8.

-81,250$7+(0$7,&$/&+$//(1*(
78(6'$<WK$35,/

2UJDQLVHGE\WKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP0DWKHPDWLFV7UXVW
IURPWKH6FKRRORI0DWKHPDWLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI/HHGV

62/87,216/($)/(7

7KLV VROXWLRQV OHDIOHW IRU WKH -0& LV VHQW LQ WKH KRSH WKDW LW PLJKW
SURYLGH DOO FRQFHUQHG ZLWK VRPH DOWHUQDWLYH VROXWLRQV WR WKH RQHV
WKH\ KDYH REWDLQHG  ,W LV QRW LQWHQGHG WR EH GHILQLWLYH  7KH
RUJDQLVHUV ZRXOG EH YHU\ SOHDVHG WR UHFHLYH DOWHUQDWLYHV FUHDWHG
E\FDQGLGDWHV

7KH8.07LVDUHJLVWHUHGFKDULW\
  % 2IWKHOHWWHUVLQTXHVWLRQRQO\6 GRHVQRWKDYHDWOHDVWRQHOLQHRIV\PPHWU\

 (  ÷  = $VQRQHRIWKHRWKHURSWLRQVGLIIHUVIURPE\DPXOWLSOHRI
LVWKHRQO\RQHRIWKHVHQXPEHUVZKLFKLVH[DFWO\GLYLVLEOHE\

 $ 7KHUHTXLUHGFRQGLWLRQZLOOQH[WEHPHWLQ

 ' (YHU\DOORZDEOHURXWHPXVWSDVVWKURXJKWKHFHQWUHSRLQWRIWKHERZWLH7KHUH
DUHWZRURXWHVIURPPWRWKHFHQWUHSRLQWDQGIRUHDFKRIWKHVHWKHUHDUHWZR
URXWHVIURPWKHFHQWUHSRLQWWRQ6RWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWURXWHV
=  ×  = 

 & (LJKWHHQKDVOHWWHUVDQGLVQRWDPXOWLSOHRI2IWKHRWKHURSWLRQVLVD
PXOWLSOHRILVDPXOWLSOHRILVDPXOWLSOHRIDQGLVDPXOWLSOHRI

 ( 7KHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHJLYHQIUDFWLRQVDQGDUHUHVSHFWLYHO\
      
   DQG 7KHVPDOOHVWRIWKHVHLV VR LVQHDUHVWWR
      
 & 7KHUHDUHGHPLVHPLTXDYHUVLQDFURWFKHWDQGFURWFKHWVLQDVHPLEUHYHVR
WKHUHDUHGHPLVHPLTXDYHUVLQDVHPLEUHYH

 ( 7KHRULJLQDOS\UDPLGKDGHGJHV&XWWLQJRIIWKHWRSFRUQHUDGGVHGJHV
ZKLOVWFXWWLQJRIIWKHRWKHUFRUQHUVDGGVH[WUDHGJHVLQHDFKFDVH6RWKHWRWDO
QXPEHURIHGJHVLV +  +  ×  = 

 & 3D%HDQGRHVQRWHDWPRUHWKDQKDOIWKHEHDQVVRKHHDWVDWPRVWEHDQV0D
%HDQHDWVWKHVDPHQXPEHURIEHDQVDVERWKFKLOGUHQWRJHWKHUVRVKHHDWVDQ
HYHQQXPEHURIEHDQVZKLFKLVDWOHDVWRQHTXDUWHURIWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIEHDQV
HDWHQ7KHUHIRUHVKHHDWVDWOHDVWEHDQV,IVKHGRHVHDWEHDQVWKHQ3D%HDQ
HDWVEHDQVZKLFKLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHLQIRUPDWLRQJLYHQ+RZHYHULI0D
%HDQHDWVRUPRUHEHDQVWKHQ3D%HDQHDWVDWPRVWEHDQVDQGWKLVLV
LPSRVVLEOHDVZHDUHWROGWKDW3D%HDQHDWVPRUHEHDQVWKDQ0D%HDQ6R3D
%HDQHDWVEHDQV

 % 7KHFRLQVFRQVLVWLQJRIRQHRIHDFKW\SHPXVWDGGXSWR…7KHRQO\ZD\
WKDWWKLVWRWDOPD\EHPDGHZLWKFRLQVRIGLIIHUHQWGHQRPLQDWLRQVLVE\XVLQJD
…FRLQDSFRLQDQGDSFRLQ

 ' 7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVWKHSRVLWLRQVRIWKHSRLQWVDIWHUWKHURWDWLRQV1RWHWKDWA

ZKLFKLVQRWPDUNHGLVWKHVDPHSRLQWDVA6LPLODUO\EZKLFKLVQRWPDUNHG
LVWKHVDPHSRLQWDVE
E D C B A B C D E

A B C D E D C B A
 % 2Q7XHVGD\WKH:KLWH5DEELWZLOOEHPLQXWHVODWHRQ:HGQHVGD\PLQXWHV
ODWHRQ7KXUVGD\PLQXWHVODWHDQGRQ)ULGD\PLQXWHODWH6RRQWKH
IROORZLQJ0RQGD\WKH:KLWH5DEELWZLOOEHVHFRQGVODWHDQGRQWKHGD\DIWHU
WKDWKHZLOOEHVHFRQGVODWH

 $ $V∠QPR = °∠PQR + ∠PRQ = ° − ° = °

6R∠SQR + ∠SRQ = ° ÷  = °7KHUHIRUH∠QSR = ° − ° = °

 & 7KHLQGLYLGXDOVZLOOHDFKZUHVWOHRWKHUV7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHQXPEHURI

ERXWVLV ×  = +RZHYHUHDFKERXWKDVEHHQFRXQWHGWZLFHLQWKLV
FDOFXODWLRQVRWKHQXPEHURIERXWVLV ÷  = 

 ' $IWHU7KXUVGD\WZRWKLUGVRI*UDQQ\

VSHQVLRQLVOHIW6RDIWHUVKHKDVVSHQW
RQHTXDUWHURIWKLVDPRXQWRQ)ULGD\WKHIUDFWLRQRIWKHRULJLQDODPRXQWZKLFK
UHPDLQVLVWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIWZRWKLUGVLHRQHKDOI

 & 7KHWRWDODQJOHWXUQHGWKURXJKDIWHUHDFKRIWKHILUVWPRYHVLVƒƒƒDQG

ƒ6RWKHURERWGRHVQRWIDFHGXH(DVWDWWKHHQGRIDPRYHLQLWVILUVW
FRPSOHWHUHYROXWLRQ7KHWRWDODQJOHLWKDVWXUQHGWKURXJKDIWHUHDFKRIWKHQH[W
PRYHVLVƒƒƒƒDQGƒVRDWWKHHQGRIWKHWKPRYHWKH
URERW doesIDFHGXH(DVW$VWKHURERWPRYHVPLQHDFKPRYHWKHGLVWDQFHLW
WUDYHOVLVP
Note that this solution assumes that the robot is not starting the process close to
the North Pole!

 ' 6WDWHPHQWVVXFKDVWKRVHLQWKLVTXHVWLRQPD\VRPHWLPHVEHVKRZQWREHIDOVHE\

FRQVLGHULQJWKHXQLWVGLJLWRIWKHH[SUHVVLRQVRQHDFKVLGH7KHXQLWVGLJLWRI
 + LVWKHXQLWVGLJLWRI + DQGKHQFHDOVRRI + LVWKH
XQLWVGLJLWRI + LVDQGWKDWRI + LV6RIRXURIWKHVWDWHPHQWV
DUHGHILQLWHO\IDOVH,WUHPDLQVWRFKHFNWKDW +  =  +  = 

 % (DFKRIWKHVTXDUHVDSDUWIURPWKRVHDWWKHWRSDQGERWWRPRIWKHVKDSH
FRQWULEXWHVFPWRWKHSHULPHWHURIWKHILJXUH
7KHRWKHUWZRVTXDUHVFRQWULEXWHFPHDFKVRWKHSHULPHWHULV
( ×  +  × ) FP =  FP

 % )URPWKHWKUHHHTXDWLRQVZHVHHWKDW(abc) =  ×  ×  = DQGVR

VLQFHabcLVSRVLWLYHabc = 7KHQWKHWKLUGHTXDWLRQWHOOVXVWKDWa =  WKH
VHFRQGWKDWb = DQGWKHILUVWWKDWc = 7KHUHIRUHa + b + c =   

 $ $VPQRST LVDUHJXODUSHQWDJRQHDFKRILWVLQWHUQDODQJOHVLV°7KHLQWHUQDO

DQJOHVRIWKHTXDGULODWHUDOPRST DGGXSWR°DQGVRE\V\PPHWU\
∠PRS = ∠RPT =  (° −  × °) = °(DFKLQWHULRUDQJOHRIDUHJXODU
KH[DJRQLVƒVR∠PRU = °
7KHUHIRUH∠SRU = ∠PRU − ∠PRS = ° − ° = °
 ( ,QWRWDOWKHILYHSLHFHVKDYHIRXU³KROHV´DQGVL[
³WDEV´VRZHFDQGHGXFHWKDWHLWKHU%RU(ERWKRI %
ZKLFKKDYHWZR³WDEV´ZLOOQRWEHXVHG
$
6KDSH$WKHUHIRUHLVXVHGDQGDIWHUDFORFNZLVH
URWDWLRQRIƒZLOOILWWRJHWKHUZLWKVKDSH%7KLV &
VXJJHVWVWKDWLWLVVKDSH(ZKLFKLVQRWXVHGDQGVKDSHV
&DQG'ZLOOLQGHHGFRPSOHWHWKHMLJVDZDIWHU '
URWDWLRQVRIƒDQGƒDQWLFORFNZLVHUHVSHFWLYHO\

 ' ,QWKHIRXURSWLRQVRWKHUWKDQ'WKHGLJLWVPD\EHUHDUUDQJHGDVIROORZV

$  ×  =  %  ×  =  &  ×  =  (  ×  = 

 ( &RQVLGHUWKHWKRXVDQGVFROXPQ7KHOHWWHUVUHSUHVHQWGLIIHUHQWGLJLWVVRDVSLV
MLVDQGWKHUHLVDFDUU\RIIURPWKHKXQGUHGVFROXPQ7KHUHIRUHALV
U LVDQGWKHUHLVDOVRDFDUU\RIIURPWKHWHQVFROXPQ,QWKHXQLWVFROXPQ
O + Y SURGXFHVDXQLWVGLJLWRIVRO + Y = RUO + Y = +RZHYHU
O + Y = UHTXLUHVRQHRIOY WRHTXDO]HURLPSRVVLEOHDVU = RU
DOVRLPSRVVLEOHDVM = 6RO + Y = :HFDQDOVRGHGXFHWKDWN LV
VLQFHLQWKHWHQVFROXPQ +  + N = 7KHSDLUVRIGLJLWVZKLFKSURGXFH
DVXPRIDUHDQGDQGDQG$VALVDQGN LVWKHRQO\SRVVLEOH
YDOXHVIRUO DQGY DUHDQG7KHVHDUHLQWHUFKDQJHDEOHEXWLQERWKFDVHV
Y × O = 

 $ /HWWKHOHQJWKDQGEUHDGWKRIHDFKRIWKHUHFWDQJOHVEHaFPDQGbFP
UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHQa = bDQGa + b = 6Ra + b = 
7KHUHIRUHb + b = WKDWLVb = 
6RWKHWRWDODUHDFRYHUHGE\WKHILYHUHFWDQJOHVLVWKDWRIDUHFWDQJOHPHDVXULQJ
FPE\FPLHFP

 ' /HWWKHILUVWWZRWHUPVRIWKHVHTXHQFHEHa DQGbUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHQWKHQH[W

WKUHHWHUPVDUHa + ba + ba + b.6Ra + b = )RUaWREHDV
ODUJHDVSRVVLEOHZHQHHGbWREHDVVPDOODVSRVVLEOHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHLUERWK
EHLQJSRVLWLYHLQWHJHUV,Ib = WKHQa = EXWaLVDQLQWHJHUVR
b ≠ 
+RZHYHULIb = WKHQa = VRWKHPD[LPXPSRVVLEOHYDOXHRIaLV