Arpit - XI SCIENCE - ORGANIC - CHEMISTR

Name Arpit
class XI science
roll no. 06
admission no. 2642
subject chemistry
Acknowledgement
 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

teacher Mr. Dilip Singh who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project of chemistry on
'organic farming , who also helped me in completing my
project . I came to know about many new things .i am
really thankful to them my parent and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within in the limited time
frame.
Organic farming
Introduction
 Organic farming is a method of crop and

livestock production that involves much
more than choosing not to use pesticides,
fertilizers, genetically modified organisms,
antibiotics and growth hormones.
 Organic production is a holistic system
designed to optimize the productivity and
fitness of diverse communities within the
agro-ecosystem, including soil organisms,
plants, livestock and people. The principal
goal of organic production is to develop
enterprises that are sustainable and
harmonious with the environment.
History
 The concepts of organic agriculture were developed in the early 1900s

by Sir Albert Howard, F.H. King, Rudolf Steiner, and others who believed
that the use of animal manures (often made into compost), cover crops,
crop rotation, and biologically based pest controls resulted in a better
farming system. Howard, having worked in India as an agricultural
researcher, gained much inspiration from the traditional and sustainable
farming practices he encountered there and advocated for their
adoption in the West. Such practices were further promoted by various
advocates—such as J.I. Rodale and his son Robert, in the 1940s and
onward, who published Organic Gardening and Farming magazine and a
number of texts on organic farming. The demand for organic food was
stimulated in the 1960s by the publication of Silent Spring, by Rachel
Carson, which documented the extent of environmental damage caused
by insecticides.
Organic farming
 Sikkim is the first state in the world that is 100% organic: All
of its farmland is certified organic. The policy implemented
a phase-out of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and
achieved a total ban on sale and use of chemical
pesticides in the state. The transition has benefitted more
than 66,000 farming families.
 At the same time, Sikkim’s approach reaches beyond

organic production and has proved truly transformational
for the state and its citizens. Embedded in its design are
socioeconomic aspects such as consumption and market
expansion, cultural aspects as well as health, education,
rural development and sustainable tourism. Sikkim's tourism
sector, for instance, benefited greatly from the new
organic image: between 2014 and 2017, the number of
tourists increased by over 50 per cent.
Organic Farming Methods
Fertilizers
Pest control
Fertilizer
 Since synthetic fertilizers are not used, building and

maintaining a rich, living soil through the addition of organic
matter is a priority for organic farmers. Organic matter can
be applied through the application of manure, compost,
and animal by-products, such as feather meal or blood meal.
Due to the potential for harbouring human pathogens, the
USDA National Organic Standards mandate that raw manure
must be applied no later than 90 or 120 days before harvest,
depending on whether the harvested part of the crop is in
contact with the ground. Composted manure that has been
turned 5 times in 15 days and reached temperatures
between 55–77.2 °C (131–171 °F) has no restrictions on
application times. Compost adds organic matter, providing a
wide range of nutrients for plants, and
adds beneficial microbes to the soil. Given that these
nutrients are mostly in an unmineralized form that cannot be
taken up by plants, soil microbes are needed to break down
organic matter and transform nutrients into a bioavailable
“mineralized” state. In comparison, synthetic fertilizers are
already in mineralized form and can be taken up by plants
directly.
Pest control
 Organic pesticides are derived from naturally occurring sources. These

include living organisms such as the bacteria Bacillus t huringiensis, which
is used to control caterpillar pests, or plant derivatives such
as pyrethrins (from the dried flower heads of Chrysant hemum
cinerariifolium) or neem oil (from the seeds of Azadiracht a indica).
Mineral-based inorganic pesticides such as sulfur and copper are also
allowed.
 In addition to pesticides, organic pest control integrates biological,
cultural, and genetic controls to minimize pest damage. Biological
control utilizes the natural enemies of pests, such as
predatory insects (e.g., ladybugs) or parasitoids (e.g., certain wasps) to
attack insect pests. Pest cycles can be disrupted with cultural controls, of
which crop rotation is the most widely used. Finally, traditional plant
breeding has produced numerous crop varieties that are resistant to
specific pests. The use of such varieties and the planting of
genetically diverse crops provide genetic control against pests and
many plant diseases.
Organic food
 Organic food, fresh or processed food produced

by organic farming methods. Organic food is
grown without the use of synthetic chemicals,
such as human-made pesticides and fertilizers,
and does not contain genetically modified
organisms (GMOs). Organic foods include fresh
produce, meats, and dairy products as well as
processed foods such as crackers, drinks, and
frozen meals. The market for organic food has
grown significantly since the late 20th century,
becoming a multibillion dollar industry with distinct
production, processing, distribution, and retail
systems.
 Organic food is also a better choice for
the environment as well. Organic farming
practices reduce pollution in the air, water,
and soil. It also helps conserve water,
reduce soil erosion, and uses less energy.
Conclusion "Organic products are the best from

nature, and the best for nature," Dr.
Bruengel shared. "These products take into
consideration not just production but
environmental sustainability as well."
Regulation
 Organic agriculture is defined formally by governments. Farmers must be

certified for their produce and products to be labeled “organic,” and
there are specific organic standards for crops, animals, and wild-crafted
products and for the processing of agricultural products. Organic
standards in the European Union (EU) and the United States, for example,
prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, ionizing radiation,
sewage sludge, and genetically engineered plants or products. In the EU,
organic certification and inspection is carried out by approved organic
control bodies according to EU standards. Organic farming has been
defined by the National Organic Standards of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) since 2000, and there are many accredited organic
certifiers across the country.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 THE Content for this project has been taken from the following source:
 www.google .com
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/organic-farming
 Google images
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Arpit - XI SCIENCE - ORGANIC - CHEMISTR

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Name Arpit

 I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

 Organic farming is a method of crop and

 The concepts of organic agriculture were developed in the early 1900s

 At the same time, Sikkim’s approach reaches beyond

 Since synthetic fertilizers are not used, building and

 Organic pesticides are derived from naturally occurring sources. These

 Organic food, fresh or processed food produced

Conclusion "Organic products are the best from

 Organic agriculture is defined formally by governments. Farmers must be

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