Programming Logic and Design

Eighth Edition
Chapter 6
Arrays
 Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• Arrays
• How an array can replace nested decisions
• Using constants with arrays
• Searching an array for an exact match
• Using parallel arrays
• Searching an array for a range match
• Using a for loop to process arrays

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 2

 Understanding Arrays
• Array
– A series or list of variables in computer memory
– All variables share the same name, and must be
the same data type
– Each variable has a different subscript

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 3

 How Arrays Occupy Computer
Memory
• Element: an item in the array
– Array elements are contiguous in memory
• Size of the array: the number of elements it will hold
• Subscripts or indexes
– Position number of an item in an array
– Subscripts are always a sequence of integers
• Adding data values is called populating the array

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 4

 How Arrays Occupy Computer
Memory (continued)

When programmers
refer to array
element
prices[0], they
say “prices sub 0”
or simply “prices
zero.”

Figure 6-1 Appearance of a three-element array in computer memory

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 5
 How an Array Can
Replace Nested Decisions
• Example: Human Resources Department Dependents
report
– List employees who have
claimed zero through five
dependents
• Assume no employee has more
than five dependents
• Application produces counts
for dependent categories
– Uses a series of decisions
• Application does not scale
up to more dependents Figure 6-2 Typical Dependents report
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 6
 How an Array
Can
Replace Nested
Decisions (continued)

Figure 6-3 Flowchart and pseudocode

of decision-making process using a
series of decisions—the hard way
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 7
 How an Array Can Replace
Nested Decisions (continued)

• The array reduces the number of statements needed

• Six dependent count accumulators are redefined as a
single array
• Variable as a subscript to the array
• Array subscript variable must be:
– Numeric with no decimal places
– Initialized to 0
– Incremented by 1 each time the logic passes through the
loop

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 8

 How an Array
Can
Replace Nested
Decisions (continued)

Figure 6-4 Flowchart and

pseudocode of decision-making
process—but still the hard way

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 9

 How an Array
Can
Replace Nested
Decisions (continued)

Figure 6-5 Flowchart and

pseudocode of decision-making
process using an array—but still a
hard way
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 10
 How an Array Can Replace
Nested Decisions (continued)

Figure 6-6 Flowchart and pseudocode of efficient decision-making process using

an array

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 11

 How an Array
Can
Replace Nested
Decisions (continued)

Figure 6-7 Flowchart and pseudocode

for Dependents report program
(Continues)
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 12
 How an Array
Can
Replace Nested
Decisions (continued)

Figure 6-7 Flowchart and pseudocode

for Dependents report program
(Continues)
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 13
 Using Constants with Arrays
• Use constants in several ways
– To hold the size of an array
– As the array values
– As subscripts

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 14

 Using a Constant as
the Size of an Array
• Avoid “magic numbers” (unnamed constants)
• Declare a named numeric constant to be used every
time the array is accessed
• Make sure any subscript remains less than the
constant value
• Constants are created automatically in many
languages

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 15

 Using Constants as
Array Element Values
• Sometimes the values stored in arrays should be
constants
• Example
string MONTH[12] = "January",
"February", "March", "April", "May",
"June", "July", "August", "September",
"October", "November", "December"

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 16

 Using a Constant as
an Array Subscript
• Use a numeric constant as a subscript to an array
• Example
– Declare a named constant as: num INDIANA = 5
– Display value with:
output salesArray[INDIANA]

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 17

 Searching an Array for
an Exact Match
• Sometimes you must search through an entire array to
find a value – called a linear search
• Example: mail-order business
– Item numbers are three-digit, non-consecutive numbers
– Customer orders an item; check if item number is valid
– Create an array that holds valid item numbers
– Search the array for an exact match

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 18

 Searching
an Array for
an Exact
Match (continued)

Figure 6-8 Flowchart and pseudocode for a program that verifies item availability (Continues)

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 19

 Searching
an Array for
an Exact
Match (continued)

Figure 6-8 Flowchart and pseudocode for a program that verifies item availability (Continues)

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 20

 Searching
an Array for
an Exact
Match (continued)

Figure 6-8 Flowchart and pseudocode

for a program that verifies item
availability

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 21

 Searching an Array for an Exact
Match (continued)

• Flag: a variable that indicates whether an event

occurred
• Technique for searching an array
– Set a subscript variable to 0 to start at the first element
– Initialize a flag variable to false to indicate the desired value
has not been found
– Examine each element in the array
– If the value matches, set the flag to True
– If the value does not match, increment the subscript and
examine the next array element
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 22
 Using Parallel Arrays
• Example: mail-order business
– Two arrays, each with six elements
• Valid item numbers
• Valid item prices
– Each price in the valid item price array is in the same position as
the corresponding item in the valid item number array
• Parallel arrays
– Each element in one array is associated with an element in the
same relative position in the other array
• Look through the valid item array for the customer’s item
– When a match is found, get the price from the item price array

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 23

 Using Parallel Arrays (continued)

Figure 6-9 Parallel arrays in memory

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 24

 Using Parallel Arrays (continued)

• Use parallel arrays

– Two or more arrays contain related data
– A subscript relates the arrays
• Elements at the same position in each array are logically related
• Indirect relationship
– Relationship between an item’s number and its price
– Parallel arrays are very useful

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 25

 Using
Parallel
Arrays
(continued)

Figure 6-10 Flowchart and pseudocode of a program that finds an item price using
parallel arrays (Continues)
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 26
 Using
Parallel
Arrays
(continued)

Figure 6-10 Flowchart and pseudocode of a program that finds an item price using
parallel arrays (Continues)
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 27
 Using
Parallel
Arrays
(continued)

Figure 6-10 Flowchart and pseudocode

of a program that finds an item price
using parallel arrays

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 28

 Improving Search Efficiency
• The program should stop searching the array when
a match is found
• Set a variable to a specific value instead of letting
normal processing set it
• Improves efficiency
• The larger the array, the better the improvement by
doing an early exit

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 29

 Improving
Search
Efficiency (continued)

Figure 6-11 Flowchart and pseudocode of the module that finds an item price and
exits the loop as soon as it is found (Continues)

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 30

 Improving Search Efficiency (continued)

Figure 6-11 Flowchart and pseudocode of the module that finds an item price and
exits the loop as soon as it is found

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 31

 Searching an Array for
a Range Match
• Programmers may want to work with ranges of
values in arrays, 1 through 5 or 20 through 30
• Example: mail-order business
– Read the customer order data; determine the discount
based on the quantity ordered
• First approach
– An array with as many elements as each possible order
quantity
– Store the appropriate discount for each possible order
quantity
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 32
 Searching an Array for
a Range Match (continued)

Figure 6-12 Discounts on

orders by quantity

Figure 6-13 Usable—but inefficient—discount array

Figure 6-14 Parallel arrays to use for determining

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition discount 33
 Searching an Array for
a Range Match (continued)

• Drawbacks of first approach

– Requires a very large array; uses a lot of memory
– Stores the same value repeatedly
– How do you know when you have enough elements?
• Customer can always order more
• Better approach
– Create four discount array elements for each discount
rate
– A parallel array with a discount range
• Use a loop to make comparisons
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 34
 Searching an
Array for
a Range Match
(continued)

Figure 6-15 Program that

determines discount rate
(Continues)
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 35
 Searching an
Array for
a Range Match
(continued)

Figure 6-15 Program that

determines discount rate

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 36

 Remaining within Array Bounds
• Every array has a finite size
– Number of elements in the array
– Number of bytes in the array
• Arrays are composed of elements of the same data
type
• Elements of the same data type occupy the same
number of bytes in memory
• The number of bytes in an array is always a multiple of
the number of array elements
• Access data using a subscript containing a value that
accesses memory occupied by the array
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 37
 Remaining within Array Bounds
(continued)

• Program logic assumes every number entered by

the user is valid
• When an invalid subscript is used:
– Some languages stop execution and issue an error
– Other languages access a memory location outside of the
array
• An invalid array subscript is a logical error
• Out of bounds: using a subscript that is not within
the acceptable range for the array
• The program should prevent bounds errors
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 38
Remaining within Array Bounds (continued)

Figure 6-16 An Array and it’s associated memory addresses

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 39
Remaining within Array Bounds (continued)

Figure 6-17 determining the month string from a user’s numeric entry
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 40
Using a for Loop to Process Arrays
• for loop: a single statement
– Initializes the loop control variable
– Compares it to a limit
– Alters it
• The for loop is especially convenient when
working with arrays
– To process every element
• Must stay within array bounds
• Highest usable subscript is one less than the array
size
Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 41
 Using a for Loop to Process
Arrays (continued)

Figure 6-17 Pseudocode that uses a for loop to display an array of department names

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 42

 Using a for Loop to Process
Arrays (continued)

Figure 6-19 Pseudocode that uses a more efficient for loop to output department names

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 43

 Summary
• Array: a named series or list of values in memory
– Same data type
– Different subscript
• Use a variable as a subscript to the array to replace
multiple nested decisions
• Constants can be used to hold an array’s size
• Searching through an array requires
– Initializing a subscript
– Using a loop to test each element
– Setting a flag when a match is found

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 44

 Summary (continued)

• Parallel arrays: each element in one array is

associated with the element in a second array
– Elements have the same relative position
• For range comparisons, store either the low- or
high-end value of each range

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 45

 Summary (continued)

• Access data in an array

– Use a subscript containing a value that accesses memory
occupied by the array
• A subscript is out of bounds if it is not within the
defined range of acceptable subscripts
• The for loop is a convenient tool for working with
arrays
– Process each element of an array from beginning to end

Programming Logic and Design, Eighth Edition 46