Mathematics Concepts For Computing

AQ010-3-1-MCFC

Relations and Functions

 Topic & Structure of the lesson

Introduction
Cartesian Product Set
Relations, Mapping & Function
Properties of Relations
Operations on Functions
Invertible Functions

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions Slide  2 (of  18)

 Learning Outcomes

On completion of this chapter you

should be able to:

 Identify relations which are functions and

determine the domain and range of a
given relation or function and at the same
time performed mapping.

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions Slide  3 (of  18)

 Applications

Explain the connection / relationship

• Between a program and a variable it uses.
• Between a computer language and a valid
statement in the language.
• Between elements of sets are represented
using the structure called a relation.
• Between people, numbers, sets, and many
other entities can be formalized in the idea
of a binary relation.
AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Cartesian Product Set

Ordered pairs
An ordered pair consists of two elements, of
which one is designated as the first element
and the other as the second element.
 It is written as (a, b) where a is the first
element and b is the second element.

Def 1: We use the notation aRb to denote that (a,

b)R, and a is said to be related to b by R if aRb.

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Cartesian Product Set

Consider two arbitrary sets,

the set of all ordered pairs (a,b) where a
A and b B is called the product , or
Cartesian product of A and B.
A short designation of this product is A x
B, which is read “A crosses B”, by
definition
A x B = (a,b)a  A, b  B
A x A can be represented as A 2

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 Cartesian Product Set

 A binary relation between set A and B is a

subset of A × B.
 Example :
Given A={1, 2}, B={p, q}.
If R1={(1, p)},
R2={(2, k)} and R3={(1,q), (2,p)}

R1 and R3 are the relations between A and B,

but R2 is not the relation between A and B.

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Example
Let A be the set {1, 2, 3, 4}. Which ordered
pairs are in the relation R = { (a, b)| a divides b }?
Sol :

1 1
2 2

3 3

4 4

R = { (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4),

(2,2), (2,4),
(3,3),
(4,4) }
AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Example . Consider the following relations on Z.
R1 = { (a, b) | a  b }
R2 = { (a, b) | a > b }
R3 = { (a, b) | a = b or a = b } Which of these relations
R4 = { (a, b) | a = b } contain each of the pairs
R5 = { (a, b) | a = b+1 } (1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (1,1),
R6 = { (a, b) | a + b  3 } and (2,2)?
Sol : (1,1) (1,2) (2,1) (1,1) (2,2)
R1 ● ● ●

R2 ● ●

R3 ● ● ●

R4 ● ●

R5 ●

R6 ● ● ● ●
AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Relation
• A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
• The presence of the ordered pair (a,b) in a
relation is interpreted as indicating a relationship
from a to b.
• Domain of R : Dom(R) is the set of all elements
in A that are related to some element in B.
• Range of R : Ran(R) is the set of all elements in
B that are related to some element in A.

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 • The complement of the relation R is defined
as follows:
R = (A  B) – R
(x,y)  R iff (x,y)  (A  B) – R
• For example:
Given A = {1,2,3} and B = {a,b}
AB {(1,a),(1,b),(2,a), (2,b),(3,a),(3,b)}
R {(1,a),(1,b),(3,b)}
R’{(2,a), (2,b), (3,a)}

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Relations

1
 Inverse Relation of R is denoted as R
 Let R is relation from set A to set B, the
inverse of R will be from set B to A.
 For example,
Given A = {0, 1, 2} and B = {a, b}.
R = {(0, a), (1, b), (2, b)}
R-1 = {(a, 0), (b, 1), (b, 2)}

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Example

Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {x, y, z}. Let R be the

following relation from A to B:
R = {(1,y), (1,z), (3,y), (4,x), (4,z)}
(a) Find A x B.
(b) Draw the arrow diagram of R.
(c) Find the inverse relation of R.
(d) Determine the domain and range of R.

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions ‹#›

 Properties of Relations

Let R be the a relation on a set A,

- R is reflexive
If (a,a)  R for every element a  A.
- R is symmetric
If (b,a)  R whenever (a,b)  R, for some a,b  A.
- R is transitive
If (a,b)  R and (b,c)  R,
then (a,c)  R , for a, b, c  A.

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Properties of Relations

- R is irreflexive
If (a,a)  R for all a  A
 x  A , xR x
- R is antisymmetric if whenever
(a,b)  R and (b,a)  R only if a = b for a,b  A
(if and only if there are no pairs of distinct
elements a and b with a related to b and b
related to a, the only way to have a related to
b and b related to a is for a and b to be the
same element. )

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Properties of Relations
Are the following relations on {1, 2, 3, 4} reflexive?
R1 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
R3 = {(1, 3), (3, 2), (2, 1)}
Sol: R2

Are the following relations on {1, 2, 3, 4} irreflexive?

R4 = {(1, 3), (3, 2), (2, 1)}
R5 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
Sol: R4
AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Properties of Relations

Are the following relations on {1, 2, 3, 4} symmetric,

antisymmetric or both?

R1 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
R2 = {(1, 1)}
R3 = {(1, 3), (3, 2), (2, 1)}

R4 = {(4, 4), (3, 3), (1, 4)}

Sol: R1 is symmetric, R2 is symmetric and

antisymmetric, R3 is antisymmetric and R4 is
antisymmetric
AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Properties of Relations

Are the following relations on {1, 2, 3, 4} transitive?

R1 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3)}

R2 = {(1, 3), (3, 2), (2, 1)}

R3 = {(2, 4), (4, 3), (2, 3), (4, 1)}

Sol: R1

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Question

Let A = {1,2,3}, give a relation R on A such that

R is both symmetric and antisymmetric, but
not reflexive.

Sol :
R = {(1,1),(2,2)}

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions ‹#›

 Example
If R is a relation on Z where (x,y)  R when x = y2
Is R reflexive?
No, (2,2)  R. 2  22.
Is R symmetric?
No, (4,2)  R, but (2,4)  R.

Is R antisymmetric?
Yes, if (x,y)  R and (y,x)  R then x = y2 and y = x2. The only
time this holds true is when x = y (and more specifically when x =
y = 1 or 0).
Is R transitive?
No, (16,4)  R and (4,2)  R, but (16,2)  R.

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions ‹#›

 Example
Let R be the relation on a set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
Determine the following given relations for reflexive,
irreflexive, symmetric, transitive and antisymmetric.

R1 ={(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,4), (4,1), (4,4)}

R2 ={(1,1), (1,2), (2,1)}
R3 ={(1,1), (1,2), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,1), (4,4)}
R4 ={(2,1), (3,1), (3,2), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3)}
R5 ={(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,3),
(3,4), (4,4)}

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions ‹#›

 Properties of Relations

Solution:

Reflexive = R3 & R5
Symmetric = R2 & R3
Transitive = R4 & R5
Irreflexive = R4
Antisymmetric = R4, R5

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Functions
A function f from a nonempty set A to a nonempty set B
is an assignment of exactly one element of B to each
element of A.

We write the function as f : A  B.

Functions are also called mappings or transformations.

- b = f(a) is called the image of a under f, and

f a is called the object of b.
• •
a b= (a) - A is the domain of f and B is the co-domain
- f(A) = { f(a) | a  A} is called the range of f
A B

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 From Relation to Function
A relation f from A to B is a function if:
• Every element of A is related to some element
of B
• An element of A cannot be related to more
than one element of B.
A B A B

1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b
3 3
c c
4 4

A function (many-to-one) Not a function (one-to-many)

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Example
Determine whether the following relation is a
function.
A B A B

α 1 α 1
β 2 β

γ 2
γ 3

A Not a function B A B
Not a function

α 1 α 1
2
β 2 β
3
γ γ
4
a function a function

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions ‹#›

 Example
Let f be the function defined by the rule f(x)= X2
f

0 0
1
1 2
3
2 4

Set X Set Y

X2 = Y is a function from X to Y.
Domain is {0, 1, 2} and Codomain is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

f(a)=b, so f(0)=0, f(1)=1 and f(2)=4

Range is {0,1,4}
AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Operations on Functions
Sum of functions
(f +g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Difference of functions
(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Product of functions
(fg)(x) = f(x) . g(x)

Quotient of functions
(f/g)(x) = f(x)
g(x)

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Example 1

Given f (x)  x  4, g(x)  x  2 2

Find:
1) (f + g)(x)
2) (f - g)(x)
3) (fg)(x)
4) (f/g)(x)

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Composition Functions

 Let g be a function from the set A to the set B

and let f be a function from set B the set C.
 Find the image of a under f and then find the
image of f(a) under g.
 The composition functions f and g, is defined by
(f o g)(a) = f(g(a))

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Example
Let f: AB and g:BC be defined as given below.

Find
a) g o f (p)
b) g o f (q)
AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions ‹#›
 Example

Given f (x)  3x 1, g(x)  4x  3

Find:
1) (f o g)(x)
2) (g o f)(x)

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Inverse Functions
Def: Let f be a one-to-one function from the set A to
the set B. The inverse function of f is the function
that assigns to an element b belonging to B the
unique element a in A such that f(a) = b. The
inverse function of f is denoted as f -1.
Hence, f -1(b) = a when f(a) = b.

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Example

Given that f ( x )  2( x  1) 3
, Find
1
(i) f ( x )
(ii) f  1 (16 )

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions
 Quick Review Question

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions Slide  34 (of  18)

 Summary of Main Teaching Points

•Cartesian product set

•Relations, Mapping & Function
•Properties of Relations
•Operations on Functions
•Invertible Functions

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions Slide  35 (of  18)

 Question and Answer Session

Q&A

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions Slide  36 (of  18)

 Next Session

Logic and Boolean Algebra

AQ010‐3‐1 Mathematics Concepts For Computing  Relations & Functions Slide  37 (of  18)