Corus Tubes

SHS welding

Structural & Conveyance Business

Contents

01 Introduction

02 Product specification

03 Welding practice

04 Manual metal arc welding

06 Semi-automatic welding

08 End preparation of members

12 Welding procedures and sequences

14 Fillet welds

16 Butt welds

22 Fabrication

24 Design of welds

30 Appendix 1 - Fit-up and lengths of intersection

30 Table 1 - Size of RHS and CHS bracings which can be

Fitted to CHS main members without shaping

31 Table 2A - Length of curve of intersection of CHS bracing

on a flat plate or RHS main member

32 Table 2B - Length of intersection of RHS bracing on a

flat plate or RHS main member

34 Table 2C - Length of curve of intersection of CHS bracing

on a CHS main member

36 Appendix 2 - Templates for profile shaping ends of CHS

bracing to fit CHS main member

38 Reference standards & documents

Introduction

Welding represents the major method

by which structural hollow sections are
joined. When considering welding, the
most essential requirement is that the
deposited weld should have
mechanical properties not less than
the minima specified for the sections
being joined.

In addition, because hollow sections are

welded from one side only, correctness of
fit-up of components, weld preparations
and procedures are also key factors.
In light of this, it is recommended that
welding parameters, consumables, etc.
are checked, prior to commencement of
full production, by conducting welding
procedure tests. Guidance on the most
appropriate tests can be found in EN 288
Part 1: Specification and approval of
welding procedures for metallic materials -
General rules for fusion welding.
Successful welding, however, is concerned
not only with materials and procedures but
also with the ability of the welding operator.
It is always advisable to use welders
qualified in accordance with the
requirements of EN 287 Part 1 or
alternatively BS 4872. The designer of
welded structures also has an important
part to play, since poor design/detailing
can produce welded joints that are
impossible or at least difficult to fabricate.

Welding is a subject which encompasses

the materials, types of joint, welding
conditions/positions and the required
quality or mechanical properties of the
finished joint. The recommendations made
in this publication are thus of guidance
towards good practice and should be used
in conjunction with other standards,
especially EN 1011*: Welding -
Recommendations for welding of metallic
materials, ENV 1090 and EN 29692.

* Superceeds BS 5135 which was withdrawn

March 2001.

SHS welding 1
 Product specification

Corus Tubes produces four types of hollow section: Celsius® 275, Celsius® 355,
Hybox® 355 and Strongbox® 235.
Celsius® hot finished structural hollow sections are produced by the Corus Tubes Structural
& Conveyance Business. They are availble in two grades Celsius® 275 and Celsius® 355,
which fully comply with EN 10210 S275J2H and EN 10210 S355J2H respectively. All
Celsius® hot finished structural hollow sections have an improved corner profile of 2T
maximum. For full details see Corus Tubes publication CTO6.
Hybox® 355 and Strongbox® 235 cold formed hollow sections are produced by Corus
Tubes Cold Form Business. Hybox® 355 fully complies with EN 10219 S355J2H.
Strongbox® 235 is in accordance with the Corus Tubes publication CTO5. The chemical
composition and mechanical properties of these products, are given below.

Chemical composition
Cold formed hollow sections Hot finished hollow sections
Strongbox® 235 Hybox® 355 Celsius® 275 Celsius® 355
Specification TS 30 (1) EN 10219 355J2H EN 10210 275J2H EN 10210 355J2H
C % max 0.17 0.22 0.20 0.22
Si % max - 0.55 - 0.55
Mn % max 1.40 1.60 1.50 1.60
P % max 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035
S % max 0.045 0.035 0.035 0.035
Ni % max 0.009 - - -
CEV % t ≤16mm 0.35 0.45 0.41 0.45
(1) Corus Tubes specification TS 30, generally in accordance with EN 10219 235JRH.

Mechanical properties
Cold formed hollow sections Hot finished hollow sections
Strongbox® 235 Hybox® 355 Celsius® 275 Celsius® 355
Specification TS 30 (1) EN 10219 355J2H EN 10210 275J2H EN 10210 355J2H
Tensile strength Rm N/mm2
t < 3mm 340 min 510-680 430-580 510-680
3 < t ≤ 40mm 490-630 410-560 490-630
Yeild strength Rehmin N/mm2
t ≤ 16mm 235 355 275 355
t > 16mm - - - 345
Min Elongation %
Lo=5.65 √S0 t ≤ 40mm 24(2)(3) 20(2)(3) 22 22
Impact properties
Min Ave energy (J) - 27 @ -20ºC 27 @ -20ºC 27 @ -20ºC
10 x 10 specimen
(1) Corus Tubes specification TS 30, generally in accordance with EN 10219 235JRH excluding
upper tensile limit and mass tolerance.
(2) 17% min for sizes 60 x 60, 80 x 40 and 76.1mm and below.
(3) Valve to be agreed for t< 3mm

Note: For Strongbox® 235, reduced section properties and thickness applies.
All thicknesses used in the design formulae and calculations are nominal, except for
Strongbox® 235 which should use 0.9tnom or (tnom-0.5mm) whichever is the larger.

2 SHS welding
Welding practice

All Corus Tubes structural hollow sections are

made from steels of weldable quality. The
weldability of a steel is determined by the Carbon
Equivalent Value (CEV), which is calculated from
the ladle analysis using the formula

C + Mn + Cr+Mo+V + Ni+Cu
6 5 15

To maintain weldability the maximum CEV for

steel sections should not exceed 0.54%.
All Corus Tubes products are below this limit
(see table opposite)

All Corus Tubes test certificates state values for

the full 16 element range of the chemical analysis
and the determined CEV.

The welding practice for carbon and carbon

manganese steels is given in EN 1011-2.
Requirements are given for all ferritic steels,
except ferritic stainless steel, dependent on the
material grade and it's CEV. The most common
processes used with hollow sections are manual
metal arc (MMA) and the semi-automatic gas
shielded processes (MIG/MAG/FCAW).

Note - Where it is necessary to weld two different

grades of steel, the welding procedure for the
higher grade should normally be adopted.

SHS welding 3
 Manual metal arc welding (MMA)

Manual metal arc welding (MMA) was All electrodes must be handled and stored
once the most commonly used welding with care to avoid damage and electrodes
process for structural hollow section with damaged coatings should never be
construction, however the development used. Electrode coatings readily absorb
of the semi-automatic welding processes moisture and the manufacturer's
(MIG/MAG/FCAW) has led to a decline in its instructions regarding protection and
use except where restricted access and/or storage must be carefully followed to avoid
site conditions prevail when MMA is still this. Where hydrogen controlled electrodes
extensively used. are being used, these may require oven
drying immediately prior to use, using
Electrode selection should have regard to drying procedures recommended by
the particular application, i.e. joint design, the manufacturer.
weld position and the properties required to
meet the service conditions. Advice on
particular electrodes should be sought from
their manufacturer and, if required or
considered necessary, their performance
evaluated by weld procedure tests in
accordance with EN 288 Part 3.

4 SHS welding
Where impact properties of the weld are For Celsius® 275, Celsius® 355 and deposited weld has mechanical properties
important, or where structures are subject Hybox® 355: not less than the minima specified for the
to dynamic loading - such as, for example, Depending on the application thickness parent material.
crane jibs and bridges - hydrogen controlled and service conditions, rutile or hydrogen
electrodes should be used irrespective of controlled electrodes to EN 499 For weather resistant steel to
the thickness or steel grade being joined. designation: 'E 35 (or 42) 2 Rx Hx' (rutile) BS 7668 grade S345GWH:
and 'E 35 (or 42) 2 B H5' (low hydrogen) The choice of electrodes is restricted to
Where there are several steel grades in a can be used. Rutile electrodes have good hydrogen controlled types which give the
workshop it is advisable to use only operability, a stable arc and are versatile deposited weld mechanical properties not
hydrogen controlled electrodes to avoid but, produce a high hydrogen input. In less than the minima specified for the parent
errors. Welding operators must, of course, cases of high restraint or high fabrication material, i.e. E 42 2 B H5. Because of the
be familiar with the techniques required for stresses low hydrogen electrodes are to be weathering properties of S345GWH it is
using these electrodes. preferred. Prior to making a final selection also necessary to consider the weathering
the user is recommended to discuss properties and the colour match of the weld
Whilst EN 499 provides a classification requirements with the electrode metal if the steelwork is to be an
system for electrodes, electrode manufacturer. architectural feature. In cases where the
manufacturers generally supply their range dilution of the weld metal is high sufficient
of products by trade names. The following Note - If the project requirements only weathering and colour matching properties
is a guide to electrode designations to require the properties of S275J0H or will be imparted to the weld metal even
EN 499 for use on various grades of S355J0H material the electrodes when using a plain carbon steel electrode.
hollow section. designated as E 35 (or 42) 0 Rx Hx and This will normally be the case when welding
E35 (or 42) 0 B H5 can be used. S345GWH thicknesses up to and including
For Strongbox® 235: 12mm. With thicknesses in excess of
Electrodes matching this grade may not be For Sub-grades NLH and NH: 12mm the use of electrodes containing
available. User is recommended to use Only hydrogen controlled electrodes 2-3% nickel (E 42 2 2Ni (or 3Ni) B H5)
guidance for S275J0 material or consult the (E 50 2 B H5) are recommended and care should be considered, either for the
electrode manufacturer. should be taken to ensure that the complete weld or for the capping runs only.

SHS welding 5
 Semi-automatic welding

Semi-automatic welding employing

a gas shield with a bare solid metal wire
or flux and metal cored wire may be
used where suitable applications exist.
The process is capable of depositing weld
metal with a low hydrogen content and is
suitable for welding all material grades.
The popular wire sizes are 1.0 and 1.2mm
diameter, although 0.8mm diameter bare
wire can be used to advantage on light
sections and for root runs without backing.
Bare wires should conform to the
requirements of EN 440. Flux and metal
cored wires should conform to EN 758.

Shielding gases used include CO2 ,

argon/CO2 and argon/oxygen mixtures.
The gas used will depend on the material
compatibility and physical properties, the
mode of operation, joint type and thickness.
The characteristics of the process depend
on the mode of metal transfer from the
electrode to the weld pool, the common
modes of transfer being "dip" and "spray".
Low current "dip" transfer is used for
welding lighter structural hollow sections
and for positional welding whilst the high
current "spray" mode of metal transfer can
be used for downhand welding of
thick sections.

Semi-automatic gas shielded welding with

bare wire has the advantage of continuous
weld deposition which, by virtue of the gas
shield, does not require deslagging
between subsequent runs. This results
in faster welding times and hence can
produce cost reductions in the
fabrication process.

The electrode wire and gas are deposited at

the weld location through a nozzle. Hence,
sufficient access to the weld area to present
the nozzle at the required angle is needed.
Where access is severely restricted it may
be appropriate to change the details or to
use the manual metal arc process.

6 SHS welding
 Wire electrode Shielding gas

Gas shield

SHS welding 7
 End preparation of members

Cutting/sawing The capacity of friction machines is usually limited

The first stage in any end preparation of members to the smaller sections, although machines are
is cutting. available for cutting quite heavy sections at the
expense of a rather high capital outlay. Where
Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) and Rectangular large cross sections are to be cut, the available
Hollow Sections (RHS) may be cut by any of the power needs to be high to prevent slowing down
usual steel cutting methods. The end preparation of the disc.
may involve either square cutting, mitre cutting,
profiling or crimping. Few of these machines incorporate a swivel head
mounting to allow mitre cuts and hence for these
Power hacksaws cuts the workpiece must be angled.
Power hacksaws, which are available in most
workshops, are very useful for "one off" and small Abrasive disc cutting machines
quantity production and have the advantage that As with the friction toothed machines, the
they can often be used for the larger sizes, which abrasive disc type are fast in operation and their
could require more expensive equipment. use is usually limited to the smaller sections.
The utility of these saws is greatly improved if they Their capacity is not as wide as for friction
can be adapted for mitre as well as straight 90° machines, probably due to the more specialised
cutting. Their main drawback is their relatively type of blade required and the difficulties
low speed of operation. associated with their manufacture in the
larger diameters.
Friction-toothed and abrasive disc
Some of the abrasive machines available,
cutting machines
however, do provide a swivel cutting head for
High-speed rotary friction-toothed cut-off
carrying our angle cuts without the need for
machines and abrasive disc cutting machines
moving the workpiece, although the maximum
are the most widely used for cutting SHS.
angle does not usually exceed 45°. In the larger
The choice is largely one of initial cost, plus blade
machines the blades are metal centred to
life and the resharpening of the friction-toothed
minimise wheel breakage.
blade, compared to the life of the abrasive wheel.

Friction-toothed machines
These machines are fast in operation and give a
good finish relatively free from burrs. The alloy or
mild steel cutting discs have peripheral serrations
or teeth, depending upon type, which serve a
two-fold purpose - first to induce localised heat
to the workpiece by friction and then to remove
the hot particles under the forward motion of
the cutter.

8 SHS welding
Bandsaws Grinding or chamfering
These are of more general use and, cost for cost, When required this is usually done with a portable
capable of tackling a larger range of sizes than the grinder, but pedestal grinders can be adapted for
disc cutters. They are therefore more useful for dealing with short lengths by fitting an adjustable
the jobbing shop where the variety of section guide table.
shapes and sizes is extensive but where speed of
cutting is not so essential. Blades are relatively Machining
cheap, fairly long lasting and if broken can very Turning or parting-off in a lathe is generally too
often be repaired by the use of a small slow for ordinary structural work. It is more
welding/annealing machine. Bandsaws are safe commonly used for end preparation for high
to use if the blade is adequately guarded and quality full-penetration butt-welds for pressure
cutting oil is used to control the swarf. services. Horizontal milling also tends to be too
slow, although where a great deal of repetition is
Flame cutting involved, gang-millers with high-speed cutters
Hand flame-cutting may be used for cutting any have been used successfully for shaping the ends
structural hollow section, but this method is of hollow sections.
mostly used for site-cutting, for cutting the larger
sized sections and for profile-cutting of ends. An end mill of the same diameter as the CHS
A ring fixed to CHS or a straight-edge for RHS main member can be used for cutting and
may be used as a guide for the cutting torch, thus shaping the ends of smaller branches. Where
producing a clean cut and reducing subsequent these branches are to be set at 90° this method
grinding. offers the advantage of being able to cut two
ends at the same time.
Crawler rigs are available which can be fixed
to the section to give semi-automatic
straight cutting.

Where a number of ends require identical profile-

shaping by hand flame-cutting, templates can be
used to reduce individual marking off time.

Machines are available which will flame-cut CHS

and profile-shape the ends to any combination of
diameters and angles within their range, and will
also simultaneously chamfer the ends for butt-
welding if necessary. The cost of these machines
varies considerably, being controlled mainly by the
range of sizes they cover and the complexity of
the operations they can perform.

See section on fabrication for any pre-heat

requirements.

SHS welding 9
 End preparation of members

Not to exceed
2mm

Straight cutting Profile shaping

Shearing, punching and cropping Where the gap exceeds 2mm, some For small quantity production hand
Shaping the end of a hollow section by method must be employed to bring the gap flame-cutting is generally employed and
cropping through one wall at a time by within this limit. Appendix 2 shows a method of setting out
means of a suitably shaped tool in a punch templates which is suitable for most work.
or fly-press or a nibbling machine is The two methods most generally used are:
acceptable, providing the section is not profile shaping (or saddling) and crimping Templates for marking-off may be of oiled
distorted in the process. (or part flattening). paper, cardboard or thin sheet metal,
depending on the degree of permanence
By reason of possible eccentricity and Note: Whichever method is used bracings which is required.
distortion, hollow sections cut by means of should not ordinarily intersect the main
a punch or shears are not recommended members at angles of less than 30° to allow
for load bearing members. Hollow sections sufficient accessibility for welding at
with the ends cut and shaped the crotch.
simultaneously by means of a punch or
"crop-crimped" (cut and crimped by means Profile-shaping or saddling
of a press, in one operation) are, however, This is the process of shaping the ends
often used for light fabrications. of an SHS member to fit the contour
of a curved surface such as a CHS
Straight cutting main member.
In accordance with EN 1090-4, “Straight-
cut” structural hollow sections may be fillet Machines are available which will flame-cut
welded to any suitable flat surface such as and profile-shape the ends of CHS to the
RHS, or to any suitable curved surface required combination of diameter and
providing the welding gap caused by such angle. The profiled ends may also be
curvature does not exceed 2mm. Details of chamfered at the same time if a butt welded
the size combinations where a bracing can connection is required.
have a straight cut and still fit up to a CHS
main member without exceeding the 2mm
weld gap limit are given in Appendix 1
Table 1.

10 SHS welding
 2mm
max

2mm
max

Crimping or part-flattening Partial profiling

Crimping or part-flattening Partial profiling

Some saws and shears can be fitting with When full width bracing members are
crimpers for carrying our this simple welded to an RHS main member with large
operation: alternatively, a small press or an corner radii partial profiling may be
internal spacer may be used to limit the necessary to ensure that the minimum fit-up
amount of flattening. In either case the tolerances for either a fillet weld or a butt
welding gap caused by the chord curvature weld are achieved.
should not exceed 2mm for fillet welding.
NB: This condition can arise when using
Crimping or part-flattening is normally cold formed hollow sections.
restricted to CHS and to a reduction of See also Fabrication cold form RHS corner
approximately one-third of the original regions page 22.
diameter of the CHS branch member.
The maximum size of bracing that can be
fitted to a CHS main chord to maintain a
maximum gap of 2mm is given in Appendix
1 Table 1.

SHS welding 11
 Welding procedures and sequences

The four principal welding positions, which

are used for SHS, are suitable for either butt
or fillet welding.

Electrode
360° Flat rotated
(Butts PA* and fillets PB*)
The member is rotated through 360º in an
anticlockwise direction. A downhand (flat)
weld is made with the electrode always Rotated 360º

adjacent to the crown of the member.

Horizontal-vertical
(Butts PC* and fillets PB* or PD*)
This method is used when the member
cannot be moved and is in an upright
position.

Fully positional
Vertical-upwards (PF*) 3

This method is used on the comparatively

1 1
rare occasions when the member or
1
assembly cannot be moved.

2
2
2

12 SHS welding
180º Vertical upwards (PF*)
This is a commonly used method and is
particularly suitable for planar lattice 2 1 3 4
construction. All the welds are made on the top
side and then the whole panel is turned over
Panel turned
through 180º and the remaining welds 180º
completed.

3 4

Panel turned
180º
2

Note:
1.When using the above sequences for
welding RHS, the start/stop weld positions
X
should be of the order of five times the
section thickness (5 t) from the corners.
X X

2.When using the above sequences for

welding CHS bracings to a main or chord X
member, the start/stop weld positions should
not be at the positions marked with an 'X'
on the adjacent sketch.

* In the weld sequence descriptions shown on

pages 12 and 13 the details in brackets refer to
the designations given in prEN 13920-2 for
welding positions.

SHS welding 13
 Fillet welds

Apart from the special case of end to end Branch connection details - Special note: The gaps shown in the
connections where butt joints, developing fillet welds above details are those allowed by
the full strength of the sections, are usually The following figures show the basic ENV 1090-4 for normal fillet welds. In the
desirable, fillet welding provides the conditions which are encountered when case of small size fillet welds below 5mm
economic answer to most of the joints in making fillet welds on SHS branch and, especially for crimped or straight cut
static structures. members : L = Leg length. branch members to circular chords,
consideration should be given to increasing
A fillet weld can be specified by its throat the minimum leg length required by 2mm
thickness and/or leg length and the to ensure adequate strength is achieved.
deposited weld shall be not less than the
specified dimensions.

b1
d1

C D
C D
A,B
A,B
θ θ
h0 d0

b0

This edge prepared

L as a buttweld L
2mm max
2mm max L

2mm max 2mm max

θ = 30º to 60º L
L
L
Where b1< b0
θ = 60º to 90º L
Detail at C

2mm max

Edge preparation
may be required
for sharp corners
Where b1= b0

Detail at A,B

For smaller angles

full penetration is not
intended provided
2mm max there is adequate
L throat thickness

Detail at D

14 SHS welding
Fillet and fillet-butt welds The following shows two bracings, of the For calculating weld sizes, both types are
Fillet welds joining SHS to flat surfaces same size, meeting main members of considered as fillet welds. The fillet-butt
such as plates, sections, or RHS main different sizes. In both cases welding preparation is used where the diameter of
members are self explanatory, but some conditions at the crown are similar, so for the bracing is one third or more of the
confusion has arisen in the past over the the same loads identical fillets would be diameter of the main member.
terms “fillet” and “fillet-butt” where used. At the flanks, however, conditions
structural hollow sections are welded to differ. The curvature of the larger main
CHS main members. The terms describe member continues to give good fillet weld
the welding conditions which apply when conditions while the curvature of the
various size ratios of bracing to main smaller main member necessitates a butt
member are involved. weld. The change from fillet to butt weld
must be continuous and smooth.

d1

d0

d1

d0

SHS welding 15
 Butt welds

Weld reinforcement

Throat
thickness

Backing member

General End-to-end butt welds

The end preparation for butt welding It is permissible to butt weld hollow
depends on many factors including the sections end-to-end up to and including
thickness of the section, the angle of 8.0mm thick without end preparation, i.e.
intersection, the welding position and the square butt weld (with backing), but in
size and type of electrode employed. general an upper limit of 5mm is
recommended to avoid large weld
Where full penetration has been achieved deposites and associated shrinkage and
and the correct electrodes for the type of distortion.
steel have been employed, butt welds in
SHS may be regarded as developing the Although specifications permit end-to-end
full strength of the parent metal. butt welds to be made without backing, the
use of backing members is recommended,
Butt welds may be used regardless of the as they help in lining up the sections as well
thickness of the section or, in the case of as assisting in ensuring a sound root run.
CHS, of the ratio between the diameter of In general, backing members are necessary
the bracing and that of the main member. for full penetration butt welds.
Where multi-run butt welds are required the
root run or runs should be made with The following details have, unless noted,
3.25mm diameter or smaller electrodes, been taken from EN 29692. The end
using one of the sequences shown on preparation shown are those normally used
pages 12 or 13 according to the technique for joining two structural hollow sections
employed. of the same size and thickness. For joining
sections of different thicknesses see
The finished weld must be proud of the page 18.
surface of the parent metal by an amount For material over 20mm thick, welding trials
not exceeding ten per cent of the throat should be carried out to establish the most
thickness of the weld. This reinforcement suitable procedure.
may be dressed off if a flush finish is
required.

Square butt weld - without backing

Weld detail Thickness T Gap b

b T
mm mm
≤4 ≈T

16 SHS welding
Square butt weld - with backing

Gap b
Weld detail Thickness T
min. max.
mm mm mm
b T
3-8 6 8

Single V - with or without backing

Thickness of
Gap b root face c
Weld detail Thickness T
min. max. min. max.
40º - 60º
mm mm mm mm mm
c
T Up to 10 - 4 - 2

Single V - with backing: not included in EN 29692

Thickness of
Gap b root face c
Weld detail Thickness T
min. max. min. max.
60ºmin

c mm mm mm mm mm
T
Up to 20 5 8 1 2.5

60º

Mitred butt welds: ENV 1090-4

For constructions such as bowstring
girders, mitred butt welds are often
used, instead of being cut square the
end is cut at an angle equal to half
the mitre angle. Backing members
for mitred butts have to be specially
60º
made to suit the mitre.
Mitre angles

SHS welding 17
 Butt welds

Thickness difference
up to 1.5mm Thickness difference > 1.5mm but ≤ 3mm

Slope not to exceed 1 in 4

Thickness difference
over 3mm

Sections of different thicknesses: Backing members:

ENV 1090-4 ENV 1090-4
When SHS of different thicknesses are butt Backing members must be of mild steel
welded end-to-end the transition between with a carbon content not exceeding
the two thicknesses should be as smooth 0.25% and a sulphur content not
as possible, especially for dynamic exceeding 0.060% or of the same material
structures. The strength of such a weld as the parent metal. For CHS they are
is based on that of the thinner section. usually formed from strip 20 to 25mm wide
and 3 to 6mm thick, with the ends cut on
For any given external size of hollow the scarf to permit adjustment. They are
section the change in wall thickness occurs sprung into position inside the section and
on the inside of the section. Differences are tack welded to the fusion face to hold
in thickness may be dealt with as follows: them in place.

No special treatment is required if the Backing members for RHS are usually
difference does not exceed 1.5mm. formed from strip 20 to 25mm wide and
Differences not exceeding 3mm may be 3 to 6mm thick, in two pieces, bent at
accommodated by making the backing right angles and tacked in position.
member to fit the thinner section, tacking
it in position, locally heating it and dressing
it down sufficiently to enter the
thicker section.

Alternatively, lay down the first root run

round the thinner section and dress down
the backing member while it is still hot.
It may be necessary to mitre the corners by
hacksaw in some cases.
D+

Differences in thickness exceeding 3mm

necessitate the machining of the bore to
enable the backing member to fit snugly.
The machined taper should not exceed
1 in 4.

D-

18 SHS welding
Flat plate and branch connections
Although seldom necessary to meet design requirements butt welds can be used for such joints.
The two basic conditions are: Flat plate vertical - SHS horizontal and horizontal-vertical butt welds.

Flat Plate Vertical - SHS Horizontal

A typical example of this condition could be a flange plate welded to SHS. For most general work the end
preparation shown for a single bevel without a backing member is suitable, but where it is required to ensure
complete penetration a backing member should be used.

Single bevel - without backing

Thickness of
Gap b root face c
Weld detail Thickness T
min. max. min. max.
35º - 60º

mm mm mm mm mm
T
Up to 20* 2 4 1 2
c
b

* EN 29692 max 10

Single bevel - with backing - not included in EN 29692

Thickness of
Gap b root face c
Weld detail Thickness T
min. max. min. max.

421/2º ± 21/2º
mm mm mm mm mm
T
Up to 20 5 8 1 3
c
b

Horizontal-vertical butt Welds

Where SHS are in a vertical position and cannot be moved for welding, a double bevel form of
preparation is used. The weld face of the upper member is bevelled at 45° and that of the lower
at 15°. The weld gap may be adjusted to suit welding conditions. Backing members are strongly
recommended for joints of this type.

Double bevel - with backing - not included in EN 29692

Thickness of
Gap b root face c
Weld detail Thickness T
min. max. min. max.
Upper
section

45º
mm mm mm mm mm
Up to 20 5 8 1 2.5
15º
b
Lower
section c
T

SHS welding 19
 Butt welds

d1

C D

A, B
θ
d0

b1

C D
A, B

h0

b0

Branch connections to structural

hollow section main members:
ENV 1090-4
If the main member is a circular hollow
section, then the angle of intersection
between the bracing and the surface of the
main member changes from point to point
around the perimeter of the bracing. The
basic preparations used give, as far as
possible, a constant 45º single bevel
between the weld face of the bracing and
the surface of the main member.

20 SHS welding
 T T

T
1 to 2mm
1 to 2mm
2 to 4mm
max 2mm
H

H
d1≥ 2d0/3 d1< 2d0/3

2 to 4mm
Detail at A,B for CHS
Detail at C

T T
1 to 2mm
T 1 to 2mm
1 to 2mm
For  < 60º a
fillet weld detail
(see detail at D
page 14) is preferred. H 20º to 25º

H
2 to 4mm 2mm max.
Where b1< b0 Where b1=b0
2 to 4mm
Detail at D Detail at A,B for RHS
 = 60º to 90º

In all cases H ≥ T

Note: The angle of intersection θ of the

axes of the hollow sections should not be
less than 30° unless adequate efficiency of
the junction has been demonstrated.

SHS welding 21
 Fabrication

General
While Structural Hollow Sections are light, To establish the need for preheat and the
strong and graceful, there is sometimes a required preheat temperature EN 1011-2
tendency for fabricators, not familiar with should be consulted. The requirement for
their use, to over weld. This is a bad preheating is dependent upon the variables
practice; it spoils the appearance of the listed below:
structure and tends to distort it as well as
Grade/composition of the section
adding unnecessarily to the welding costs.
e.g. it's CEV.
Welds should be the minimum size
commensurate with the load to be carried Combined thickness of the joint to
and the conditions of working. be welded.

Even when the weld sizes have been Welding process parameters.
correctly specified there are two common (Amperage, Voltage & travel speed)
causes of over welding during fabrication Hydrogen scale of the process and
and care should be taken to avoid them. consumables.
These are: If required, preheating should be applied to
a) Fillet welds with too large a throat a distance of 75mm either side of the joint to
thickness and/or leg length. be welded and checked using a suitable
b) Butt welds with excessive reinforcement, temperature indicating device, e.g.
this should be limited to 10% of the indicating crayon or contact pyrometer.
section thickness. For Celsius® 275 and Strongbox® 235:-
Further preheat is not generally required.
Poor "fit-up" of structural members can also
increase welding and rectification costs. For Celsius® 355 and Hybox® 355:-
Whilst it is not necessary to have "machine Further preheat is generally not required with
fits" time spent at the preparation and sections up to 13mm thick for fillet welds
assembly stages is usually amply repaid at and up to 20mm thick for butt welds.
the welding stage. A minimum pre-heat temperature of 125°C
is required when fillet welding sections over
Cold formed RHS corner regions 13mm thick and butt welding sections over
EN1993-1-1: Annex K: Table A4 restricts 20mm thick.
welding within 5t of the corner region of cold For Sub-grades NH and NLH:-
formed square or rectangular hollow section No further preheat is required with sections
chord members unless the steel is a fully up to 8mm thick for fillet welds and up to
killed (A1≥ 0.025%) type. 12mm thick for butt welds. A minimum pre-
Both Corus Tubes Strongbox® 235 and heat temperature of 175°C is required when
Hybox® 355 meet the fully killed fillet welding sections over 8mm thick and
requirements and can be welded in the butt welding sections over 12mm thick.
corner region unless the thickness is
For Grade S345GWH:-
greater than 12mm when the 5t restriction
The recommendations for Celsius® 355
applies.
apply.

Preheating for flame cutting

Preheating for flame cutting or gouging is Tack welds
usually not required for Strongbox® 235 or Particular attention should be paid to the
Celsius® 275 materials. However, a quality of tack welds and they should be
minimum preheating temperature of 120ºC deposited by qualified welders. The throat
should be used when either the ambient thickness of tack welds should be similar
temperature is below 5ºC or when Celsius® to that of the initial root run. The minimum
355, Hybox® 355 and S460N grades over length of a tack weld should be 50mm,
13mm thick are being flame cut. but for material less than 12mm thickness
should be four times the thickness of the
Preheating for tacking and welding thicker part being joined. The ends of the
The temperature of any grade of material tack welds should be dressed to permit
prior to welding should not be less than 5ºC. proper fusion into the root run.

22 SHS welding
 or anything which is likely to be detrimental weld. Where SHS are aluminium sprayed
Special notes: to weld quality. Special attention should be before fabrication, a distance of 75mm
Tack welds must not be applied at corners. given to cold formed hollow sections as around the welding position should be
Backing members must always be tack these are normally supplied with a corrosion left clear.
welded to the root face, never internally. inhibitor/oil preparation applied to the steel
surfaces. When using the so called "weld- Repair of metal coatings at weld area
Jigs and manipulators through" primers, care should be taken to The completion of the protection at welds
The shapes and close dimensional avoid welding defects by ensuring these are on structures fabricated from either hot
tolerances of SHS make them very suitable applied strictly in accordance with dipped galvanised or aluminium/zinc
for jig assembly and the use of simple jigs manufacturer's recommendations. sprayed tubes can be satisfactorily
and fixtures is recommended wherever Where site welding is required, additional achieved by metal spraying. The sprayed
possible.The strength and stiffness of SHS precautions should be taken to protect the metal coating should be at least 130µm
usually permit them to be assembled and workpiece from adverse weather thick. To ensure good adhesion of the
tacked in a jig and then moved elsewhere conditions, i.e. damp and low temperatures. sprayed metal on the weld it is necessary to
for welding, thus freeing the jig for further grit blast or alternatively remove all welding
assembly work. Manipulators, other than Inspection of welding slag with a pneumatic needle pistol or by
supporting rollers for 360° rolling welds are In addition to visual examination for hand chipping and preheat the weld area to
seldom required for general work. dimensional inconsistencies and surface a temperature of 150°C to 350°C.
The vast majority of work can be planned breaking weld defects, the Magnetic Due to the roughness of the parent coating
using the 180° vertical-up technique. Particle and Dye Penetrant Inspection (MPI on aluminium/zinc sprayed tubes, this
& DPI) techniques are most commonly used method of weld protection gives a firm
Welding sequence for SHS welds. For critical applications bond at the overlap with the parent coating.
The usual practice in the fabrication of these may also be supported by the use of With hot dip galvanised SHS there is less
panels and frames from SHS is to work ultrasonic or radiographic inspection for adhesion of the sprayed zinc at the overlap
to open ends. That is to start welding in sub-surface defects. with the parent coating. It is therefore
the middle of a panel and work outwards Prior to undertaking any inspection it is advisable to seal the whole of the sprayed
on alternate sides to the ends. This tends essential to establish the criteria on which coating, including at least 25mm of the
to reduce distortion and avoid welds are accepted or rejected. Welding parent hot dip galvanised coating, with zinc
cumulative errors. repairs can significantly increase fabrication rich paint. Coatings applied in this manner
Flange joints are usually associated with costs and may lead to excessive distortion, ensure that the protection at the weld is as
close length tolerance and it is good restraint and in the most severe cases good as the parent coating.
practice to first complete all the other scrapping of the component or structure.
For galvanised coatings a less satisfactory
welding before fixing and welding on the
but more convenient method, which may
flanges as a final operation. Hazards from fumes
be acceptable for mildly corrosive
When subjected to elevated temperatures
environments, is to clean the weld area
Weld distortion and shrinkage during welding or cutting, fumes will be
thoroughly and apply two or three coats of
Provided the joints have been well prepared produced which may be injurious to health.
a good quality zinc rich paint to give a
and assembled and the welding sequence Good general ventilation and/or local
coating thickness of about 130µm.
has been correct, distortion will be kept to a extraction is essential. When welding
minimum and rectification will not be a galvanised, metal coated or painted
major problem. It is a common mistake to material care should be taken to ensure that
make bracing members a tight fit. A small threshold limits are not exceeded and,
allowance should be made for shrinkage. where possible, it is recommended that
Flanges are sometimes clamped to heavy coatings are removed local to the area to be
“strongbacks” approximately twice the welded.
thickness of the flange, to prevent distortion
during cooling. Weld shrinkage depends on Welding of galvanised and
many factors, but a useful approximation is metal coated SHS
to allow 1.5mm for each joint in the length There should be no difficulty in welding
of a main member. galvanised or zinc-coated hollow sections,
but because of the fumes given off when
Welding conditions the zinc volatises, the operation must be
Wherever possible, welding should be carried out in a well ventilated area.
carried out in workshops under controlled The correct welding procedure is to use
conditions using suitably qualified welding a back-stepping technique; volatising the
procedures. The surfaces to be joined galvanised coating with a lengthened arc
should be free from rust, oil, grease, paint for 50mm then coming back and laying the

SHS welding 23
 Design of welds

General
A weld connecting two hollow section members together should normally
be continuous, of structural quality and comply with the requirements of the
welding standard EN 1011 and ENV 1090-4 and the appropriate application
standard. The following design guidance on the strength of welds is based
on the requirements of BS 5950-1:2000 and ENV 1993:Part 1.1.

Fillet welds
Pre-qualified fillet weld size
According to ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 : Annex K: Section K.5. for
bracing members in a lattice construction, the design resistance of a fillet
weld should not normally be less than the design resistance of the member.
This requirement will be satisfied if the effective weld throat size (a) is taken
equal to (α t) as shown in table 3, provided that electrodes of an equivalent
grade (in terms of both yield and tensile strength) to the steel are used.

Steel grade Minimum throat size Minimum throat size, a (mm)

a (mm) UK NAD: γ Mw =1.35  Mj =1.1

Celsius® 275 0.87  t 0.94t

Celsius® 355 1.01  t 1.09t

Strongbox® 235 0.84  t 0.91t

Hybox® 355 1.01  t 1.09t

where t = bracing member thickness and  = 1.1  Mw
Mj 1.25
Table 3 : Pre-qualified weld throat size

The criterion above may be waived where a smaller weld size can be justified
with regard to both resistance and deformational/ rotational capacity, taking
account of the possibility that only part of the weld's length may be effective.

General design of fillet welds

The design capacity of a fillet weld, where the fusion faces form an angle of
not more than 120º and not less than 30º is found from the multiplication of
the weld design strength (pw), the effective weld throat size (a) and the
effective weld length (s).

Weld design capacity = pw x a x s

If the angle between fusion faces is greater than 120º, for example at the toe
of an inclined bracing, then a full penetration butt weld should be used.
If the angle is less than 30º then adequacy of the weld must be shown.

Weld Design Strength (pw)

The values of the weld design strength pw (N/mm2 ) using covered
electrodes to EN 499 are given in BS 5950 and are shown in table 4.

Weld design strength, pw, for

Steel grade EN 499 Electrode designation

E 35 2 xxxx E 42 2 xxxx
Celsius® 275 220 220

Celsius® S355 220 250

Strongbox® 235 187 187

Hybox® S355 220 250

Table 4 : Weld design strengths

24 SHS welding
Effective weld throat size (a)
The effective throat size (a) is taken as the perpendicular distance
from the root of the weld to the straight line joining the fusion faces,
which lies within the cross section of the weld, but not greater than
0.7 times the effective weld leg length (L).

Where the fusion faces are between 30º and 120º the effective weld
throat size is calculated from the effective leg length by using the
reduction factor (fr), given in table 5, such that :

Effective weld throat size, a = fr x L

Angle ψ in degrees Reduction factor

between fusion faces (fr) ψ a
30 to 90 0.70
91 to 100 0.65
101 to 106 0.60
107 to 113 0.55
114 to 120 0.50 L
Table 5 : Throat size reduction factors

Weld design capacities per millimetre run of weld are given in table
6, they have been calculated from (a x pw).

Weld effective Steel grade Steel grade Steel grade

throat size, S235 with S275J2H with S355J2H with
a mm E35 2 xxxx E 35 2 xxxx E 42 2 xxxx
electrodes electrodes, electrodes,
kN/mm run kN/mm run kN/mm run
3 0.56 0.66 0.75
4 0.75 0.88 1.00
5 0.94 1.10 1.25
6 1.12 1.32 1.50
7 1.31 1.54 1.75
8 1.50 1.76 2.00
9 1.68 1.98 2.25
10 1.87 2.20 2.50
Table 6 : Weld design capacity per unit length

Effective weld length(s)

The effective weld length for design will depend on the following
1. The actual length of the intersection. This will depend upon the
angle of intersection and the type of surface being welded to,
e.g. flat or curved. Lengths of curves of intersections are given
in Appendix 1, tables 2A, 2B and 2C.
2. The effectiveness of the actual length of intersection. Generally
connections to relatively thin flat surfaces, such as lattice
bracings to the face of an RHS will be less than fully effective,
whilst those to a thick plate or a curved surface are more likely
to be fully effective.

SHS welding 25
 Design of welds

Joints with CHS chords

For joints with CHS chord members the weld effective throat size
can be determined using a calculated effective bracing thickness,
teff as shown below.
Assuming that the bracing member capacity, Nmem is required
to be equal to the joint capacity, Njoint , calculated from
ENV1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994. Then Njoint = Nmem = π t (d-t) fy /103
d/t is generally about 20, hence (d-t) = 0.95d and has a top limit in
ENV1993 of d/t ≤ 50
Hence the effective bracing thickness,

3
teff = Njoint x 10 335 Njoint
————— = ———— but with teff ≥ d/50
0.95 π d fy d fy
Using the prequalified weld throat thickness factors (α) given in
table 3, the minimum throat sizes becomes α teff, see table 7.

For CHS joints with moments and axial loads

Napp Mxapp Myapp
replace Njoint in the above with ( ————— + ———— + ———— ) A
A Zx Zy
where A, Zx and Zy are the nominal section properties.

Yield strength, α factor Effective bracing thickness, Minimum weld throat thickness,
fy N/mm2 teff = higher value of a mm = higher value of

Celsius® 275 0.94 (1.22 Njoint / d) and (d / 50) (1.15 Njoint / d) and 0.94(d / 50)

Celsius® 355 1.09 (0.94 Njoint / d) and (d / 50) (1.02 Njoint / d) and 1.09(d / 50)

Strongbox® 235 0.91 (1.43 Njoint / d) and (d / 50) (1.30 Njoint / d) and 0.91(d / 50)

Hybox® 355 1.09 (0.94 Njoint / d) and (d / 50) (1.02 Njoint / d) and 1.09(d / 50)

Table 7 : Minimum Weld Throat Size for CHS Chord Joints

bi
Joints with RHS chords and either two bracings with hi
a gap or one bracing
The weld effective lengths are based to a great extent on the
bracing effective periphery determined during the calculation of the
θi
static capacity of welded lattice type joints. The effective peripheries
for bracing connections to RHS chord members are given in
h0
ENV1993-1-1: 1992/A1:1994 and are shown below. t0

The weld effective length, s, for K- or N-joints with a gap between

the bracings and predominantly axial loads can be taken as : b0

s = [(2 hi / sin θi ) + bi ] for θi ≥ 60º and

s = [(2 hi / sin θi ) + 2bi ] for θi ≤ 50º
for angles between 50º and 60º linear interpolation should be used.

For T-, Y- and X-joints with predominantly axial loads a conservative

estimate of the weld effective length, s, is given by
s = [2 h i / sin θi ] for all values of θi bi
bj hi
hj
Joints with RHS chords and overlapping bracings
The weld effective length, s, for the overlapping bracing of K- or θi

N-joints with overlapping bracings and predominantly axial loads

can be taken as θj

s = 2hi + bi + be(ov) for overlaps ≥ 80%

h0
t0
s = 2hi + be + be(ov) for overlaps ≥ 50% < 80% q

s = (Ov/50)2hi + be + be(ov) for overlaps ≥ 25% < 50%

b0

26 SHS welding
 10 fyj tj
with be(ov) = —— —— bi but ≤ bi
bj /tj fyi ti

10 fy0 t0
be = —— —— bi but ≤ bi
b0 /t0 fyi ti

and Ov = percentage overlap = q sinθi / hi x 100

The weld effective length, s, for the overlapped bracing can be taken as
being the same percentage of the actual weld length as that for the
overlapping bracing, i.e.

soverlapped = soverlapping (hj + bj)/(hi + bi) but ≤ 2 (hj/sinθj + bj) - bi

because the hidden part of the weld need not be welded if the vertical
components of the bracing loads do not differ by more than 20%

For RHS joints with moments and axial loads

the required weld throat thickness can be found from table 6 using the
stress in kN/mm found from
Napp Mxapp Myapp
——— + ——— + ———
A Zx Zy
where A, Zx and Zy are the bracing area and section modulii reduced
where appropriate for the ineffective widths.

Fillet weld design examples

All of the joint capacities quoted in these examples have
been calculated using the joint design formulae in
ENV 1993-1-1: 1992/A1: 1994

RHS gap joint 380kN

590kN
All material grade S355J2H
Chord : 200 x 200 x 8
Compression bracing : 150 x 100 x 5 at 90º
Tension bracing : 120 x 80 x 5 at 40º 40º

Joint capacity : Comp brace 402kN

1445kN 1897kN
Tens brace 598kN

Compression bracing weld

Using prequalified weld sizes, throat thickness, a = 1.09 t = 5.5mm
Using member load
effective length, s = 2h/sinθ + b = 2 x 100/sin90º + 150 = 350mm
and throat thickness, a = Napp/(pw.s) = 380000 / (250 . 350) = 4.3mm
The required throat thickness is the lesser of these two values, ie 4.3mm

Tension bracing weld

Using prequalified weld sizes, throat thickness, a = 1.09 t = 5.5mm
Using member load
effective length, s = 2h/sinθ + 2b = 2 x 80/sin40º + 2 x 120 = 489mm
and throat thickness, a = Napp/(pw.s) = 590000 / (250 . 489) = 4.8mm
The required throat thickness is the lesser of these two values, ie 4.8mm

SHS welding 27
 Design of welds

RHS overlap joint 280kN 280kN

All material grade S275J2H 45
Chord : 180 x 180 x 8
Compression bracing : 120 x 120 x 5 at 55º
Tension bracing : 90 x 90 x 5 at 55º 55º 55º
Overlap %, Ov = q sinθ / h = 45 sin55º / 90 = 41%
Joint capacity : Comp brace 447kN
Tens brace 330kN

Overlapping bracing weld

Using prequalified weld sizes, throat thickness, a = 0.94 t = 4.7mm
Using member load
effective length, s = (Ov/50)2hi + be + be(ov)

10 fyj tj 10 x 8 275 x 8
with be(ov) = —— —— bi = ——— ———— 90 = 64mm < b i = 90mm
bj/tj fyi ti 180 275 x 5

10 fy0 t0 10 x 5 275 x 5
and be = —— —— bi = ——— ———— 90 = 38mm < bi = 90mm
b0/t0 fyi ti 120 275 x 5

Hence effective length, s = 41 / 50 (2 x 90) + 64 + 38 = 249mm

and throat thickness, a = Napp/(pw.s) = 280000 / (220 . 249) = 5.1mm
The required throat thickness is the lesser of these two values, ie 4.7mm

Overlapped bracing weld

Using prequalified weld sizes, throat thickness, a = 0.94 t = 4.7mm
Using member load effective length,
s = soverlapping (hj+bj)/(hi+bi) = 249 (120+120)/(90+90) = 314mm < 2(hj/sinθj+bj)-bi = 443mm
and throat thickness, a = Napp/(pw.s) = 280000 / (220 . 314) = 4.1mm
The required throat thickness is the lesser of these two values, ie 4.1mm

CHS gap joint

275kN 275kN
All material grade S355J2H
Chord : 193.7 x 6.3
45º 45º
Compression bracing : 114.3 x 3.6 at 45º
700kN 1090kN
Tension bracing : 88.9 x 3.2 at 45º

Joint capacity : Comp brace 281kN

Tens brace 281kN

Compression bracing weld

Using prequalified weld sizes, throat thickness, a = 1.09 t = 3.9mm
Using joint capacity method
teff = 0.94 Njoint / d = 0.94 x 281 / 114.3 = 2.32mm > d / 50 = 2.29mm
throat thickness = α teff = 1.09 x 2.32 = 2.6mm
The required throat thickness is the lesser of these two values, ie 2.6mm

Tension bracing weld

Using prequalified weld sizes, throat thickness, a = 1.09 t = 3.5mm
Using joint capacity method
teff = 0.94 Njoint / d = 0.94 x 281 / 88.9 = 2.98mm > d / 50 = 1.78mm
throat thickness = α teff = 1.09 x 2.98 = 3.3mm
The required throat thickness is the lesser of these two values, ie 3.3mm

28 SHS welding
CHS overlap joint
460kN
All material grade S275J2H
Chord : 273 x 8.0
650kN
Compression bracing : 193.7 x 5.0 at 90º
Tension bracing : 168.3 x 5.0 at 45º
45º
1070kN 1530kN
Joint capacity : Comp brace 483kN
Tens brace 683kN

Overlapped bracing weld

Using prequalified weld sizes, throat thickness, a = 0.94 t = 4.7mm
Using joint capacity method
teff = 1.22 Njoint / d = 1.22 x 483 / 193.7 = 3.04mm < d / 50 = 3.87mm
throat thickness = α teff = 0.94 x 3.87 = 3.6mm
The required throat thickness is the lesser of these two values, ie 3.6mm

Overlapping bracing weld

Using prequalified weld sizes, throat thickness, a = 0.94 t = 4.7mm
Using joint capacity method
teff =1.22 Njoint / d = 1.22 x 683 / 168.3 = 4.94mm > d / 50 = 3.37mm
throat thickness = α teff = 0.94 x 4.94 = 4.6mm
The required throat thickness is the lesser of these two values, ie 4.6mm.

Butt welds
The design strength of full penetration butt welds should be taken as
equal to that of the parent metal, provided the weld is made with
electrodes that produce all weld tensile specimens (both yield and tensile)
not less than those specified for the parent metal.

Design note: When designing welds for full width Vierendeel joints, to
cater for the non-uniform stress distribution at the connection and to
ensure that stress re-distribution can take place, the welds should be
designed to have the same capacity as the bracing member capacity.

SHS welding 29
 Appendix 1

Table 1
Sizes of RHS and CHS bracings which can be fitted to CHS main members without shaping

Size of bracing (d1) up to and including:-

Diameter of main
member Straight cut Partial flattening
(do) RHS width CHS dia. Original dia. of CHS
33.7 - - -
42.4 - - 26.9
48.3 20 - 26.9
60.3 20 - 33.7
76.1 20 - 33.7
88.9 20 26.9 33.7
114.3 30 33.7 42.4
139.7 30 33.7 48.3
168.3 30 33.7 48.3
193.7 40 42.4 48.3
219.1 40 42.4 60.3
244.5 40 42.4 60.3
273.0 40 42.4 60.3
323.9 50 48.3 76.1
355.6 50 48.3 76.1
406.4 50 48.3 88.9
457.0 60 60.3 88.9
508.0 60 60.3 88.9

(All dimensions are in mm)

Note: Partial flattening has been taken as two thirds of the original diameter.

Not to exceed
2mm
Not to
exceed 2mm

30 SHS welding
Table 2A
Length of curve of intersection of CHS bracing on a flat plate or RHS main member

Size of bracing Angle of intersection θ

d1 30º 35º 40º 45º 50º 55º 60º 65º 70º 80º 90º
26.9 131 118 109 102 97 93 91 88 87 85 84
33.7 164 148 137 128 122 117 114 111 109 106 106
42.4 206 186 172 161 153 147 143 139 137 133 133
48.3 234 212 196 184 175 168 163 159 156 152 152
60.3 293 264 244 229 218 210 203 198 194 190 189
76.1 369 334 308 290 275 265 256 250 245 239 239
88.9 432 390 360 338 322 309 299 292 286 280 279
114.3 555 501 463 435 414 398 385 376 368 360 359
139.7 678 613 566 532 506 486 471 459 450 439 439
168.3 817 738 682 640 609 585 567 553 542 529 529
193 7 940 850 785 737 701 674 652 636 624 609 609
219.1 1064 961 888 834 793 762 738 720 706 689 688
244.5 1187 1072 991 930 885 850 824 803 788 769 768
273.0 1325 1198 1106 1039 988 949 920 897 880 859 858
323.9 1572 1421 1312 1232 1172 1126 1091 1064 1044 1019 1018
355.6 1726 1560 1441 1353 1287 1237 1198 1168 1146 1119 1117
406.4 1973 1783 1647 1546 1471 1413 1369 1335 1310 1278 1277
457.0 2218 2005 1852 1739 1654 1589 1539 1501 1473 1437 1436
508.0 2466 2228 2058 1933 1839 1767 1711 1669 1637 1598 1596

(All dimensions are in mm)

d1
Length of curve for 90º bracing = πd and for other angles may be taken as — [ 1 + Cosec  + 3 1 + Cosec 2  ]
2

d1

SHS welding 31
 Appendix 1

Square sections

Table 2B
Length of intersection of RHS bracing on a flat plate or RHS main member

Size of bracing Angle of intersection θ

h1 x b1 30º 35º 40º 45º 50º 55º 60º 65º 70º 80º 90º
25 x 25 150 137 128 121 115 111 108 105 103 101 100
30 x 30 180 165 153 145 138 133 129 126 124 121 120
40 x 40 240 219 204 193 184 178 172 168 165 161 160
50 x 50 300 274 256 241 231 222 215 210 206 202 200
60 x 60 360 329 307 290 277 266 259 252 248 242 240
70 x 70 420 384 358 338 323 311 302 294 289 282 280
80 x 80 480 433 409 386 369 355 345 337 330 322 320
90 x 90 540 494 460 435 415 400 388 379 372 363 360
100 x 100 600 549 511 483 461 444 431 421 413 403 400
120 x 120 720 658 613 579 553 533 517 505 495 484 480
140 x 140 840 768 716 676 646 622 603 589 578 564 560
150 x 150 900 823 767 724 692 666 646 631 619 605 600
160 x 160 960 878 818 773 738 711 690 673 661 645 640
180 x 180 1080 988 920 869 830 799 776 757 743 726 720
200 x 200 1200 1097 1022 966 922 888 862 841 826 806 800
250 x 250 1500 1372 1278 1207 1153 1110 1077 1052 1032 1008 1000
300 x 300 1800 1646 1533 1449 1383 1332 1293 1262 1239 1209 1200
350 x 350 2100 1920 1789 1690 1614 1555 1508 1472 1445 1411 1400
400 x 400 2400 2195 2045 1931 1844 1777 1724 1683 1651 1612 1600

(All dimensions are in mm)

b1
Length = 2h1 Cosec θ + 2b
Where h1 = face width of RHS

h1

32 SHS welding
Rectangular sections

Size of bracing Angle of intersection θ

h1 x b1 30º 35º 40º 45º 50º 55º 60º 65º 70º 80º 90º
50 x 25 250 224 206 191 181 172 165 160 156 152 150
25 x 50 200 187 178 171 165 161 157 155 153 151 150
50 x 30 260 234 216 201 191 182 175 170 166 162 160
30 x 50 220 205 193 185 178 173 169 166 164 161 160
60 x 40 320 289 267 250 237 226 219 212 208 202 200
40 x 60 280 259 244 233 224 218 212 208 205 201 200
80 x 40 400 359 329 306 289 275 265 257 250 242 240
40 x 80 320 299 284 273 264 258 252 248 245 241 240
90 x 50 460 414 380 355 335 320 308 299 292 283 280
50 x 90 380 354 336 321 311 302 295 290 286 282 280
100 x 50 500 449 411 383 361 344 331 321 313 303 300
50 x 100 400 374 356 341 331 322 315 310 306 302 300
100 x 60 520 469 431 403 381 364 351 341 333 323 320
60 x 100 440 409 387 370 357 346 339 332 328 322 320
120 x 60 600 538 493 459 433 413 397 385 375 364 360
60 x120 480 449 427 410 397 386 379 372 368 362 360
120 x 80 640 578 533 499 473 453 437 425 415 404 400
80 x 120 560 519 489 466 449 435 425 417 410 402 400
150 x 100 800 723 667 624 592 566 546 531 519 505 500
100 x 150 700 649 611 583 561 544 531 521 513 503 500
160 x 80 800 718 658 613 578 551 530 513 501 485 480
80 x 160 640 599 569 546 529 515 505 497 490 482 480
200 x 100 1000 897 822 766 722 688 662 641 626 606 600
100 x 200 800 749 711 683 661 644 631 621 613 603 600
250 x 150 1300 1172 1078 1007 953 910 877 852 832 808 800
150 x 250 1100 1023 967 924 892 866 846 831 819 805 800
300 x 200 1600 1446 1333 1249 1183 1132 1093 1062 1039 1009 1000
200 x 300 1400 1297 1222 1166 1122 1088 1062 1041 1026 1006 1000
400 x 200 2000 1795 1645 1531 1444 1377 1324 1283 1251 1212 1200
200 x 400 1600 1497 1422 1366 1322 1288 1262 1241 1226 1206 1200
450 x 250 2300 2069 1900 1773 1675 1599 1539 1493 1458 1414 1400
250 x 450 1900 1772 1678 1607 1553 1510 1477 1452 1432 1408 1400
500 x 300 2600 2343 2156 2014 1905 1821 1755 1703 1664 1615 1600
300 x 500 2200 2046 1933 1849 1783 1732 1693 1 662 1639 1609 1600

(All dimensions are in mm)

SHS welding 33
 Appendix 1

Table 2C
Length of curve of intersection of CHS bracing on a CHS main member

Size of Size of Angle of intersection θ

bracing main
d1 do 30º 35º 40º 45º 50º 55º 60º 65º 70º 80º 90º

26.9 151 139 131 125 121 118 115 113 112 110 110
26.9 33.7 136 123 115 108 104 100 97 95 93 91 91
42.4 133 121 112 105 101 97 94 92 90 88 88
33.7 189 174 164 157 152 148 144 142 140 138 137
33.7 42.4 170 155 144 136 130 125 122 119 117 114 114
48.3 168 152 141 133 127 123 119 116 114 112 111
42.4 237 220 207 198 191 186 182 179 176 174 173
42.4 48.3 217 198 185 175 167 162 157 154 151 148 147
60.3 211 192 178 168 160 154 150 146 144 141 140
48.3 270 250 236 225 217 212 207 204 201 198 197
48.3 60.3 244 222 206 195 186 179 174 171 168 164 163
76.1 239 217 201 189 181 174 169 165 162 158 157
60.3 338 312 294 281 271 264 259 254 251 247 246
76.1 304 276 257 243 232 224 217 212 209 204 203
60.3
88.9 300 272 252 238 227 218 212 207 204 199 198
114.3 297 269 249 234 223 214 208 203 199 195 193
76.1 426 394 371 355 343 333 326 321 317 312 310
88.9 388 354 329 311 298 288 280 274 270 264 262
76.1
114.3 378 343 318 300 286 275 267 261 256 251 249
139.7 375 339 314 296 282 271 263 257 252 246 244
88.9 498 460 434 415 400 389 381 375 370 364 363
88.9 114.3 447 407 378 356 341 328 319 312 307 300 298
139 7 440 399 370 349 332 320 311 303 298 291 289
114.3 640 592 558 533 515 501 490 482 476 468 466
139.7 579 527 490 463 442 427 415 406 399 391 388
114.3 168.3 568 516 478 451 430 414 402 393 386 377 375
193.7 564 511 474 446 425 409 397 388 381 372 369
219.1 562 509 471 443 422 406 394 385 377 364 366

(All dimensions are in mm)

Length of curve may be taken as a+b+3 a2+b2

d1
Where:- a = — Cosec θ φ = 2 Sin-1 (d1/do)
2
d1
do φ
b = — - Where φ is measured
4 in radians (1 radian = 57.296º)
φ
2a
d0
θ

34 SHS welding
Size of Size of Angle of intersection θ
bracing main
d1 do 30º 35º 40º 45º 50º 55º 60º 65º 70º 80º 90º

139.7 782 723 682 651 629 612 599 589 582 573 570
168.3 709 645 600 567 542 523 509 498 490 479 476
139.7 193.7 698 634 588 554 529 510 495 484 476 465 462
219.1 692 628 582 548 523 503 488 477 468 458 455
244 5 689 624 578 544 518 499 484 473 464 454 450
168.3 942 871 821 785 758 737 722 710 701 690 686
193.7 861 785 731 691 661 639 622 609 599 587 583
168.3 219.1 845 769 714 674 643 620 603 589 579 567 563
244.5 838 760 705 665 634 611 593 580 569 557 553
273.0 832 755 699 659 628 604 587 573 563 550 546
193.7 1085 1003 945 903 872 848 830 817 806 794 790
219.1 994 907 845 800 766 740 720 705 694 680 676
193 7
244.5 976 888 825 779 745 718 698 683 671 657 652
273.0 966 877 814 767 732 706 685 664 658 643 639
323.9 957 867 803 756 721 694 673 658 646 631 627
219.1 1227 1134 1069 1022 986 960 939 924 912 898 894
244.5 1128 1030 960 909 870 841 819 802 789 774 769
219.1
273.0 1106 1006 936 883 844 814 792 774 761 745 740
323.9 1089 988 917 864 824 794 771 753 739 723 718
355.6 1084 983 910 857 817 787 764 746 732 716 711
244.5 1369 1266 1193 1140 1101 1071 1048 1031 1018 1002 997
273.0 1259 1149 1071 1014 971 939 914 895 881 863 858
244.5 323.9 1226 1114 1035 976 932 899 873 853 839 821 815
355.6 1217 1104 1024 965 921 887 861 842 827 809 803
406.4 1208 1095 1014 955 910 876 850 830 815 797 791
273.0 1529 1414 1332 1273 1229 1196 1170 1151 1137 1119 1113
323.9 1388 1265 1177 1112 1064 1027 999 977 961 941 935
273.0
355.6 1371 1247 1158 1093 1044 1006 978 956 940 919 813
406.4 1357 1231 1141 1075 1026 988 959 937 921 900 894
323.9 1814 1677 1580 1510 1458 1419 1389 1366 1349 1328 1321
355.6 1675 1530 1427 1352 1296 1253 1220 1195 1176 1153 1146
323.9 406.4 1634 1486 1381 1304 1246 1202 1169 1143 1124 1100 1092
457.0 1616 1467 1361 1283 1224 1180 1146 11 20 1100 1076 1068
508.0 1605 1455 1349 1270 1212 1167 1132 1106 1086 1062 1054
355.6 1991 1841 1735 1658 1601 1557 1524 1499 1481 1458 1450
406.4 1821 1661 1547 1463 1401 1353 1317 1289 1268 1243 1235
355.6
457.0 1789 1627 1511 1426 1362 1314 1277 1248 1227 1201 1193
508.0 1772 1609 1492 1407 1342 1293 1256 1227 1206 1179 1171
406.4 2276 2104 1983 1895 1830 1780 1742 1714 1692 1666 1658
406.4 457.0 2089 1906 1776 1681 1610 1556 1514 1483 1459 1430 1421
508.0 2051 1866 1734 1638 1565 1510 1468 1435 1411 1381 1372
457.0 2559 2366 2230 2131 2057 2002 1959 1927 1903 1873 1864
457.0
508.0 2356 2151 2005 1898 1818 1758 1711 1626 1649 1617 1607
508.0 508.0 2845 2630 2479 2369 2287 2225 2178 2142 2115 2082 2072

(All dimensions are in mm)

SHS welding 35
 Appendix 2

Stage 1 Stage 2

o.d. of branch

1 4
Divide / circle into 3
nch Divide half
f bra
i.d o circle into 6

Angle of
branch
7
1
6
5 2
3
4

er
emb
ma in m
o.d. of

L6
L5 L3 L2
L4 L1

Templates for profile shaping ends of CHS bracing

to fit CHS main member

The usual procedure for making templates for marking-off for

profile-shaping the ends of CHS is as follows:

1. Draw a vertical line with a horizontal line cutting it. Above the
horizontal line draw a circle equal in diameter to the INTERNAL
DIAMETER of the branch (bracing) and divide the quarter circle
into three equal parts. Below the horizontal line draw an arc
equal in diameter to the OUTSIDE DIAMETER of the main
member. Project the divisions from the quarter-circle on to the
arc and draw horizontal lines from the points where these
intersect.

2. Draw a separate circle equal in diameter to the OUTSIDE

DIAMETER of the branch, and from its centre draw a line to cut
the horizontal lines at the angle required between the branch
and the main member. Divide half of this circle into 6 equal
parts and join these to the horizontal lines from stage 1,
numbering the points of intersection 1 to 7.

36 SHS welding
 L5 L6 L6 L5

L4 L4
L3 L3
L2 L2
L1 L1

Required
profile

Length = circumference of branch

12 equal parts

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

3. Now on a card or paper template draw a straight line equal

in length to the circumference of the branch and divide it into
12 equal parts numbered as shown. Mark off the length L1 to
L6 from stage 2 on the template as shown and join up their
extremities with a fair curve. This gives the shape of the profile
to which the end of the branch should be cut. The profile
template may then be cut out and wrapped around the end of
the branch tube for marking-off purposes.

SHS welding 37
 Reference standards & documents

Structural steel hollow sections & materials:

EN 10210-1 - Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain structural
steels- Part 1: Technical delivery requirements.
EN 10210-2 - Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain structural
steels- Part 2: Tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties.
EN 10219-1 - Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain
steels- Part 1: Technical delivery requirements.
EN 10219-2 - Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain
steels- Part 2: Tolerances, dimensions and sectional properties.
BS 7668 - Weldable structural steels: Hot finished structural hollow sections in weather
resistant steels.
TS30 - Corus Tubes specification for Strongbox® 235

Welding:

EN 439 - Welding Consumables. Shielding gases for arc welding and cutting.
EN 440 - Welding Consumables. Wire electrodes and deposits for gas shielded metal
arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels. Classification.
EN 499 - Welding Consumables. Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of
non-alloy and fine grain steels. Classification.
EN 758 - Welding Consumables. Tubular cored electrodes for metal arc welding with
or without a gas shield of non-alloy and fine grain steels. Classification.
EN 1011-1 - Welding - Recommendations for welding of metallic materials -
Part 1: General guidance for arc welding.
EN 1011-2 - Welding - Recommendations for welding of metallic materials -
Part 2 : Ferritic steels.
EN 29692 - Metal-arc welding with covered electrode, gas-shielded.
Metal-arc welding and gas welding - Joint preparations for steel.
13920-2 -

Testing & inspection:

EN 287-1 - Approval testing of welders for fusion welding - Part 1 : Steels.

EN 288-1 - Specification and approval of welding procedure for metallic materials -
Part 1 : General rules for fusion welding.
EN 288-3 - Specification and approval of welding procedure for metallic materials -
Part 3 : Welding procedure tests for the arc welding of steels.
EN 288-8 - Specification and approval of welding procedure for metallic materials -
Part 8 : Approval by a pre-production welding test.
EN 970 - Non-destructive examination of welds - Visual examination.
EN 1290 - Non-destructive examination of welds - Magnetic particle examination
of welds.
EN 1714 - Non-destructive examination of welds - Ultrasonic examination of welded
joints.
EN 12062 - Non-destructive examination of welds - General rules, for metallic materials.
BS 4872: Part 1 - Approval testing of welders when welding procedure approval is not required
Part 1 - Fusion welding of steel.

38 SHS Welding
Application standard:

BS 5400 - Steel, concrete and composite bridges.

BS 5950-1: 2000 - Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1 - Code of practice for design
-Rolled and welded sections.
ENV 1993 : Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
ENV 1994 : Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.
ENV 1090-1 - Execution of Steel Structures - Part 1 : General Rules and Rules for
Buildings.
ENV 1090-4 - Execution of Steel Structures - Part 4 : Supplementary Rules for Hollow
Section Structures.

Note: EN's and ENV's are published in the UK by The British Standards Institute as BS EN's and
BS DD ENV's respectively ‘pr’ designates a draft standard

General

'Health and Safety in Welding and Allied Processes' and 'Safe Working with Arc Welding'
obtainable from:
The Welding Institute,Abington Hall, Abington, Cambridge, CB1 6AL.
Tel: O1223 891162
Fax: 01223 892588
E-mail: [email protected]

'National Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction'

obtainable from:
British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd ,4, Whitehall Court, Westminster, London, SW1A 2ES.
Tel: 020 7839 8566
Fax: 020 7976 1634
E-mail: [email protected]

*CIDECT design guides

No.1 - 'Design Guide for Circular Hollow Section (CHS) Joints under Predominantly
Static Loading', Verlag TUV Rheinland, Cologne, Germany, 1991,
ISBN 3-88585-975-0.

No.3- 'Design Guide for Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) Joints under
Predominantly Static Loading', Verlag TUV Rheinland, Cologne, Germany, 1992,
ISBN 3-8249-0089-0.

No.6 - 'Design Guide for Structural Hollow Sections in Mechanical Applications',

Verlag TUV Rheinland, Cologne, Germany, 1995, ISBN 3-8249-0302-4.

No.7 - 'Design Guide for Structural Hollow Sections - Fabrication, Assembly and Erection',
Verlag TUV Rheinland, Cologne, Germany, 1998, ISBN 3-8249-0443-8.

*CIDECT Design Guides obtainable from:

The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7QN.
Tel: 01344 623345
Fax: 01344 622944
E-mail: [email protected]

SHS Welding 39
www.corusgroup.com

Care has been taken to ensure that this

information is accurate, but Corus Group plc,
including its subsidiaries, does not accept
responsibility or liability for errors or information
which is found to be misleading

Designed by Eikon Ltd

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