V Semester B.Sc.

Mathematics Paper 6 MT5218

Divina R. Lobo, Dept. of Mathematics, SJC
Vector Differential Calculus-Lecture 9,10 and 11(19,26-08-
2020and 02-09-2020)

Topics: Vector Calculus Identities .

Theorem 1: If F is a differentiable vector function and ∅ is a

differentiable scalar function, then
i) 𝒅𝒊𝒗(𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅∅) = 𝜵𝟐 ∅ i.e. 𝜵. (𝜵∅) = 𝜵𝟐 ∅
ii) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅∅) = ⃗𝟎 i.e. 𝜵 × (𝜵∅) = ⃗𝟎
iii) 𝒅𝒊𝒗(𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭) = 𝟎 i.e. 𝜵. (𝜵 × 𝑭) = 𝟎
iv) 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐥(𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝑭)) = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅(𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑭) − 𝜵𝟐 𝑭
v) 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝(𝒅𝒊𝒗(𝑭)) = 𝒄𝒖𝒓(𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭) + 𝜵𝟐 𝑭
i.e. 𝜵(𝜵. 𝑭) = 𝜵 × (𝜵 × 𝑭)+𝜵𝟐 𝑭
PROOF:
i) Let ∅ be a differentiable scalar function, then
𝑑𝑖𝑣 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑∅) = 𝛻. 𝛻∅
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
= 𝛻. ( 𝑖+ j+ k)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕∅ 𝜕 𝜕∅ 𝜕 𝜕∅
=( ( ) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝜕𝑦) + 𝜕𝑧 ( 𝜕𝑧 ))
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

= 𝛻2∅

⃗
ii) To prove 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑∅) = 0 ⃗
i.e. 𝛻 × (𝛻∅) = 0
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑∅) = 𝛻 × (𝛻∅)
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝛻 × (𝛻∅) = 𝛻 × ( 𝑖+ j+ k)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 2
𝜕 ∅ 𝜕 ∅
= ||𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 || = ∑ ( − )𝑖
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅
⃗
= 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 0𝑘 = 0 (Since ∅ is continuous, = )
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦

(iii)To prove 𝑑𝑖𝑣 (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 ) = 0 i.e. 𝛻. (𝛻 × 𝐹) = 0

𝑑𝑖𝑣 (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 ) = 𝛻. (𝛻 × 𝐹 )
𝜕𝐹3 𝜕𝐹2
= 𝛻. (∑ ( − ) 𝑖)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 3 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹2
=∑ ( − )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕2 𝐹3 𝜕2 𝐹2 𝜕2 𝐹1 𝜕2 𝐹3 𝜕2 𝐹2 𝜕2 𝐹1
=( − )+ (𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 − 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥)+ (𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑧
Therefore, 𝑑𝑖𝑣 (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 ) = 𝛻. (𝛻 × 𝐹 ) = 0

iv) curl(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝐹)) = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 ) − 𝛻 2 𝐹

curl(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝐹)) = 𝛻 × (𝛻 × 𝐹)
𝜕𝐹3 𝜕𝐹2
= 𝛻 × (∑ ( − ) 𝑖)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= || 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ||
𝜕𝐹3 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹3 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1
− − −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹1 𝜕 𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹3
= ∑ [{ ( − )− ( − )} 𝑖]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
 𝜕 2 𝐹2 𝜕 2 𝐹1 𝜕 2 𝐹1 𝜕 2 𝐹3
= ∑ [{( − )−( 2 − )} 𝑖]
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥

𝜕 2 𝐹2 𝜕 2 𝐹3 𝜕 2 𝐹1 𝜕 2 𝐹1
= ∑ [{( + )−( 2 + )} 𝑖]
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3 𝜕 2 𝐹1 𝜕 2 𝐹1
= ∑ [{ ( + )−( 2 + )} 𝑖]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3 𝜕 2 𝐹1 𝜕 2 𝐹1 𝜕 2 𝐹1

= ∑ [{ ( + + )−( 2 + + )} 𝑖]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3 𝜕 2 𝐹1 𝜕 2 𝐹1 𝜕 2 𝐹1

= ∑ [{ ( + + )−( 2 + + )} 𝑖]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕
= ∑ [{ (𝛻. 𝐹 ) − (𝛻 2 𝐹1 )} 𝑖]
𝜕𝑥

𝜕
= ∑ [{ (𝛻. 𝐹 )} 𝑖] − (𝛻 2 ∑ 𝐹1 𝑖)
𝜕𝑥

= 𝛻(𝛻. 𝐹 ) − 𝛻 2 𝐹

Hence the proof.

Problems:

1.Prove that (𝜵. 𝜵)∅ = 𝜵. (𝜵∅)

Proof:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝛻. 𝛻 )∅ = [( 𝑖+ j+ k) . ( 𝑖+ j+ k)] ∅
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
=( + + )∅
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

= 𝛻 2∅
= 𝛻. (𝛻∅) from (theorem 1)
 ̂ , ⃗𝒃 = 𝒚𝒊̂ + 𝒛𝒋̂ − 𝒙𝒌
⃗ = 𝒛𝒊̂ − 𝒙𝒋̂ + 𝒚𝒌
2.If 𝒂 ̂ and 𝐟 = 𝐱𝐲𝒛
then calculate
⃗)
A)𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒂 ⃗)
B) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒃 C) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒇) D) 𝐝𝐢𝐯(𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒂
⃗ ))

⃗ × ⃗𝒃)}
E) div{𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐟 × (𝒂 ⃗ × ⃗𝒃)
F) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝒂
Solutions:
• A)𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝑎) = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
• B) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝑏⃗) = −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂

• C) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑓 ) = ⃗0
• D) div(𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝑎)) = 0

• E) div{gradf × (𝑎 × 𝑏⃗)} = 0

• F) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙(𝑎 × 𝑏⃗) = ⃗0

THEOREM 2: IF ∅ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝍 are differentiable scalar functions and F

and G are differentiable vector point functions, then
1. a)𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅(∅ + 𝝍) = 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅∅ + 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝝍
b)𝒅𝒊𝒗(𝑭 + 𝑮) = 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑭 + 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑮
𝒄) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝑭 + 𝑮) = 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭 + 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑮

2. a)𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝(∅𝝍) = ∅𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝝍 + 𝛙𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝∅

b)𝒅𝒊𝒗(∅𝑭) = ∅(𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑭) + 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅∅. 𝑭
𝒄) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(∅𝑭) = ∅𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭 + (𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅∅ × 𝑭)

3. 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅(𝑭. 𝑮) = (𝑭. 𝛁)𝑮 + (𝑮. 𝛁)𝑭 + 𝑭 × 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑮 + 𝑮 × 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭

4. 𝒂)𝒅𝒊𝒗(𝑭 × 𝑮) = 𝑮. 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭 − 𝑭. 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑮

𝒃)𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝑭 × 𝑮) = (𝑮. 𝛁)𝑭 − (𝑭. 𝛁)𝑮 + 𝑭. 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑮 − 𝑮. 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑭
PROOF:
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
1.a) 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅(∅ + 𝝍) = ( 𝑖+ j+ k) (∅ + 𝝍)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 (∅+𝝍) 𝜕(∅+𝝍) 𝜕(∅+𝝍)
𝑖+ j+ k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝝍 𝜕𝝍 𝜕𝝍
= (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + j+ k )+ ( 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + j+ k)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅∅ + 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝝍

𝜕(𝐹1 +𝐺1 ) 𝜕(𝐹2 +𝐺2 ) 𝜕(𝐹3 +𝐺3

b) 𝒅𝒊𝒗(𝑭 + 𝑮) = ( + + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐹1 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐹3 𝜕𝐺1 𝜕𝐺2 𝜕𝐺3
=( + + )+( + + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑭 + 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑮

𝜕(𝐹3+𝐺3 ) 𝜕(𝐹2+𝐺2 )
c) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(𝑭 + 𝑮) = (∑ (
𝜕𝑦
− 𝜕𝑧
) 𝑖)

𝜕𝐹3 𝜕𝐹2 𝜕𝐺 𝜕𝐺2

= (∑ ( − ) 𝑖) + (∑ ( 3 − ) 𝑖)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭 + 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑮

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
2.a) 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝(∅𝝍) = ( 𝑖+ j+ k) (∅𝝍)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 (∅𝝍) 𝜕 (∅𝝍) 𝜕 (∅𝝍)
= 𝑖+ j+ k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 ( 𝝍) 𝜕 (∅ ) 𝜕 ( 𝝍) 𝜕 (∅) 𝜕 ( 𝝍) 𝜕 (∅)
= (∅ +𝜓 ) 𝑖 + (∅ +𝜓 ) j + (∅ +𝜓 )k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 ( 𝝍) 𝜕 ( 𝝍) 𝜕 ( 𝝍) 𝜕 (∅) 𝜕 (∅) 𝜕 (∅)
= (∅ 𝑖+∅ 𝑗+∅ 𝑘) + (𝜓 𝑖+𝜓 𝑗+𝜓 𝑘)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= ∅𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝝍 + 𝛙𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝∅

𝜕(∅𝐹1 ) 𝜕(∅𝐹2 ) 𝜕(∅𝐹3

b) 𝒅𝒊𝒗(∅𝑭) = ( + + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 (𝐹1 ) 𝜕 (∅) 𝜕 (𝐹2 ) 𝜕 (∅) 𝜕 (𝐹3 ) 𝜕 (∅)

= (∅ + 𝐹1 ) + (∅ + 𝐹2 ) + (∅ + 𝐹3 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝐹1 ) 𝜕 (𝐹2 ) 𝜕 (𝐹3 ) 𝜕 (∅) 𝜕 (∅) 𝜕 (∅)
=∅ ( + + ) + (𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
= ∅(𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑭) + (𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + j+ k ) . (𝐹1 𝑖 + 𝐹2 𝑗 + 𝐹3 𝑘)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= ∅(𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑭) + 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅∅. 𝑭

𝜕(∅𝐹3 ) 𝜕(∅𝐹2)
c) 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍(∅𝑭) = (∑ (
𝜕𝑦
− 𝜕𝑧
) 𝑖)

𝜕(𝐹3 ) 𝜕 (∅ ) 𝜕 (𝐹2 ) 𝜕 (∅)

= (∑ (∅ + 𝐹3 ) − (∅ + 𝐹2 ) 𝑖)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝐹3 ) 𝜕 (𝐹2 ) 𝜕(∅) 𝜕(∅)
= (∑ (∅ −∅ ) + (𝐹3 − 𝐹2 ) 𝑖)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝐹3 ) 𝜕(𝐹2 ) 𝜕(∅) 𝜕(∅)
= (∅ ∑ ( − ) 𝑖) + ∑ (𝐹3 − 𝐹2 )𝑖
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= ∅𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭 + (𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅∅ × 𝑭)

𝜕(F.G)
3. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝐹. 𝐺 ) = ∑ 𝑖
𝜕𝑥
𝜕(G) 𝜕(F)
= ∑ (𝐹. + 𝐺. )𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(G) 𝜕(F)
= ∑ (𝐹. ) 𝑖 + ∑ 𝐺. 𝑖-----------------(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

We have the vector identity 𝑎 × (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐) = (𝑎. 𝑐 )𝑏⃗ − (𝑎. 𝑏⃗)𝑐

𝜕G 𝜕G 𝜕G
𝐹 × (𝑖 × ) = (𝐹. ) 𝑖 − (𝐹. 𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕G 𝜕G 𝜕G
(𝐹. ) 𝑖 = 𝐹 × (𝑖 × ) + (𝐹. 𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕G 𝜕G 𝜕G
∑ (𝐹. ) 𝑖 = ∑ 𝐹 × (𝑖 × ) + ∑(𝐹. 𝑖)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕G 𝜕
= 𝐹 × ∑ (𝑖 × ) + ∑ (𝐹1 ) 𝐺
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
= 𝐹 × 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐺 + (∇. 𝐹 )𝐺---------------(2)
𝜕(F)
Similarly, ∑ 𝐺. 𝑖 = 𝐺 × 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 + (∇. 𝐺 )𝐹 --------------(3)
𝜕𝑥
Substituting (2) and (3) in(1) we get,
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝐹. 𝐺 ) = 𝐹 × 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐺 + (∇. 𝐹 )𝐺 + 𝐺 × 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 + (∇. 𝐺 )𝐹

𝜕(F×G)
4.𝑎)𝑑𝑖𝑣 (𝐹 × 𝐺 ) = ∑ .𝑖
𝜕𝑥
𝜕F 𝜕G
= ∑( × 𝐺 + 𝐹 × ).𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕F 𝜕G
= ∑ 𝑖. ( × 𝐺) + ∑ 𝑖. (𝐹 × )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕F 𝜕G
= ∑ (𝑖 × ) . 𝐺 − ∑ (𝑖 × ) . 𝐹
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

= 𝐺. 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐹 − 𝐹. 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙𝐺

𝜕(F×G)
b) 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 (𝐹 × 𝐺 ) == ∑ 𝑖 ×
𝜕𝑥
𝜕F 𝜕G
= ∑𝑖 × ( ×𝐺+𝐹× )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕F 𝜕G
= ∑ 𝑖 × ( × 𝐺) + ∑ 𝑖 × (𝐹 × )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 × (𝑏⃗ × 𝑐 ) = (𝑎. 𝑐)𝑏⃗ − (𝑎. 𝑏⃗)𝑐
𝜕F 𝜕F 𝜕G 𝜕G
= ∑(𝑖. 𝐺 ) − ∑ (𝑖. ) 𝐺 + ∑ (𝑖. ) 𝐹 − ∑(𝑖. 𝐹 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕F 𝜕G 𝜕
= ∑ (𝐺1 ) 𝐹 − 𝐺. ∑ (𝑖. ) + 𝐹 ∑ (𝑖. ) − ∑ (𝐹1 ) 𝐺
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

= (𝐺. ∇)𝐹 − 𝐺. 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹 + 𝐹. 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐺 − (𝐹. ∇)𝐺

= (𝐺. ∇)𝐹 − (𝐹. ∇)𝐺 + 𝐹. 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐺 − 𝐺. 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐹