CLARENDON COLLEGE, INC.

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

Tel fax: (043)289-2538 / [email protected]

HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Subject Statistics and Probability
Grade Level-
Grade 11 – Fe Del Mundo/STEM
Section/Class/Strand
Teacher JOSE PAOLO M. FESTIN
Unit No. & Title Unit 1: THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE
Duration Week 21: January 24-28, 2022
Reference Materials Gabuyo and Cardenas, Statistics and Probability, Quezon City,
Philippines, The Inteligente Publishing, Inc. 2016 pages 101-122

MODULE 3: STANDARD SCORE (z-Score)

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 construct a normal curve (M11/12SP-IIIc-2);
 identify regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal values (M11/12SP-IIIc-3);
 convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa (M11/12SP-IIIc-4); and
 compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table (M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1).
 Apply z-score to solve real life problem.

TRIVIA!
z-scores are an excellent means of charting serial measurement in pediatric cardiological practice. They
can be applied to echocardiographic measurements, blood pressure, and patient growth, and thus may assist in
clinical decision-making.

Let’s Develop!
There are two Grade 11 class in a certain school. Both of the classes took a test for a subject. Class A’s mean score
is 50 with a standard deviation of 5, while Class B’s mean score is 80 with a standard deviation of 3. Student A of Class A
got a score of 65 while student B of Class B got 86. Who performed better in class? To compare the scores of the two
students, we should convert their raw scores into standard scores or z-score.

LESSON 3.1: STANDARD SCORES (z-SCORES)

The z-score reveal how many units of the standard deviation the raw score is above or below the mean (𝜇) and
allows us to compare the results to different normal distributions. The quantity z-score represents the distance between the
raw score (𝑥) and the population mean in units of the standard deviation (𝜎). The z-score is negative when the raw score is
below the mean, and it is positive when the raw score is above the mean. The z-score is zero when the raw score is the same
as the mean.
To compute the z-score, use the formula:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
Where: 𝑥 = raw score
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation

Sometimes, the population mean and the population standard deviation is unknown. In those cases, we can use the
sample mean and the sample standard deviation to estimate the population parameters. Hence, we can consider the formula:

𝑥 − 𝑥̅
𝑧=
𝑠
Where: 𝑥 = raw score
𝑥̅ = sample mean
𝑠 = sample standard deviation
LESSON 3.2: CONVERTING RAW SCORES INTO z-SCORES
Let us try to convert the raw scores of the students in the problem into z-scores.
Solution: Student A got 65. Class A’s mean score is 50 with a standard deviation of 5. Thus,
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
65 − 50
𝑧=
5

15
𝑧= =𝟑
5
Therefore, Student A’s z-score is 3.
Student B got 86. Class B’s mean score is 80 with a standard deviation of 3. Thus,
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
86 − 80
𝑧=
3
6
𝑧= =𝟐
3
Therefore, Student B’s z-score is 2.
Which of the two students performed better in their respective classes?

Study more examples.

Example 1: Consider a random variable that is normally distributed where 𝜇 = 40, 𝜎 = 4 and 𝑥 = 50. Fin the value of z
and interpret the computed value.
𝑥−𝜇
Solution: 𝑧= 𝜎
50−40
𝑧= 4
10
𝑧= = 2.5
4
Answer: The z-score is 2.5. It means that the raw score is 2.5 units above the mean value.

Example 2: Based on the survey, the mean weekly allowance of the Grade 11 students of XYZ University is
Php750.00 with a standard deviation of Php100.00. Assuming that the weekly allowance is normally distributed,
what is the z-score of a student with a weekly allowance is of:
a. Php950.00?
b. Php600.00?
Solution:
a. z-score of a student with a weekly allowance of Php950.00
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
950 − 750
𝑧=
100
200
𝑧= =𝟐
100
Answer: The z-score of a student with a weekly allowance of Php950.00 is 2.
b. z-score of a student with a weekly allowance of Php600.00
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
600 − 750
𝑧=
100
−150
𝑧= = −𝟏. 𝟓
100
Answer: The z-score of a student with a weekly allowance of Php600.00 is −1.5.
Example 3: Assuming that the scores of Grade 11 students in Statistics and Probability in their third quarter test are normally
distributed with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5. If the z-score of a student is 2, find his raw score.
Solution:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
𝑥 − 50
2=
5
10 = 𝑥 − 50
Answer: The raw score of a student with a z-score of 2 is 60.
Example 4: Based on the table below, who performed better, JR or JM? Assume a normal distribution from two different
classes.
Student Raw Score (𝒙) Mean (𝝁) Standard Deviation (𝝈)
JR 75 65 4
JM 58 52 2
Solution: To find JR’s z-score:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
75 − 65
𝑧=
4
10
𝑧= = 𝟐. 𝟓
4
The z-score of JR is 2.5.
To find JM’s z-score:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
58 − 52
𝑧=
2
6
𝑧= =𝟑
2
The z-score of JM is 3.
Answer: The z-score of JM is larger than the z-score of JR. Therefore, JM performed better than JR.

LESSON 3.3: FINDING THE z-SCORES ASSOCIATED WITH A PERCENTILE

Example: Consider a normal distribution with a mean value of 100 and a standard deviation of 5. Find the value of 𝑥:
a. If the area from the mean to the z-score is 17% and the z-score is negative.
b. If the area to the right of the z-score is 15%.
Solution:
a. 𝑃(𝑍 = −𝑧) = 17% or 0.17

Look for the value of z that has an area of 0.1700 in the z-table below.
𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐 . 𝟎𝟑 . 𝟎𝟒 . 𝟎𝟓 . 𝟎𝟔 .07
.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279
.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675
.2 .0793 .0823 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808
.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486
.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078

Since the z-score is negative, therefore, 𝒛 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟒.

To solve for 𝑥:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
𝑥 − 100
−0.44 =
5
−2.2 = 𝑥 − 100
𝑥 = 100 − 2.2
𝑥 = 97.8
Answer: 17% of the scores in the distribution lies between 97.8 and 100.
 b. 𝑃(𝑍 = −𝑧) = 15% or 0.15

In the given figure, the shaded area is equal to 15% or 0.15. Therefore, the area between 0 and z must be 35%. Look
at the value of z in the z-table below.
𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐 . 𝟎𝟑 . 𝟎𝟒 . 𝟎𝟓
.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199
.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596
.2 .0793 .0823 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736
.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422
.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023
.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944
Since we are looking at the right side of the mean, z should be positive, Therefore, the desired value of 𝑧 = 1.04.
To solve for 𝑥:
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
𝑥 − 100
1.04 =
5
5.2 = 𝑥 − 100
𝑥 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟐
Answer: About 15% of the scores in the distribution is greater than 105.2.

SUMMARY!
z-score reveals how many units of the standard deviation (𝜎) a case is above or below the mean (𝜇) and allows us
to compare the results of different normal distributions.
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎

MODULE 4: APPLICATION OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 Apply the different concepts related to normal distribution problems;
 Apply the concepts of z-score in solving real life problems: and
 Solve problems related to normal distribution.

TRIVIA!
According to Kruskal & Stigler, the term normal distribution was used, apparently independently, by
Charles S. Peirce (1873) in an appendix to a report of the US Coast Survey (reprinted in Stigler, 1980, vol. 2),
Wilhelm Lexis Theorie der Massenerscheinungen in der menschlichen Gesellschaft (1877) and by Francis Galton in
his Typical Laws of Heredity (1877).

Let’s Develop!
In the previous module, we have learned how to use the z-table in finding the areas under the normal curve and to
convert the continuous random variable 𝑥 to a standard score or z-score. There are many random variables that have
properties close enough to those of normal distribution, that most properties of the normal distribution apply. Continuous
variables, like the IQ-score of Grade 11 students, height of Grade 11 students, average temperature during summer of Baguio
City, number of eggs laid by chicken in a month, monthly salaries of college professors, are all approximately normally
distributed. If it is assumed that these variables are normally distributed, a number of interesting inferences about the random
variables can be drawn. Let us consider the concepts that we have learned in the previous lessons to solve the succeeding
examples as real life applications of normal distribution.

Example 1: Based on findings, the average monthly salary of 800 college professors in the university belt area is normally
distributed with a mean of Php55,000.00 and standard deviation of Php5,000.00. Find:
a. The z-score of a professor with an income of Php65,000.00
b. The probability that a randomly selected professor has a monthly salary of Php60,000.00
c. The probability that a randomly selected professor has a monthly salary between Php45,000.00 and Php58,000.00
d. The number of professors with a salary less than Php50,000.00
Solution:
a. The z-score of a professor with an income of Php65,000.00
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
65,000 − 55,000
𝑧=
5000
100,000
𝑧= =𝟐
5,000
Answer: the z-score of a professor with an income of Php65,000.00 is 2.
b. 𝑃(𝑥 = Php60,000.00)
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
60,000 − 55,000
𝑧=
5,000
5,000
𝑧= =𝟏
5,000

𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏
.0 .0000 .0040
.1 .0398 .0438
.2 .0793 .0823
.3 .1179 .1217
.4 .1554 .1591
.5 .1915 .1950
.6 .2257 .2291
.7 .2580 .2611
.8 .2881 .2910
.9 .3159 .3186
1.0 .3413 .3438
1.1 .3643 .3665
Based on the z-table, the value is 0.3413.
Answer: 34.13% of college professors have a monthly salary of Php60,000.00
c. 𝑃(Php45,000.00 ≤ x ≤ Php58,000.00)
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= 𝑧=
𝜎 𝜎
45,000 − 55,000 58,000 − 55,000
𝑧= 𝑧=
5,000 5,000
−10,000 3,000
𝑧= = −2 𝑧= = 0.6
5,000 5,000
 𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐
.0 .0000 .0040 .0080
.1 .0398 .0438 .0478
.2 .0793 .0823 .0871
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628
.5 .1915 .1950 .1985
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324
.7 .2580 .2611 .2642
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939
.9 .3159 .3186 .3212
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830
Based on the z-table, the values are 0.4772 for 𝑧 = −2 and 0.2257 for 𝑧 = 0.60.

To find 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.60):

𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.60) = 𝑃(𝑧 = −2) + 𝑃(𝑧 = 0.60)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.60) = 0.4772 + 0.2257
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0.60) = 0.7029 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟗%
Answer: 70.29% of college professors have a monthly salary between Php45,000.00 and Php58,000.00.
d. the number of professors with a salary less than Php50,000.00
𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= .0 .0000 .0040
𝜎 .1 .0398 .0438
50,000 − 55,000
𝑧= .2 .0793 .0823
5,000 .3 .1179 .1217
−5,000 .4 .1554 .1591
𝑧= = −1
5,000 .5 .1915 .1950
.6 .2257 .2291
.7 .2580 .2611
.8 .2881 .2910
.9 .3159 .3186
1.0 .3413 .3438
1.1 .3643 .3665
1.2 .3849 .3869
1.3 .4032 .4049

Based on the z-table, the value is 0.3413. This means that the
area between 0 and -1 is 0.3413.
 To find 𝑃(𝑧 < 1):
𝑃(𝑧 < 1) = 0.5 − 𝑃(𝑧 = −1)
𝑃(𝑧 < 1) = 0.5 − 0.3413
𝑃(𝑧 < 1) = 0.1587 = 15.87%
Therefore, 15.87% of the college professors have a monthly salary less than Php50,000.00. Since there are 800
college professors in all, we can get the number of professors with a monthly salary less than Php50,000. Thus,
No. of professor = 15.87% of 800
No. of professor = .1587 x 800
No. of professor = 126.96 ≈ 127

Example 2: Suppose that the IQ scores of Grade 11 students of a certain school is normally distributed with a mean of 110
and standard deviation of 16.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected Grade 11 student has an IQ score of 125?
b. What is the probability that the IQ score of a randomly selected Grade 11 student is less than or equal to 120?
c. What is the probability that the IQ score of a randomly selected Grade 11 student is between 94 and 150?
d. How many students have an IQ score greater than 80 if there are 2,000 students in all?
Solution:
a. 𝑃(𝑥 = 125)
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎

125−100
𝑧= 𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐 . 𝟎𝟑 . 𝟎𝟒 . 𝟎𝟓
16
15 .0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199
𝑧= = 0.9375 ≈ 0.94 .1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596
16
.2 .0793 .0823 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736
.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422
.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023
.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115

Based on the z-table, the value is 0.3264. This means that the area between 0 and 0.94 is 0.3264.

Answer: The probability that a randomly selected Grade 11 student has an IQ score of 125 is 32.64%

b. 𝑃(𝑥 ≤ 120)
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
120−110
𝑧=
16
10
𝑧= = 0.625 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑
16
 𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐 . 𝟎𝟑 . 𝟎𝟒
.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160
.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557
.2 .0793 .0823 .0871 .0910 .0948
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700
.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389
.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995
.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264
Based on the z-table, the value is 0.2357. This means that the area between 0 and 0.63 is 0.2357.

To find 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0.63):

𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0.63) = 0.5 + 𝑃(𝑧 − 0.63)
𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0.63) = 0.5 + 0.2357
𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0.63) = 0.7357 ≈ 𝟕𝟑. 𝟓𝟕%
Answer: 73.57% of the Grade 11 students have IQ scores less than 120.

c. 𝑃(94 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 150)
𝑥−𝜇 𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= 𝑧=
𝜎 𝜎
94 − 110 150 − 110
𝑧= 𝑧=
16 16
−16 40
𝑧= 𝑧=
16 16
𝑧 = −1 𝑧 = 2.5

𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏
.0 .0000 .0040
.1 .0398 .0438
.2 .0793 .0823
.3 .1179 .1217
.4 .1554 .1591
.5 .1915 .1950
.6 .2257 .2291
.7 .2580 .2611
.8 .2881 .2910
.9 .3159 .3186
1.0 .3413 .3438
1.1 .3643 .3665
1.2 .3849 .3869
1.3 .4032 .4049
1.4 .4192 .4207
1.5 .4332 .4345
1.6 .4452 .4463
1.7 .4554 .4564
1.8 .4641 .4649
1.9 .4713 .4719
2.0 .4772 .4778
2.1 .4821 .4826
2.2 .4861 .4864
2.3 .4893 .4896
2.4 .4918 .4920
2.5 .4938 .4940
Based on the z-table, the values are 0.3413 for 𝑧 = −1 and 0.4938 for 𝑧 = 2.5.
 To find 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.50):
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.50) = 𝑃(𝑧 = −1) + 𝑃(𝑧 = 2.50)
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.50) = 0.3413 + 0.4938
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.50) = 0.8351 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟓𝟏%
Answer: 83.51% of the Grade 11 students have IQ scores between 94 and 150.
d. How many students have an IQ score greater than 80 if there are 2,000 students in all?
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
80 − 100
𝑧=
16
−30
𝑧=
16
𝑧 = −1.875 ≈ −𝟏. 𝟖𝟖

𝒛 . 𝟎𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐 . 𝟎𝟑 . 𝟎𝟒 . 𝟎𝟓 . 𝟎𝟔 .07 .08 .09

.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
.2 .0793 .0823 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
Based on the z-table, the value is 0.4699. This means that the area between 0 and -1.88 is 0.4699.
To find 𝑃(𝑧 > −1.88):

𝑃(𝑧 > −1.88) = 𝑃(𝑧 = −1.88) + .50

𝑃(𝑧 > −1.88) = 0.4699 + .50
𝑃(𝑧 > −1.88) = 0.9699 = 96.99%
Therefore, 96.99% of the students have an IQ scores greater than 80. Since there are 2,000 students in all, we can get the
number of students that have IQ scores greater than 80. Thus,
No. of students = 96.99% of 2,000
No. of professor = .9699 x 2,000
No. of professor = 1939.8 ≈ 1940

Answer: There are 1,940 students who have IQ scores greater than 80.