daviT TevzaZe

logikis minimaluri kursi

saxelmZRvanelo wigni IB –
evro-kavkasiuri universitetis
studentebisTvis

Tbilisi
2011

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wignis mizania, gauadvilos studentebs zogierTi im Temis gaazreba, romelic,

rogorc praqtikam gvaCvena, garkveulwilad, iwvevs sirTuleebs logikis standartuli
kursis aTvisebisas. is SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc damoukideblad, aseve
l.mWedliSvilisa da n. ivaniZis saxelmZRvanelosTan erTad (ix.: l.mWedliSvili,
n.ivaniZe, logika, Tbilisi, 2003w.). saTaurSi sityva “minimaluri” niSnavs, rom aq
gadmocemuli masala warmoadgens codnis im aucilebel minimums, romelic umciresi
dadebiTi SefasebisTvisaa saWiro.

wigni gankuTvnilia studentebisTvis, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo kursi.

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali: ras swavlobs logika da ris codnas gvaZlevs es wigni?

Tavi I. zogadi cnobebi simravleTa Teoriis Sesaxeb

$1. simravleebi da maTi elementebi. qvesimravle. carieli, universaluri da

erTeulovani simravleebi. venis diagramebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. ZiriTadi damokidebulebebi simravleebs Soris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3. operaciebi simravleebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$4. usasrulo simravleebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi siZnele. raselis

paradoqsi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi II. propoziciuli logikis sawyisi cnebebi da ZiriTadi kanonebi

$1. ras vuwodebT propoziciul logikas? martivi da rTuli winadadebebi.

sawinadadebo makavSireblebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. winadadebaTa WeSmaritebiTi mniSvneloba. WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebi.

$3. damokidebulebani sawinadadebo makavSireblebs Soris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$8. propoziciuli logikis ZiriTadi kanonebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi III. predikatTa logikis sawyisi cnebebi da ZiriTadi kanonebi

$1. ras vuwodebT predikatTa logikas? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. sawinadadebo formebi, cvladebi da konstantebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3. kvantorebi da kvantorebian winadadebaTa Tvisebebi. . . . . . . . . . . .

damateba 1. cota ram dasabuTebis Sesaxeb

damateba 2. savarjiSoebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

damateba 3. ra wavikiTxoT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Sesavali: ras swavlobs logika da ris codnas gvaZlevs es wigni?

logika, iseve rogorc sxva mecnierebebi, daadgens WeSmaritebebs. amitom, rodesac

vsvamT kiTxvas, ras swavlobs logika, pirvel rigSi, vgulisxmobT imas, Tu ra saxis
WeSmaritebebzea saubari logikaSi, gansxvavebiT, vTqvaT, fizikis, maTematikis, anda
Tundac, istoriis WeSmaritebebisgan.

naTqvamSi rom gaverkveT, yuradReba mivaqcioT Semdegs:

(1). fizika, zogadad, aRwers bunebas da miCneulia, rom am aRweris Sedegad daadgens im
kanonzomierebebs, romelic fizikur sinamdvileSi moqmedebs. amgvarad, is debulebebi,
romelic fizikis ZiriTad Sinaarss Seadgens, erTgvarad asaxavs imas, rac fizikur
samyaroSi xdeba. rodesac eqsperimentiT, anda sxva gziT vrwmundebiT, rom romelime
debuleba zustad asaxavs am xdomilebebs, Cven saqme gvaqvs WeSmaritebasTan, romelsac
fizikis mecniereba daadgens.

(2). analogiurad, maTematikac aRwers raRac sinamdviles, romelic, bunebisgan

gansxvavebiT, aramaterialuria im azriT, rom mis obieqtebs, ase vTqvaT, xeliT ver
“SevexebiT” imdagvarad, rogorc es fizikuri obieqtebis SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia
gavakeToT. amitomac rTulia movZebnoT samyaroSi maTematikis debulebaTa Sesatyvisi
iseTi xdomilebebi, romelic maTi adekvaturobis sazomi gaxdeboda. Tumca,
maTematikuri Teoriebis agebisas Cven garkveuli principebiT vxelmZRvanelobT da Tuki
Cven mier gamoTqmuli debuleba TanxmobaSiaMam principebTan, vityviT, rom dagvidgenia
maTematikuri WeSmariteba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom xSirad es Tanxmoba sakmaod rTuli dasanaxavia da Cveni

gonebrivi resursis srul mobilizebas gulisxmobs. sabolood, aRniSnuli Tanxmoba
maTematikuri dafuZnebis saxes iRebs da Tu es dafuZneba dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT
unakloa, SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom Cveni debuleba WeSmaritia Tavdapirvelad
dadgenili principebiT marTul sivrceSi.

(3). sxvagvaradaa saqme istoriuli WeSmaritebebis dadgenisas. aq Cven mier gamoTqmuli

winadadebebi TanxmobaSi unda iyos imasTan, rac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveul
etapze ama Tu im xalxis garSemo xdeboda. sirTules is garemoeba qmnis, rom xSirad,
Cven sxvaTa damowmebiT anu im pirTa aRwerebis saSualebiT vmsjelobT, romlebic am
movlenaTa Tanamedroveni iyvnen, an am movlenaTa Sesaxeb sxvaTa monaTxrobiT ician.
sxva sityvebiT, Cven saSualeba ara gvaqvs Cvens uSualo gancdas daveyrdnoT, anda
daveyrdnoT eqsperiments, rogorc fizikaSi, an dasabuTebas, rogorc maTematikaSi. es ki
sxvadasxva interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva, rac, xSirad, istorikosebs Soris davis
safuZvels warmoadgens.

Tumca istoriul mecnierebasac gaaCnia garkveuli xerxebi, rom codnas, romelsac is

ganapirobebs, sandoobis ufro maRali xarisxi hqondes, vidre es ubralo varauds
gaaCnia. aseTia, rogorc arqeologiis monacemTa analizi, aseve im teqstebis sandoobis
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Semowmebis meTodologiebi, romlebic, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi, SemogvrCa da

romelTa damuSavebis meTodika droTa manZilze ixveweba. saistorio wyaroebad
SegviZlia miviCnioT ara mxolod Txroba romelime ambisa, aramed im periodis
dokumentebi, romlebic mocemuli drois monakveTSi adamianTa Soris urTierTobebis
daregulirebisTvis iyo Seqmnili: brZanebebi, kanonTa krebulebi, sasamarTlo oqmebi Tu
sxva Canawerebi, xelSekrulebebi, angariSebi, saSemosavlo dokumentebi da bevri sxva,
rasac dRes Cven, SesaZloa, yuradRebas arc vaqcevT.

Tu amgvar msjelobas gavyvebiT, vnaxavT, rom yoveli mecniereba, garkveulwilad, Cveni

samyaros Sesaxeb codnas ganapirobebs imiT, rom yvelafers, rac Cvens garSemoa,
WeSmaritad miCneuli winadadebebiT aRwers. Tumca, WeSmaritad miCnevis safuZvlebis
sxvadasxvaobis gamo, is sxvadasxvagvaria Tavisi sandoobis xarisxis mixedviT. im
meTodebis wyalobiT, rasac fizika eyrdnoba, fizikur movlenaTa codna gacilebiT
ukeT aris dafuZnebuli, vidre, igive istoriuli mecnierebisa.

magram Cndeba kiTxva TviTon codnisa da kargad dafuZnebuli codnis Sesaxeb. ra aris
es? rogor aris SesaZlebeli WeSmarit winadadebaTa WeSmaritebis xarisxis gansazRvra
da ra aris Cveni rwmenis safuZveli, rodesac raimeze vambobT, rom is WeSmaritia?
metic, ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes Cveni codna, rom masze vTqvaT es mecnieruli
codnaa da ganvasxvavoT is banalur WeSmaritebaTagan, romelic Cvens yoveldRiurobas
aRwers? magaliTad, WeSmaritebaa “E=mc2” da Tuki dRes mze anaTebs, WeSmaritia agreTve
“dRes kargi amindia”. ra qmnis am codnaTa Soris sxvaobas da ra aris is, rac
mecnierul codnas dasabuTebulobis met xarisxs aniWebs? sxva sityvebiT, ra aris
dasabuTeba da rogoria misi buneba? es gaxlavT ZiriTadi kiTxva, romelsac logika,
rogorc mecniereba, pasuxobs. anu, logika ikvlvevs da eZiebs imas, Tu ra iqneboda
WeSmariti dasabuTebis Sesaxeb, Tuki dasabuTebas Seswavlis sagnad Tavad vaqcevdiT.

rac Seexeba logikas, rogorc saswavlo disciplinas, misi amocanaa, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
gagvacnos Tu ras miaRwia am mimarTulebiT kacobriobam da ra progress SeiZleba
velodeT kidev. xolo logikis minimaluri kursis daniSnulebaa daveufloT logikur
teqstebTan muSaobis Cvevas, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba saxelmZRvaneloebi.

Tavi I. zogadi cnobebi simravleTa Teoriis Sesaxeb

$1. simravleebi da maTi elementebi. qvesimravle. carieli, universaluri da

erTeulovani simravleebi. venis diagramebi.

sityvas simravle Cven movixmarT saganTa nebismieri erTobliobis aRsawerad, romlebic

raRac niSniT arian gaerTianebulni. magaliTad, Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT klasSi
myof studentTa simravleze, anda amave klasSi myof gogonaTa simravleze. Tu
nagulisxmev saklaso oTaxs ar gavcdebiT, SegviZlia aseve vilaparakoT skamebis
simravleze, romlebic am saklaso oTaxSia, anda simravleze, romelic mxolod
saklaso oTaxSi myofi sagnebisagan aris Sedgenili. maSin masSi moeqceva rogorc
skamebi, aseve magidebi (an merxebi), dafa, wignebi, studentTa xelCanTebi, carci an
markeri da a.S., anu yvelaferi is, rasac SegviZlia xeli movkidoT da amJamad aq, am
saklaso oTaxSi imyofeba. saganTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, maT saerTo ram Tviseba
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gaaCniaT: isini amJamad da aq, am saklaso oTaxSi arian Tavmoyrilni. metic, imave
saklaso oTaxis SigniT Cven kidev gvaqvs saSualeba simravlis gafarTovebisa, Tuki
masSi myof sulier da usulo saganTa erTobliobas ganvixilavT. es erToblioba, sul
cota, erT damatebiT obieqts Seicavs, romelic aqamde ar gvixsenebia, kerZod,
profesors, romelic amJamad studentebs, SesaZloa, leqcias utarebdes. saganTa
simravleebi, romlebic am saklaso oTaxiT SemovfargleT, gansxvavebulia im azriT,
rom maTi Semadgeneli obieqtebi, anu is sagnebi, romlebic erTobliobebs qmnian, Tavad
arian gansxvavebulni. magaliTad, am klasSi myofi skamebis simravle gansxvadeba
rogorc am klasSi myofi magidebis simravlisagan, aseve am klasSi myofi studentebis
simravlisgan. sainteresoa, rom es gansxvaveba, SesaZloa, raodenobrivic aRmoCndes,
vinaidan dasaSvebia, rom ganxilvis momentSi klasSi saerTod ar imyofebodes arc erTi
studenti anda imyofebodes imaze meti, vidre skamia. Tu Cvens msjelobas odnav
ganvavrcobT, vnaxavT, rom simravleebi Tavad SeiZleba iqcnen im obieqtebad, romelTa
simravled ganxilva iseve azriani iyos, rogorc skamebis simravlisa. magaliTad, imave
saklaso oTaxis farglebs rom ar gavcdeT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am klasSi arsebuli
yvela sagnis simravle emTxveva simravles, romelsac erToblivad qmnian masSi myofi
skamebis, magidebis, dafebis, qal-vaJi studentebis, maTi piradi nivTebis, dafebis,
markerebis, carcis da a.S. simravleebi. cxadia, saganTa simravleebis daxasiaTebisas am
saganTa Tvisebebs, ra Tqma unda, mniSvneloba aqvs, magram, meore mxriv, zogjer yvela
maTi sxva Tviseba, garda amJamad am simravlis sagnad yofnisa, garkveulwilad,
mniSvnelobas kargavs. magaliTad, me Tu minda am klasSi myofi studentebis simravlis
Sesaxeb (rac igivea, am klasSi myof studentebze) raime zogadi msjeloba gamovTqva,
CemTvis, cxadia, sul erTi unda iyos qalia es studenti, Tu vaJi.

amiT Cven imis Tqma gvinda, rom xSirad aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, Tu ra
sagnebisgan Sedgenil simravleebs vixilavT, aramed mniSvnelovania is, rom es sagnebi
garkveul erTobliobas qmnian da maTze msjeloba erToblivadaa SesaZlebeli, rogorc
simravleze. saklaso oTaxis farglebs rom gavcdeT, simravleTa magaliTebis motana
mravlad SeiZleba: kavkasionis mwvervlTa simravle, aziis kontinentis tbebis simravle,
evropuli qalaqebis quCebis simravle, amerikaSi mcxovrebi polonelebis simravle da
a.S. gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia saubari ricxvTa simravleze da amis uamravi
magaliTia CvenTvis cnobili standartuli maTematikis kursidan: naturalur ricxvTa
simravle, namdvil ricxvTa simravle, luw ricxvTa simravle, im ricxvTa simravle,
romelic 100-ze naklebia da unaSTod iyofa 3-ze da a.S. amgvarad, ra sagnebi Seadgens
simravles, erTgvarad, naklebmniSvnelovani xdeba, Tuki Tavad simravleebze vapirebT
saubars. ra Taviseburebani gaaCnia simravleebs, ra damokidebulebani SeiZleba
arsebobdes maT Soris, rogor SeiZleba simravleebiT operireba, anda ra gamoyeneba
SeiZleba moeZebnos maTi Tvisebebis aRweras, is kiTxvebia, razedac pasuxs mecnierebis
(ufro zustad, maTemetikuri mecnierebis) erT-erTi dargi – simravleTa Teoria iZleva.
imisaTvis, rom, garkveulwilad gagviadvildes simravleebze msjeloba an simravleebiT
operireba, SevTanxmdeT Semdegze:

1.1. sagans, romelic raime simravlis obieqtadaa moazrebuli, am simravlis elementi

ewodeba. elementi, nebismier simravlesTan mimarTebaSi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom is
am simravles an ekuTvnis, an ar ekuTvnis. magaliTad, me Tu studenti var,
romelic am saklaso oTaxSi imyofeba, me var am klasSi myofi studentebis
simravlis elementi da amgvarad, vekuTvni am simravles. meore mxriv, rogorc
aseTi, me ar vekuTvni am klasSi myofi skamebis simravles. sazogadod, miRebulia,
rom simravleTa aRsaniSnavad ixmaron laTinuri anbanis didi asoebi indeqsebiT
an maT gareSe (mag., A, B, C, . . . A1, B1, C1, . . .). simravlis elementebis zogadi
aRniSvnisaTvis gamoiyeneba amave anbanis patara asoebi aseve indeqsebiT, an maT
gareSe am anbanis bolodan (mag., x, y, z, . . .x₁, y₁ , z₁ . . .), xolo anbanis sawyisi patara
asoebi (indeqsebiT an maT gareSe), gamoyenebulia mocemul simravleSi
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konkretuli sagnis misaTiTeblad. imisaTvis rom mikuTvneba gamovxatoT,

viyenebT niSans ∈ xolo, rodesac amas ar aqvs adgili, viyenebT niSans ∉. sxva
sityvebiT, Canaweri x∈A ikiTxeba, rogorc “x aris A simravlis elementi”, xolo
Canaweri x∉A - “x ar aris A simravlis elementi”.
1.2. iTvleba, rom simravle mocemulia, Tuki mocemulia am simravlis yvela
elementis CamonaTvali, anda gansazRvrulia wesi, romliTac nebismieri
mocemuli elementisaTvis calsaxad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT aris Tu ara is am
simravlis elementi. meore, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac saqme iseT
simravleebTan gvaqvs, romlebic Zalian bevr elements Seicavs, anda maTi
raodenoba usasruloa. magaliTad, mzis sitemaSi myof asteroidTa simravle,
savaraudod, sasrulia, Tumca misi CamonaTvlis saxiT mocema, albaT,
SeuZlebeli iqneboda. meore mxriv, mzis sistemis planetaTa simravlis
gansazRvra SesaZlebelia arsebuli (an ukve cnobili) planetebis saxelebis
CamoTvliT. sxvaTa Soris, mzis sistemis planetaTa simravle da CvenTvis
cnobili planetebis simravle, SesaZloa, sxvadasxvac iyos. Tu, vTqvaT, gvaqvs
raime simravle A, da viciT, rom is oTxi a,b,c da d elementisagan Sedgeba, maSin,
miRebulia, rom misi CamonaTvlis saxiT Cawera Semdegnairad moxdes: A = {a,b,c,d}.
xolo Canaweri {x: x∈A} ikiTxeba rogorc “im (an, yvela im) elementTa simravle,
romelic ekuTvnis A-s” da aRniSnavs im viTarebas, rodesac simravle
gasazRvrulia garkveuli wesiT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, es wesi elementis A-sadmi
kuTvnlebas gulisxmobs. sxva sityvebiT, x SeiZleba iyos an a, an b, an c, an d.
1.3. zogjer xdeba, rom simravleTa ganxilvisas iseT viTarebas vawydebiT, rodesac
erTi simravle mTlianad Seicavs meore simravlis elementebs anda es elementebi
erTi da igivea. magaliTad, luwi ricxvebis simravle Seicavs 20-ze naklebi
luwi ricxvebis simravles, xolo im ricxvTa simravle, romlis 2-ze gayofaa
SesaZlebeli, mas mTlianad emTxveva. rodesac adgili aqvs an erT, an meore
SemTxvevas, vambobT, rom meore simravle pirvelis qvesimravles warmoadgens.
amis Cawera Semdegnairad xdeba: vTqvaT, Cveni simravleebia A da B. Canaweri A⊆B, an
B⊇A niSnavs, rom A qvesimravlea B-si. rodesac aseTi ram ar xdeba, viyenebT niSans
⊈ an ⊉ Sesabamisad. rodesac xazi gvinda gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom raime
simravle, vTqvaT, igive A, aris meore simravlis (vTqvaT, B-s) qvesimravle, Tumca
am ukanasknels ar emTxveva, vakeTebT Semdegi saxis Canawers A⊂B, an B⊃A da
vambobT, rom A sakuTrivi qvesimravlea B –si. igives Cawera, sxvaTa Soris,
sxvanairadac SeiZleba: A⊆B igivea, rac {x: Tu x∈A, maSin x∈B}.
1.4. davubrundeT Cvens saklaso oTaxs. vTqvaT, am momentisaTvis masSi arc erTi
studenti ar imyofeba. maSin, ras unda niSnavdes gamoTqma am klasSi amJamad aq
myofi studentebis simravle? ra Tqma unda, sicarieles. sxva sityvebiT,
simravle, romelic elementebs ar Seicavs (anu ar arsebobs iseTi sagani,
romelic misi elementi iqneboda) aris carieli. carieli simravlis
aRsaniSnavad, Cveulebriv, iyeneben ∅ simbolos. maSasadame, Tu A carieli
simravlea, es aseTnairad SegviZlia CavweroT: A=∅, anda A-Tvis gavakeToT Canaweri:
{x: x∈A da x∉A}. sakiTxi, Tu ratom gvWirdeba aseT simravleebze saubari, da xom
ar jobs, saerTod ugulvebelvyoT isini, sinamdvileSi arc ise martivia. amitom
aq masze ar SevCerdebiT. SevTanxmdeT, rom cariel simravlesac iseTive ufleba
aqvs iyos msjelobisa Tu gansjis obieqti, rogorc maTematikaSi 0-s. sxvaTa
Soris, maTi Tvisebebic saocar msgavsebas amJRavneben.
1.5. garda carieli simravlisa, miRebulia, vilaparakoT aseve ori saxis metad
Tavisebur simravleze. esenia universaluri simravle da erTeulovani
simravleebi. pirvel simravleze saubrisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im
garemoebas, Tu rogor aris SemosazRvruli are im obieqtebisa, romelnic Cveni
msjelobis sagnad arian qceulni. zogadad, es sxvadasxva velebia, da gansxvaveba,
xSirad, friad mniSvnelovan xasiaTs atarebs. zemoT motanil magaliTSi Cveni
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yuradRebis obieqti konkretuli saklaso oTaxi iyo, romlis gareT Cven ar

gavdiodiT da sxvadasxva simravleebsac mis SigniT varCevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi,
universaluri simravlis rols (mas zogjer bWobis universumsac uwodeben) am
klasSi arsebuli yvela sagnis simravle asrulebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi, anu
rodesac Cveni gansja sxva obieqtebzea mimarTuli, vTqvaT, igive planetebze, anda
naturalur ricxvebze, bWobis universumic da universaluri simravlec
Sesabamisad SeiZleba iyos ciur sxeulTa simravle da ricxvTa RerZi. vambobT,
rom SeiZleba, vinaidan, maT garda, sxvagvari universumebicaa SesaZlebeli. es
imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra doneze virCevT im sazRvrebs, romlis iqiT,
msjelobisas, gasvlas ar vapirebT. magaliTad, igive planetebTan dakavSirebiT,
es universumi, sul mcire, Mmzis sistema SeiZleba rom iyos, anda, sulac,
samyaroSi arsebul galaqtikaTa erToblioba. naturaluri ricxvebisTvis ki
mTeli ricxvebis, anda, sulac namdvili ricxvebis simravle. sxvaTa Soris, amis
gamo, sasargebloa, rom simravleebiT operirebisas, kargad gvqondes
gansazRvruli is universumi, romlis qvesimravleebsac Cveni gansaxilveli
simravleebi warmoadgens. universaluri simravlis aRsaniSnavad miRebulia
gamoviyenoT (pirveli aso sityvisa UNIVERSAL). rac Seexeba erTeulovan
simravleebs, anu simravleebs, romlebic mxolod erT elements Seicavs,
SesaZloa, gaazrebisas igive sirTuleebi axldes, rac carieli simravlis
gaazrebas. SevTanxmdeT, rom amjerad es sirTuleebi ar gvainteresebs, xolo
erTelementiani simravleebis SenarCuneba iseve sasargebloa (ufro, albaT,
mosaxerxebeli) rogorc carielisa.
1.6. venis diagramebi. 1881 wels britaneTSi gamoica britaneli logikosisa da
filososfosis jon venis (1834-1923) wigni saTauriT simboluri logika (Symbolic
Logic), sadac, simravleebze saubrisas man sistemuri saxiT gamoiyena e.w.
diagramebis meTodi, romelic Zalian male popularuli gaxda mecnierTa Soris.
dRes mas warmatebiT iyeneben simravleTa TeoriaSi, logikaSi, statistikasa da
kompiuterul mecnierebebSi. amis gamo, am meTods, mis pativsacemad, venis
diagramebi ewoda. meTodis arsi Zalian martivia. TvalsaCinoebisTvis
simravleebi wreebiTaa warmodgenili, romlebic zogjer kveTen, zogjer faraven
an nawilobriv faraven erTmaneTs. magaliTad. Tu gvaqvs ori, A da B simravle,
maSin is, rom pirveli meores sakuTrivi qvesimravlea, venis diagramiT
Semdegnairad gamoixateba:

B A⊂B
A

qvemoT venis diagramebs xSirad mivmarTavT simravleTa sxvadasxva Tvisebebisa da maT

Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis aRsawerad.

$2. ZiriTadi damokidebulebebi simravleebs Soris.

is, rom simravleebi unda gansxvavdebodnen im obieqtebisagan, romlebic maT elementebs

warmoadgenen, TiTqos TavisTavad gasagebi da cxadi ram unda iyos. marTlac, am klasSi
myofi skamebis simravle srulebiTac ar aris skami, xolo am klasSi myofi
studentebis simravle ar aris studenti. magram es yovelTvis ase araa, raSic advilad
davrwmundebiT, Tuki iseT erTobliobaze daviwyebT msjelobas, rogorsac, magaliTad,
 9

yvela simravlis simravle qmnis. Tumca amaze cota qvemoT. amJamad, Cven sul sxva
problema gvainteresebs. cxadia, rom simravleebi Tavad SeiZleba qmnidnen simravleebs.
magaliTad, varskvlavTa sistemebi, romlebic ciur sxeulTa garkveul simravleebs
qmnian, ufro didi sistemebis, galaqtikebis elementebad SegviZlia moviazroT. es
ukanasknelni, aseve qmnian garkveul erTobliobas da a.S. ufro TvalsaCino magaliTebis
moZiebac SesaZlebelia, Tuki Cvens universumad ricxvTa RerZs moviazrebT.

im uamravi SesaZleblobis ganxilvidan, rasac aRniSnuli universumi sxvadasxva

simravleTa asagebad iZleva, SegviZlia erT saintereso garemoebas mivaqcioT
yuradReba: rogori ori aracarieli simravlec unda aviRoT, maT Soris mxolod xuTi
damokidebulebaa SesaZlebeli. kerZod, simravleebi SeiZleba emTxveodnen erTmaneTs,
SesaZloa isini nawilobriv emTxveodnen erTmaneTs, SeiZleba rom erTi iyos meores
nawili, anda SesaZloa es damokidebuleba piriqiT xorcieldebodes, da bolos,
simravleebi SeiZleba saerTod ar “exebodnen” erTmaneTs, sxva sityvebiT, ar arsebobdes
mocemul universumSi iseTi elementi, romelic maT, SesaZloa, saerTo hqondaT.
ganvixiloT es viTarebebi cal-calke. vTqvaT, Cveni universumia da masSi nebismierad
SevarCieT ori aracarieli simravle A da B:

2.1. ras unda niSnavdes is, rom isini erTmaneTs emTxveva? rogorc Cans, sxvas
arafers, garda imisa, rom orive simravle erTi da igive elementebisganaa
Sedgenili. sxva sitvebiT: Tu x∈ A, maSin x∈ B, da piriqiTac, Tu raime elementi,
vTqvaT y ekuTvnis B-s ( y∈ B), maSin y ekuTvnis A-s ( y∈ A). sxvaTa Soris, es viTareba
erTi winadadebiTac SegviZlia gamovTqvaT: nebismieri elementisaTvis -dan, Tu
iqidan, rom is ekuTvnis A-s, gamodis, rom is amavdroulad ekuTvnis B-s, da
piriqiT, maSin es simravleebi igveobrivi simravleebi arian. venis diagramaze es
SeiZleba amgvarad aRibeWdos:

A=B

simravleTa magaliTebi, romlebic erTmaneTs emTxveva im azriT, rom erTi da

igive elementebisgan Sedgeba, mravlad SegviZlia movitanoT da es SeiZleba
gakeTdes savarjiSos saxiT. aq yuradReba mivaqcioT erT saintereso garemoebas,
romelic Cveni ganmartebidan gamodis: yvela carieli simravle erTmaneTis
igiveobrivia (ratom?), rasac ver vityviT, Tundac, erTelementian simravleebze
(ratom?).

2.2. A=B
ras unda niSnavdes is A=B
garemoeba, rom mocemuli simravleebi nawilobriv
emTxveva erTmaneTs? aqac saintereso viTareba gvaqvs. nawilobriv damTxveva
niSnavs, rom A da B simravleebs, romelTagan arc erTi ar aris meoris
qvesimravle, raRac elementebi (Tundac erTi) saerTo aqvT. sxva sityvebiT,
universumSi unda arsebobdes erTi elementi mainc iseTi, rom igi ekuTvnis
rogorc erT, ise meore simravlesac. bunebrivia, aseTi elementi metic SeiZleba
iyos. nawilobriv emxTveva erTmaneTs, magaliTad, mamakacebisa da samxedro
mosamsaxureTa, 20 wlamde vaJebisa da studenti vaJebis, poetebisa da
 10

momRerlebis simravleebi. maSasadame, piroba imisa, rom A da B simravleebi

nawilobriv emTxveva erTmaneTs, aris is, rom A⊈B da B⊈A da, amave dros,
universumSi arsebobs iseTi obieqti (obieqtebi), vTqvaT a, romlisTvisac
samarTliania rogorc a∈ A, aseve a∈ B. venis diagramiT es SeiZleba ase gamoisaxos:

mocemul diagramaze A da B simravleebis urTierTgadamfaravi (gadamkveTi) nawili

karg warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ras niSnavs, rom isini erTmaneTs
nawilobriv emTxveva.

2.3. axla vnaxoT Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac erTi simravle meoris nawilia: es
is SemTxvevaa, rodesac erTi simravle meoris sakuTriv qvesimravles
warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT, misi yoveli elementi amave dros meoris
elementicaa, xolo am meores, damatebiT, sxva elementebic gaaCnia. wina
paragrafSi motanili diagrama swored am SemTxvevas asaxavs. sxvaTa Soris,
aqedan erTi, metad saintereso, garemoeba gamodis: carieli simravle yvela sxva
simravlis qvesimravles warmoadgens (ratom?).

2.4. ra viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac aracarieli simravleebi, ase vTqvaT,

erTmaneTs ar “exeba”? aseT simravleebs gamijnul simravleebs uwodeben.
bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom A da B simravleebi gamijnulebi mxolod maSin iqneba,
rodesac maT arc erTi saerTo elementi ar gaaCniaT. aseTi simravleebis
magaliTebis moZieba sakmaod advilia. magaliTad, universumad rom Cveni saklaso
oTaxi aviRoT, am klasSi myofi skamebis simravle da am klasSi myofi
studentebis simravle sworedac rom gamijnuli unda iyos, vinaidan arc erTi
studenti ar aris skami da arc erTi skami, Tavis mxriv, ar aris studenti. anu,
saqme gvaqvs Semdeg viTarebasTan: nebismieri elementisaTvis -dan, Tu iqidan, rom
is ekuTvnis A-s, gamodis, rom is ar ekuTvnis B-s, da piriqiT, Tuki is ekuTvnis B-
s, maSin is ar ekuTvnis A-s, xolo A da B aracarieli simravleebia -dan, maSin
A da B gamijnuli simravleebia. venis diagramaze es SeiZleba ase aRibeWdos:

A B
 11

yuradReba mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom aracariel simravleebs Soris sxva

damokidebuleba aranairi ar arsebobs, Tumca, erT-erTi aucileblad xorcieldeba.
savarjiSos saxiT, SegviZlia davasabuToT isic, rom Tu adgili aqvs erT-erTs, maSin
sxva arc erTi ganxorcielebuli ar iqneba. dasabuTebisaTvis SeiZleba venis diagramebi
gamoviyenoT.

$3. operaciebi simravleebze.

cota xniT daviviwyoT, rom simravleebi warmoadgens nebismier elementTa

erTobliobebs da maT, rogorc garkveuli tipis maTematikur obieqtebs ise
SevxedoT. maTematikuri obieqtebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgens is,
rom maTze SesaZlebelia garkveuli operaciebis Catareba. magaliTad, naturaluri
ricxvebisTvis esenia: Sekreba, gamokleba da gamravleba. gayofas, rogorc cnobilia,
naturalur ricxvTa simravles gareT gavyavarT.

vnaxoT, ra operaciebia SesaZlebeli, Tu ricxvebis nacvlad Tavad simravleebi gvaqvs?

Tavdapirvelad, CamovyalibdeT, Tu ras davarqvaT operacia simravleebze?
Sinaarsobrivad es iseT moqmedebas gulisxmobs, romelic ori, an meti simravlidan
savsebiT konkretul, axal simravles gvaZlevs (anu migviTiTebs im wesze, Tu rogor
unda aigos es axali simravle, rodesac raRac mocemuloba gagavaCnia). SedarebisTvis
gavixsenoT, Tu rogor ganvsazRvravdiT ariTmetikul moqmedebebs maTematikis saskolo
kursSi.

sxvaTa Soris, simravleebze gansaxorcielebeli operaciebi Zalian hgavs kidec

ariTmetikul moqmedebebs im azriTac, rom wesebi, romelic ZalaSia ariTmetikuli
moqmedebisTvis, aseve ZalaSia am operaciebisTvisac.

3.1. gaerTianeba da misi Tvisebebi. ori A da B simravlis gaerTianebad miCneulia iseTi

simravle, romelic Seicavs yvela elements A-dan da yvela elements B-dan. sxva
sityvebiT, A da B simravlis gaerTianeba agebulia A da B simravlis elementebis
TavmoyriT, SeerTebiT.

magaliTad, luwi da kenti naturaluri ricxvebis simravleTa gaerTianeba aris

naturalur ricxvTa simravle.
simravleTa gaerTianebis operaciis aRsaniSnad viyenebT simbolos , romelic iwereba
mocemul simravleTa Soris. ase, rom Canaweri AB niSnavs A da B simravleebis
gaerTianebas.

3.1.1. vTqvaT,AA=B. ras unda warmoadgendes maSin AAB? davuSvaT, gvaqvs A=B={a,b,c,d}, anu,
A= {a,b,c,d}, da B={a,b,c,d}.

Tu Cvens ganmartebas moviSveliebT, advilad davrwmundebiT, rom AAB=A anda, rac

igivea, AB=B.

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mivmarToT venis diagramas:

A=B
 12

erT-erTi Sedegi, sxvaTa Soris, aris is, rom ∅∅=∅ .

3.1.2. vTqvaT, A⊂B. ras unda warmoadgendes maSin AAB? davuSvaT A= {a, c }, xolo B={a,b,c,d}.
gaerTianebis ganmarteba moviSvelioT da vnaxavT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, B, ase vTqvaT,
“STanTqavs” A-s, anu, rac igivea, rom AAB=B. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mivmarToT venis
diagramas:

B
A

es arc unda iyos gasakviri. magaliTad, luwi da naturaluri ricxvebis simravleTa

gaerTianeba xom isev naturalur ricxvTa simravlea.

3.1.3. vTqvaT,A A⊃B. ras unda warmoadgendes AB? pasuxs advilad mivagnebT, Tuki wina
SemTxvevaSi A da B simravleebs adgilebs SevunacvlebT.

3.1.4. vTqvaT,AA da B nawilobriv emTxveva erTmaneTs. ras unda warmoadgendes aseT

SemTxvevaSiAAB? davuSvaT A= {a,b, c }, xolo B={c,d,j}. ganmartebis Tanaxmad es unda iyos
{a,b, c,d,j}, sxva sityvebiT, es aris simravle, romelic maTi saerTo elementebis garda
Seicavs maT im elementebsac, romelnic maT gansxvavebuli aqvT. savarjiSos saxiT aageT
Sesabamisi venis diagrama.

3.1.5. vTqvaT, AA da B gamijnuli simravleebia. ras unda warmoadgendes AB? ganmartebis

mixedviT, es A da B simravlis elementebis meqanikuri SeerTebiT miRebuli simravle
iqneba.

3.1.6. vTqvaT, AA carieli simravlea. advili sanaxavia, rom misi gaerTianeba nebismier
sxva aracariel simravlesTan Tavad am simravlis igiveobrivi iqneba.

3.1.7. TuAA universaluri simravlea, aseve advili sanaxavia, rom misi gaerTianeba sxva
nebismier simravlesTan isev A iqneba. (axseniT 3.1.6 da 3.1.7)

3.1.8. venis diagramebis gamoyenebiTa da gaerTianebis ganmartebaze dayrdnobiT,

savarjiSos saxiT, avxsnaT gaerTianebis Semdegi ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:

A⊆AB;

A⊆AA;

AB⊆BA;

BA⊆AB;

((AB)C))⊆(A(BC))⊆(A BC).

3.2. kveTa. zemoT Cven erTmaneTis nawilobriv gadamfarav simravleebze visaubreT.

xSirad, aseT simravleebs urTierTgadamkveT simravleebs, xolo Tavad gadafarvas,
kveTas uwodeben.

kveTa SegviZlia operciadac warmovidginoT, romlis saSualebiT ori an meti

simravlidan gamoiyofa axali simravle. igi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom Sedgeba mxolod da
mxolod im elementebisagan, romlebic mocemul simravleebs saerTo aqvT. kveTas 
simboloTi aRniSnaven. sxvanairad, es SeiZleba Semdegnairadac gamovTqvaT: x∈(AB)
 13

zustad maSin, rodesac x∈A da x∈B, anda, sxva sityvebiT, x∈A da x∈B, sadac A da B
aracarieli simravleebia -dan, maSin da mxolod maSin, rodesac x∈(AB). Tu kargad
davakvirdebiT qvemoT motanil diagramas, sadac sami simravlis SemTxvevaa mocemuli,
kargad davinaxavT, Tu ra igulisxmeba kveTaSi.

sxvaTa Soris, am diagramidan kargad Cans isic, Tu ra unda iyos kveTa, Tuki
simravleTa ZiriTad damokidebulebebs davubrundebiT da im SemTxvevebs vnaxavT,
rodesac simravleebi erTmaneTs nawilobriv ar faraven:

3.2.1. Tu AA⊂B, maSin AAB=A

3.2.2. Tu AA⊃B, maSin AAB=B

3.2.3. xolo, rodesac AA da B gamijnuli (aracarieli) simravleebia, bunebrivia, maTi

kveTa carieli simravle iqneba. amitom, is rom simravleebi gamijnulia, SesaZloa
Semdegnairadac CavweroT: AB=∅, sadac A da B aracarieli simravleebia -dan.

3.2.4 vTqvaT, AA carieli simravlea. advili sanaxavia, rom misi kveTa nebismier sxva
aracariel simravlesTan isev carieli simravle iqneba.

3.2.5. TuAA universaluri simravlea, aseve advili sanaxavia, rom misi kveTa sxva
nebismier simravlesTan am ukanasknelis toli iqneba (axseniT 3.2.4 da 3.2.5).

3.2.6. venis diagramebis gamoyenebiTa da kveTis ganmartebis moSveliebiT savarjiSos

saxiT, avxsnaT kveTis Semdegi ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:

ABA;

ABB;

AB⊆BA;

((AB) C))⊆(A(BC))⊆(A BC).

3.3. sxvaoba: simravleTa sxvaobad, Cveulebriv, miCneulia iseTi simravle, romelic

agebulia saklebi simravlis mxolod da mxolod im elementebisagan, romlebic ar
ekuTvnis maklebs. sxvaobisTvis xSirad iyeneben simbolos “_” rogorc es maTematikaSia
miRebuli. zogjer sxva simbolosac vwerT. vnaxoT, ra unda iyos ori simravlis
sxvaoba, maTi ZiriTadi damokidebulebebis realizaciis SemTxvevaSi:

3.3.1. vTqvaT,AA=B. ras unda warmoadgendes maSin AA - B?

 14

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mivmarToT venis diagramas:

A=B vinaidan, AA-Si ar moiZebneba elementi, romelic ar

ekuTvnis B-s, amitom es sxvaoba carieli simravle unda
iyos, rac, rogorc Cans, bunebrivicaa.

3.3.2. vTqvaT,AA⊂B. ras unda warmoadgendes maSin AA-B? sxvaobis ganmarteba moviSvelioT
da vnaxavT, rom am SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan B “STanTqavs” A-s, sxva sityvebiT, A-Si ar
moiZebneba elementi, romelic, amavdroulad, B-s elementi ar aris, amitom AA-B=∅.
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis mivmarToT venis diagramas:

B
A

A A-B=∅

3.3.3. vTqvaT,AA⊃B. ras unda warmoadgendes A-B?pasuxs advilad mivagnebT, Tuki wina
SemTxvevaSi A da B–s adgilebs SevunacvlebT.

am SemTxvevaSi, “mSTanTqmeli” simravle aris

A, da rogorc aseTs, aucileblad gaaCnia
iseTi elementebi, romlebic ar gaaCnia B–s.
A Sesabamis venis diagramaze A simravlis
B wiTlad moniSnuli nawili swored (A-B)-s
warmoadgens. sxvaTa Soris, am diagramaze isic
Cans, rom am SemTxvevaSi, (A-B)=A-(AB).

3.3.4. vTqvaT,AA da B nawilobriv emTxveva erTmaneTs. ras unda warmoadgendes A-B? davuSvaT
A= {a,b, c }, xolo B={c,d,j}. ganmartebis Tanaxmad es unda iyos {a,b}, sxva sityvebiT, es aris
simravle, romelic A-s mxolod im elementebs Seicavs, romelic ar ekuTvnis maT
kveTas. anu, A-B=A-(AB).

venis diagramaze A simravlis wiTlad

A
B moniSnuli nawili swored (A-B)-s warmoadgens.

3.3.5. vTqvaT, AA da B gamijnuli simravleebia. ras unda warmoadgendes A-B? ganmartebis

mixedviT, es aris A .
 15

3.3.6. vTqvaT, AA carieli simravlea. advili sanaxavia, rom misi da sxva nebismier
simravlis sxvaoba isev carieli simravlea: A-B=A.

3.3.7. TuAA universaluri simravlea, maSin misi sxvaoba nebismier sxva simravlesTan
warmoadgens mTel danarCen universums am simravlis elementebis garda.

Sesabamis venis diagramaze es sxvaoba molurjo feriTaa moniSnuli. sxvaTa Soris, mas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba da amis gamo, specialuri terminiTa da simboloTi
aRniSnaven.

universaluri da mocemuli simravlis sxvaobas am simravlis damateba ewodeba da mas

StrixiT gamoxataven. magaliTad, Tu B mocemuli simravlea, maSin misi damateba iqneba
B′. sxva sityvebiT: U-B=B′. aqedan, sxvaTa Soris, gamodis isic, rom U-B′=B da B′B=U, xolo
B′B=∅.

3.4. simetriuli sxvaoba. simravleTa TeoriaSi ganixileba sxvaobis kidev erTi, metad
saintereso saxeoba, e.w. simetriuli sxvaoba. ras warmoadgens simravle, romelic am
operaciis Sedegad aris miRebuli? iTvleba, rom AA da B simravleTa simetriuli
sxvaoba aris iseTi simravle, romelic Seicavs mxolod da mxolod im elementebs,
romlebic ekuTvnis mxolod AA-s, anda mxolod B-s. magaliTad, Tu gvaqvs, rom A= {a,b,c},
da B={c,d,j}, maSin maTi simetriuli sxvaoba iqneba simravle {a,b,d,j}. vnaxoT, ra suraTi
gveqneba, Sesabamis venis diagramas Tu mivmarTavT da simravleTa Soris ZiriTad
mimarTebebs gaviTvaliswinebT. simetriuli sxvaobisaTvis gamoviyenoT niSani “/”.

3.4.1. A=B

vinaidan, AA-Si ar moiZebneba elementi, romelic ar

A=B ekuTvnis B-s, da piriqiT, amitom es sxvaoba iqneba ∅.

3.4.2. A⊂B.

ganmarteba moviSvelioT da vnaxavT, rom am

B SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan B “STanTqavs” A-s, sxva
A sityvebiT, A-Si ar moiZebneba elementi, romelic,
amavdroulad, B-s elementi ar aris, amitom es sxvaoba
iqneba B-s mxolod im elementTa simravle, romelic
ar gaaCnia A-s, sxva sityvebiT, is daemTxveva (B-A)-s,
rac Sesabamis diagramaze wiTliTaa moniSnuli.
 16

3.4.3. A⊃B.

am SemTxvevaSi, “mSTanTqmeli” simravle aris A,

A B amitom simetriuli sxvaoba igivea, rac (A-B).
3.4.4. AA B ∅.

3.4.4. AA B ≠∅.

A B B
venis diagramaze A da B simravleTa wiTlad
moniSnuli nawili swored saZiebel simravles
warmoadgens.

3.4.5. AA B =∅.

A B venis diagramaze A da B simravleTa

wiTlad moniSvna imaze mianiSnebs, rom am
SemTxvevaSi, ganmartebidan gamomdinare,
saZiebeli simravle mocemul simravleTa
gaerTianebas warmoadgens.

3.4.6. vTqvaT, AA carieli simravlea. advili sanaxavia, rom nebismieri aracarieli B-

sTvis samarTliania Semdegi tolobebi:

 A/A=∅;
 A/B=B;
 B/A=B.

axseniT, ratom?

3.4.7. TuAA universaluri simravlea, maSin misi simetruli sxvaoba nebismier sxva
simravlesTan warmoadgens mTel danarCen universums, am simravlis elementebis garda.
sxvaTa Soris, es 3.4.2 da 3.4.3.-dan gamomdinareobs. amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
simetriuli sxvaoba zog SemTxvevaSi emTxveva sxvaobas, Tumca es ori sxvadasxva
operaciaa.

3.5. simravleTa (kartezianuli) namravli. simravleebisaTvis kidev erTi operacia

SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, e.w. maTi kartezianuli namravli. Tu mocemuli gvaqvs ori A da
B simravle, aRniSnuli namravli iseTi simravlea, romelic Sedgenilia wyvilebisagan,
romelTa pirveli wevri A simravlis elementia, xolo meore wevri - B simravlisa.
 17

namravlSi yvela aseTi wyvilia mocemuli. magaliTad, Tu A aris {a₁,a₂,a₃}, xolo B aris
{b₁,b₂,b₃}, maSin kartezianuli namravli iqneba wyvilebis Semdegi simravle:
{‹a₁,b₁›,‹a₁,b₂›,‹a₁,b₃›,‹a₂,b₁›,‹a₂,b₂›,‹a₂,b₃›,‹a₃,b₁›,‹a₃,b₂›,‹a₃,b₃›}. simravleebis kartezianul namravls
X-iT aRniSnaven.

§4. usasrulo simravleebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi siZnele. raselis

paradoqsi.

pirvel paragrafSi, simravleebis aRwerisas, Cven usasrulo simravleebic vaxseneT. is,

rom simravlis usasruloba gonebisaTvis ucxo ar unda iyos da misi moazreba,
garkveulwilad, bunebrivic ki Cans, TiTqos sababsac iZleva imisaTvis, rom maTze iseve,
rogorc Cveulebriv, sasrul simravleebze visaubroT. praqtikulad, Cven asec viqceviT.
magaliTad, winadadebebSi

“samyaroSi varskavlavTa raodenoba usasruloa” da

“yvela naturaluri ricxvi aris mTeli da dadebiTi ri cxvi”,

romlebsac Cveulebriv warmovTqvamT, da metic, WeSmaritadac miviCnevT, igulisxmeba,

rom aRniSnuli usasruloba gonebisTvis iseTive mocemulobaa, rogorc “ am saklaso
oTaxSi magidebisa da skamebis simravle”. es rom ase ar iyos, maSin maTi WeSmaritebadac
miCneva gagviZneldeboda. arada, Tuki pirvelze, vTqvaT, rame filosofiur mosazrebaTa
gamo, vinmem SeiZleba eWvi gamoTqvas, meore winadadeba ueWveladaa miCneuli. miuxedavad
amisa, usasrulo simravleebi metad specifikuri simravleebia da maT garkveuli
“ucnaurobebi” axasiaTebT. erT-erTi aseTi “ucnaurobaa”, magaliTad, is, rom
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, usasrulo simravleebi Tavisi sakuTrivi qvesimravleebis
tolZalovania. rodesac vambobT “tolZalovani”, vgulisxmobT, rom mocemul
simravleebs elementTa erTi da igive raodenoba gaaCnia, rac, sxvaTa Soris,
srulebiTac ar niSnavs maT igiveobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom igiveobrivi simravleebi
tolZalovania. magaliTad, tolZalovania naturalur da luw ricxvTa simravleebi,
Tumca ver vityviT, rom isini igiveobrivia. sasruli simravleebis tolZalovnebis
saCveneblad, xSirad Semdeg proceduras mimarTaven: cdiloben erTi simravlis
elementebi SeuTanadon (ase vTqvaT, “miaban”) meore simravlis elementebs iseTnairad,
rom TiToeul elements mxolod erTi elementi eTanadebodes. Tu aseTi “mibmis”
Sedegad, erTi simravlis yvela elements meore simravleSi aRmoaCnda Tavisi “wyvili”
da piriqiT, maSin vityviT, rom isini tolZalovani yofilan. SesaZloa ise aRmoCndes,
rom erTi simravlis yvela elements hyavs Tavisi “mewyvile” meore simravleSi, xolo
meore simravlis elementebs Soris arian iseTebic, romlebic Sewyvilebis gareSe arian
darCenilni, maSin es simravleebi ar iqneba tolZalovani. sxvaTa Soris, am SemTxvevaSi
amboben, rom meore simravlis simZlavre metia pirvelisaze, rac sxvas arafers niSnavs,
garda imisa, rom meore simravleSi ufro meti elementia, vidre pirvelSi. magaliTad,
Tu Cvens saklaso oTaxs gavixsenebT, SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom masSi magidebis
raodenoba naklebia skamebis raodenobaze, xolo es ukanaskneli tolia klasSi amJamad
myofi studentebis raodenobisa. maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am klasSi myofi
studentebis da am klasSi myofi skamebis simravleebi tolZalovania, xolo am klasSi
myofi skamebis da am klasSi myofi magidebis simravleebi tolZalovani araa da
pirveli, ase vTqvaT, metia meoreze.

am magaliTidan, sxvaTa Soris, kargad Cans isic, rom SesaZloa sasruli simravleebi
tolZalovani ar iyon, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom romelime maTgani meoris
qvesimravlea. imaSi, rom usasrulo simravleebi zogierTi Tavisive sakuTrivi
 18

qvesimravlis tolZalovania, advilad davrwmundebiT, Tuki naturalur ricxvTa

simravles luwi ricxvebis simravles SevadarebT. sxva sityvebiT, es niSnavs, rom
usasrulo simravleebisaTvis, mTeli misi nawilis tolia. metic, Tu usasrulo
simravles mis usasrulo qvesimravles gamovaklebT, Sedegad, zogjer, isev usasrulo
simravles viRebT. Cvens magaliTSi, naturalur da luw ricxvTa simravleebis sxvaoba
kenti ricxvebis simravles gvaZlevs, romelic iseve usasruloa, rogorc luwi
ricxvebis simravle. aseve “ucnaurobad” SegviZlia miviCnioT is garemoebac, rom Tu
usasrulo simravles raime elements (elementebs) davamatebT, Sedegad isev usasrulo
simravle gveqneba. es, faqtiurad, niSnavs imas, rom simravle, romelic Tundac erTi
elementiT mets Seicavs, tolia simravlisa, romelsac es elementi aklia, rac savsebiT
gamoricxulia, Tuki saqme sasrul simravleebTan gveqneboda.

is, rom simravleTa usasruloba garkveul sirTuleebs Seicavda, maTematikosebisaTvis

imTaviTve cxadi Seiqna, rogorc ki maT am simravleebiT operireba daiwyes da
simravleTa Teoriis gamoyeneba maTematikis dasafuZneblad scades. metic, sul male
aRmoCenili iqna rigi siZneleebisa, romelTa gadalaxva, erTi SexedviT, SeuZlebelic
Canda da romlebmac maTematikis dafuZnebis yvela imdroindeli cda Rrma krizisSi
moaqcia. es siZneleebi simravleTa Teoriis paradoqsebis (an antinomiebis) saxeliTaa
cnobili da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis maTematikosTa da logikosTa gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis obieqts warmoadgenda. paradoqsi, an antinomia iseT viTarebas hqvia,
rodesac savsebiT misaRebi debulebebidan urTierTgamomricxav daskvnebamde
(winaaRmdegobamde) mivdivarT. am paradoqsebidan yvelaze cnobili e.w. raselis
paradoqsia, romelic man 1901 wlis gazafxulze aRmoaCina, rodesac Tavis cnobil
wignze Principles of Mathematics (maTematikis principebi, 1903w.), muSaobda. paradoqsi Cndeba
iseTi simravleebis ganxilvisas, romlebic Tavis Tavs elementad ar Seicaven. adre Cven
gakvriT SevexeT aseT simravleebs, rodesac aRvniSneT, rom am saklaso oTaxSi myofi
magidebis simravle Tavad magida ar aris. metic, simravleTa umravlesoba, romelTanac
Cven saqme gvaqvs, swored rom aseTi simravleebia. magaliTad, ricxvTa nebismieri
simravle ar aris ricxvi, xolo varskvlavebis simravle ar aris varskvlavi. ase, rom
savsebiT bunebrivi Cans, ganvixiloT yvela aseTi simravlis simravle, anu simravle
yvela iseTi simravlisa (vTqvaT, K), romlebic Tavisi Tavis elementi araa. axla
davsvaT kiTxva, aris Tu ara K Tavisi Tavis elementi? pasuxi gamaognebelia: Tu K∈K,
maSin K∉K, xolo Tu K∉K, maSin K∈K. raselis paradoqsis ramdenime saxesxvaoba arsebobs,
romelTagan, zogierTi, sakmaod saxalisoa. magaliTad, soflis dalaqis paradoqsi,
romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: dadgenilia, rom soflis dalaqi emsaxureba soflis
mxolod im mcxovreblebs, romlebic TviTon ar iparsaven wvers da mis garda aravin
aravis ar parsavs. vin unda gaparsos Tavad dalaqi? unda iTqvas, rom Tavis droze,
simravlis Teoriuli paradoqsebis aRmoCenam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
maTematikisa da logikis ganviTarebaSi. Tumca mets aq amaze ar SevCerdebiT: es metad
specifikuri, saintereso da Rrma Temaa.

Tavi II. propoziciuli logikis sawyisi cnebebi da ZiriTadi kanonebi

$1. ras vuwodebT propoziciul logikas? martivi da rTuli winadadebebi. sawinadadebo

makavSireblebi.

propoziciul anu winadadebaTa logikas, vuwodebT logikis im nawils, romelic

Seiswavlis winadadebTa Soris arsebul damokidebulebebs, romelnic, Tavis mxriv,
mxolod da mxolod, am winadadebaTa agebis TaviseburebebiTaa gapirobebuli. avxsnaT
es viTareba kargad: winadadebaTa mTeli erToblioba, romelic Cveni ganxilvis
obieqtad SegviZlia moviazroT (aseTs ki, ZiriTadad, raime enis, vTqvaT, igive
qarTulis, TxrobiTi winadadebebis erToblioba Seadgens), pirobiTad, SegviZlia or
nawilad gavyoT. erT nawils is winadadebebi Seadgens, romlebic, ase vTqvaT, martivia,
 19

im azriT, rom maTi danawevreba Semadgenel winadadebebad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan isini

amgvar nawilebs ar Seicaven. magaliTad, qarTul enaSi aseTi iqneboda:

me vxedav mzes, anda

TbilisSi aqtiuri politikuri cxovrebaa, anda

kavkasia mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri regionia.

yvela am winadadebas, maTi Sinaarsisa da maTi Semadgeneli sityvebis raodenobis

sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, erTi ram aerTianebT: arc erTi maTgani ar Seicavs iseT
komponents, romelic Tavad SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc damoukidebeli winadadeba.
swored aseT winadadebebs vuwodebT martivs. zogjer maT atomarul winadadebebsac
uwodeben, xazi rom gausvan im viTarebas, rom maTgan SegviZlia avagoT sxva, ufro
rTuli winadadebebi (iseve, rogorc molekula igeba atomisgan). am meore jgufs rTuli
winadadebi hqvia da maTi agebisaTvis Cveulebrivi, sametyvelo ena uamrav saSualebas
flobs, romlebic am enis sintaqsSia aRwerili. qvemoT Cven am saSualebaTa SezRuduli
raodenobis ganxilviT SemovifarglebiT. es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan Cven vikvlevT ara
enis sintaqss, aramed garkveuli sintaqsuri saSualebebiT agebuli winadadebebis
urTierTdamokidebulebas. amgvarad, fraza winadadebTa Soris arsebul
damokidebulebebs, romelnic, mxolod da mxolod, am winadadebaTa agebis
TaviseburebebiTaa gapirobebuli, swored am azriT unda gavigoT. aqedan, sxvaTa Soris,
erTi saintereso viTareba gamomdinareobs: vinaidan Cven gvainteresebs mxolod
winadadebaTa dakavSirebis Tavisebureba, anu is wesi, Tu rogor aris winadadeba
agebuli, amitom aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs im viTarebas, Tu rTuli winadadebis
komponentebi ra Sinaarsis matarebelia. Cveni interesis sfero ara rTuli winadadebis
Sinaarsi, aramed misi agebis sqemaa. Sedegad, Cven yovelTvis avaridebT Tavs winadadebis
Sinaarss da mxolod im saSualebebze mivmarTavT yuradRebas, riTac is igeba. am
saSualebebs, Cveulebriv, sawinadadebo makavSireblebs vuwodebT. es ukanasknelni, Tavis
mxriv, erTgvari operaciebia, romlebic, Tuki maT winadadebebs mivuyenebT, Sedegad isev
winadadebas miviRebT. magaliTad, zemoTmoyvanili winadadebebidan, iseTi makavSireblis
gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa sityva ‘da’ SegviZlia sxvadasxva winadadebebi avagoT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveulebriv sametyvelo enaSi zogierTi maTganis gamoTqmisagan,
sul cota, Tavs SevikavebdiT:

i. me vxedav mzes da TbilisSi aqtiuri politikuri cxovrebaa,

ii. TbilisSi aqtiuri politikuri cxovrebaa da TbilisSi aqtiuri politikuri
cxovrebaa,
iii. kavkasia mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri regionia da me vxedav mzes da sxv.

aqac mniSvnelovani ara maTi Sinaarsi, aramed maTi agebis Taviseburebaa, rac imaSi
mJRavndeba, rom TiToeuli maTgani ‘da’ makavSireblis gamoyenebiT aris agebuli da am
azriT es winadadebebi erTnairia. Sinaarsisgan amdagvari damoukidebloba rom
gamoikveTos, propoziciul logikaSi e.w. sawinadadebo cvladebs iyeneben. es gaxlavT
laTinuri anbanis aso-niSnebi, romlebic imgvaradve gamoiyeneba, rogorc maTematikaSi,
im gansxvavebiT, rom ricxvebis nacvlad, cvladebis mniSvnelobad aq winadadebebi
igulisxmeba. magaliTad, Tu winadadebas me vxedav mzes aRvniSnavT asoTi p, xolo
winadadebas TbilisSi aqtiuri politikuri cxovrebaa asoTi q, maSin winadadeba me
vxedav mzes da TbilisSi aqtiuri politikuri cxovrebaa aseT saxes miiRebs: ‘p da q’.
bunebrivia, p-sa da q-s nacvlad nebismieri sxva TxrobiTi winadadeba SegviZlia
CavsvaT da TiToeuls igive saxe eqneba. sinamdvileSi, TviTon gamosaxuleba ‘p da q’
aranair winadadebas ar warmoadgens, aramed winadadebad iqceva mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac laTinuri asoebis nacvlad masSi qarTuli enis ronelime TxrobiTi winadadeba (an
ori sxvadasxva winadadeba) iqneba Canacvlebuli. qarTul enas vaxseneb imis gamo, rom
‘da’ makavSirebeli swored qarTul enas ekuTvnis. mis nacvlad rom gvqonoda
Sinaarsobrivad igive, Tumca enobrivad gansxvavebuli makavSirebeli ‘and’, maSin
inglisuri winadadebebi unda Cagvesva. es viTareba or rameze migvaniSnebs:
 20

1. ‘p da q’–smagvari gamosaxulebebi erTgvari yalibebi, formebia, romlebic

winadadebad mxolod maTSi myofi cvladebis Sesabamisi enis winadadebaTa
SenacvlebiT gardaiqmneba. xSirad maT aseve sawinadadebo formebad an
formulebad moixsenieben. es viTareba yovelTvis unda viqonioT
mxedvelobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, aSkarad gamoviyenebT frazis sawinadadebo
formas (an formulas) Tu ara.
2. imisaTvis, rom Cveni ganxilvebisas mxolod qarTul enaze ar viyoT
damokidebuli, rogorc Cans, makavSireblebisTvisac garkveuli simboloebia
Semosatani, msgavsad maTematikisa, sadac vTqvaT, ‘+’ aRniSnavs qarTulad
Sekrebas, xolo inglisurad, add-s. Tumca gamosaxuleba a+b orive enaze erTi
da igive Sinaarsis matarebelia. amis mizezia, swored is rom a+b=b+a azriania,
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra enaze wavikiTxavT mas.

ufro dawvrilebiT makavSireblebsa da maT Tvisebebze, aseve maTi saSualebiT agebul

winadadebaTa urTierTdamokidebulebaze da mimarTebebze, Semdeg paragrafebSi gveqneba
saubari.

$2. winadadebaTa WeSmaritebiTi mniSvneloba. WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebi.

TxrobiT winadadebebs, garda imisa, rom isini SesaZloa martivi an rTuli agebulebisa
iyos, gaaCniaT kidev erTi Tavisebureba: maTi erTi nawili SeiZleba WeSmariti iyos,
xolo meore nawili – mcdari. xSirad, winadadebaTa WeSmariteba an mcdaroba advili
amosacnobia, zogjer ki amisaTvis fiqria saWiro. zogjer isec xdeba, rom gviWirs Tqma
winadadeba WeSmaritia Tu mcdari. ara imis gamo, rom Sesabamisi codna ar gagvaCnia,
aramed imis gamo, rom winadadebaSi gamoTqmuli azri (debuleba) realobaSi arafers
exeba, arafris mimarTaa gamoTqmuli. magaliTad, winadadeba kentavrs oTxi fexi aqvs.
WeSmaritia is Tu mcdari? Tu miviCnevT, rom berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT, kentavri
naxevrad cxenia, Tanac wels qvemoT, maSin TiTqos WeSmariti debuleba gamogviTqvams.
magram Tu gavixsenebT, rom realobaSi aseTi arseba aravis Sexvedria da savaraudodac
ar Sexvdeba, maSin gaugebaria, ras gaaCnia oTxi fexi? da Tuki amis saxeli araferia,
samarTliania vivaraudoT, rom aRniSnuli winadadeba mcdaria. sxvaTa Soris, msgavsi
winadadebebis gaazrebas Rrma filososfiuri konotaciebi gaaCnia da sakmaod scildeba
logikis mecnierebis farglebs. sxva dros amgvari gaugebrobani Tavidan rom aviciloT,
ramdenime daSvebis Taobaze SevTanxmdeT:
a) winadadebani, romelTanac Cven saqme gveqneba, aucileblad an WeSmaritia, an
mcdari.
b) SeuZlebelia, romelime winadadeba erTdroulad mcdaric iyos da WeSmaritic.

am daSvebebidan erTs gamoricxuli mesamis, xolo meores – winaaRmdegobis

SeuZleblobis kanons uwodeben. msjeloba imaze, Tu am or kanons, romelic logikis
ganviTarebis manZilze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda, ratom vuwodeT daSveba, sakmaod
Sors wagviyvanda. gvinda ubralod xazi gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom logika sxva
daSvebebidanac aigeba, oRond es iqneba ukve sxva logika da ara is, romlis aRwerasac
vapirebdiT.

sxvaTa Soris, axla SegviZlia davsvaT sakmaod saintereso kiTxva: rogori iqneba
rTuli winadadebis WeSmaritebiTi mniSvneloba, Tuki cnobilia misi Semadgeneli
winadadebebis WeSmaritebiTi mniSvnelobani? sxva sityvebiT, aris Tu ara raime kavSiri
rTuli winadadebis WeSmariteba-mcdarobasa da misi komponentebis WeSmariteba-
mcdarobas Soris? am kiTvaze rom pasuxi gavceT, kidev erT rameze SevTanxmdeT:

c) winadadebani, romelTanac Cven saqme gveqneba, mxolod da mxolod iseTi

makavSireblebiTaa agebuli, rogoricaa ‘da’, ‘an’, ‘Tu – maSin’, ‘maSin da mxolod
maSin’ , da ‘mcdaria, rom’. Sesabamisad, winadadebebs, romelic Cveni interesis
obieqtia, aqvT erT-erTi saxe Semdegidan: ‘. . . da ₋₋₋’, ‘. . . an ₋₋₋ ’, ‘Tu . . . , maSin
₋₋₋₋’, ‘. . . . maSin da mxolod maSin, Tu ₋₋₋₋’ da ‘mcdaria, rom ₋₋₋₋’, sadac
wertilebiTa da tireebiT moniSnuli adgili raime WeSmarit an mcdar
winadadebas gulisxmobs.

yvela am makavSirebels logikaSi Tavisi saxeli aqvs da maT specialuri simboloebiT

aRniSnaven. aRniSnuli tipis winadadebebi yvelaze xSirad gvxdeba ara marto
 21

maTematikuri dasabuTebebis, aramed, saerTod, msjelobisas. amgvarad, es arCevani arc

Tu mTlad nebismieria. ganvixiloT isini cal-calke.

$2.1. WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebi: koniunqcia. rTul winadadebas, romelic ‘da’

makavSireblis saSualebiTaa agebuli, Cveulebriv, koniunqcias uwodeben. sainteresoa,
rom koniunqcia hqvia rogorc makavSirebels, aseve misi saSualebiT agebul
winadadebasac. koniunqciuri winadadeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli tipia winadadebebisa rogorc sametyvelo enaSi, aseve mecnieruli
dasabuTebebisas. simbolo, romliTac koniunqcias aRvniSnavT, aris:  da is pirvelsa
da meore winadadebas an am winadadebaTa aRmniSvnel simboloebs Soris Tavsdeba.
aRniSnul winadadebebsa da simboloebs koniunqciis wevrebs, anu koniunqtebs vuwodebT.
magaliTad, zemoT motanil sawinadadebo formas ‘p da q’ –s amieridan ase CavwerT: (pq),
sadac p-c da q-c koniunqciis wevrebs warmoadgens. Tumca, literaturaSi sxva
simboloebic ixmareba. TiToeuli simbolos arCeva avtoris gemovnebazea damokidebuli.
raime principuli mosazreba am arCevans ar gansazRvravs. erTaderTi, rac avtors
moeTxoveba, aris is, rom man simboloebi ar aurios da erTi da igive simbolo, erTi
teqstis SigniT, erTi da igive mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenos. Cven mier SerCeuli simbolo
erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad moxmarebuli variantia. axla vcadoT da pasuxi gavceT Cvens
kiTxvas koniunqciasTan mimarTebaSi: SegviZlia Tu ara koniunqciis WeSmaritebisa an
mcdarobis dadgena mxolod misi Semadgeneli winadadebebis WeSmaritebisa an mcdarobis
codnidan gamomdinare, ise rom amisaTvis ar gaxdes saWiro mTliani winadadebis
Sinaarsis kvleva? pasuxs mivagnebT, Tu kargad davukvirdebiT Tavad koniunqciis
raobas. ras gveubneba koniunqcia? koniunqcia gveubneba, rom pirveli winadadebiT
gamoTqmuli mosazreba da meore winadadebiT gamoTqmuli mosazreba erTdroulad
WeSmariti mosazrebebi gaxlavT. sxva sityvebiT, me Tu gamovTqvam (pq), me miviCnev da
vcdilob dagarwmunoT, rom adgili aqvs rogorc p-Ti aRniSnul viTarebas, aseve im
viTarebas, romelic aRniSnulia q-Ti. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me ganzrax ar vityuebi anda ar
vcdebi uneblieT, es asecaa. magram ras niSnavs adgili aqvs rogorc p-Ti, ise q-Ti
aRniSnul viTarebas? es niSnavs mxolod imas, rom WeSmaritia rogorc p, aseve q.
amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom rodesac viciT, rom mocemuli koniunqciis orive
koniunqti WeSmaritia, koniunqcia WeSmaritia, rasac unda Seexebodes misi Sinaarsi.
axla davuSvaT, rom erT-erTi koniunqti mocemul koniunqciaSi mcdaria da Cven am
mcdarobis dadgena movaxerxeT. bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom mTlianad koniunqciac mcdar
debulebas warmogvidgens. es asecaa. rodesac me vcdilob dagarwmunoT imaSi, rom
adgili aqvs (pq)-s, xolo aRmoCndeba, rom erT-erTi ar asaxavs imas, rac xdeba, Tqven
sruli ufleba gaqvT miTxraT, rom (pq) (mTlianobaSi) mcdaria. aseve bunebrivia, (pq)
mcdarad miviCnioT, rodesac mcdaria p da mcdaria q.

sainteresoa, rom yvelafer amas cxrilis saxe SeiZleba mieces. cifrebiT 1 da 0

aRvniSnoT Sesabamisad ‘WeSmariti’ da ‘mcdari’. maSin, p–ze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is
SeiZleba iRebdes mniSvnelobas 1, an iRebdes mniSvnelobas 0. magram igives Tqma
SegviZlia q-zec. amgvarad, variantebi, romelic SesaZlebelia rom (pq)-sTvis
ganvixiloT, gamogviva oTxi. kerZod,

i. (1  1);
ii. (1  0);
iii. (0  1);
iv. (0  0).

sxva sityvebiT,

WeSmaritia p  WeSmaritia q (i)

WeSmaritia p  mcdaria p (ii)

mcdaria p  WeSmaritia p (iii)

mcdaria p  mcdaria q (iv).

 22

axla, vinaidan viciT, Tu TiToeuli kombinacia ras gvaZlevs, advilad avagebT

cxrilsac, romelsac koniunqciis WeSmaritebiT cxrils vuwodebT. cxrilis agebisas
vixelmZRvaneloT SemdegiT: jer davadgenT WeSmaritebiT mniSvnelobebs
koniunqtebisaTvis, xolo Semdeg _ mTeli koniunqciisaTvis. Sedegad gveqneba sami oTx-
oTx striqoniani paraleluri sveti. TiToeuli striqonis pirveli ori cifri (1 an 0)
gvaZlevs koniunqtebis WeSmaritebiT mniSvnelobas, xolo bolo cifri, koniunqtTa
mocemuli mniSvnelobisaTvis, Tavad koniunqciis mniSvnelobas iZleva.

cxrili 1. koniunqcia

p q pq

1 1 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

es cxrili sainteresoa imiTac, rom, praqtikulad, iZleva saSualebas yovelTvis

vicodeT koniunqciis WeSmariteba, Tuki misi komponentebis WeSmaritebiTi fasi gvaqvs
dadgenili. metic, aseTi codnis misaRebad sxva damatebiTi codna ar aris saWiro. aseve
sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom koniunqcia WeSmaritia maSin daAmxolod maSin, Tuki
misi orive koniunqti WeSmaritia. sxva piroba koniunqciis WeSmaritebas ar adevs.

$2.2. WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebi: disiunqcia. axla SevxedoT, ras gvaZlevs makavSirebeli

‘an’. rTul winadadebas, romelic ‘an’ makavSireblis saSualebiTaa agebuli,
disiunqcias uwodeben, xolo mis wevrebs – disiunqtebs. simbolo ‘’ , Cveulebriv,
swored disiunqciis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba da, koniunqciis msgavsad, isic
disiunqtebs Soris Tavsdeba. maSasadame, gamosaxulebas, romelsac disiunqcias veZaxiT,
eqneba Semdegi saxe: (pq). SegviZlia Tu ara disiunqciisTvisac avagoT iseTive cxrili,
rogorc es koniunqciis SemTxvevaSi gamogvivida? didi albaTobiT, rogorc Cans, ki.
Tumca, amave albaTobiT, savaraudod, es cxrili gansxvavebuli unda iyos. sxvaobas
koniunqciasa da disiunqcias Soris maTi enaSi gamoyenebis semantikuri Tavisebureba
ganapirobebs. raze migvaniSnebs ‘an’ makavSireblis saSualebiT dakavSirebuli ori
winadadeba? imaze xom ara, rom ori xdomilebidan, romlebic am winadadebebiTaa
aRwerili, erT-erTi mainc unda realizdes? magaliTad, rogor SevxedoT winadadebas

TbilisSi aqtiuri politikuri cxovrebaa an kavkasia mniSvnelovani

geopolitikuri regionia?

rodis iqneboda is WeSmariti? cxadia, Tu TbilisSi aranairi politikuri aqtivoba ar

mimdinareobs da arc kavkasia warmoadgens msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoTa politikuri
interesis sferos, maSin mTliani winadadeba mcdaria. sxva sityvebiT, im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac orive disiunqti mcdaria, disiunqcia aucileblad mcdari iqneba.

Cveulebriv, aseve ar badebs SekiTxvebs viTareba, rodesac TbilisSi aqtiuri

politikuri cxovreba realobaa, xolo kavkasia mainc ar warmoadgens msoflios wamyvan
saxelmwifoTa politikuri interesis sferos. amgvar viTarebas Cven imis dasturad
miviCnevdiT, rom mTlianobaSi zemoT motanili gamonaTqvami WeSmariti winadadebaa.

aseve eWvs ar gamoiwvevda situacia, rodesac TbilisSi politikuri cxovreba

minelebulia, xolo kavkasia mainc warmoadgens msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoTa
politikuri interesis sferos, vTqvaT, Tundac Suaaziuri energoresursebis tranzitis
gaadvilebis TvalsazrisiT. vinaidan, am SemTxvevaSic, miviCnevT, rom mTlianobaSi,
zemoT motanili gamonaTqvami WeSmariti winadadebaa. sxva sityvebiT, disiunqcia
WeSmaritia, Tuki misi erT-erTi disiunqti aris WeSmariti. magram, ra xdeba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki WeSmaritia orive disiunqti? sxva sityvebiT, ‘an’ makavSireblis
 23

gamoyeneba aucileblobiT xom ar gamoricxavs erT-erTi xdomilebis realizaciis

SesaZleblobas, Tuki viciT, rom meore ukve realizebulia? Cveni magaliTis mixedviT
Tu vimsjelebT, TiTqos es ase ar unda iyos: marTlac, kavkasiis mimarT geopolitikuri
interesi ar aris damokidebuli TbilisSi politikuri amindis cvalebadobaze. Tumca,
aseve SesaZlebelia iseTi magaliTebis motanac, rodesac erTi komponentis WeSmariteba,
sworedac, rom meore komponentis mcdarobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, nebismieri
naturaluri ricxvebisaTvis x da y, Tuki isini sxvadasxva ricxvebia, (xy)  (yx) aris
WeSmariti winadadeba. magram, (xy)–is WeSmariteba, cxadia, gamoricxavs (yx)–is
WeSmaritebas. rogor moviqceT, rom arc erTi es Sinaarsi ar davkargoT? enobriv
doneze SegviZlia SevTanxmdeT, rom ‘an’ makavSireblis xmareba SevzRudoT mxolod
iseTi SemTxvevebiT, sadac iseTi mkacri piroba, rom mxolod erTi disiunqti unda iyos
WeSmariti, ar moqmedebs. es, ase vTqvaT, aragamomricxavi disiunqciaa. xolo im
SemTxvvebisTvis, rodesac piroba aseTi mkacria, makavSireblad gamoviyenoT ‘an - an’
(gamomricxavi disiunqcia). Sesabamisad, simbolo ‘’ da saxeli disiunqcia SevinarCunoT
pirveli SemTxvevisaTvis, anu aragamomricxavi disiunqciisaTvis. meore SemTxvevisTvis
ki gamoxatvis sxva saSualebebi vipovoT. ra Tqma unda, es ar aris erTaderTi
gamosavali, Tumca sakiTxisadmi midgomis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da moxerxebuli
formaa. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, advilad SegviZlia avagoT WeSmaritebiTi cxrili
disiunqciisaTvis. amisaTvis Cven imave meTods gamoviyenebT, rasac koniunqciis cxrilis
agebisas.

cxrili 2. disiunqcia

p q pq

1 1 1

1 0 1

0 1 1

0 0 0

am cxrilidan kargad Cans ara marto is, Tu rogor vuyurebT disiunqcias, aramed isic,
Tu ra ganasxvavebs mas koniunqciisganac: disiunqcia mcdaria maSin da mxolod maSin,
rodesac misi orive disiunqti mcdaria.
sxva piroba disiunqciis mcdarobas ar adevs.

$2.3. WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebi: uaryofa. uaryofas vuwodebT iseT frazebs, rogoricaa

‘mcdaria, rom’, an ‘ar aris marTali, rom’, an ‘tyuilia, rom’ da sxv. aRniSnuli frazebi,
romlebic raime mocemul winadadebas win daerTvis, mianiSnebs imaze, rom am
winadadebiT gamoTqmuli mosazreba mcdaria, ar aris WeSmariti. mkacrad Tu
vimsjelebT, uaryofa makavSirebels ar warmoadgens, vinaidan misi saSualebiT ar xdeba
ori, an meti winadadebis dakavSireba, aramed erTi, konkretulad mocemuli Sinaarsis
uaryofa. miuxedavad amisa, imis gamo, rom uaryofis gamoyenebis Sedegad isev mcdar an
WeSmarit winadadebas viRebT, mas makavSireblebTan erTad ganvixilavT. xSirad aseTi
midgoma mosaxexebelia.

iqidan gamomdinare, rac vTqviT, advili misaxvedria, rom WeSmariti winadadebis

uaryofa mcdaria, xolo mcdari winadadebis uaryofa – WeSmariti. uaryofasac, iseve
rogorc sxva logikur makavSirebels, gansakuTrebuli simboloTi aRniSnaven. Cven
amisaTvis gamoviyenebT simbolos ‘’, romelsac uarsayofi winadadebis anda misi
gamomsaxveli simbolos win davsvamT. amrigad, Canaweri ‘p’ aRniSnavs, rom ‘mcdaria p’.
uaryofisTvis WeSmaritebiTi cxrilis asagebad aRar dagvWirdeba oTxi sxvadasxva
SemTxvevis ganxilva, vinaidan saqme oris nacvlad, erT uarsayof winadadebasTan gvaqvs.

cxrili 3. uaryofa
 24

p p

1 0

0 1

amgvarad, winadadeba, romelic uaryofis simbolos Seicavs, WeSmaritia maSin da

mxolod maSin, rodesac uarsayofi winadadeba aris mcdari. es viTareba TanxmobaSia
Cvens intuiciasTan da, sxvaTa Soris, eyrdnoba Cveni daSvebebidan erT-erTs, kerZod,
(a)-s (ix. §2).

$2.4. WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebi: implikacia. implikacias iseT rTul winadadebas

vuwodebT, romelsac, zogadad, Semdegi forma gaaCnia: ‘Tu . . . , maSin ₋₋₋₋’. mas zogjer
pirobiT winadadebas anda gamomdinareobasac uwodeben. Tumca, am bolo sityvis
xmarebas garkveuli sifrTxile sWirdeba, vinaidan is SeiZleba mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirsac gulisxmobdes, rac implikaciis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi, Cven, sazogadod,
gvinda, rom Tavidan aviciloT. ‘Tu’-s Semdeg momyol winadadebas antecedenti hqvia,
xolo winadadebas, romelic sityva ‘maSin’-is Semdeg gvxvdeba, hqvia konseqventi. pirveli
terminis sinonimebia piroba, wanamZRvari, daSveba, varaudi. meore terminis sinonimebad
iyeneben: Sedegi, daskvna. implikacia, iseve rogorc aqamde ganxiluli rTuli
winadadebebi, xSirad ixmareba rogorc yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi, aseve mecnierebaSi.
gansakuTrebiT bevri magaliTi implikaciuri winadadebebisa SegviZlia maTematikaSi
moviZioT. praqtikulad, maTematikur TeoremaTa didi nawili, aSkarad an farulad,
implikacias warmoadgens. simbolo, romelic implikaciis aRsaniSnavad metwilad
ixmareba, aris ‘⊃’. masac, iseve rogorc koniunqciisa da disiunqciis SemTxvevaSi,
implikaciis Semadgenel winadadebaTa Soris vaTavsebT. amgvarad, gamosaxuleba ‘p⊃q’
ikiTxeba rogorc ‘Tu p, maSin q’. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor mivudgeT WeSmaritebiTi
cxrilis agebas implikaciisTvis?

intuiciurad, implikaciis gamoTqmisas, Cven vcdilobT vaCvenoT, rom piroba

gulisxmobs Sedegs. sxva sityvebiT, antecedentis WeSmariteba gansazRvravs konseqventis
WeSmaritebasac. xolo rodesac konseqventi mcdaria, es imis niSani unda iyos, rom
antecedentic mcdari yofila. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar gvinda, rom WeSmariti
pirobidan mcdari Sedegi gvqondes. es garemoeba gvkarnaxobs, rom ZalaSi unda iyos
Semdegi sami piroba:
i. Tu antecedentic da konseqventic WeSmaritia, implikaciac WeSmaritia.
ii. Tu antecedenti WeSmaritia, xolo konseqventi mcdari, maSin implikaciac mcdari
iqneba.
iii. Tu mcdaria rogorc antecedenti, aseve konseqventi, implikacia WeSmaritia.

magram, ra viTarebaa, rodesac antecedenti mcdaria, xolo konseqventi WeSmariti?

samwuxarod, aqac imave fsiqologiur bariers vawydebiT, rogorsac disiunqciis
ganxilvisas gadavawydiT. Cveni Cveva, miviRoT ena, rogorc komunikaciis ZiriTadi
saSualeba, ganapirobebs enobriv gamosaxulebaTa maqsimalur Sinaarsobriv
datvirTulobas. implikaciis SemTxvevaSi es pirobasa da Sedegs Soris nagulismev
erTgvar kavSirSi mJRavndeba. zogjer es mizezobrivi, zogjer ki Sinaarsobrivi
kavSirebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar varT ganwyobilni, rom im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
aseTi kavSiri cxadad ara Cans, implkaciuri winadadeba WeSmaritad miviCnioT. aseve
naklebad varT ganwyobilni, WeSmaritad miviCnioT implikacia, rodesac
dadasturebulad viciT, rom antecedenti mcdaria, xolo konseqventi _ WeSmariti.
nebismieri argumentacia am fsiqologiur bariers gadaawydeba da damajereblobis
xarisxs dakargavs. amitom gza aqac erTia: unda vipovoT iseTi varianti, romelic
yvelaze axloa imasTan, rac gvinda, da Semdeg am variantze SevTanxmdeT, ramdenadac ar
unda gvexamuSebodes misi miReba. Tu gavixsenebT, erTi mxriv, rom winadadebaTa
Sinaarsobriv ganxilvaze uari gvaqvs naTqvami, xolo, meore mxriv, imas, rom ar gvinda
WeSmariti pirobidan _ mcdari Sedegi gvqondes, xolo danarCens gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, advilad SevTanxmdebiT imazec, rom, rodesac antecedenti
mcdaria, xolo konseqventi WeSmariti, implikacia WeSmaritia. amgvarad,
implikaciisaTvis gveqneba Semdegi cxrili:
 25

cxrili 4. implikacia

p q p⊃q

1 1 1

1 0 0

0 1 1

0 0 1

e.i. winadadeba, romelic implikaciis simbolos Seicavs, mcdaria mxolod maSin,

rodesac antecedenti WeSmaritia, xolo konseqventi - mcdari.

$2.5. WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebi: ekvivalentoba. rTul winadadebas, romelic misi

Semadgeneli winadadebebis igiveobriobas daadgens, vuwodebT ekvivalentobas.
ekvivalentobis sinonimebia tolfasoba, ormxrivi gamomdinareoba da a.S.
damakavSireბeli fraza, romelic Cveulebriv გაmoiyeneba, gansakuTrebiT, maTematikaSi,
aris ‘maSin da mxolod maSin’. Tumca arsebobs misi iseTi Semcvlelebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, ‘sakmarisi da aucilebeli’ an misi romelime sinonimi. simbolo, romelic
amisaTvis gamoiyeneba, Semdegia: ‘≡’ da is, iseve rogorc sxva SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
saqme ori winadadebis dakavSirebasTan gvqonda, winadadebebs Soris iwereba. ase rom,
gamosaxuleba (p≡q) ubralod niSnavs imas, rom p da q igiveobriv winadadebebadaa
miCneuli. Tumca, igiveobas sxvadasxva ganzomileba aqvs. winadadebebi SesaZlebelia
igiveobrivni iyvnen im azriT, rom erTsa da imave Sinaarss gamoTqvamdnen, mxolod enis
sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. sxvaTa Soris, es erT-erTi
motivaciaa imisaTvis, rom igiveobis gamomTqmel winadadebebs yuradReba mivaqcioT.
aseve SesaZlebelia igiveoba exebodes ara Sinaarss, aramed im WeSmaritebiT
mniSvnelobas, romelic p-Ti da q-Tia gamoTqmuli. arsebobs kidev sxva ganzomilebani,
magram Cven aq SevCerdeT, vinaidan CvenTvis saintereso swored rTuli winadadebis
WeSmariteba-mcdarobis damokidebulebaa Semadgeneli winadadebebis WeSmariteba-
mcdarobasTan. Tu am viTarebidan gamovalT, advilad davrwmundebiT, rom (p≡q)
WeSmariti SeiZleba iyos mxolod maSin, rodesac p-sac da q-sac erTnairi
WeSmaritebiTi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, kerZod, orive erTdroulad an WeSmaritia, an
mcdari. sxva SemTxvevaSi ekvivalentobis gamomTqmeli winadadeba iqneba mcdari. amaze
dayrdnobiT ar unda gagviWirdes Sesabamisi cxrilis agebac.

cxrili 5. ekvivalentoba

p q p≡q

1 1 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

$3. damokidebulebani sawinadadebo makavSireblebs Soris.

mas Semdeg, rac gavecaniT ZiriTad makavSirebelTa rols rTuli winadadebebis agebaSi
da gavarkvieT maTi Taviseburebani WeSmariteba-mcdarobis TvalsazrisiT, bunebrivia,
daisvas kiTxva, arsebobs Tu ara maT Sorisac raime saxis damokidebuleba? sxva
sityvebiT, rogor urTierTmoqmedeben isini, Tuki aseTi ram saerTod SesaZlebelia? am
 26

kiTxvis kanonierebaze, sul cota, ori ram migvaniSnebs _ jer erTi, analogia
maTematikasTan: viciT, rom iseTi matematikuri mudmivebi, rogoricaa +, -, × da :
SegviZlia ara marto erTmaneTis meSveobiT gamovxatoT, aramed erTi da imave
meTematikuri frazis (formulis) SigniT, maTi saSualebiT garkveuli manipulaciebi
gavakeToT, rac, sabolood, gamoTvlebs gviiolebs. magaliTad, viciT rogor moviqceT,
rodesac jams raime ricxvze vamravlebT, vinaidan viciT, rom +-s da ×-s gaaCnia Semdegi
Tavisebureba: c ×(a+b) = (c×a) + (c×b). raime msgavss xom ar SeiZleba hqondes adgili
sawinadadebo mkavSireblebis SemTxvevaSi? am azrs isic aZlierebs, rom ‘p⊃q’ msgavs da
sxva formulebSic, rogorc p, ise q SesaZlebelia, rom nebismieri agebulebisa iyos. anu,
viTareba, rodesac erTi formulis SigniT sxvadasxva makavSireblebiT agebuli
nawilebi gvxdeba, savsebiT bunebrivi da misaRebi Cans. Tumca, sanam sakiTxs
gavarkvevdeT, nebismieri formulis ganxilvisas, Cven garantirebuli unda viyoT im
azriT, rom aRniSnuli formula yovelTvis gamoxatavs raime dasrulebul winadadebas,
Tuki masSi laTinuri anbanis asoebis nacvlad, anu sawinadadebo cvladebis nacvlad,
romelime enis (vTqvaT, igive qarTulis) winadadebebs CavanacvlebT. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, Cven garantirebuli unda viyoT, rom Cveni formulebi sworad aris agebuli. Aam
garantias erTaderTi ram uzrunvelyofs: Cven unda SevTanxmdeT wesebze, romliTac
formulebs vadgenT sawinadadebo makavSireblebis gamoyenebiT da mxolod amgvarad
agebuli formulebi miviCnioT formulebad. isev maTematikas rom mivmarToT
analogiisTvis, raRac msgavss iqac vnaxavT. magaliTad, aravin CaTvlida azrianad c ab)
= + c×a)c×b) gamosaxulebis ganxilvas anda saerTod ar miiCnevda mas formulad, maSin
rodesac imave niSnebis saSualebebiT agebuli gamosaxuleba c ×(a+b) = (c×a) + (c×b)
ariTmetikis erT-erT ZiriTad debulebas gamoxatavs. amgvarad, SevTanxmdeT Semdegze:

3.1. winadadebaTa (formulaTa) asagebad gvaqvs Semdegi saSualebebi:

 laTinuri anbanis patara asoebi, indeqsebiT (an maT gareSe), romlebsac martiv an
rTul TxrobiT winadadebaTa aRsaniSnavad viyenebT.
 sawinadadebo makavSireblebi ¬, , , ⊃, ≡
 marjvena da marcxena mrgvali an kvadratuli frCxilebi (, ), [, ] romlebic sasveni
niSnebis rols asruleben.
 garda zemoT CamoTvlilisa, winadadebaTa (formulaTa) asagebad sxvas arafers ar
viyenebT.

3.2. Canaweri, romelic (3.1)-Si miTiTebuli simboloebiTaa Sedgenili, warmoadgens

formulas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is akmayofilebs Semdegi pirobebidan erT-erTs:

 is aris calke mdgomi laTinuri anbanis erT-erTi aso, indeqsiT an mis gareSe,
romelic (3.1)-is pirobaSia nagulisxmevi.
 Tu raime p da q aris formula, maSin aseve formulebia ¬(p), ( p q), (p q), (p⊃q),
(p ≡q) .
 arc erTi sxva gamosaxuleba, romelic zemoT gansazRvrul pirobebSi ar jdeba,
anu, sxva ram pirobebze dayrnobiT aris agebuli, formulas ar warmoadgens.

axla SegviZlia Cvens ZiriTad Temas davubrundeT da vnaxoT, Tu ra damokidebulebani

SeiZleba aRmoCndes Tavad makavSireblebs Soris. daviwyoT, erTi SexedviT, martivi
SemTxveviT, uaryofiT. ras gvaZlevs am kuTxiT ¬(p)? Tu p martivia, pasuxi wina
paragrafSi mocemul cxrilSi (cxrili 3) unda veZioT. magram rasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac p rTuli winadadebaa? Cveni SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, Tuki is rTulia, mas
SeiZleba hqondes Semdegi xuTi saxidan erT-erTi:
i. p TviTon warmoadgens uaryofas;
ii. p warmoadgens koniunqcias;
iii. p warmoadgens disiunqcias;
 27

iv. p warmoadgens implikacias;

v. p warmoadgens ekvivalentobas.
ganvixiloT es SemTxvevebi:

i. p TviTon warmoadgens uaryofas. maSin ¬(p) Semdeg saxes miiRebs, ¬(¬r) sadc
¬r aris p. vnaxoT, am SemTxvevaSi, ras mogvcemda Cveni cxrili, romelic
uaryofisaTvis SevadgineT
r r ¬r

1 0 1

0 1 0

Zalian saintereso rames mivageniT: Tu winadadebas orjer uarvyofT, isev imave

winadadebas miviRebT. Ees metad mniSvnelovani kanonia da mas ormagi uaryofis kanons
uwodeben. simbolurad is Semdegnairad SegviZlia CavweroT: ¬¬p≡ p.

ii. p warmoadgens koniunqcias. maSin ¬(p) Semdeg saxes miiRebs, ¬(r∧s) sadc (r∧s)
aris p. davkvirdeT am winadadebis Sinaarss. is gveubneba, rom koniunqcia (r∧s) aris
mcdari. Ees ki, Tavis mxriv, Tu koniunqciisTvis agebul cxrils gavixsenebT, unda
niSnavdes imas, rom mcdaria misi an erTi koniunqti, an meore koniunqti, an orive
erTad. rac Semdegnairad Caiwereba (¬r∨¬s). sxva sityvebiT, koniunqciis uaryofa
TiToeuli koniunqtis uaryofaTa disiunqcia yofila. esec mniSvnelovani debulebaa da
is de morganis kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili.

gamoviyenoT cxrili da davrwmundeT mis sisworeSi. Aanu vnaxoT, rom, rogoric unda
iyos r da s, ¬(r∧s)≡ (¬r∨¬s) aris WeSmariti debuleba.

r s r s (r∧s) ¬(r∧s) (¬r∨¬s)

1 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 1 1

axla Tu am cxrilSi bolo or svets SevadarebT, davrwmundebiT Cveni debulebis

sisworeSi.

iii. axla, vTqvaT, p aris (r∨s). bunebrivia, wina SemTxvevis ganxilvis Semdeg, gagviCndes
imgvarive Sedegis molodini. sxva sityvebiT, ¬(r∨s)≡ (¬r∧¬s) . mivmarToT cxrils.

r s r s (r∨s) ¬(r∨s) (¬r∧¬s)

1 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 0

0 1 1 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 1 1
 28

aqac, bolo ori svetis Sedareba gvarwmunebs Cveni debulebis sisworeSi. sxvaTa Soris,
esec de morganis kanonia.

iv. vnaxoT, ra situacia gveqneba, Tuki implikacias uarvyofT. sxva sityvebiT, ra unda
iyos ¬(p⊃q)? Tu implikaciis daxasiaTebas gavixsenebT, mivxvdebiT, rom misi uaryofa
ubralod unda niSnavdes misi antecedentis WeSmaritebasa da konseqventis mcdarobas.
anu, ZalaSi unda iyos Semdegi formula ¬(p⊃q)≡(p∧¬q). SevamowmoT cxrilis meSveobiT.

p q q (p⊃q) ¬(p⊃q) (p∧¬q)

1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0

aRniSnuli garemoeba imiTac aris saintereso, rom Tu de morganisa da ormagi

uaryofis kanonebs moviSveliebT, advilad davrwmundebiT, rom (p⊃q)≡(¬p∨q), rasac,
Tavis mxriv, ufro saintereso Sedegamde mivyavarT: rogorca Cans, Cven Tavisuflad
SegveZlo implikaciis simbolos gareSe masSi nagulisxmevi Sinaarsi gamogvexata.
v. dabolos, vnaxoT, ras warmoadgens ekvivalentobis uaryofa.
cxrilis gareSec, advili misaxvedria, rom aseTi winadadeba mxolod maSin iqneba
WeSmariti, rodesac mis komponentebs sxvadasxva WeSmaritebiTi mniSvnelobani gaaCnia.
magram es xom maSin xdeba, rodesac erTi komponenetis WeSmariteba gamoricxavs meore
komponentis WeSmaritebas da, piriqiT. es ki zustad is aris, rasac makavSirebeli ‘an –
an’ gulisxmobda. ase rom, ekvivalentobis uaryofa gamomricxavi an-is tolfasi yofila.

amgvaradve, sxvaTa Soris, SegviZlia yvela makavSirebeli gamovcadoT, rac saSualebas

mogvcems maT Soris bevri saintereso kavSiri davinaxoT. Tumca amjerad, amas Tavs
avaridebT, vinaidan aRniSnuli, ZiriTadad, meqanikur samuSaos Seadgens da savarjiSos
saxiT SeiZleba gakeTdes.

axla yuradReba mivaqcioT Semdeg viTarebas: zemoT motanili cxrilebis bolo ori
svetis Sedarebisas orive warmodgenili formula erTsa da imave WeSmaritebiT
mniSvnelobas iRebda, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori mniSvnelobebi miewereboda maT
atomarul Semadgenlebs, ramac mogvca, sxvaTa Soris, saSualeba dagvewera, rom ¬¬p≡
p, ¬(r∧s)≡ (¬r∨¬s) , ¬(r∨s)≡ (¬r∧¬s) da ¬(p⊃q)≡(p∧¬q). magram, Tu yuradrebas TviT am
ekvivalentobebze gadavitanT, erT saintereso moments aRmovaCenT. isini mudmivad
WeSmariti formebia im azriT, rom rogori mniSvnelobanic ar unda mivusadagoT maT
atomarul Semadgenlebs, isini mainc WeSmaritni iqnebian. amaSi rom davrwmundeT,
zemoTmotanil cxrilebs davamatoT kidev TiTo sveti da SevxedoT Sedegs.

¬¬p≡ p

p p ¬p ¬¬p≡ p

1 0 1 1

0 1 0 1
 29

¬(r∧s)≡ (¬r∨¬s)

r s r s (r∧s) ¬(r∧s) (¬r∨¬s) ¬(r∧s) ≡ (¬r∨¬s)

1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

¬(r∨s)≡ (¬r∧¬s)

r s r s (r∨s) ¬(r∨s) (¬r∧¬s) ¬(r∨s) ≡ (¬r∧¬s)

1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

¬(p⊃q)≡(p∧¬q)

p q q (p⊃q) ¬(p⊃q) (p∧¬q) ¬(p⊃q) ≡ (p∧¬q)

1 1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1

amdagvar sawinadadebo formebs, romlebic maTi atomaruli Semadgenlebis

WeSmaritebiTi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, yovelTvis WeSmaritia, logikaSi tavtologias
eZaxian. tavtologiaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is WeSmaritia Tavisi formis gamo. sxva
sityvebiT, is iseTnairadaa agebuli, rom ra Sinaarsic unda mivaniWoT mis komponentebs,
is mainc WeSmariti iqneba. tavtologiis uaryofas uwodeben winaaRmdegobas. bunebrivia,
winaaRmdegoba yovelTvis mcdaria.

$4. Ppropoziciuli logikis ZiriTadi kanonebi. qvemoT CamovTvliT im ZiriTad

damokidebulebebs, romelTac, xSirad, propoziciuli logikis kanonebs uwodeben.
zogierTi maTgani ukve nacnobia CvenTvis, xolo danarCenebis Sinaarsi advili
gasaazrebelia. Yyovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi tavtologiurobis Semowmeba advilad SeiZleba
WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebiT.

((p⊃q)∧p)⊃q Mmodus ponensi

 30

((p⊃q)∧¬q)⊃¬p Mmodus tolensi

(p⊃q)⊃((q⊃r)⊃(p⊃r)) hipoTezuri silogizmi

((p∨q)∧¬p)⊃q disiunqciuri silogizmi

((p⊃q)∧(r⊃s))⊃((p∨r)⊃(q∨s)) konstruqciuli dilema

((p⊃q)∧(r⊃s))⊃((¬q∨¬s)⊃(¬p∨¬r)) destruqciuli dilema

(p∧q)⊃p simplifikacia (gamartiveba)

(p∧q)⊃q

p⊃(p∨q) Ddisiunqtis damateba

q⊃(p∨q)

(p⊃q)⊃((p⊃r)⊃(p⊃(q∧r))) kompozicia

(¬¬p)  p ormagi uaryofis kanoni

(pq)  (qp) gadanacvlebis (komutaciis) kanoni

koniunqciisaTvis

(pq)  (qp) gadanacvlebis kanoni

disiunqciisaTvis

(p≡q)  (q≡p) gadanacvlebis kanoni

ekvivalentobisTvis

((pq)r)(p(qr)) dajgugebis (asociaciurobis) kanoni

koniunqciisaTvis

((pq)r) (p(qr)) dajgugebis kanoni disiunqciisaTvis

 31

(p(qr))  ((pq)(pr)) ganawilebis (distribuciis) kanoni

koniunqciisa disiunqciis mimarT

(p(qr))  ((pq)(pr)) ganawilebis kanoni disiunqciisa

koniunqciis mimarT

¬(pq)(¬p ¬q)

de morganis kanonebi

¬(pq)  (¬p  ¬q)

(pq)  (¬p v q)

implikaciis eliminaciis (mocilebis)

kanonebi
¬ (pq)  (p  ¬q)

(pq)  (¬q  ¬p)

Kkontrapoziciis kanonebi

(qp)  (¬p ¬q)

(p≡q)  ((p q)  ( q  p)) ekvivalentobis eliminaciis kanoni

p ∨ ¬p gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni

¬(p∧ ¬p) winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni

kargi iqneba, Tu am formulebis SinaarsSi gaverkveviT da im principebs davimaxsovrebT,

rac maTi saSualebiTaa gamoTqmuli. am principebze dayrdnobiT bevri debulebis
dasabuTeba martivdeba.

Tavi III. predikatTa logikis sawyisi cnebebi da ZiriTadi kanonebi

$1. ras vuwodebT predikatTa logikas?

mas Semdeg, rac gavecaniT propoziciuli logikis ZiriTad cnebebsa da

gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs, TiTqos advilad unda SevZloT Cveulebrivi sametyvelo
eniT gamoTqmuli argumentebis simboloebis enaze “gadaTargmna”, ise rom, Tuki Cveni
argumentacia swori iyo, simbolur enaze Targmnili, is tavtologiad gardaiqmnas.
zogjer es marTlac asea. ganvixiloT magaliTi:

 Tu Tovs, maSin ar wvims

 wvims
 maSasadame ar Tovs

propoziciuli logikis gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs Tu moviSveliebT, vnaxavT, rom aq

gvaqvs ori sabazo winadadeba, kerZod, “Tovs” da “wvims” da maTgan nawarmoebi ori
uaryofiTi winadadeba da erTi pirobiTi winadadeba. movniSnoT sabazo winadadebebi
 32

propoziciuli cvladebiT, Sesabamisad p da q. maSin Cveni argumenti Semdeg saxes

miiRebs:

 p⊃¬q
 q
 ¬p

mivceT am arguments CvenTvis ufro Cveuli saxe, Semdegi mosazrebebidan gamomdinare: is

rac weria, sinamdvileSi niSnavs imas, rom Tu WeSmaritia p⊃¬q da WeSmaritia q, maSin
WeSmaritia ¬p, rac niSnavs ((p⊃¬q)∧q)⊃¬p) winadadebis WeSmaritebas. marTlac, is rom es
tavtologiaa, advili sanaxavia im meTodebiTac, romelic ukve viciT. Tumca, Cven zemoT
aRvniSneT, rom es xdeba zogjer da ara yovelTvis. Ees Tu marTlac asea, maSin
propoziciuli logika sakmarisi ar yofila imisaTvis, rom Cven mier gamoTqmuli yvela
argumenti aRvweroT. Ees ki seriozuli naklia da unda vcadoT, rom movxsnaT.
marTlac, pirveli magaliTis analogiiT, ganvixiloT Semdegi argumentacia:

 am universitetis yvela studenti swavlobs logikas

 giorgi am universitetis studentia
 maSasadame, giorgi swavlobs logikas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom argumenti koreqtuli Cans, Cven gagviWirdeba misi koreqtuloba
propoziciuli logikis saSualebebiT avsaxoT. marTlac, am argumentSi sami sabazo
winadadebaa:

 universitetis yvela studenti swavlobs logikas

 giorgi universitetis studentia
 giorgi swavlobs logikas

avirCioT maTTvis propoziciuli cvladebi, vTqvaT, p, q da r. magram, am SemTxvevaSi,

Tuki wina magaliTis analogias gavyvebiT, winadadeba p∧q⊃r, zogadad, ar aris
WeSmariti, rac eWvis qveS ayenebs, Cvens, erTi SexedviT, ueWvel argumentacias, rom: rac
samarTliania yvelasTvis, samarTliani unda iyos erT-erTisTvisac. sxva sityvebiT,
propoziciuli logika sakmarisi ar yofila imisaTvis, rom Cven mier gamoTqmuli yvela
argumenti aRvweroT da, maSasadame, unda vnaxoT gza misi saSualebebis
gaZlierebisaTvis. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, swored es aris predikatTa logikis mizani da
daniSnuleba. Tu rogor aris es SesaZlebeli, momdevno paragrafebSi vnaxavT.

$2. sawinadadebo formebi, predikatebi, cvladebi da konstantebi

$2.1 martivi winadadebis struqtura. winadadebaTa logikaSi, romelic aqamde Cveni

msjelobis ZiriTad Sinaarss Seadgenda, martiv winadadebas erTian, daunawevrebel
mTlianobad ganvixilavdiT. es garkveuli mosazrebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. kerZod, Cven
vcdilobdiT, erTi mxriv, sawinadadebo makavSireblebis roli warmogveCina, xolo,
meore mxriv, srulad gvenaxa rTuli winadadebebis struqturidan gamomdinare
logikisaTvis saintereso mimarTebebi da SeZlebisdagvarad aRgvewera isini. axla
analogiuri amocana martiv winadadebebTan mimarTebaSi dgeba. ras warmoadgens martivi
winadadeba struqturulad? ra komponentebisagan Sedgeba? ra logikuri mimarTebebi
SeiZleba damyardes martivi winadadebis komponentebs anda Tavad martiv winadadebebs
Soris, Tuki maT struqturas daveyrdnobiT? da bolos, ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli am
mimarTebaTa erTgvari ganzogadeba im azriT, rom maTi formulebis saxiT warmodgena
SevZloT da ras mogvcems es?

cnobilia, rom sametyvelo enis nebismieri winadadeba, romelic raime viTarebas aRwers
(TxrobiTi winadadeba), sul cota, or komponents mainc Seicavs: esenia is, rasac
 33

aRvwerT (rogorc moqmeds anu subieqts anda moqmedebis obieqts da rasac gramatikaSi
qvemdebares eZaxian), da is, risi saSualebiTac mis, anda masze ganxorcielebul
moqmedebas aRvwerT (da rasac Semasmenels uwodeben). metic, rodesac gvaqvs qvemdebare
da Semasmeneli, amboben, rom viTareba praqtikulad aRwerilia da rom sxvaMsityvis
anda sityvaTa jgufis damateba, mxolod ~aferadebs~ Sinaars. amgvarad, SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom martivi TxrobiTi winadadebis struqturis RerZi aris qvemdebare-
Semasmeneli. sxva sityvebiT, aq gvaqvs is, razedac raime gamoiTqmis da isic, rac
gamoiTqmis. pirveli miuTiTebs sagans, xolo meore am sagnis daxasiaTebas iZleva.
magaliTad,

1. „bucefali“ cxenis saxelia

2. am saklaso oTaxis merxebi dazianebulia
3. dedamiwa planetaa.

zogadad, ra Sinaarsis matarebelia TxrobiTi winadadeba? yovel TxrobiT winadadebaSi

dadasturebulia an uaryofilia, rom esa da es sagnebi aris aseTi da aseTi. Cvens
SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, vadasturebT, rom saxeli „bucefali“ hqvia cxens, rom saklaso
oTaxSi arsebuli merxebi aris dazianebuli, xolo dedamiwa aris erT-erTi planeta.
sxva sityvebiT, winadadebaSi sagans (sagnebs) miewereba garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebi anda
uariyofa, rom maT es niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT. magaliTad, Tu vityodiT, rom

1. dedamiwa ar aris planeta

marTalia, mcdar winadadebas gamovTqvamdiT, magram mainc winadadebas gamovTqvamdiT,

romelSic mcdarad aris uaryofili is garemoeba, rom dedamiwa aris planeta. zogjer,
TxrobiTi winadadebani ara saganTa daxasiaTebas, aramed maT Soris damokidebulebas
aRwers. magaliTad,

2. vano da kote mezoblebia

3. Jirafi spiloze maRalia
4. Zalosani asaniZe ufro Ronieria, vidre CogburTeli Sarapova, da a.S.

sagnebi, romlTa Sesaxebac winadadebas gamovTqvamT, sxvadasxva bunebisaa: sulieri

arsebani, usulo, warmosaxviTi, abstraqtuli. yvelaferi, rasac SesaZloa Cveni
azrovnebis Tvalsawieri gawvdes, rac SeiZleba Cveni msjelobis obieqtad iqces da
razedac, saerTod, SegviZlia raime gamovTqvaT, warmoadgens sagans, romelic SeiZleba
garkveuli sizustiT aRiweros da es aRweraA TxrobiTi winadadebiT gamoiTqvas. magram
aRniSnuli aRwera rom azriani gamogvivides, Cven, sul cota, ori tipis obieqti
gvWirdeba enaSi: saxelebi sagnebisaTvis da saxelebi im niSan-TvisebebisaTvis, an
damokidebulebisTvis, romlebsac am sagnebis mimarT gamovTqvamT. Ppirvels, logikaSi _
termebs, xolo meores – predikatebs vuwodebT. swored am ori tipis gamosaxulebebia,
romlebic predikatTa logikis asagebad ZiriTad „samSeneblo“ masalas warmoadgens.

§2.2. predikatebi, cvladebi da konstantebi. davubrundeT Cvens magaliTebs da vcadoT

gaverkveT, Tu ras warmoadgens predikati? iqidan gamomdinare, rac vTqviT, bunebrivia
vifiqroT, rom Tu mocemuli winadadebebidan saxelebis aRmniSvnel sityvebs
amovagdebT, rac dagvrCeba, swored predikatic is unda iyos. am gzas Tu gavyvebiT,
gveqneba Semdegi:

 ――― cxenis saxelia

 ――― dazianebulia
 ――― planetaa
 ―――― da ―――― mezoblebia
 ―――― maRalia vidre ―――――
 34

 ―――― ufro Ronieria, vidre ――――

 ―――― (ar) aris planeta

Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom aRniSnuli gamosaxulebebi winadadebebad iqceva

maSinaTve, Tuki cariel adgilebs nebismieri saxelebiT da ara mxolod Cvens
magaliTebSi motanili saxelebiT SevavsebT. zogierTi gamosaxulebis winadadebad
qcevas ki erTi saxeli ar yofnis: oria saWiro. is, rom aseTi ram SesaZlebelia (anu am
gamosaxulebaTa winadadebebad gardaqmnaa SesaZlebeli), migviTiTebs imaze, rom
sinamdvileSi saqme sawinadadebo formebTan gvaqvs. Tumca es formebi arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba im formebisgan, romlebic propoziciul logikaSi gvxdeboda.
sawinadadebo cvladebi iq winadadebebiT unda Segvecvala, winadadeba rom migveRo. Aaq
ki, Tu cariel adgilebs cvladebad aRviqvamT, azriani winadadeba rom miviRoT,
amisaTvis konkretul obieqtTa konkretuli saxelebi unda vixmaroT. maSasadame,
cvladebi, maT Tu gamoviyenebT, Tavisi bunebiT imave yaidisaa, rogoric maTematikaSi,
rodesac, magaliTad, vwerT x≥5 anda x≠y. Tumca es ar unda iwvevdes gakvirvebas, vinaidan
„metia an toli“, anda „ar aris igive, rac“ iseTive predikatebia, rogorc sxva
danarCenebi. Uubralod, am bolo SemTxvevaSi, am predikatTa azrian winadadebebad
gardaqmnisaTvis x da y ricxvTa RerZze unda iyos gansazRvruli, xolo rodesac,
magaliTad, vambobT, rom viRac sxvaze ufro Ronieria, es sxva da es viRac, cocxal
arsebaTa samyaros unda ekuTvnodnen.

imisaTvis, rom Cveni msjeloba ufro sagnobrivi gavxadoT, SevTanxmdeT Semdegze:

SeTanxmeba 2.1. U iyos universumi, romelsac gansjis an bWobis universums vuwodebT da

yvela predikati, romelsac movixmarT, am universumze iyos gansazRvruli im azriT,
rom Cveni predikatebiT aRniSnuli Tvisebebi da damokidebulebebi SegviZlia azrianad
mivuyenoT universumis obieqtebs. bWobis universumis obieqtTa saxeldebisaTvis
gamoviyenoT laTinuri anbanis sawyisi mcire asoebi indeqsebiT an maT gareSe da maT
erTeulovani saxelebi an konstantebi vuwodoT. magaliTad, konstantebia a,b, c,. . . a1,b1,c1. .
universumis obieqtTa nebismieri miTiTebisTvis ki gamoviyenoT mcire asoebi imave
anbanis bolodan, indeqsebiT an maT gareSe, da maT cvladebi vuwodoT. maSasadame,
cvladebi iqneba x,y,z,. . . x1, y1, z1,. . . predikatebisTvis moviSvelioT amave anbanis Suidan
mTavruli asoebi, indeqsebiT an maT gareSe, maT gverdiT frCxilebSi miTiTebuli iqneba
cvladebis is raodenoba, romelTa Senacvlebacaa aucilebeli konstantebiT, imisTvis
rom es predikatiani gamosaxuleba azrian winadadebad gardaiqmnas. magaliTad,
sapredikato gamosaxulebebi iqneboda P(x), P1(x,y), Q(a,x) da a.S. sapredikato
gamosaxulebaSi konstantebiT Sesanacvlebel cvladTa raodenoba am gamosaxulebis e.w.
adgilianobas (zogjer vityviT, predikatis adgilianobas) gansazRvravs. magaliTad,
Cvens SemTxvevaSi, P erTadgiliani predikatia, xolo P1 – ori. aucileblad mivaqcioT
yuradReba imas, rom gamosaxuleba Q(a,x) erTadgilania, radgan mis winadadebad
gardaqmnas erTi cvladis Senacvleba sWirdeba. Tumca, rogorc winadadeba, is raRac
mimarTebis gamomTqmelia P1 – is msgavsad. erTadgilian predikatebs xSirad uwodeben
Tvisebebs, xolo or da metadgilian predikatebs - mimarTebebs.

magaliTi 1. U iyos adamianTa simravle. Kkonsatanta a aRniSnavdes vanos, xolo

konstanta b – kotes. P(x,y) iyos adamianTa simravleze gansazRvruli predikati „――――
mezobelia ――――“. maSin gamosaxuleba P(a,b) realurad warmoadgens Cven mier zemoT
motanili winadadebebidan erT-erTs, kerZod, (5)-s. xolo gamosaxulebani P(a,x) da P(x,b)
Sesabamisad ikTxeba rogorc „mezobelia vanosi“ da „mezobelia kotesi“. Bbunebrivia,
isini gansxvavdebian rogorc erTmaneTisgan, aseve sawyisi oradgiliani predikatisganac.
 35

magaliTi 2. U iyos naturalur ricxvTa simravle. konstanta a aRniSnavdes 7-s, xolo

konstanta b aRniSnavdes 3-s. P(x) iyos predikati x≥5, anu, Tviseba „iyos xuTze meti“.
maSin gamosaxuleba P(a) realurad aRniSnavs mcdar winadadebas, xolo gamosaxuleba
P(b) – WeSmarits.

$3. kvantorebi da kvantorebian winadadebaTa WeSmaritebiTi mniSvnelobebi

cvladebis nacvlad sawinadadebo formaSi erTeulovani terminis Casma, amgvarad,

dasrulebul winadadebas gvaZlevs. Tumca arsebobs sxva gzac, rasac kvantorebis
Semotanas ukavSireben. Cveulebriv sityvaxmarebaSi kvantorebi Seesatyviseba iseT
frazebs, rogoricaa yvela da zogierTi.

marTlac, Tu gvaqvs sawinadadebo forma, magaliTad, ~x ≥5~, Semdegi ori gamosaxuleba

ukve winadadebas warmoadgens:

a) yvela x-Tvis x ≥ 5

b) zogierTi x-Tvis x ≥5

amaTgan, pirveli mcdaria, xolo meore _ WeSmariti. pirvels zogadobis kvantori hqvia,
xolo meores _ arsebobis. maTi aRniSvnisTvis gamoiyeneba simboloebi  da  im cvladis
miTiTebiT, romelsac es kvantorebi exeba. Tu sawinadadebo formaSi erTze meti
sxvadasxva cvladi gvxdeba, maSin mis winadadebad gardasaqmnelad, Tuki maT
konstantiT ar vcvliT, imdeni kvantori gvWirdeba, ramdenic sxvadasxva cvladia.

cvladebs, romelTa mimarTac kvantori gamoiyeneba, bmuli cvladi ewodeba, xolo

ukvantoro cvlads - Tavisufali. amrigad, sawinadadebo forma erT Tavisufal cvlads
mainc Seicavs.

zogadobis kvantoris Semcvel winadadebas zogadi winadadeba hqvia. xolo arsebobis

kvantoris Semcvels - kerZoobiTi. ganvsazRvroT maTi WeSmaritebis pirobebi:

zogadi winadadeba x A(x) (ikiTxeba, rogorc: ~yoveli x iseTia, rom WeSmaritia A(x)~ )
WeSmaritia maSin da mxolod maSin, rodesac A(x) sawinadadebo formas akmayofilebs x
cvladis yoveli mniSvneloba gansjis universumidan.

kerZoobiTi winadadeba  x A(x) (ikiTxeba, rogorc: ~arsebobs x iseTi, rom WeSmaritia A(x)~)
WeSmaritia maSin da mxolod maSin, rodesac A(x) sawinadadebo formas akmayofilebs x
cvladis erTi mainc (zogierTi) mniSvneloba gansjis universumidan.

rodesac sawinadadebo forma erTze met cvlads Seicavs, maSin kvantorebi SesaZloa
TavsarTis saxiT dajgufdnen. Zalian mniSvnelovania Sereul kvantorTa wyvilebi. aseTi
wyvilebi orgvaria da isini kargad unda gavansxvavoT erTmaneTisgan;

 xy niSnavs: ~yoveli x-Tvis arsebobs y iseTi, rom~ da

 xy: niSnavs ~arsebobs iseTi x, rom yoveli y-Tvis~, rac, sazogadod, erTi
da igive ar aris.

kvantorebis Semotana mZlavr gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs iZleva, imisaTvis rom

sxvadasxva saxis msjelobaTa met-naklebad formalizebuli analizi SevZloT.

magaliTi 3. martiv winadadebas, romelSic or predikats Soris kavSiri aris

gamoTqmuli, martivi kategoriuli winadadeba ewodeba. Teoria, romelic aseT
winadadebebs aRwers, logikisaTvis aristoteles droidanaa cnobili da, realurad,
logikis mecnierebisa da logikis swavlebis safuZvels warmoadgenda.
 36

martivi kategoriuli winadadebebia:

a) vardi yvavilia;

b) zogierTi skami gatexilia;

c) adamiani mokvdavia da a.S.

im terminebidan, romlebic martivi kategoriuli winadadebis RerZs warmoadgens, erTs,

razedac azrs gamovTqvamT, vuwodebT subieqts, xolo meores vuwodebT predikats.
subieqti da predikati, erToblivad, martivi kategoriuli winadadebis terminebs
warmoadgens. mivaqcioT yuradReba imas, rom sityva predikatis xmareba, rodesac
martivi kategoriuli winadadebebze vsaubrobT, gansxvavebulia imisagan, rac Cven
davadgineT. predikati aq terminis ufro predikatis poziciaze yofnas niSnavs. amis
gamo, erTi da igive termini, SesaZloa, erT winadadebaSi predikatis adgilas vixiloT,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – subieqtisa. aseT viTarebaSi pirvel winadadebaSi is
predikati iqneba, xolo meore winadadebaSi – subieqti. Tumca, orive predikatia ($2.2)-
Si dadgenili azriT.

terminebis aRrevis aq ar unda SegveSindes, vinaidan, sazogadod, moZRvrebas martivi

kategoriuli winadadebebis Sesaxeb predikatTa logikisgan damoukideblad ganixilaven.
Cveni magaliTis daniSnuleba ki isaa, rom vaCvenoT am ori Teoriis urTierTkavSiris
SesaZlebloba. kerZod, is rom predikatTa logikis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi
iZleva SesaZleblobas martivi kategoriuli winadadebebis gamoTqmisa. Tu rogor xdeba
es, amas qvemoT vnaxavT. zemoT motanil winadadebebSi terminebia: ~vardi~, ~yvavili~,
~skami~, ~gatexili~, ~adamiani~ da ~mokvdavi~. aqedan, ~vardi~, ~skami~ da ~adamiani~,
mocemul winadadebebSi, subieqtebia, xolo ~yvavili~, ~gatexili~ da ~mokvdavi~ ki
predikatebi. martiv kategoriul winadadebaSi terminebs Soris kavSirebi SesaZloa
gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisagan Tvisebrivad da raodenobrivad: raodenobriobis
mixedviT martivi kategoriuli winadadeba iyofa orad (zogadi da kerZo), romelTagan
TiToeuli or-orad iyofa ukve Tvisobriobis mixedviT, dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad. ase
rom, gvaqvs:

i. zogad-dadebiTi,
ii. zogad-uaryofiTi,
iii. kerZoobiT-dadebiTi da
iv. kerZoobiT-uaryofiTi
martivi kategoriuli winadadebebi.

yuradReba mivaqcioT im garemoebas, rom struqturulad martivi kategoriuli

winadadebebi orgvari elementebisagan Sedgeba: terminebi, anu subieqti da predikati
da is, rac am terminebis azrianad dakavSirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, is rac
gamoiTqmis rogorc aris, ar aris an yvela aris, arc erTi ar aris, zogierTi aris,
zogierTi ar aris. es niSnavs, rom erTi da igive terminebiT SegviZlia avagoT
sxvadasxva formis martivi kategoriuli winadadeba.

magaliTad, terminebidan adamiani da mokvdavi SegviZlia avagoT

• zogad-dadebiTi : yvela adamiani aris mokvdavi

• zogad-uaryofiTi: arc erTi adamiani ar aris mokvdavi

• kerZoobiT-dadebiTi: zogierTi adamiani aris mokvdavi

 37

• kerZoobiT-uaryofiTi: zogierTi adamiani ar aris mokvdavi

zogadad, Tu S da P Sesabamisad aRniSnavs subieqtsa da predikats, xolo a, e, i da o

aRniSnavs zogad-dadebiT, zogad-uaryofiT, kerZoobiT-dadebiT da kerZoobiT-uaryofiT
kavSirs, gveqneba Semdegi sqema:

martivi kategoriuli simboluri Canaweri simboluri Canaweris

winadadebis saxeoba wakiTva

zogad-dadebiTi SaP yvela S aris P

zogad-uaryofiTi SeP arc erTi S ar aris P

kerZoobiT-dadebiTi SiP zogierTi S aris P

kerZoobiT-uaryofiTi SoP zogierTi S ar aris P

sinamdvileSi, es aris martivi kategoriuli winadadebebis tradiciuli Caweris forma,

romelic saukuneebis manZilze moixmareba logikaSi, da bevri saxelmZRvanelo dResac
am Canawerebs iyenebs. Tumca, logikaSi kvantorebis SemoRebis Semdeg es Canawerebi nel-
nela xmarebidan gamodis, vinaidan maTi Canacvleba advilad SesaZlebelia
kvantorebiani formulebiT. martivi kategoriuli winadadebebi SaP. SeP, SiP da SoP
kvantorebis gamoyenebiT Caiwereba Semdegnairad:

SaP x(S(x)P(x))

SeP ∀x(S(x) ⊃¬P(x))

SiP x(S(x)  P(x))

SoP ∃x(S(x)∧¬ P(x))

§3.1. kvantorebiani formulebis Tvisebebi. qvemoT mocemulia im formulaTa CamonaTvali,

romelTa codna amartivebs kvantorebian formulebTan muSaobas im TvalsazrisiT, rom
gvaCvenebs kvantorebis Semcveli formulebis urTierTdamokidebulebas, maT mimarTebas
propoziciul makavSireblebTan da gviCvenebs im gzas, romelsac erTi formulidan
SeuZlia meoremde migviyvanos. maT zogjer predikatTa logikis kanonebs uwodeben.

xA(x)  A(a) zogadobis kvantoris mocilebis wesi

A(a)  xA(x) arsebobis kvantoris SemoRebis wesi

xA(x)  xA(x) kvantorTa daqvemdebarebis wesi

xA(x) ≡ xA(x) de morganis kanonebi kvantorebisaTvis

 38

xA(x) ≡ xA(x)

x(A(x)  B(x)) ≡ xA(x)  xB(x)

x(A(x)  B(x)) ≡ xA(x)  xB(x)

x(A(x)  B(x))  xA(x)  xB(x) distribuciis wesebi kvantorebisaTvis

xA(x)  x B(x)  x(A(x)  B(x))

xyR(xy) ≡ yxR(xy)

xyR(xy) ≡ yxR(xy)
ekvivalentobis wesebi

x(A(x) B(x)) ≡ x (A(x) ∧ B(x))

xyR(xy) ⊃ yxR(xy) implikaciis wesebi

x(A(x) B(x))  (xA(x)  x B(x) )

xyA(x,y)  zA(z,z)

aqac, aseve kargi iqneba, Tu am formulebis SinaarsSi gaverkveviT da im principebs

davimaxsovrebT, rac maTi saSualebiTaa gamoTqmuli.

$3.2. predikatebi da simravleebi. vTqvaT, U aris naturalur ricxvTa simravle da is

Cveni gansjis universums warmoadgens. xolo P(x), Q(x) da R(x) aris Semdegi predikatebi:

P(x) iyos (x≥25)

 39

Q(x) iyos (x+7=25)

R(x) iyos (x<25)

advili sanaxavia, rom TiToeuli maTgani garkveuli ricxvebisaTvis WeSmaritia, xolo,

sxva ricxvebisaTvis – ara. magaliTad, WeSmaritia P(x) 25 –s zemoT yvela ricxvisTvis
Tavad 25-is CaTvliT da aseT ricxvTa simravle usasruloa. Q(x) WeSmaritia erTaderTi
ricxvisaTvis da es ricxvi aris 18. rac Seexeba R(x)-s, is WeSmaritia 1-dan 24-is CaTvliT
ricxvebisaTvis.

SevTanxmdeT Semdegze: D-ze gansazRvruli, raime S(x) predikatis WeSmaritebis are

vuwodoT D-s elementTa im qvesimravles, romlebiTvisac S(x) predikati WeSmaritia.
simartivisaTvis, da imis mimaniSneblad, rom mocemuli simravle S(x) predikatis
WeSmaritebiTi area, aRvniSnoT is S-iT. magaliTad, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, gveqneba

P(x) predikatis WeSmaritebiTi area U simravlis usasrulo qvesimravle P = {x: x≥25};

Q(x) predikatis WeSmaritebiTi area U simravlis erTeulovani qvesimravle Q =Q{18},

xolo

R(x) predikatis WeSmaritebiTi area U simravlis sasruli qvesimravle R = { x: 1≤x<25}.

vinaidan simravleebi predikatebTan raRac korelaciaSi gamodian, saintereso iqneboda

gvenaxa, xom ar arsebobs raime kavSiri simravlis Teoriis kanonebsa da predikatTa
logikis debulebebs Soris? gavsinjoT es SesaZlebloba magaliTze:

aviRoT simravleTa Teoriis, raime WeSmariti debuleba, vTqvaT,

(1). (A⋃B)′ = (A′⋂B′)

da vnaxoT, ra iqneboda misi Sesatyvisi formula predikatTa logikaSi. amisTvis,

simravlis damatebas SevxedoT rogorc uaryofas, gaerTianebas, rogorc disiunqcias,
kveTas, rogorc koniunqcias, xolo is garemoeba, rom zemoT motanili debuleba
ZalaSia nebismieri simravlisaTvis mocemuli universumidan (Tuki am universumis
elementebi ekuTvnis an erT, am meore simravles), gamovxatoT zogadobis kvantoris
meSveobiT. maSin gveqneba

(2). ∀x(¬(A(x)∧B(x)) ≡ (¬ A(x) ∨¬ B(x)),

rac Zalian hgavs imas, rom (1) WeSmaritia maSin, rodesac WeSmaritia (2) da, piriqiT.
vnaxoT, marTlac ase aris Tu ara?
ganvixiloT pirveli varianti: viciT, rom (1) aris WeSmariti. sakiTxi davsvaT ase:
SesaZlebelia Tu ara am pirobebSi (2) iyos mcdari? vTqvaT, rom SesaZlebelia. magram
ras niSnavs (2)-s mcdaroba? Ees niSnavs, rom WeSmaritia misi uaryofa. es ki, Tavis mxriv,
niSnavs imas, rom Cvens universumSi arsebobs erTi mainc iseTi obieqti, vTqvaT, a,
romlisTvisac samarTliania

¬(A(a)∧B(a)) ≢ (¬ A(a) ∨¬ B(a)).

sxva sityvebiT, ori ¬(A(a)∧B(a)) da (¬ A(a) ∨¬ B(a)) debulebidan arc orivea erTdroulad
WeSmariti, da arc orivea erTdroulad mcdari. maSasadame, Tu, am SemTxvevaSi,
WeSmaritia ¬(A(a)∧B(a)), maSin mcdari unda iyos (¬ A(a) ∨¬ B(a)), da, piriqiT. vTqvaT,
marTlac asea. magram pirvelis WeSmariteba niSnavs, rom a∉A, an a∉B. axla SevxedoT, ras
 40

niSnavs, rom mcdaria ¬ A(a) ∨¬ B(a)? didi gamWriaxoba ar sWirdeba imis danaxvas, rom
es unda niSnavdes Semdegs: a∈A da a∈B. magram erTsa da imave elementisTvis
SeuZlebelia erTdrulad is kidec ekuTvnodes raimes da kidec ar ekuTvnodes. miviReT
winaaRmdegoba. maSasadame es gza ar varga. maSin, iqneb meore debulebaa WeSmariti da
pirveli mcdari? zustad iseve SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom es SemTxvevac SeuZlebel
Sedegs gvaZlevs. Tumca am winaaRmdegobamde (SeuZlebel Sedegebamde) Cven imis daSvebam
migviyvana, rom (1) WeSmaritia, xolo (2) mcdari. amitom es daSvebaa Tavad mcdari da
uari unda vTqvaT masze. Sedegad, miviRebT, rom: Tu (1) WeSmaritia, (2) aucileblad
WeSmaritia. analogiurad SegviZlia davrwmundeT imaSic, rom Tu (2) WeSmaritia, (1)
aucileblad WeSmaritia.

sxvaTa Soris, is rom simravleTa Teoriis WeSmarit debulebebsa da predikatTa

logikis debulebebs Soris aseTi damokidebuleba arsebobs, Zalian amartivebs zogierT
Temaze msjelobas. garda amisa, is SesaZleblobas iZleva predikatebis ganxilvisas
gamoviyenoT venis diagramebi.

savarjiSos saxiT, ganixileT SemTxveva, rodesac saqme oradgilian predikatebs exeba.

ZalaSi iqneba Tu ara maTTvisac igive?

damateba 1. cota ram dasabuTebis Sesaxeb

cxovrebis manZilze adamianebi xSirad cdiloben erTmaneTi daarwmunon da amis uamravi

mizezi gaaCniaT: magaliTad, politikuri moRvaweebi cdiloben daarwmunon sxvebi maT
mier arCeuli politikuri kursis momgebianobaSi, im mizniT, rom arCevnebisTvis
mosaxleobis mxardaWera moipovon; sasamarTlo procesze prokurori cdilobs
mosamarTlis darwmunebas, rom sabraldebulo skamze myofi piri marTlac damnaSavea,
xolo iqve advokati imave mosamarTles arwmunebs imaSi, rom saqme sapirispirodaa
warmodgenili. mecnierebi xSirad daoben erTsa da imave monacemTa interpretirebisas
da es dava sxva araferia, Tu ara erTmaneTis darwmunebis mcdeloba sakuTari midgomis
sisworeSi. uamravi msgavsi magaliTis motana SeiZleba.

nebismier situaciaSi, rodesac adamianebi azrs cvlian, msjeloben, daoben, siaxles

nergaven da sxv., urTierTdarwmunebis mcdelobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

sazogadod, yvela am SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi erTsa da imave sqemas mimarTaven xolme:

jer TavianT mosazrebas gamoTqvamen, xolo Semdeg cdiloben garkveuli, simarTlis
damadasturebeli argumentebis moSveliebas, imisTvis rom es mosazreba damajerebeli,
anu sarwmuno gaxadon. argumentebi, Cveulebriv, mravalgvaria da damokidebulia
rogorc msmenlisa da mosaubris inteleqtze, aseve im sagnis raobaze, romelic gansjis
sababi gamxdara. xSirad da, praqtikulad, umetes SemTxvevaSi, argumenti
demonstrirebiT Semoifargleba: me gaCvenebT rames da es sakmarisi xdeba, rom Tqven
darwmundeT. Qam dros, qvecnoberad vgulisxmobT, rom adamiani sakuTar mxedvelobas
endoba da es asecaa. sxvaTa Soris,Aamitomacaa, rom zogjer viyenebT ra gamoTqmas: “Tu
Tvali ar matyuebs”, vgulisxmobT, rom, sazogadod, Tvali ar gvatyuebs. marTalia,
dasarwmuneblad adamianebi zogjer fizikur zemoqmedebasac mimarTaven. magaliTad,
rodesac bavSvi cudi saqcielis gamo isjeba. magram, vinaidan fizikuri zemoqmedeba,
zogadad, argumentad ar aRiqmeba, amitom dasja metwilad aRzrdis araefeqtur
meTodadaa miCneuli: me gijereb ara imitom, rom Sen argumentirebulad damarwune imaSi,
rom rac gavakeTe cudia, aramed imitom, rom dRes Seni meSinia. bunebrivia, rogorc ki
es SiSi dasruldeba, imave viTarebas vubrundebiT: me isev cudad viqcevi. sxva
sityvebiT, Sen ki ar damarwmune, Sen maiZule da, zogadad, me Seni ar mjera. Aai, es dgas
 41

fizikuri zemoqmedebis ukan da sinamdvileSi, araviTar darwmunebasTan aq saqme ar

gvaqvs.

darwmuneba argumentis moSveliebasTan aris asocirebuli da mTel am process Cven

dasabuTebas veZaxiT.

davubrundeT argumentebis mravalgvarobas. demonstrireba, sxvaTa Soris, ar

gulisxmobs mxolod raimeze miTiTebas. xSirad, es sakmaod rTuli proceduraa:
magaliTad, rodesac fizikosi, an nebismieri bunebaTmcodne eqsperiments ayenebs, esec
demonstrirebaa. aseve xSirad, argumentaciisas, adamianebi msgavsi magaliTebis
moSveliebas mimarTaven da amas analogiiT dasabuTebas uwodeben. magaliTad,
analogiebs sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSirad mimarTaven xolme, rodesac ganaCenis
gamarTleba adre momxdari msgavsi SemTxvevisTvis miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT surT,
amas, zogadad, precendentul samarTals eZaxian. sxva uamravi SemTxvevis aRwera
SeiZleba, rodesac yoveldRiurobaSi Cven sxvadasxva arguments moviSveliebT xolme da
vfiqrobT, rom SevZeliT rogorc Cveni simarTlis damtkiceba, aseve msmenlis
darwmunebac. Tumca, xSirad, rac Cven argumenti gvgonia, arguments saerTod ar
warmoadgens, anda warmoadgens, magram is sakmarisi ar aris, rom gamoTqmuli mosazreba
sabolood davadasturoT. am mxriv, sxvaTa Soris, yvelaze momgebianad, maTematika
gamoiyureba. SemTxveviTi ar aris iseTi gavrcelebuli gamonaTqvamebi, rogoricaa:
maTematikuri sizustiT, maTematikurad gaTvlili, maTematikurad dasabuTebuli da sxv.
es gamonaTqvamebi, zogadad, maTematikaSi gamoyenebuli dasabuTebis xerxebis mimarT Cven
saerTo ndobaze miuTiTebs. ra xerxebia es? da SegviZlia Tu ara maTi imdagvari aRwera,
rom Cvens sakuTar argumentaciaSi aq gamovlenili strategiebis gamoyeneba SevZloT?

pirvel rigSi SevTanxmdeT imaze, Tu ras davarqvaT dasabuTeba. CavTvaloT, rom ena,
romelsac movixmarT, aris propoziciuli logikis ena, romelic, SesaZloa,
gamdidrebuli iyos zogierTi simboloTi, imisTvis rom winadadebaTa erTobliobebze
miTiTeba SevZloT. im warmodgenebidan gamomdinare, rac Cven intuiciurad gagvaCnia,
dasabuTeba warmoadgens winadadebebis garkveul jaWvs, romlebic TanamimdevrobiT, ase
vTqvaT, gvaaxloeben Cvens ZiriTad, dasasabuTebel winadadebasTan. bunebrivia,
CavTvaloT, rom am jaWvis bolo winadadeba unda iyos swored is, ris dasabuTebasac
vlamobT. maSasadame, raime tn formulis dasabuTeba t1, t2, t3, . . tn-1-dan aris t1, t2, t3, . . .tn-1, tn
winadadebaTa Tanamimdevroba, sadac TiToeuli ti<n, warmoadgens imas, rasac, Cveulebriv,
wanamZRvrebs vuwodebT, da romlebic, Tavis mxriv warmoadgenen an daSvebebs, ase
vTqvaT, varaudebs, romlebsac dasabuTeba eyrdnoba da romelTa WeSmariteba CvenTvis
sarwmunoa, an CvenTvis ukve cnobil (im azriT, rom maTi WeSmariteba dasabuTebuli
gvaqvs) WeSmaritebebs, an am ori tipis debulebebidan garkveuli wesebis mixedviT
miRebul axal debulebebs, vinaidan wesebi, romlebsac am dros veyrdnobiT, imgvarad
gvaqvs SerCeuli, rom isini gvinarCuneben Tavdapirveli winadadebebis WeSmaritebas.
rodesac gvinda davweroT, rom t1, t2, t3, . . tn-1-dan gamomdinareobs tn , vakeTebT Semdeg
Canawers: t1, t2, t3, . . .tn-1 ├ tn .

davukvirdeT Cveni Canaweris Sinaarss. Ees xom niSnavs imas, rom Tu WeSmaritebia t1, t2, t3,
. . .tn-1 formulebi, aseve WeSmariti unda iyos tn. anu, WeSmariti unda iyos implikacia (t1∧
t2∧ t3∧ . . .∧tn-1⊃ tn). magram amis Semowmeba, sazogadod, xom WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebiTac
SeiZleba? ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba, magram es yovelTvis gamosavali ar aris da
seriozul debulebaTa dasasabuTeblad Cven mas TiTqmis ar mivmarTavT. imas, rac axla
aRvwereT pirdapir dasabuTebas uwodeben da is dasabuTebis erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli, Tumca, metwilad, rTuli strategiaa.

pirdapiri dasabuTeba, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba implikaciis tranzitulobis Tvisebas,

kerZod, Tu viciT, rom p⊃r da, amave dros, r⊃q, maSin SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom p⊃q.
wesebi, romliTac, magaliTad, propoziciul logikaSi, axal formulaze gadasvla
 42

xdeba, da rasac daskvnis wesebi hqvia, metwilad, oria. es aris e.w. modus ponens (sruli
saxeli modus ponendo ponens - konseqventis dadastureba (ponendo) antecedentis
dadasturebis (ponens) meTodiT (modus)) da ekvivalentur debulebaTa urTierTCanacvleba
ukve arsebul da WeSmaritad miCneul winadadebaSi. erTaderTi, rac daskvnis wesebs
moeTxoveba, aris is, rom maTi gamoyeneba ar unda cvlides WeSmariti debulebis
WeSmaritebas (ekvivalentur debulebaTa urTierTCanacvlebis SemTxvevaSi) da ori
WeSmariti debulebidan mesameze gadasvla aseve unda inarCunebdes WeSmaritebas (modus
ponens –is SemTxvevaSi). is, rom orive zemoxsenebuli wesi am pirobebs akmayofilebs,
advili dasanaxia. marTlac, Tu, vTqvaT, P(s) aris propoziciuli logikis raime rTuli
formula, sadac misi erT-erTi sawinadadebo komponenti, sulerTia rogori, aris s,
maSin Tu viciT, rom s≡q (viciT, niSnavs, rom am ekvivalentobis dasabuTeba SegviZlia),
da viciT, rom P(s) WeSmaritia, maSin aseve WeSmariti unda iyos P P(q), romelic
pirvelisagan mxolod imiTaa gansxvavebuli, rom masSi s-is nacvlad (yvelgan an zogan)
weria q. marTlac, s SeiZleba iyos 0, an SeiZleba iyos 1. rodesac is 0-ia, asTivea q-c da
am SemTxvevaSi, Tu P(s) WeSmaritia, maSin aseve WeSmariti unda iyos P(q). analogiuri
msjeloba ZalaSia rodesac s aris 1. modus ponens –is SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro martivadaa
da is ((p⊃q)∧p)⊃q -is tavtologiurobis SemowmebiT Semoifargleba.

arapirdapiri dasabuTeba. zemoT vaxseneT, rom pirdapiri dasabuTeba, erTgvarad rTuli

strategiaa. xSirad pirdapiri dasabuTebis povna imdenad rTuli amocanaa, rom
metwilad, Tu SesaZlebelia, cdiloben is Tavidan aicilon da sxva, ufro ioli da
intuiciisTvis ufro naTeli meTodebi ipovon. aman gansazRvra dasabuTebis, ase vTqvaT,
arapirdapiri meTodebis Camoyalibeba rogorc logikaSi, aseve maTematikaSi. qvemoT,
yuradRebas SevaCerebT or maTganze, romelic naTel warmodgenas Segviqvmnis Tavad
arapirdapiri midgomis arsze.

kontrapoziciiT dasabuTeba eyrdnoba eqvivalentobas (pq)  (¬q  ¬p). Mmisi arsi

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: imisaTvis rom davasabuToT, rom (pq) davuSvaT, rom mcdaria q
da, Tu am daSvebis safuZvelze miviReT, rom mcdaria p, maSin, zemoT motanili
ekvivalenobis safuZvelze, SegviZlia dasabuTebulad miviCnoT (pq). erTaderTi
problema, romelsac aq SeiZleba gadavawydeT, aris sawyisi, dasasabuTebeli
implikaciis swori kontrapoziciuri formis povna, rac gamoucdeli TvalisTvis,
zogjer sul ar aris advili.

dasabuTeba winaaRmdegobamde miyvaniT. Aam meTodis laTinuri saxelia reductio ad

absurdum da dasabuTebis erT-erT uZveles gzas warmoadgens. misi arsi SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: (pq)-s dasabuTebisTvis davuSvaT, rom WeSmaritia p da WeSmaritia ¬q.
axla, Tu Cven logikurad swori msjelobiT mivediT iqamde, rom davasabuTeT raime s
debulebis uaryofa, anu miviReT, rom WeSmariti unda iyos ¬s, xolo s-is Sesaxeb ki
manamde cnobili iyo, rom is WeSmaritia, gamova rom s erTdroulad WeSmariticaa da
mcdaric (mcdari unda iyos, vinaidan WeSmaritia misi uaryofa). Ees ki absurdia,
romelTanac migviyvana Tavdapirvelma daSvebam, rom WeSmaritia p da WeSmaritia ¬q.
maSasadame, Tavad daSvebaa mcdari da adgili unda hqondes mis uaryofas, rac niSnavs,
rom WeSmaritia (pq). sxvaTa Soris, naTqvamSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu
propoziciuli logikidan gavixsenebT, ras niSnavs koniunqciis uaryofa, ras niSnavs
ormagi uaryofa da rogoraa SesaZlebeli implikaciis eliminacia.

magaliTi 1.

imisaTvis, rom ukeT gavacnobieroT is, rac dasabuTebis Sesaxeb iTqva, vcadoT
propoziciuli logikis raime debulebis dasabuTeba orive meTodis gamoyenebiT.
vTqvaT, es iyos (p∧¬p)⊃q
 43

1. pirdapiri damtkiceba: davazustoT, unda davuSvaT antecedenti da vcadoT movideT

konseqventamde(!)
1.1. (p∧ ¬p) daSveba
1.2. (p∧q⊃p) propoziciuli logikis tavtologia
1.3. (p∧¬p⊃p) (1.2)-Si q-s nacvlad ¬p
1.4. p modus ponens (1.1), (1.3)
1.5. (p∧q⊃q) propoziciuli logikis tavtologia
1.6. (p∧¬p⊃¬p) (1.5)-Si q-s nacvlad ¬p
1.7. ¬p modus ponens (1.1), (1.6)

1.8. q⊃(q∨p) propoziciuli logikis tavtologia

1.9. ¬p⊃(¬p∨q) (1.8)-Si q-s nacvlad ¬p p-s nacvlad q

1.10. ¬p∨q modus ponens (1.7), (1.9)

1.11. p⊃q (1.10)-dan implikaciis eliminacia da modus ponens

1.12. q (1.4), (1.11), modus ponens

2. iribi dasabuTeba. davazustoT: aq jer vpoulobT dasamtkicebeli debulebis swor

kontrapoziciur variants da Semdeg mas vasabuTebT. (p∧¬p)⊃q formulis
kontrapozicia iqneba ¬q⊃(¬(p∧¬p)). Mmagram de morganisa da ormagi uaryofis
kanonebis ZaliT am implikaciis konseqventi aris (¬p∨p). anu, Cveni dasamtkicebeli
debuleba Semdeg saxes miiRebs: ¬q⊃(¬p∨p). Aam ukanasknelis dasabuTeba
elementarulia (¬p∨p) formulis tavtologuirobis gamo.
 44

damateba 2. savarjiSoebi

simravleebi

1. davamtkicoT, rom nebismieri aracarieli A da B simravlisaTvis samarTliania

Ø  (A⋂B) (AUB)

SeniSvna: damtkicebisas gamoiyeneT damateba 1 –Si ganxiluli meTodebi.

2. vaCvenoT, rom nebismieri aracarieli A, B da C simralisaTvis U U universaluri

simravlidan, adgili aqvs Semdegs:

2.1. AU (BUC) = (AUB)U C 2.1.´ A⋂(B⋂C) = (A⋂B)⋂C

2.2. AUB = BUA 2.2.´ A⋂B = B⋂A

2.3. AU(B⋂C) = (AUB)⋂∩(AUC) 2.3.´ A⋂(BUC) =(A⋂B)(A⋂C)

2.4. AUØ = A 2.4.´ A⋂U = A

2.5. AUA´ = U 2.5.´ A⋂A´ = Ø

SeniSvna: miaqcieT yuradReba, rom Cveneba, igive demonstrirebaa da, maSasadame,

garkveuli azriT, dasabuTebac.

3. aageT venis diagramebi TiToeuli tolobisaTvis me-2 savarjiSodan.

4. CawereT is simravlis Teoriuli tolobebi, romlebic propoziciuli logikis

Semdeg kanonebs Seesabameba da daamtkiceT maTi marTebuloba venis diagramebis
saSualebiT:

(pq)  (qp)

(pvq)  (qvp)

((pq)r)(p(qr))

((pvq)vr) (pv(qvr))

(p(qvr)) ((pq)v(pr))

(pv(qr)) ((pvq)(pvr))

┐(pq)( ┐p v ┐q)

propoziciuli logika

1. avagoT WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebi Semdegi formulebisaTvis:

((pq)r) (p(qr))
┐ (pq)( ┐p  ┐q)
 45

¬(pq)  (p  ¬q)
(pq)  ((p q)  ( q  p))
(p(qr))  ((pq)(pr))

2. WeSmaritebiTi cxrilebis saSualebiT davrwmundeT, rom (AP) Q maSin da

mxolod maSin, rodesac A(PQ), sadac A , P da Q nebismieri formulebia
propoziciuli logikidan.

3. aqsiomaturi Teoria vuwodoT debulebaTa iseT erTobliobas, romelic

Semdeg pirobebs akmayofilebs:
 vadgenT sawyisi terminebis srul sias (terminebi, romelTa
gansazRvreba saWiro ar aris, vinaidan maTi moxmareba konteqstebSi
cxadad aris miCneuli);
 vadgenT sawyisi winadadebebis sias, anu winadadebebisas, romlebic
miCneulia WeSmaritebebad maTi gamamarTlebeli bWobis gareSe. maT
sxvanairad aqsiomebi hqviaT;
 yvela sxva termini, romelic SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes Teoriis
debulebaTa formulirebisas sawyisi terminebiT, unda iyos
gansazRvruli;
 yvela debuleba, romelic aqsiomaTa siaSi ar gvxvdeba, WeSmaritad
aris miCneuli mxolod mas Semdeg, Tuki igi gamoyvanilia aqsiomebidan
da ukve dasabuTebuli (damtkicebuli) debulebebidan daskvnis
SeTanxmebuli wesebis meSveobiT. aseT debulebebs mocemuli Teoriis
Teoremebi hqvia.

vTqvaT, gvaqvs aqsiomaturi Teoria, romlis ena Sedgeba propoziciuli

logikis sawyisi simboloebisa da maTgan agebuli gamosaxulebebisgan, xolo
aqsiomebia (mendelsoni, 1976)
 p⊃(q⊃p)
 (p⊃(q⊃s))⊃(( p⊃q)⊃( p⊃s))
 ((¬q⊃¬p)⊃((¬ q⊃p)⊃q)

Ddaskvnis wesebad SevinarCunoT modus ponens da Canacvleba. davamtkicoT, rom

Semdegi formulebi Teoremebia:

 ((pq)r) (p(qr))
 ┐(pq)( ┐p  ┐q)
 ¬(pq)  (p  ¬q)
 (pq)  ((p q)  ( q  p))
 (p(qr))  ((pq)(pr))

4. A debulebaze vityviT, rom is logikurad gamomdinareobs B –dan, rodesac

implikacia B⊃A aris tavtologia. vaCvenoT, rom Semdegi debulebebi ZalaSia:
4.1. igiveobis wesi: yoveli winadadebidan logikurad Tavad es windadeba
gamomdinareobs.
4.2. wanamZRvarTa Camatebis wesi: Tu wanamZRvarTa garkveuli
erTobliobidan gamomdinareobs raime danaskvi, maSin, rogorc unda
gavafarTovoT wanamZRvarTa wre, es danaskvi ZalaSi rCeba.
4.3. wanamZRvarTa moklebis wesi: Warbi gameorebebis amoReba wanamZRvarTa
simravlidan gamomdinareobas ar cvlis.
4.4. gadanacvlebis wesi: wanamZRvarTa Tanamimdevrobis Secvla
gamomdinareobas ar cvlis
 46

4.5. logikuri gamomdinareobis tranzitulobis wesi: wanamZRvarTa

Sedegebis Sedegebi TviTon wanamZRvarTa Sedegebia.

miTiTeba: TiToeuli winadadeba gamoxateT propoziciuli logikis enaze da

aCveneT, rom miRebuli formulebi tavtologiebia.

predikatTa logika

Tuki propoziciuli logikis daskvnis wesebs davumatebT wesebs kvantorebisTvisac,

SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Teoremebis damticeba predikatTa logikisTvisac. magaliTad, Tu
daskvnis wesad miviRebT

B  A(x)

(K) -----------------------

B  xA(x)

sadac B ar Seicavs x-s Tavisuflad, advilad SegviZlia vaCvenoT e.w.

ganzogadebis wesis marTebuloba, romelic gulisxmobs, rom Tu WeSmaritia A(x) ,
maSin is WeSmaritia yoveli x-Tvis, sxva sityvebiT, WeSmaritia xA(x). vnaxoT,
rogor aris es SesaZlebeli:

1. A(x) daSveba

2. (p p)  A(x) daSvebdan winadadebaTa logikis kanonis gamoyenebiT

da modus ponens-iT. konkretulad viyenebT p(qp), sadac p-Si vanacvlebT A(x),
xolo q-Si (pp)-s da Semdeg viyenebT modus ponens-s

3. (p p) xA(x) (2)-dan (K)-s ZaliT

4. p p winadadebaTa logikis kanoni

5. xA(x) (3)-dan da (4)-dan modus ponens-iT

Tu gavixsenebT, Tu rogor ganvsazRvreT dasabuTeba, davrwmundebiT, rom

Cven mier warmodgenili (1)-(5) winadadebebis Tanmimdevroba aris (5)
winadadebis damtkiceba A(x) wanamZRvridan.

5.1.1.1. ganzogadebis wesis gamoyenebiT davamtkicoT Teorema

x(A(x) A(x))
5.1.1.2. zogadobis kvantoris mocilebis wesis gamoyenebiT davamtkicoT Teorema
x(AB(x)) (AxB(x))
5.1.1.3. kvantorTa ra wesebis gamoyeneba dagvWirdeba Semdegi formulebis
dasamtkiceblad?
 xA(x) ≡ x A(x)
 x(A(x) B(x))  (xA(x)  x B(x) )
 x(A(x) B(x)) ≡ x (A(x)   B(x))

5.1.1.4. logikuri kvadrati:

 47

i. or martiv kategoriul winadadebaze vityviT, rom isini erTmaneTis

kontradiqtorulia, Tuki SeuZlebelia, rom orive erTdroulad iyos WeSmariti,
da orive erTdroulad iyos mcdari.
ii. or martiv kategoriul winadadebaze vityviT, rom isini erTmaneTis
kontrarulia, Tuki SeuZlebelia, rom orive erTdrouliad iyos WeSmariti,
magram SesaZloa orive erTdroulad iyos mcdari.
iii. or martiv kategoriul winadadebaze vityviT, rom isini erTmaneTis
subkontrarulia, Tuki SeuZlebelia, rom orive erTdroulad iyos mcdari,
magram SesaZloa orive erTdroulad iyos WeSmariti.
iv. or martiv kategoriul winadadebaze vityviT, rom erTi meoris
daqvemdebarebulia, rodesac pirvelis WeSmariteba aucileblad gulisxmobs
meoris WeSmaritebas da ara _ piruku, anu daqvemdebarebuli winadadeba SesaZloa
WeSmariti iyos, xolo misi damaqvemdebarebeli _ ara. Aaqedan, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom

kontrarulia SaP da SeP; kontradiqtorulia wyvilebi (SaP da SoP) da (SeP da SiP);

subkontrarulia (SiP da SoP); xolo daqvemdebarebul winadadebaTa wyvili iqneba (SaP da
SiP) da (SeP da SoP). vTqvaT, (S a P) aris A, ( S e P) aris E, ( S i P) aris I da ( S o P) aris O. axla,
Tu davxazavT kvadrats, romlis zeda kuTxeebi iqneba A da E, xolo qveda kuTxeebi,
Sesabamisad, I da O, miviRebT imas, rasac tradiciulad logikur kvadrats uwodeben da
mis SemoRebas aristoteles miaweren.

o daxazeT logikuri kvadrati da miuTiTeT msjelobebs Soris

kontraruli, kotradiqtoruli, subkontraruli da daqvemdebarebis
mimarTebebi. ra mimarTeba gveqneba diagonalze?
o aageT martivi kategoriuli winadadebebi Semdegi terminebidan: ricxvi,
dadebiTi, simravle, qvesimravle, biologiuri arseba, mokvdavi, ukvdavi.
venis diagramebis meTodiT gansazRvreT, romeli iqneba WeSmariti.
o aageT WeSmaritebis cxrili martivi kategoriuli winadadebebisaTvis.
venis diagramebis meTodis gamoyenebiT daasabuTeT am cxrilis
marTebuloba.
o daasabuTeT imave cxrilis marTebuloba simravlis Teoriuli kanonebis
gamoyenebiT.
o imave meTodebiT, rac me-(4.3) da me-4.4(3) svarjiSoebSia miTiTebuli
gansazRvreT (i) – (iv) pirobebis samarTlianoba.
o logikur kvadratSi miTiTebuli mimarTebebi daamtkiceT, rogorc
predikatTa logikis Teoremebi.

damateba 3. ra wavikiTxoT?

savaldebulo wasakiTxi:

l.mWedliSvili, n.ivaniZe, logika, Tb. 2003

sagnis Rrma SeswavlisaTvis წასაკითხი:

1. a.tarski. logikisa da deduqciur mecnierebaTa Sesavali. Tb. 1976

2. s. klini. metamaTematikis Sesavali. niu iorki, 1952; moskovi, 1957
3. s. klini. maTematikuri logika. niu iorki, 1967; moskovi, 1973
4. a. CerCi. maTematikuri logikis Sesavali. prinstoni, 1956; moskovi, 1960
5. e. mendelsoni. maTematikuri logikis Sesavali. niu iorki, 1963; moskovi, 1976
6. h. kari. maTematikuri logikis safuZvlebi. niu iorki, 1963; moskovi, 1969
7. v. quaini. logikis meTodebi. niu iorki, 1955
8. v. quaini. logikis filosofia. niu iorki, 1970; moskovi, 2008
 48

9. a. frenkeli, i.bar-hileli. simravleTa Teoriis safuZvlebi. amsterdami, 1958;

moskovi, 1966