SUBJECT : BUSINESS STUDIES

CLASS XII

(I) Project ONE: ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

The teachers should help the students in selecting any one element of the following:
1. Changes witnessed over the last few years on mode of packaging and its economic
impact. The teacher may guide the students to identify the following changes:
a) The changes in transportation of fruits and vegetables such as
cardboard crates being used in place of wooden crates, etc. Reasons for
above changes.
 b) Milk being supplied in glass bottles , later in plastic bags and now in
tetra pack and through vending machines.
c) Plastic furniture [doors and stools] gaining preference over
wooden furniture.
d) The origin of cardboard and the various stages of changes and growth.
e) Brown paper bags packing to recycled paper bags to plastic bags and
cloth bags.
f) Re use of packaging [bottles, jars and tins] to attract customers for their
products.
g) The concept of pyramid packaging for milk.
h) Cost being borne by the consumer/manufacturer.
i) Packaging used as means of advertisements.

2. The reasons behind changes in the following:

Coca – Cola and Fanta in the seventies to Thums up and Campa Cola in the eighties
to Pepsi and Coke in nineties.
The teacher may guide the students to the times when India sold Coca Cola and
Fanta were being manufactured in India by the foreign companies.
The students may be asked to enquire about
a. Reasons of stopping the manufacturing of the above mentioned drinks in
India THEN.
b. The introduction of Thums up and Campa cola range.
c. Re entry of Coke and introduction of Pepsi in the Indian market.
d. Factors responsible for the change.
e. Other linkages with the above.
f. Leading brands and the company having the highest market share.
g. Different local brands venturing in the Indian market.
h. The rating of the above brands in the market.
i. The survival and reasons of failure in competition with the international
brands.
j. Other observations made by the students
The teacher may develop the following on the above lines
3. Changing role of the women in the past 25 years relating to joint families, nuclear
families, women as a bread earner of the family, changes in the requirement
trend of mixers, washing machines, micro wave and standard of living.
4. The changes in the pattern of import and export of different Products.
5. The trend in the changing interest rates and their effect on savings.
6. A study on child labour laws, its implementation and consequences .
7. The state of ‘anti plastic campaign,’ the law, its effects and implementation.
8. The laws of mining /setting up of industries, rules and regulations, licences
required for running that business.
9. Social factors affecting acceptance and rejection of an identified product. ( Dish
washer, Atta maker, etc)
10. What has the effect been on the types of goods and services? The students can
take examples like:
a. Washing machines, micro waves, mixers and grinder.
b. Need for crèche, day care centre for young and old.
c. Ready to eat food, eating food outside, and tiffin centres.
11. Change in the man-machine ratio with technological advances resulting in change
of cost structure.
12. Effect of changes in technological environment on the behaviour of employee.

(II) Project TWO: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT.

The students are required to visit any one of the following:
1) A departmental store.

2) An Industrial unit.

3) A fast food outlet.

4) Any other organisation approved by the teacher.

They are required to observe the application of the general Principles of

management advocated by Fayol.

Fayol’s principles

1. Division of work.

2. Unity of command.

3. Unity of direction.

4. Scalar chain

5. Espirit de corpse

6. Fair remuneration to all.

7. Order.

8. Equity.

9. Discipline

10. Subordination of individual interest to general interest.

11. Initiative.

12. Centralisation and decentralisation.

13. Stability of tenure.

OR
They may enquire into the application of scientific management techniques
by F.W.Taylor in the unit visited.
Scientific techniques of management.
1. Functional foremanship.

2. Standardisation and simplification of work.

3. Method study.

4. Motion Study.

5. Time Study.

6. Fatigue Study

7. Differential piece rate plan.

Tips to teacher
i. The teacher may organize this visit.

ii. The teacher should facilitate the students to identify any unit of their choice
and guide them to identify the principles that are being followed.

iii. Similarly they should guide the students to identify the techniques of
scientific management implemented in the organisation.

iv. It may be done as a group activity.

v. The observations could be on the basis of

 The different stages of division of work resulting

to specialisation.
  Following instructions and accountability of subordinates to
higher authorities.
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 Visibility of order and equity in the unit.
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 Balance of authority and responsibility.
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 Communication levels and pattern in the organisation.
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 Methods and techniques followed by the organisation for unity
of direction and coordination amongst all.
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 Methods of wage payments followed.
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 The arrangements of fatigue study.
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 Derivation of time study.
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 Derivation and advantages of method study.
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 Organisational chart of functional foremanship.
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 Any other identified in the organisation
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vi. It is advised that students should be motivated to pick up different areas of visit.
As presentations of different areas in the class would help in better understanding
to the other students.

vii. The students may be encouraged to develop worksheets. Teachers should help
students to prepare observation tools to be used for undertaking the project.
Examples; worksheets, questionnaire, interviews and organisational chart etc.

(III) Project THREE : MARKETING MANAGEMENT

It is advised that teachers should assign the students to do a simple market research with
the objective of finding out a product /service whose marketing may be profitable like

i. Toothpaste
ii. Noodles
iii. Shampoo
iv. Bathing soap
v. Washing detergent
 vi. Washing powder
vii. Lipstick
viii. Moisturiser
ix. Shoe polish
x. Pen
xi. Shoes
xii. Hair dye
xiii. Mobile
xiv. Chocolate
xv. Sauces/ketchup
xvi. Ready soups
xvii. Body spray
xviii. Fairness cream
xix. Hair oil
xx. Roasted Snacks
xxi. Jeans
xxii. Pickles
xxiii. Squashes
xxiv. Jams
xxv. Salt
xxvi. Bread
xxvii. Butter
xxviii. Shaving cream
xxix. Razor
xxx. Cheese spreads
xxxi. e -Wash
xxxii. Tiffin wallah
Any more as suggested by the teacher.
The teacher must ensure that the identified product should not be items whose
consumption /use is discouraged by the society and government like alcohol products/
pan masala and tobacco products, etc.

Identify one product/service from the above which the students may like to
manufacture/provide [pre assumption].
Now the students are required to make a project on the identified product/ service
keeping in mind the following.

1. Why have they selected this product/service?

2. Find out ‘5’ competitive brands that exist in the market.
3. What permission and licences would be required to make the product?
4. What are your competitors Unique Selling Proposition.[U.S.P.]?
5. Does your product have any range give details?
6. What is the name of your product?
7. Enlist its features.
8. Draw the ‘Label’ of your product.
9. Draw a logo for your product.
10. Draft a tag line.
11. What is the selling price of your competitor’s product?
(i) Selling price to consumer
(ii) Selling price to retailer
(iii) Selling price to wholesaler

What is the profit margin in percentage to the

 Manufacturer.
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 Wholesaler.
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  Retailer.
12. How will your product be packed?
13. Which channel of distribution are you going to use? Give reasons for selection?
14. Decisions related ot warehousing, state reasons.
15. What is going to be your selling price?
(i) To consumer
(ii) To retailer
(iii) To wholesaler
16. List 5 ways of promoting your product.
17. Any schemes for
(i) The wholesaler
(ii) The retailer
(iii) The consumer
18. What is going to be your ‘U.S.P?
19. What means of transport you will use and why?
20. Draft a social message for your label.
21. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your product.
22. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your promotion plan.

At this stage the students will realise the importance of the concept of marketing mix
and the necessary decision regarding the four P’s of marketing.
  PRODUCT
  PRODUCT
  PLACE
  PRICE
 PROMOTION

On the basis of the work done by the students the project report should include the
following:
1. Type of product /service identified and the (consumer/industries) process involve
there in.
2. Brand name and the product.
3. Range of the product.
4. Identification mark or logo.
5. Tagline.
6. Labelling and packaging.
7. Price of the product and basis of price fixation.
8. Selected channels of distribution and reasons thereof.
9. Decisions related to transportation and warehousing. State reasons.
10. Promotional techniques used and starting reasons for deciding the particular
technique.
11. Grading and standardisation.

PRESENTATION AND SUBMISSION OF PROJECT REPORT.

At the end of the stipulated term, each student will prepare and submit his/her project
report.
Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission.
1. The total length of the project will be of 25 to 30 pages.
2. The project should be handwritten.
3. The project should be presented in a neat folder.
4. The project report should be developed in the following sequence-
  Cover page should include the title of the Project, student information, school
and year.
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 List of contents.
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 Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, the places
visited and the persons who have helped).
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 Introduction.
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 Topic with suitable heading.
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 Planning and activities done during the project, if any.
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 Observations and findings of the visit.
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 Conclusions (summarised suggestions or findings, future scope of study).
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 Photographs (if any).
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 Appendix .
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 Teacher’s observation.
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 Signatures of the teachers.
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 At the completion of the evaluation of the project, it should be punched in the
centre so that the report may not be reused but is available for reference only.
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 The projects will be returned after evaluation. The school may keep the best
projects.