the corresponding coeffcients of powers of x on both sides, we get
0  A B 

0  2 B  C   A  1, B  1, C  2
8  4 A  2C 

8 1 x2
   x  2  x 2
 4
dx  
x2
dx   2
x 4
dx

1 1 2x dx
 dx   2 dx  2  4
x2 2 x 4 x 4

1 1 x
 log x  2  log x 2  4  2  tan 1  C
2 2 2

1 x
 log x  2  log x 2  4  tan 1  C
2 2

Example 30.38 Evaluate:

2 sin 2  cos 
 4  cos 2
d
  4 sin 
Solution:

Let I =
2 sin 2  cos 
d =
 4 sin   1 cos d
2
4  cos   4 sin   3  sin 2   4sin 
360 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
Let sin  = t, then cos  d  = dt
Calculus
4t  1
 I=  3t 2
dt
 4t
4t  1 A B
Let 2
  Thus 4t  1  A  t  1  b  t  3 Notes
3  t  4t t  3 t  1
3 11
Put t  1 thenB   Put t  3 then A 
2 2

11  1  3 dt 11 3
 I=    dt    log t  3  log t  1  C
2  t 3 2 t 1 2 2

11 3
= log sin   3  log sin   1  C
2 2

1 dt 1  2t  1 dt 1 1
    2  
3 1  t 6 t  t  1 2  1   3 2
2
= t  2    2 
   

 1
1 1 1 2 t 
 log 1  t  log t 2  t  1   tan 1  2 
= 3 6 2 3  3 
 
 2 

1 1 1  2t  1 
2
=  log 1  t  log t  t  1  tan 1  C
3 6 3  3 

1 1 1  2 tan   1 
  log 1  tan   log tan 2   tan   1  tan 1  C
3 6 3  3 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.8

Evaluate the following:

1. (a)  4 x 2  5dx (b)  x 2  3x dx (c) 3  2 x  2 x 2 dx

x 1 x
2. (a)   x  2  x  3 dx (b) x 2
 16
dx

x2 2x2  x 1
3. (a)  x 2  4 dx (b)   x  1  x  2 dx
2

MATHEMATICS 361
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
x2  x  1
Calculus 4.   x  1 3
dx

sin x 1  cos x
5. (a)  sin 4 x dx (b)  cos x 1  cos x  dx
Notes
C

1A
+
%
LET US SUM UP

l Integration is the inverse of differentiation

l Standard form of some inddefinite integrals
x n 1
(a)
n
 x dx   C  n  1
n 1
1
(b)  x dx  log x  C

(c)  sin x ax   cos x  C

(d)  cos x dx  sin x  C

2
(e)  sec x dx  tan x  C
2
(f)  cos ec x dx   cot x  C

(g)  sec x tan xdx  sec x  C

(h)  cos ecx cot x dx   cos ecx  C

1
(i)  dx
1  x2  sin 1 x  C

1
(j)  1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x  C

1
(k) x dx
x2 1  sec 1 x  C
x
(l)  e dx  ex  C

ax
(m) a
x
dx   C  a  0 and a  1
log
l Properties of indefinite integrals
(a)   f  x   g  x  dx   f  x dx   g  x dx

362 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
(b)  kf  x  dx  k  f  x  dx Calculus
n 1
n 1  ax  b 
(i)   ax  b  dx 
a n 1
 C  n  1

1 1
(ii)  ax  b dx  log ax  b  C Notes
a
1
(iii)  sin  ax  b  dx  cos  ax  b   C
a
1
(iv)  cos  ax  b  dx  sin  ax  b   C
a
1
(v) 2
 sec  ax  b  dx  tan  ax  b   C
a
1
(vi) 2
 co sec  ax  b  dx  cot  ax  b   C
a
1
(vii)  sec  ax  b  tan  ax  b  dx  sec  ax  b   C
a
1
(viii)  co sec  ax  b  cot  ax  b  dx  a co sec  ax  b   C
ax  b 1 ax b
(ix) e dx  e C
a
(i)  tan x dx   log cos x  C  log sec x  C

(ii)  cot x dx  log sin x  C

(iii)  sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  C

(iv)  co sec x dx  log co sec x  cot x  C

1 1 a x
l (i) a 2 2
dx  log C
x 2a ax

1 1 ax
(ii) a 2 2
dx  log C
x 2a a x

1 1 x
(iii) a 2 2
dx  tan 1  C
x a a
1 x
(iv)  dx  sin 1 C
a2  x2 a

MATHEMATICS 363
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
1
Calculus (v)  2 2
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  C
x a
dx
(vi)   log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2
x a
Notes l Integral of the product of two functions
I function  Integral of II function   [ Derivative of I function  Integral of II function]dx
x
l
e  f  x   f  x   dx  e x f  x   C

1  x 
 a 2  x 2 dx   x a 2  x 2  a 2 sin 1     C
2  a 

x x2  a 2 a 2
 x 2  a 2 dx   log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2

2 x a2  x 2 a 2
2 2 2
 a  x dx  2  2 log x  a  x  C
l Rational fractions are of following two types:
(i) Proper, where degree of variable of numerator < denominator.
(ii) Improper, where degree of variable of numerator  denominator..
f  x
l If g (x) is a proper fraction g x can be resolved into real factors, then
 
f  x
g  x  can be written in the following form :

Factors in denominator Corresponding partial fraction

A
ax+b
ax  b
A B
2 
 ax  b  ax  b  ax  b 2

A B C
3  
 ax  b  ax  b  ax  b   ax  b 3
2

Ax  B
ax 2  bx  c ax 2  bx  c
Ax  B Cx  D
2 
 ax 2
 bx  c  ax  bx  c  ax 2  bx  c  2
2

where A,B,C, D are arbitary constants.

364 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
Calculus
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/maths/12methods/04integration/index.shtml
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/integration
http://www.sosmath.com/calculus/integration/byparts/byparts.... Notes

TERMINAL EXERCISE

Integrate the following functions w.r.t.x:

sin 3 x  cos3 x cos 2 x
1. 2. 1  sin 2x 3.
sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
4 1 2sin 2 x
5. 1  x 2 
2
4.  tan x  cot x  1  x2
6.
1  cos 2 x
2 2
2 cos 2 x  x x  x x
7. 8.  sin  cos  9.  cos  sin 
1  cos 2 x  2 2  2 2

10. cos  7x    11. sin  3 x  4  12. cos2  2x  b 

cos ec
dx 1  dx
13.  sin x  cos x 14.  1  x 2  tan 1 x dx 15.  x
log  tan 
 2
cot dx ex 1
16.  3  4log sin x dx 17. 
sin 2 x log tan x
18.  e x  1 dx
x dx
19. 4
 sec x tan xdx 20.  e 2 sin e x dx 21.  2x2  3
sec 2 x
22.  tan x
dx 23.  25  9x 2 dx 24.  2ax  x 2 dx

x 2 dx
25. 
2
3x  4dx 26.  1  9x dx 2
27.  x2  a2
dx dx dx
28.  sin 2
x  4 cos 2 x
29.  2  cos x 30. x 2
 6 x  13
dx x2 dx
31.  1  3sin 2 x 32.  2
x  a2
dx 33. x 9  x4
sin dx 2
34.  sin 3 x dx 35.  1  4 cos 2
x
36.  sec  ax  b  dx
MATHEMATICS 365
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
dx x5 cos x  sin x
Calculus  x  2  log x   sin x  cos x dx
37. 38.  1  x6 dx 39.

cot x sec 2 x sin x

40.  log sin x dx 41.  a  b tan x dx 42.  1  cos dx
2 3
Notes 43.  cos x dx 44.  sin x dx 45.  sin 5 x sin 3 x dx
2 1
46.  sin x cos 3 x dx 47.  sin
4
x dx 48.  1  sin x dx
3 cos x  sin x cos ec 2 x
49.  tan x dx 50.  dx 51.  1  cot x dx
1  sin 2 x
1  x  cos 2 x sec  cos ec  d cot  d
52.  x 2  sin 2 x  2 x dx 53.  log tan  , 54.  log sin 
dx 1  tan  1 x1
55.  1  4x2 56.  d 57.  x2 e dx
1  tan 
sin x cos x dx dx
58. a 2
sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x
59.  sin x  cos x
x
 1 1  x  sin x  cos x 
60.  e  cos x   dx 61. e  2  dx
 1  x2   cos x 

1  cos x  1
 1  x 
1 cos
   2 cot    dx
62.  tan 1  cos x
dx 63.
  1  x  

sin 1 x
 3
dx
64. 65.  x log x dx
1  x  2 2

log x
66.  e 1  x  log  xe  dx
x x
67.  1  x  2
dx

x
68. e sin 2 x dx 69.  cos  log x  dx
x2 1
70.  log  x  1 dx 71.   x  1  x  3 dx
2

sin  cos  dx
72.  cos2   cos   2 dx 73.  xx 5
 1

x2  1 log x
74.   x 2  2 2 x 2  1 dx 75.  x 1  log x  2  log x  dx
dx
76.  1 e x

366 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
Calculus
ANSWERS

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.1

2 72 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 Notes
1. x  1, x 2  2, x 2  3, x 2  4, x 2  5
7 7 7 7 7

x6
2. (a) C (b) sin x  C (c) 0
6

x7 1
3. (a) C (b) C (c) log x  C
7 6 x6
x
 3
 
 5 C 3 43 1
(d)  3 (e) x C (f) C
log   4 8 x8
5
1
(g) 2 x C (h) 9x  C9

4. (a)  cos es  C (b) sec  +C

(c) tan +C (d)  cot   C

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.2

x2 1
1. (a)  xC (b)  x  tan 1 x  C
2 2

2 32 1 3 2 7
(c) x10  x  2 x  C (d)  5  4  3   8 x  C
3 x 4 x 3x x

x3 x2
(e)  x  tan 1 x  C (f)  4 x  4log x  C
3 2

1
2. (a) tan x  C (b) tan x  x  C
2

1
(c) 2 cos ec x  C (d)  cot x  C
2
(e)  sec x  C (f)  cot x  cos ec x  C

MATHEMATICS 367
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
3. (a) 2 sin x  C (b)  2 cos x  C
Calculus
1
(c)  cot x  C
2
3
2
Notes
4. (a)  x  2 2  C
3

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.3

1 1
1. (a) cos  4  5 x   C (b) tan  2  3 x   C
5 3

   
(c) log sec  x    tan  x    C
 4  4

1 1
(d) sin  4 x  5   C (e) sec  3 x  5   C
4 3

1
(f)  cos ec  3  5 x   C
5

1 1
2. (a) 3
C (b)
5
 x  1  C
12  3  4 x  5

1 11 1 4
(c)  4  7x   C (d)  4 x  5  C
77 16

1 2
(e) log 3x  5  C (f)  5  9x  C
3 9

1 3
(g)  2 x  1  C (h) log x  1  C
6

1 2 x 1 1
3. (a) e C (b)  e38 x  C
2 8

1
(c)   7  4 x
C
4e

1 sin 2 x  1  3 1 
4. (a) x C (b)   cos 2 x  cos 6 x   C
2 2  32  2 6 

1  cos 7 x  1  sin 6 x sin 2 x 

(c)   cos x   C (d)   C
2 7  2 6 2 

368 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.4 Calculus
1
1. (a) log 3 x 2  2  C (b) log x 2  x  1  C
6

1
(c) log x 2  9 x  30  C (d) log x3  3x  3  C Notes
3

(e) log x 2  x  5  C (f) 2 log 5  x  C

(g) log 8  log x  C

1
2. (a) log a  be x  C (b) tan 1  e x   C
b

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.5

3 x 3
1. (a) x  log C (b) tan 1  e x   C
2 x3

1 1 1  3 x 
(c) tan 1  x 2   C (d) sin    C
2 3  4 

1  x 1
(e) tan 1  2 tan x   C (f) sin 1  C
2  2 

1  x 1   x2
(g) tan 1  C (h) sin 1  C
3 6  6   3 

1 x 1  tan 2   1 
(i) sec 1 C (j) tan 1  C
2 3 2 2  2 tan  

(k) log e x  1  e 2 x  C (l) sin 1 x  1  x 2  C

 xa 1 1  4 3 
(m) sin 1  C (n) sin  x   C
 a  4 3 

(o) x 2  1  log x  x 2  1  C

1 2x  9  4x2
(p) log C
2 2

MATHEMATICS 369
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
1
Calculus (q)  log 2 cos   4 cos 2   1  C
2

(r) log tan x  tan 2 x  4  C

Notes 2
 x2 1 5
(s)
1
tan  C (t) log x  x 2     C
 1  4 4

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.6

1. (a)  x cos x  sin  C
1 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
(b)
2
1  x 2  sin 2 x 
2

4
C

 x cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
(c)  C
2 2 2

2. (a) x tan x  log sec x  x  C

1 3 1 2 1 1
(b) x  x sin 2 x  x cos 2 x  sin 2 x  C
6 4 4 8

x 4 log 2 x x 4  x3  x3
3. (a)  C (b)  x   log x  x  C
4 16  3 9

2
(c) x  log x   2 x log x  2 x  C

x1n x1n
4. (a) log x  2
C (b) log x.  log  log x   1  C
1 n 1  n 

 x2 2x 2  e4 x e4 x
5. (a) e3 x     C (b) x x C
 3 9 27  4 16

x2  1
 log x   log x    C
2
6. (a) 
2  2

7. (a) x sec 1 x  log x  x 2  1  C

x2 x 1
(b) cot 1 x   cot 1 x  C
2 2 2

370 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.7 MODULE - VIII
Calculus
1. (a) e x sec x0  C (b) e x log sec x  tan x  C

1 x
2. (a) e C (b) e x sin 1 x  C
x
Notes
ex eX
3. 2
C 4. C
1  x  1 x

x 1 x
5. x tan C 6. e  sin 2 x  2 cos 2 x   C
2 5

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 30.8

5 5 5
1. (a) x x2   log x  x 2   C
4 4 4

 2 x  3 9  3
(b) x 2  3x  log  x    x 2  3 x  C
4 8  2

1 7  2x 1 
(c)  2 x  1 3  2 x  2 x 2  sin 1  C
4 4 2  7 

2. (a) 4log x  3  3log x  2  C

1
(b) log x  4  log x  4  C
2

x2
3. (a)  2 log x  2  log x  2   c
2

11 7 4
(b) log x  1  log  x  2   C
9 9 3  x  1

3 3
4. log x  1   C
 x  1 2  x  12
1 1
5. (a) log 1  sin x  1  sin x
8 8

1 1
 log 1  2 sin x  log 1  2 sin x  C
4 2 4 2

MATHEMATICS 371
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
x
Calculus (b) log sec x  tan x  2 tan C
2

TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. sec x  cos ec x  C 2. sin x  cos x  C
Notes
3.  cot x  tan x  C 4. tan x  cot x  4 x  C
5. 4 tan 1 x  sin 1 x  C 6. tan x  x  C
7.  cot x  x  C 8. x  cos x  C

sin  7 x   
9. x  cos x  C 10. C
7

 cos  3x  4  tan  2 x  b 
11. C 12. C
3 2

1    
13. log cos ec  x    cot  x    C
2  4  4

x
14. log tan 1 x  C 15. log log tan C
2

1 1
16. log 3  4 log sin x  C 17. log log tan x  C
4 2
x x
2
2log e  e 2
C 1 4
18. 19. sec x  C
4

2x2  3
20. x
 cos e  C 21. C
2

22. 2 tan x  C

1
23.
6
x  25  9 x   256 sin
2 1 3 
 xC
5 

1 1 xa
24.  x  a  2ax  x 2  a 2 sin 1  C
2 2  a 

x 3x2  4 2 3x  x2  4
25.  log C
2 3 2

372 MATHEMATICS
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
x 9x2 1 1
26.  log 3 x  1  9 x 2  C Calculus
2 6

1 2 2 1 2 2 2 
27.  2 x x  a  2 a log x  x  a  C
 
Notes
  x 
2  tan  2  
1  tan x 
tan 1  tan      C
1
28. C 29. 3  3 
2  2 
 

1  x 3 1
30. tan 1  C 31. tan 1  2 tan x   C
2  2  2

a xa 1 9  x4  3
32. x  log C 33. log C
2 xa 12 9  x4  3

2 3  tan x 1 tan x  2
34. log C 35. log C
2 3 3  tan x 2 2 tan x  2

1
36. tan  ax  b   C 37. log  2  log x   C
a

1
38. log 1  x 6   C 39. log sin x  cos x  C
6

1
40. log log  sin x   C 41. log a  b tan x  C
b

1 sin 2 x 1
42.  log 1  cos x  C 43.  xC
2 2 2

cos3 x 1 sin 2 x 1 sin 8 x

44.  cos x  C 45.  C
3 2 2 2 8

1 3 sin 5 x 1
46. sin x  C 47. 12 x  8sin 2 x  sin 4 x   C
3 5 32

tan 2 x
48. tan x  sec x  C 49  log cos x  C .
2

1 1
50. C 51. log C
cos x  sin x 1  cot x

MATHEMATICS 373
 Integration
MODULE - VIII
1
Calculus 52. log x 2  sin 2 x  2 x  C 53 log tan   C .
2

1
54. log log sin   C 55. tan 1 2 x
2
1
Notes 56. log cos   sin   C 57. ex  C

1
58. log a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos 2 x  C
2a  b 
22

1    
59. log sec  x    tan  x    C
2  4  4

60. e x cos 1 x  C 61. e x sec x  C

1 2 1
62. x C 63.  x2  C
4 2

x sin 1 x1 2 32  2
64.  log 1  x 2  C 65. x  log x    C
1 x 2 2 3  3

1
66. xe x  log  xe x   1  C 67.  log x  log x  log x  1  c
1 x

1 x ex x
68. e   2sin 2 x  cos 2 x   C 69.  cos  log x   sin  log x    C
2 10 2

3 1 5
70. x log x  1  x  log x  1  C 71. 8 log x  1  2  x  1  8 log x  3  C

2 1 1 x5
72.  log cos   2  log cos   1  C 73. log 5 C
3 3 5 x 1

2
1  1  x    2  log x 
74.  tan 
3 2
  tan
 2
1
 
2 x   C 75.

log
1  log x
C

ex
76. log C
1  ex

374 MATHEMATICS