Constituent Assembly of India - Wikipedia 07/02/22, 11:18 PM

Constituent Assembly of India

The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to
frame the Constitution of India. It was elected by the Constituent Assembly of
'Provincial Assembly'. Following India's independence from India
British Government in 1947, its members served as the
nation's first Parliament.

An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934

by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in
India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became an
official demand of the Indian National Congress in
1935,The Indian National Congress held its session at
Lucknow in April 1936 presided by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru.
The official demand for Constituent Assembly was raised Seal of the Constituent Assembly
and Government of India Act, 1935 was rejected as it
Type
imposed the Constitution which was against the will of the
Indians. C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a Type Unicameral
Constituent Assembly on 15 November 1939 based on adult History
franchise, and was accepted by the British in August 1940.
Founded November 1946
On 8 August 1940, a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Disbanded 25 January 1950
Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor-General's
Preceded by Imperial
Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory
Legislative
Council. This offer, known as the August Offer, included
giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians Council
to draft their own constitution. Under the Cabinet Mission Succeeded by Parliament of
Plan of 1946, elections were held for the first time for the India
Constituent Assembly. The Constitution of India was
Leadership
drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was
implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May Temporary Sachchidananda
1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were Chairman Sinha
elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, President Rajendra
transferable-vote system of proportional representation. Prasad, INC
The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389
Vice President H. C. Mookerjee
of which 292 were representatives of the provinces, 93
V. T.
represented the princely states and four were from the chief
Krishnamachari
commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg
and British Baluchistan. Chairman of the DR. B. R.
Drafting Ambedkar, SCF
The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Committee
Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. Congress Constitutional B. N. Rau
won 208 seats, and the Muslim League 73. After this Advisor
election, the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the
Structure
Congress and the political situation deteriorated. Hindu-
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Muslim riots began, and the Muslim League demanded a Seats 389 (Dec. 1946-
separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India. On 3 June 1947)
June 1947 Lord Mountbatten, the last British Governor- 299 (June 1947-
General of India, announced his intention to scrap the
Jan. 1950)
Cabinet Mission Plan; this culminated in the Indian
Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India
and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act was passed on
18 July 1947 and, although it was earlier declared that India
would become independent in June 1948, this event led to
independence on 15 August 1947. The Constituent Assembly Political groups INC: 208
met for the first time on 9 December 1946, reassembling on seats
14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the
AIML: 73
British parliament's authority in India.
seats
As a result of the partition, under the Mountbatten plan, a Others: 15
separate Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was established seats
on 3 June 1947. The representatives of the areas Princely
incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the States: 93 seats
Constituent Assembly of India. New elections were held for
the West Punjab and East Bengal (which became part of Elections
Pakistan, although East Bengal later seceded to become Voting system Single
Bangladesh); the membership of the Constituent Assembly transferable vote
was 299 after the reorganization, and it met on 31
Meeting place
December 1947. The constitution was drafted by 299
delegates from different caste, region religion, gender etc.
These delegates sat over 114 days spread over 3 years (2
years 11 months and 18 days to be precise) and discussed
what the constitution should contain and what laws should
be included. The Drafting Committee of the Constitution
was chaired by B. R. Ambedkar.

House of Parliament, New Delhi

Contents
Description of the constituent assembly
Background and election
Constitution and elections
Organization
Time Line of Formation of 'The Constitution of India'
Committees of the Constituent Assembly
Criticism
Prominent members
Members (by province/state)
Members who later withdrew after partition

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Gallery
References
Further reading

Description of the constituent assembly

The Constituent Assembly of India, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was
established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan
and Bangladesh). It existed for approx. three years, the first parliament of India after
independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage,
and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League
boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the
Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the
Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists to radical
Marxists, to Hindu revivalists.

The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was
held on 24 January 1950.[1] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:

The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the
starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest
opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great
task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places,
and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and
feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes
cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India
is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are
confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper
constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who
could suggest to us to postpone and wait?

— Jawaharlal Nehru, Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings), Vol. II (http:

//parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol2p3.htm)

Background and election

India was still under British rule when the Constituent Assembly was established following
negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from
the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held in early 1946. Constituent
Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial
assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces that formed part of
Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 389
representatives, including fifteen[2] women.

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The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected
Constituent Assembly. The Congress Party held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of
the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for
Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation,
the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.

In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North
West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in
Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became
independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to
Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the
Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress
Party secured a majority of 82 percent.

Constitution and elections

At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 211 members attending.
By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the
Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the
constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly
became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the
new constitution in 1952).

Organization
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar
Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also
chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West
Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to
the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a
judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.

The assembly's work had five stages:

Committees presented reports on issues.

B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the
constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution
which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party
(known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[3]

Time Line of Formation of 'The Constitution of India'

9 November 1946: Formation of the Constituent Assembly (Demanding a separate state,

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the Muslim League boycotted the meeting.)

11 December 1946: President Appointed - Rajendra Prasad, vice-chairman Harendra
Coomar Mookerjee and constitutional legal adviser B. N. Rau (initially 389 members in total,
which declined to 299 after partition. Out of 389, 292 were from government provinces, 4
from chief commissioner provinces and 93 from princely states)
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was presented by Jawaharlal Nehru, laying
down the underlying principles of the constitution, which later became the Preamble of the
constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Achieved independence. India split into Dominion of India and Dominion
of Pakistan.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the chairman.
Other 6 members of the committee were: K.M.Munshi, Muhammed Saadulah, Alladi
Krishnaswamy Iyer, Gopala Swami Ayyangar, N. Madhava Rao (He replaced B.L. Mitter
who resigned due to ill-health), T. T. Krishnamachari (He replaced D.P. Khaitan who died in
1948).
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, V. T. Krishnamachari was also
elected as the second vice-president of the Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: 'Constitution of India' passed and adopted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: Last meeting of the Constituent Assembly. 'Constitution of India' (with
395 articles, 8 schedules, 22 parts) was signed and accepted by all.
26 January 1950: The 'Constitution of India' came in to force after 2 years, 11 months and
18 Days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million to finish.
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar was the first speaker when meeting the assembly of Lok
Sabha, after turning republic.

Committees of the Constituent Assembly

The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of
constitution-making. Out of these, Nine were major committees and the others were minor
committees.

Major Committees

1. constituent assembly chairman – B. R. Ambedkar

2. Union Power Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
4. Provincial Constitution Committee – Vallabhbhai Patel
5. Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas –
Vallabhbhai Patel. This committee had the following subcommittees:
1. Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J. B. Kripalani
2. Minorities Sub-Committee – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee,
3. North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-
Committee – Gopinath Bordoloi

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4. Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A
V Thakkar
6. Rules of Procedure Committee – Rajendra Prasad
7. States Committee (Committee for negotiating with states) - Jawaharlal Nehru
8. Steering Committee – Rajendra Prasad
9. National Flag and HOC Committee – Rajendra Prasad
10. Committee for the function of the Constitution Assembly - G V Mavlankar
11. House Committee - B Pattabhi Sitaramayya
12. Language Committee - Moturi Satyanarayana
13. Order of Business Committee - K M Munshi

Criticism
The constitution has been, in more recent times, critiqued on the basis of the fact that the
members of the Constituent Assembly were chosen not by universal suffrage, but rather, they
were predominantly members of the Congress party. It has been argued that the Congress party
aimed not to overthrow British power, but rather transfer its power into Indian hands. In his
book The Constitution of India: Miracle, Surrender, Hope, Rajeev Dhavan has argued that the
Indian people did not have much say in the making of the Constitution which was they had no
choice but to accept.[4]

Prominent members
B. R. Ambedkar, Chairman of Drafting Committee, and Minister of Law and Justice
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India
Vallabhbhai Patel, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs
J. B. Kripalani, President of the Indian National Congress
Abul Kalam Azad, Minister of Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of the Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Srikrishna Sinha, Chief Minister of Bihar
Binodanand Jha,
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister of Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asif Rao, Minister of Railways and Transport
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Minister of Industries and President of the Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Indian independence activist
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Minister of Health
Hansa Mehta, President of the All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Cabinet Minister of Bihar
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Deep Narayan Singh, Cabinet Minister of Bihar

Gopinath Bordoloi, Chief Minister of Assam
Muhammad Saadulla
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
M. Mohammed Ismael, President of the Indian Union Muslim League
Krishna Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Vice President of India
John Mathai, Minister of Railways
Pratap Singh Kairon
K. Kamaraj, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Jaipal Singh Munda, Former Indian Hockey captain, and Tribal leader
Hargovind Pant
Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Islamic scholar and an activist of the Indian independence
movement.

Members (by province/state)

Province Members

Annie Mascarene, O. V. Alagesan, Ammu Swaminathan, M. Ananthasayanam

Ayyangar, Moturi Satyanarayana, Dakshayani Velayudhan, G. Durgabai, Kala
Venkatarao, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, D. Govinda Das, Jerome D'Souza, P. Kakkan,
T. M. Kaliannan, K. Kamaraj, V. C. Kesava Rao, T. T. Krishnamachari, Alladi
Krishnaswamy Iyer, L. Krishnaswami Bharathi, P. Kunhiraman, Mosalikanti Thirumala
Rao, V. I. Munuswamy Pillai, M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, V. Nadimuthu Pillai, S. Nagappa,
P. L. Narasimha Raju, B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, C. Perumalswamy Reddy, T.
Madras
Prakasam, S. H. Prater, Raja Swetachalapati, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, T. A.
Ramalingam Chettiar, Ramnath Goenka, O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar, N. G. Ranga,
Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Sheik Galib Sahib, K. Santhanam, B. Shiva Rao, Kallur
Subba Rao, U. Srinivasa Mallya, P. Subbarayan, C. Subramaniam, V Subramaniam, M.
C. Veerabahu Pillai, P. M. Velayudapani, A. K. Menon, T. J. M. Wilson, Qaede Millath
Mohamed Ismail Sahib, K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim, Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur, B.
Pocker Sahib Bahadur, V. Ramaiah, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao

Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte, Hansa Mehta, Hari Vinayak Pataskar, Dr. B. R.

Ambedkar, Joseph Alban D'Souza, Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai, Keshavrao Jedhe,
Khandubhai Kasanji Desai, B. G. Kher, Minoo Masani, K.M. Munshi, Narahar Vishnu
Gadgil, S. Nijalingappa, S. K. Patil, Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade, R. R. Diwakar,
Bombay
Shankarrao Deo, G. V. Mavalankar, Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya, B. N. Munavalli,
Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt, Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai, Paranlal
Thakurlal Munshi, B. H. Khardekar, Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar, Vallabhbhai
Patel, Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh, Abdul Kadir Abdul Aziz Khan

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Mono Mohan Das, Arun Chandra Guha, Lakshmi Kanta Maitra, Mihir Lal
Chattopadhyay, Satis Chandra Samanta, Suresh Chandra Majumdar, Upendranath
Bengal (Now West Barman, Prabhudayal Himatsingka, Basanta Kumar Das, Renuka Ray, H. C.
Bengal) Mookerjee, Surendra Mohan Ghose, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Ari Bahadur Gurung,
R. E. Platel, K. C. Neogy, Raghib Ahsan, Somnath Lahiri, Jasimuddin Ahmad,
Naziruddin Ahmad, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Halim Ghaznavi

Maulana Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Ajit Prasad Jain, Rai Bahadur Raghubir Narain
Singh, Algu Rai Shastri, Balkrishna Sharma, Banshi Dhar Misra, Bhagwan Din,
Damodar Swarup Seth, Dayal Das Bhagat, Dharam Prakash, A. Dharam Dass, R. V.
Dhulekar, Feroz Gandhi, Gopal Narain, Krishna Chandra Sharma, Govind Ballabh
Pant, Govind Malviya, Har Govind Pant, Harihar Nath Shastri, Hriday Nath Kunzru,
Jaspat Roy Kapoor, Jagannath Baksh Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jogendra Singh, Jugal
Kishore, Jwala Prasad Srivastava, B. V. Keskar, Kamala Chaudhry, Kamalapati
United Provinces
Tripathi, J. B. Kripalani, Mahavir Tyagi, Khurshed Lal, Masurya Din, Mohan Lal
Saksena, Padampat Singhania, Phool Singh, Paragi Lal, Purnima Banerjee,
Purushottam Das Tandon, Hira Vallabha Tripathi, Ram Chandra Gupta, Shibban Lal
Saxena, Satish Chandra, John Matthai, Sucheta Kripalani, Sunder Lall, Venkatesh
Narayan Tiwari, Mohanlal Gautam, Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi, Vishnu Sharan
Dublish, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Hyder Hussain, Hasrat Mohani, Abul Kalam Azad,Nawab
Mohammad Ismail Khan, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Bashir Hussain Zaidi, Z H Lari

Bakshi Tek Chand, Jairamdas Daulatram, Thakurdas Bhargava, Bikramlal Sondhi,

Punjab (Now East Yashwant Rai, Ranbir Singh Hooda, Lala Achint Ram, Nand Lal, Baldev Singh, Giani
Punjab) Gurmukh Singh Musafir, Sardar Hukam Singh, Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann, Sardar
Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal, Begum Aizaz Rasul

Amiyo Kumar Ghosh, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala, Bhagwat
Prasad, Boniface Lakra, Brajeshwar Prasad, Chandika Ram, K. T. Shah, Devendra
Nath Samanta, Dip Narain Sinha, Guptanath Singh, Jadubans Sahay, Jagat Narain Lal,
Jagjivan Ram, Jaipal Singh Munda, Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga, Kamaleshwari
Prasad Yadav, Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Raghunandan Prasad,
Bihar
Rajendra Prasad, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Ramnarayan Singh, Sachchidananda
Sinha, Sarangdhar Sinha, Satyanarayan Sinha, Binodanand Jha, P. K. Sen, Sri Krishna
Sinha, Sri Narayan Mahtha, Syamanandan Mishra, Hussain Imam, Syed Jafar Imam,
S.M.Latifur Rahman, Mohd Tahir Hussain, Tajamul Hussain, Choudhry Abid Hussain.
Hargovind Mishra

Ambica Charan Shukla, Raghu Vira, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Bhagwantrao Mandloi,
Brijlal Biyani, Thakur Cheedilal, Seth Govind Das, Hari Singh Gour, Hari Vishnu
Central Provinces and Kamath, Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar, Ratanlal Kishorilal Malviya, Ghanshyam
Berar Singh Gupta, Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar, Panjabrao Deshmukh, Ravi Shankar
Shukla, R. K. Sidhva, Dada Dharmadhikari, Frank Anthony, Kazi Syed Karimuddin,
Ganpatrao Dani

Nibaran Chandra Laskar, Dharanidhar Basu-Matari, Gopinath Bardoloi, J. J. M.

Assam Nichols-Roy, Kuladhar Chaliha, Rohini Kumar Chaudhury, Muhammad Saadulla, Abdur
Rouf

Bishwanath Das, Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev, Harekrushna Mahatab,

Laxminarayan Sahu, Lokanath Mishra, Nandkishore Das, Rajkrishna Bose, Santanu
Orissa
Kumar Das, Yudhishir Mishra, Lal Mohan Pati, N. Madhava Rau, Raj Kunwar,
Sarangadhar Das

Delhi Deshbandhu Gupta

Ajmer-Merwara Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava

Coorg C. M. Poonacha

K.C. Reddy, T. Siddalingaiya, H. R. Guruv Reddy, S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao, K.

Mysore
Hanumanthaiya, H. Siddaveerappa, T. Channiah

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Jammu and Kashmir Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, Motiram Baigra, Mirza Afzal Beg, Maulana Mohammad
Sayeed Masoodi

Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, R. Sankar, P. T. Chacko, Panampilly Govinda Menon, Annie

Travancore-Cochin
Mascarene, P.S. Nataraja Pillai, K.A. Mohamed, P.K.Lekshmanan

Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate, Brijraj Narain, Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya, Ram Sahai,

Madhya Bharat
Kusum Kant Jain, Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya, Sitaram S. Jajoo

Balwantrai Mehta, Jaisukhlal Hathi, Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, Chimanlal Chakubhai

Saurashtra
Shah, Samaldas Gandhi

V. T. Krishnamachari, Hiralal Shastri, Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri, Jaswant Singhji, Raj

Rajasthan Bhadur, Manikya Lal Varma, Gokul Lal Asava, Ramchandra Upadhyaya, Balwant Singh
Mehta, Dalel Singh, Jainarain Vyas

Central Provinces
R. L. Malaviya, Kishorimohan Tripathi, Ramprasad Potai
States

Vindhya Pradesh Avdesh Pratap Singh, Shambu Nath Shukla, Ram Sahai Tiwari, Mannulalji Dwidedi

Cooch Behar Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari

Tripura and Manipur Girja Shankar Guha

Bhopal Lal Singh

Kutch Bhawanji Arjun Khimji

Himachal Pradesh Yashwant Singh Parmar

Members who later withdrew after partition

Province Members

Abdullah al Mahmood, Maulana Mohammad Abdullah el Baqui, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Kasem Khan,
Mohammad Akram Khan, Azizuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Habibullah Bahar, Prem Hari Barma, Raj
Kumar Chakraverty, Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Abdul Matin Chaudhary, Murtaza Raza
Choudhry, Hamidul Haq Chowdhury, Akhay Kumar Das, Dhirendra Nath Datta, Bhupendra Kumar
Bengal Datta, Ebrahim Khan, Fazlul Huq, Fazlur Rahman, Ghayasuddin Pathan, Begum Shaista
(Now East Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Mafizuddin Ahmad, Mahmud Hussain, Jnanendra
Bengal) Chandra Majumdar, A. M. Malik, Birat Chandra Mandal, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Mohammed Ali,
Khwaja Nazimuddin, M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed, Nurul Amin, Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Sri Dhananjoy,
B.L. Roy, Maudi Bhakesh Chanda, B.L. Serajul Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani,
Shahabudin Khwaja, H.S. Suhrawardy, Harendra Kumar Sur, Tamizuddin Khan, Kawivi Kerwar
Datta, Ghulam Mohammed

Mumtaz Daultana, Ganga Saran, Zafarullah Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan, Mian Muhammad
Punjab
Iftikharuddin, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sheikh Karamat Ali, Nazir Ahmad Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab
(Now West
Nistar, Feroz Khan Noon, Omar Hayat Malik, Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara, Sardar Shaukat
Punjab)
Hyat Khan,

Northwest
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Sardar Bahadur Khan, Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan
Frontier

Sind Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman, Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder, M.A. Khuhro

Balochistan S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai

Gallery
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Jawaharlal Nehru and other Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar,

members taking pledge during chairman, with other members
the midnight session of the of the Drafting Committee of
Constituent Assembly of India the Constituent Assembly of
held on 14 and 15 August 1947. India, on 29 August 1947.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Constituent Assembly of India.

chairman of the Drafting
Committee, presenting the
final draft of the Indian
Constitution to Dr. Rajendra
Prasad on 25 November
1949.

Jawaharlal Nehru addressing

the constituent assembly in
1946.

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References
1. M. Lakshmikanth, Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations, 3rd ed., (New Delhi: Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2011), p. 2.3
2. Ravichandran, Priyadarshini (11 March 2016). "The women who helped draft our
constitution" (https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/dLi6ZIdW6CgswZCGdOA9VM/The-women-
who-helped-draft-our-constitution.html). livemint.com/. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
3. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104514/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in
/ls/debates/facts.htm). Archived from the original (http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/fa
cts.htm) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
4. Vanaik, Achin. "Does the Constitution deliver on its promises?" (https://caravanmagazine.in/
reportage/does-constitution-keep-promises). The Caravan. Retrieved 18 July 2019.

Further reading
Austin, Granville. The Indian Constitution, Cornerstone of a Nation. New Delhi: OUP India,
1999. ISBN 0-19-564959-1.
Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee. India Since Independence:
Revised Edition. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2008.
An Indian 10-episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called "SAMVIDHAN" described
in detail how the Indian Constitution was made.

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