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AI Mod-4

An expert system is a computer program designed to solve complex problems like a human expert. It has a knowledge base of rules, a working storage to store problem-specific data, and an inference engine that derives recommendations by applying rules to the data. The architecture also includes a user interface and components for knowledge acquisition, representation, and explanation. Knowledge engineers work with domain experts to encode their knowledge into rules that the inference engine can apply to advise users. Expert system shells provide generic components to build applications in specific domains.

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Shashank chowdary Daripineni
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168 views5 pages

AI Mod-4

An expert system is a computer program designed to solve complex problems like a human expert. It has a knowledge base of rules, a working storage to store problem-specific data, and an inference engine that derives recommendations by applying rules to the data. The architecture also includes a user interface and components for knowledge acquisition, representation, and explanation. Knowledge engineers work with domain experts to encode their knowledge into rules that the inference engine can apply to advise users. Expert system shells provide generic components to build applications in specific domains.

Uploaded by

Shashank chowdary Daripineni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.Define an Expert System. Discuss its features.

What are Expert Systems?


The expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve complex problems in a particular
domain, at the level of extra-ordinary human intelligence and expertise.
An expert system is a computer program that is designed to solve complex problems and to provide
decision-making ability like a human expert. It performs this by extracting knowledge from its knowledge
base using the reasoning and inference rules according to the user queries.

Characteristics of Expert Systems in AI


 Backward chaining – an inference technique which continuously break a goal into smaller sub-goals which
are easier to prove via IF THEN rules
 Dealing with uncertainties – the system has the capability to handle and reason with conditions that are
uncertain and data which are not precisely known
 Forward chaining – an inference technique which deduce a problem solution from initial data via IF THEN
rules
 Data representation – the method where the specific problem data is stored and accessed in the system
 User interface – that portion of the code which creates an easy to use system;
 Explanations – the ability of the system to explain the reasoning process that it used to reach a
recommendation.

2.Briefly explain the architecture of Expert Systems.


An expert system has many core system components to function and interfaces with individuals of various
roles. The following diagram displaying expert system components and human interfaces.

The major components of expert system are:

 Knowledge base – a set of rules as representation of the expertise, mostly in IF THEN statements.
 Working storage – the data which is specific to a problem being solved.
 Inference engine – the code at the core of the system which derives recommendations from the knowledge
base and problem-specific data in working storage.
 User interface – the code that controls the dialog between the user and the system.
There are certain major roles of individuals who interact with the expert system to fully exploit its
functionality and capability. They are the:

 Domain expert – the individual or individuals whose expertises are solving the problems the system is
intended to solve;
 Knowledge engineer – the individual who encodes the expert’s knowledge in a form that can be used by the
expert system;
 User – the individual who will be consulting with the system to get advice which would have been provided
by the expert.

Majority of the expert systems are built with expert system shells which contains an inference engine and
user interface. The shell will be used by a knowledge engineer to build a system catered for specific problem
domain. Sometimes expert systems are also built with custom developed shells for certain applications. In
this scenario, there will be another additional individual

 System engineer – the individual who builds the user interface, designs the declarative format of the
knowledge base, and implements the inference engine.

Depending on the size of the project, the knowledge engineer and the system engineer might be the same
person. For a custom built system, the design of the format of the knowledge base and the coding of the
domain knowledge are closely related. The format has a significant effect on the coding of the knowledge.

3.Describe the roles of Expert Systems


4.Briefly explain Expert System Shells.
Expert System Shells
An Expert system shell is a software development environment. It contains the basic
components of expert systems. A shell is associated with a prescribed method for building
applications by configuring and instantiating these components.

Shell components and description

The generic components of a shell : the knowledge acquisition, the knowledge Base, the
reasoning, the explanation and the user interface are shown below. The knowledge base and
reasoning engine are the core components.
All these components are described in the next slide.
■ Knowledge Base
A store of factual and heuristic knowledge. Expert system tool provides one or more
knowledge representation schemes for expressing knowledge about the application domain.
Some tools use both Frames (objects) and IF-THEN rules. In PROLOG the knowledge is
represented as logical statements.

■ Reasoning Engine
Inference mechanisms for manipulating the symbolic information and knowledge in the
knowledge base form a line of reasoning in solving a problem. The inference mechanism can
range from simple modus ponens backward chaining of IF-THEN rules to Case-Based
reasoning.

Knowledge Acquisition subsystem


A subsystem to help experts in build knowledge bases. However, collecting knowledge,
needed to solve problems and build the knowledge base, is the biggest bottleneck in building
expert systems.

Explanation subsystem
A subsystem that explains the system's actions. The explanation can range from how the
final or intermediate solutions were arrived at justifying the need for additional data.

User Interface
A means of communication with the user. The user interface is generally not a part of the
expert system technology. It was not given much attention in the past. However, the user
interface can make a critical difference in the pe eived utility of an Expert system.

5.Describe the techniques of Knowledge Acquisition.


Knowledge Acquisition Techniques

Many techniques have been developed to deduce knowledge from an expert. They are
termed as knowledge acquisition techniques. They are:
a) Diagram Based Techniques

b) Matrix Based Techniques


c) Hierarchy-Generation Techniques

d) Protocol Analysis Techniques

e) Protocol Generation Techniques

f) Sorting Techniques

In diagram based techniques the generation and use of concept maps, event diagrams and
process maps. This technique captures the features like “why, whe n, who, how and where”.
The matrix based techniques involve the construction of grids indicating such things as
problems encountered against possible solutions. Hierarchical techniques are used to build
hierarchical structures like trees. Protocol analysis technique is used to identify the type of
knowledge like goals, decisions, relationships etc. The protocol generation techniques
include various types of interviews like structured, semi-structured and unstructured.

6.Discuss the issues in Knowledge Acquisition


7.Write a note on MYCIN, DART, XOON.
 MYCIN –
One of the earliest expert systems based on backward chaining. It can identify various bacteria
that can cause severe infections and can also recommend drugs based on the person’s weight.
 DENDRAL –
It was an artificial intelligence-based expert system used for chemical analysis. It used a
substance’s spectrographic data to predict its molecular structure.
 R1/XCON –
It could select specific software to generate a computer system wished by the user.
 PXDES –
It could easily determine the type and the degree of lung cancer in a patient based on the data.
 CaDet –
It is a clinical support system that could identify cancer in its early stages in patients.
 DXplain –
It was also a clinical support system that could suggest a variety of diseases based on the
findings of the doctor.

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