SECTION 2

Classification of Engineering Services

2.1 GENERAL

The needs for professional civil engineering services vary, and the civil
ngineering firms that meet these needs vary in organizational structure,
ze, and capability. Many civil engineering firms provide comprehensive
ervices to the client, while other firms specialize in areas of engineering,
uch as geotechnical or structural, and transportation, water and
onstruction management, and provide their services to a prime engineer,
chitect, or owner. Few civil engineering firms are qualified to provide
omplete service for all projects, and the use of associate professionals to
rovide specialized services is common.
Services provided by Civil Engineers can be grouped into five broad
categories:

1 . Consultations, research, investigations, and reports.

2. Design services for construction projects
3. Construction services
Special services for construction projects
5. Engineering support services
6. Academic services
7. Services as Employee
The types of infrastructure under the domain of civil engineering,
ursuant to RA 544, as amended, include:
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1. Streets, bridges, highways and railroads

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2. Airports and hangars

3. Portworks, canals, river and shore improvements, light houses.
and dry docks
4. Buildings
5. Fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage, watert,
supply and sewerage works
6. Tunnels

The coverage of civil engineering has not been changed nor

diminished by subsequent laws.

2.2 CONSULTATIONS, RESEARCH, INVESTIGATIONS AND

REPORTS
These services deal primarily with collecting, interpreting, and}
reporting information, together with formulating conclusions and åfi
making recommendations. Typical services in this category are:

2.2.1 Preliminary and Feasibility Investigations and Reports

These services usually precede the authorization of a capital
project and may involve extensive investigations, analyses of'
conditions, and comparison of several possible plans. Thesea
studies may include the impact of a project upon the f
environment, sustainable development, operating costs, life-)
cycle costs, financing considerations, and expected
revenues as bases for conclusions and recommendations
regarding the advisability of undertaking a project.

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 2-2.2 Planning Studies
These services may include the broad areas of developing the}
engineering requirements of master plans for long-range capitati]

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Uö"äèimprovement programs; preparation of preliminary engineering
Innd development plans, urban plans, and regional plans; and
investigation of environmental conditions and preparation of
impact studies with subsequent engineering planning to improve or
maintain existing conditions. Such often requires coordination of
the work of many and other disciplines.

Appraisals, Valuations and Rate Studies

services may include investigations and analyses of
6kithting conditions; capital and operating costs; overhead costs
costs of financing; and revenues as needed to evaluate a
V10perty or to recommend establishment of prospective rates.

?i2.4 Assistance in Financial Matters

Civil Engineer may be engaged by a client who is planning
issue bonds, particularly revenue bonds, to finance a capital
lito)ect. The scope of services may include an evaluation of
cnpabilities of existing or proposed facilities to meet present and
li10jected future needs, statements of probable construction cij
%t$, and an estimate of annual revenue requirements, with a
mžlermination of appropriate rates to provide this income.

ï2,5 Materials Engineering and Equipment Tests

Ijgose services include tests of materials and equipment under
Ctsloblished codes and standards, specialized examination of and
materials used in construction and industry, and Other
inspections and monitoring required by a client.

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 Direct Personal Services
includes services such as assistance in preparation for
proceedings. Appearances before courts or commissions

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to render expert opinions and conclusions, and

investigations of technical matters where specialized civil
engineering knowledge, experience, and judgment is
required

2.2-7 Research and Development

Research is a specialized investigation and gathering of data
from existing resources or through laboratory works and
processes related to the purpose and object of the research. Research
and development may cover the following:

(a) Development of new construction materials and methods

from concept to commercialization.

(b) Improvement of construction materials and methods through

exhaustive studies to reduce total construction cost and at the same
time improve quality.

2.2.8 Special Services

These services can vary to suit special needs of the client and can
include such diverse activities as:

Value engineering

Appraisal and valuation

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Load testing

Environmental evaluations

. Traffic engineering
Forensic engineering for structural and other failures

Operational assistance

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Materials process design

Pilot studies

Computer modeling

Safety engineering

Topographic, sounding and boundary survey engineering

Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation

Permit and application services

Sales and marketing services

Expert witness
Representation of municipal or private entities in projects
proposed for privatization

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 DESIGN SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Civil engineering services are required for each of six typical
phases of a construction project. All services are preferably furnished
by the same Civil Engineer for consistency and efficiency, although
at times services in various phases are furnished by different
engineers or by the client. The services are supplemented by
special services which may be provided by the client, a opecialized
engineer, or another Civil Engineer.

The six standård phases of a construction project and the ongineering

services needed for each are:

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Study and Report Phase. Analysis of the clients needs, conceptual design

conceptual opinions of probable construction cost.

Preliminary Design Phase. Preparation of final design criteria,

preliminary drawings, outline specifications, and preliminary opinions of
probable construction cost.

Final Design Phase. Preparation of design calculations,

construction drawings, specifications, estimated construction cost, and
other contract documents.

Bidding or Negotiating Phase. Assistance to the client with the

bidding or negotiating process for construction of the project.

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Construction Phase. Advice and Consultation on matters related to his
services.

Operation Phase. Assistance to the client in start-up and

operation of the project, including periodic inspections.

2.3.1 Study and Report Phase

This phase involves determination of project scope and
economic and technical evaluation of feasible alternatives. The services
performed during this phase may include:

1. Reviewing available data and consulting with the client to clarify and
define the client's requirements for the project.

2. Advising the client as to the necessity of providing or

obtaining from others additional data or services and assisting the
client in obtaining such data and services. These additional
services may include photogrammetry, reconnaissance surveys,
property surveys, topographic surveys, geotechnical
investigations and consultations, seismicity studies,
compilation

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 of hydrological data, traffic studies, materials engineering,
assembly of zoning, deed and other restrictive land use
information, and environmental assessments and impact
statements.

3. Identifying and analyzing requirements of governmental

authorities having jurisdiction to approve the design of the project
and participating in consultations with such authorities.

4. Providing analyses of the clients needs, planning surveys,

comparative evaluations of prospective sites and solutions.

5. Providing a general economic analysis of the client's requirements

applicable to various alternatives.

6. Preparing a report and presenting alternative solutions available to

the client with the Civil Engineer's findings and recommendations.
The report may contain schematic layouts, sketches, conceptual
design criteria with appropriate exhibits to indicate clearly the
considerations involved (including applicable requirements of
governmental authorities having jurisdiction) and the Civil
Engineers conceptional opinion of probable costs for the project.

2.3.2 Preliminary Design Phase

This phase involves the establishment of the general size and
scope of the project and its location on the selected site. The
preliminary design services may include:

1. Consulting with the client, reviewing preliminary reports,

clarifying and defining the project requirements, reviewing
available data, and discussing general scheduling. Conferences
may also be required with approving and regulatory
governmental agencies and applicable utilities.

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2. Advising the client as to whether additional data or services of
the type described under the study and report phase above are
required and assisting the client in obtaining such data and services.

3. Preparing preliminary design documents consisting of final design

criteria, preliminary drawings, outline specifications, and written
descriptions of the project.

4. Preparing revised estimates of probable total project costs.

5. Providing periodic status reports.

2.3.3 Final Design Phase

This phase of project development is usually undertaken only after
the client has approved the preliminary design phase material. The
basic services for the final design phase may include:

1. Preparing construction drawings and specifications showing the

character and extent of the project based on the accepted
preliminary design documents.

2. Preparing and furnishing to the client a revised estimate of

probable total project costs based on the final drawings and
specifications.

3, Furnishing the necessary engineering data and assisting in the

application for regulatory permits from local, or national
authorities. This is distinguished from and does not include
detailed applications and supporting documents for government
grants-in-aid or planning grants that would be furnished as
additional services described later in this section.

4. Preparing basic documents related to construction contracts

for review and approval by the client (and the client's legal and
other advisors). These may include contract agreement forms,
general conditions and supplementary conditions, invitations to bid,

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instructions to bidders, insurance and bonding requirements, and
other contract-related documents.

5. Furnishing to the client specified number of copies of drawings,

specifications and other contract documents.

6. Providing final design and construction services for

designbuild contracts. The engineer generally serves as a
subcontractor to a general contractor during the initial planning and
design phases. Services provided by the engineer may extend
through the construction phase, as appropriate.
7.Providing periodic status reports.

2.3.4 Bidding or Negotiating Phase

Services under this phase may include.

1. Assisting the client in advertising for and obtaining bids or

negotiating proposals for each separate prime construction
contract, maintaining a record of prospective bidders to whom
bidding documents have been issued, attending pre-bid
conferences, and receiving and processing deposits for bidding
documents.

2. Issuing addenda as appropriate to interpret, clarify, expand

or amend the bidding documents.

3.
Assisting the client in determining the qualifications and
acceptability of prospective contractors, subcontractors and
materials suppliers.

4. Consulting with and advising the client as to the acceptability

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 of alternative materials and equipment proposed by the
prospective constructors when substitution prior to the award of
contracts is allowed by the bidding documents.

5. Attending the bid opening, preparing bid tabulation sheets and

providing assistance to the client in evaluating bids or proposals and
in assembling and awarding contracts for construction, materials,
equipment and services.

2.3.5 Construction Phase

Services under this phase involve consulting with and advising the
client during construction and are usually those associated with
service as the client's representative. Most Civil Engineers are not
willing to assume the responsibilities associated with construction
phase services without providing resident project representative
services at the site. Construction phase services may include:

1. Reviewing, for compliance with design concepts, shop and

erection drawings submitted by the constructors.

2. Reviewing laboratory, shop, and mill test reports on materials

and equipment.

3. Visiting the project site at appropriate intervals as construction

proceeds to observe report on the progress and the quality of the
executed work.

4. Providing services during construction by a full-time resident

project representative, and by supporting staff as required, to enable
construction to be accomplished in conformance to the construction
drawings, specifications, and other contract documents.

5. Issuing instructions from the client to the contractors, issuing

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necessary interpretations and clarifications of contract documents,
preparing change orders, requiring special inspections and testing of
the work, and making recommendations as to acceptability of the
work.

6. Making recommendations to the client on corrective actions or

contractual measures that may be exercised by the owner.

7. Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to actual

field conditions encountered.

8. Determining amounts of progress payments due, based on degree

of completion of the work, and recommending issuance of such
payments by the client.

9. Observing and assisting performance tests and initial operation of the

project.

10. Preparing record drawings from information submitted by the

contractor.

11. Making a final inspection and reporting on completion of the

project, including recommendations concerning final payments to
contractors and release of retained percentages.

2.3.6 Operation Phase

At the completion of construction, the Civil Engineer may as a basic
service, assist in the start-up of project operations. The Civil Engineer
may be commissioned to prepare a manual for both operation and
maintenance requirements, and may also provide assistance in
adjusting and balancing equipment, identifying deficiencies and
assisting in obtaining corrections, and performing inspection prior
to the end of the project warranty period. The Civil Engineer may
assist in operator training, setting up job classifications and
salaries, organizing

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 the purchase of supplies developing charts for recording
operational data, and observing and reporting on project
operations.

2.4 CONSTRUCTION SERVICES

A registered Civil Engineer may engage in construction contracting
after being licensed as a contractor by the Contractors Accreditation
Board. It is considered unethical for a civil engineer to allow his
license to be used by any other construction company except his
own.

A registered Civil Engineer may provide the services of a supporting

technical employee as required of a construction company. He shall
however, be paid the professional fees, in addition to his regular
salary, for any design work he performs for which he signs as
professional Civil Engineer and/or engineer on record.

A Civil Engineer may be employed as a construction engineer,

resident Civil Engineer, project engineer, quality control engineer,
cost engineer or engineer inspector in a project. In accordance
with Section 23 of RA 644, only registered Civil Engineers can take
charge or supervise construction or alteration of any building or
structure and any other civil engineering works mentioned in
Section 2 of the mentioned Republic Act. The Civil Engineer when
employed is similarly required to comply with the code of ethics of
the profession as the consulting.Civil Engineer,

2.5 SPECIAL SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Special services required during the study, design, construction,
and operation phases of a construction project may include
investigations, reports, and activities beyond the scope of the
basic services. These services, many of which are also listed earlier
in this section under the category "Consultations, Investigations, and

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Reports, may relate to the clients decisions as to the feasibílíty

ocope, and location of the project. The research, compilation of
engineering data, and acquisition of property may involve
professional specialists in engineering and other fields.

Special services that may be provided by the Civil Engineer or nogotiated

with other firms or sub-consultants by the Civil Engineer acting on behalf
of the client could include:

Geotechnical engineering - including test borings, sampling and

analysis, and recommendations.

Special studies, tests, and process determinations to establish

design criteria or demonstrate compliance.

3, Land surveys, establishment of boundaries and monuments,

preparation of easement descriptions, and related computations
and drawings.

€1 Engineering and topographic surveys for design and

construction.

5. Mill, shop, or laboratory inspections of the materials and

equipment.

G Additional copies of reports, construction drawings,

specifications, and other documents as required for bidding
and construction beyond the number specified in the Basic
Services agreement.

7. Extra travel and subsistence as defined by the agreement for

engineering services.

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 8. Value engineering including review of the work of other
engineers, either within the same organization or in other
firms to determine whether a proposed solution is optimum
and, if

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not, to suggest a better approach for meeting the project's

functional and financial criteria.

9, Redesign to reflect changes requested by the client or

necessitated by the client's acceptance of substitutions proposed
by the contractor.

10. Assistance to the client as an expert witness in litigation in

connection with the project or in hearings before approving
and regulatory agencies.

11. Final investigations involving detailed consideration of

operation, maintenance, and overhead expenses; preparation
of final rate schedules, and earning and expense statements;
appraisals, valuations, and material audits or inventories
required for certification of force account construction
performed by the client or for extra work done by the
contractor.

12. Preparation of detailed applications and supporting documents

grants or advances for public works projects.

13. Plotting, computing, and filing of subdivision plans, staking of

lots, and other land planning and partitioning activities.

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14. Preparation of environmental assessment and impact statements
and other assistance to the client in connection with public
hearings.

15. Additional studies and design efforts to meet special conditions

encountered during construction.

16. Assistance to the client in the selection and engagement of

architects, other engineers, contractors and subcontractors, and
observation and approval of their services or work; contacts with
governmental agencies to obtain permits and documents; and
other services related to project development.

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17. Assessment of a completed projebt's ability to meet its design intent
relative to capacity, maintainability, operability, or reliability.

18. Computer simulation and modeling.

2.6 ENGINEERING SUPPORT SERVICES

The professional services described above often require engineering
support services. Geotechnical engineering, for example, frequently
requires services such as taking soil and rock borings, excavating test
pits sampling and identifying soil and earth materials, field and
laboratory tests and geophysical measurements and observations. The
engineering support services in general civil engineering practice may
involve drafting, land and construction surveying, and other data
gathering activities for specialized purposes. Although persons who are
not Civil Engineers sometimes accomplish some of these tasks, the
procurement of adequate and correct data usually requires
professional Civil Engineering judgment and guidance. Since soundness
of any engineering decision is dependent upon the accuracy and
suitability of data obtained in field and laboratory investigations these
supporting services must be under the guidance of the Civil Engineer
whose decisions will be based upon those data.

2.7 ACADEMIC SERVICES

These services involve full or part time teaching or training of
prospective professionals and also the upgrading of knowledge
and skills of fellow professionals. Academic services may include:

a. Teaching of civil engineering courses in engineering

colleges/universities on part/full time basis. As per RA 8981,
all subjects for licensure examinations shall be taught by
persons

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who are holders of valid certificates of registration/professíonal

licenses and professional identification cards, or special temporary
permits, or a valid certificate of competency for the profession issued
by the Commission, and who comply with the other requirements of
the CHED

b. Lecturing in civil engineering courses designed by the

Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers for practicing engineers
who want to obtain CPD credits.

c. Conducting tutorials/refresher courses on civil engineering

concepts and related subjects

d. Serving as a Resource Speaker in Technical Session.

e. Writing technical articles and pamphlets,
2.8 SERVICES AS EMPLOYEE
This is a condition when a Civil Engineer engages to perform work or
fulfill duties regularly for wages or salary being paid by an employer.

A Civil Engineer may be employed for any position or function in any

commercial or institutional organization. Where he is performing civil
engineering functions, he is required to follow the code of ethics for
Civil Engineers and comply with the standards and guidelines of this
manual. A licensed Civil Engineer may not allow his licensed to be used
by the company that employs him without the proper agreement for
his professional services. Where the firm he is working for uses his
license to sign and seal the plans, specifications and contract
document, the Civil Engineer much charge the professional fee for said
services.

A Civil Engineer in part time employment with a firm is considered to

be an employee and at the same time a consultant of the firm,
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The standards for an employee and' an individual consultant as

defined in this manual apply to this Civil Engineer.
Any Civil Engineer employed as an individual consultant of any firm,
whether the firm is performing engineering, commercial, administrative,
management or financial services is required to comply with the
requirements and the standards herein established for a consulting Civil
Engineering firm or consulting Civil Engineer.
All Government Civil Engineers employed by the instrumentalities of the
Government e.g. national and local, shall be governed by pertinent
existing laws and regularities and particularly to those prescribed by the
Civil Service Commission. In case of any conflict with any of the provisions
of this Manual of Practice, such pertinent laws and regulations shall take
precedence and shall govern.

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