Non-singular Linear Transformations
and
SUBMITTED BY:
Ms. Harjeet Kaur
Associate Professor
Department of Mathematics
PGGCG – 11, Chandigarh
Definition: A linear transformation T : V → V
is said to be non-singular if
T(v) = 0 ⇒ v=0
i.e. N(T) = {0}
Definition: A linear transformation T : V is said to be
singular if ∃ some v ∈ V s.t. v≠0 & T(v) = 0
i.e. N(T) contains at least one-zero element.
Definition:A linear transformation is an isomorphism if it
is one-one and onto.
i.e. T : V → W is an isomorphism if
(1) T is linear transformation.
(2) T is one-one.
(3) T is onto.
Then V and W are called isomorphic.
We write V ≅ W
THEOREM: V ≅ W ⇔ dim V = dim W
Proof:- Let V ≅ W and dim V=n
let B={ 𝑣1, 𝑣2, ………..…., 𝑣𝑛 } be a basis set for V.
Claim: 𝑩𝟏 = { T(𝒗𝟏 ), T(𝒗𝟐 ), ……………..,T(𝒗𝒏 )} is
a basis for W.
i.e. 𝐵1 is linearly independent and the linear span
of 𝐵1 is W.
Then dim W = n.
conversly, let dimV = dimW = n
Let {𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , … … … . . , 𝑣𝑛 } be a basis of V
and {𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , … … … . , 𝑤𝑛 } be a basis of W .
To define T: V → W ,
let v ϵ V
∃ unique scalars 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , … … … , 𝛼𝑛 ∈ F
Such that v = 𝛼1 𝑣1 + 𝛼2 𝑣2 +…………..+ 𝛼𝑛 𝑣𝑛
Define T (v) = 𝛼1 𝑤1 + 𝛼2 𝑤2 +…………..+ 𝛼𝑛 𝑤𝑛
i.e. T(𝛼1 𝑣1 + 𝛼2 𝑣2 +…………..+ 𝛼𝑛 𝑣𝑛 )
= 𝛼1 𝑤1 + 𝛼2 𝑤2 +…………..+ 𝛼𝑛 𝑤𝑛
T is well-defined
(1) T is linear-transformation.
(2) T is one-one.
(3) T is onto.
Hence V ≅ W
Theorem: Every n-dimensional vector space over the field F is isomorphic
to the space 𝑭𝒏 .
Proof:- Let dimV = n
Let B ={𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , ……………., 𝑣𝑛 } be an ordered basis for V.
Define T: V → 𝐹 𝑛 , as follows:
Let v ∈ V, ∃ unique scalars 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , … … … , 𝛼𝑛 ∈ F
v = 𝛼1 𝑣1 + 𝛼2 𝑣2 + ………….+ 𝛼𝑛 𝑣𝑛 .
Define T(v) =( 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , …………, 𝛼𝑛 ) ∈ 𝐹 𝑛 .
T is well-defined
To prove V ≅ 𝑭𝒏
to prove that T is an isomorphism.
(i) To prove T is linear-transformation :-
T(𝛼𝑥 + 𝛽𝑦) = 𝛼𝑇(𝑥) + 𝛽𝑇(𝑦) for all x,y ∈ V and 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ F
(ii) To prove T is one-one:- T(x) = T(y) ⇒ 𝑥=𝑦
(iii) To prove T is onto:- Now for (𝛼1, 𝛼2 …………….,𝛼𝑛 ) ∈ 𝐹 𝑛
∃ 𝛼1 𝑣1 +𝛼2 𝑣2 +……………+𝛼𝑛 𝑣𝑛 = x ∈ 𝑉
s.t T(x) = ( 𝛼1 ,𝛼2 , …………𝛼𝑛 ) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 V ≅ 𝐹 𝑛 .
Theorem: L(V,W) = the set all linear transformations
from V(F) into W(F)
is a vector space over the field F
with vector addition and scalar multiplication defined
by
(𝑇1 +𝑇2 )x = 𝑇1 (𝑥) + 𝑇2 (x), ∀ x∈ 𝑉, and 𝑇1 ,𝑇2 ∈ 𝐿 𝑉, 𝑊
(𝛼𝑇1 )x = 𝛼𝑇1 (x) ∀ x ∈ V and 𝑇1 ∈ L(V,W) and 𝛼 ∈ F.
if dimV =m & dimW = n then dim L(V,W)= mn
Product of two linear transformations:-
Let U,V and W Be three vector spaces over the same field
and 𝑇1 : V → W ; 𝑇2 : U → V be two linear transformations.
Then the composite mapping 𝑇1 𝑇2 : U → W is defined by
(𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 ) (x) = 𝑻𝟏 [𝑻𝟐 (x)], ∀ x∈ U.
In general 𝑇1 𝑇2 ≠ 𝑇2 𝑇1
e.g. Let 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 : 𝑅2 → 𝑅2
𝑇1 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑎, 0 , 𝑇2 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑎
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑎, 𝑏 = 0,0 , 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑎, 𝑏 = (0, 𝑎)
U,V,W be three vector spaces over the same field F.
Let T and T’ be linear transformations from U to V.
let S and S’ be linear transformations from V to W
then
(i) S (T + T’) = ST + ST’
(ii) (S + S’)T = ST + S’T
(iii) 𝛼(ST) = (𝛼𝑆)𝑇 = 𝑆 𝛼𝑇 for α ∈ F
Let V be a vector space over F
and T: V→V be a linear transformation ,
then T is invertible if and only if T is one –one and onto.
If T is a linear operator on V(F) and T is invertible ,
then the inverse mapping 𝑇 −1 defined as
𝑦0 = T(𝑥0 ) ⇔ 𝑇 −1 (𝑦0 ) = 𝑥0 for each 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ∈ V
is a linear transformation.
Let V(F) and W(F) be two finite dimensional vector spaces
such that dim V =dim W. If T is linear transformation from V and W,
then the followings are equivalent:
(i) T is invertible
(ii) T is non – singular i.e. the null space of T = {O}
Proof: T: V→W be invertible.
∃ S: W → V such that ST = TS =I
Let T(v) = 0
⇒ S(T(v)) =0
. ⇒ (ST)(v) =0
⇒ I(v)=0
⇒ v =0
Example: Let T be the linear operator on 𝑅 3 defined by
T( x, y, z) = (2x , 4x – y , 2x + 3y –z)
(i) show that T is invertible (ii) Find 𝑇 −1 .
Solution: To show T is invertible i.e. T is non-singular.
Let (x, y, z) ∈ N(T)
⇒ T(x, y, z) = (o,o,o)
⇒ (2x , 4x –y, 2x + 3y –z) = (0,0,0)
⇒ 2x =0, 4x –y = 0, 2x +3y –z =0
⇒ x=0,y=0, z=0
⇒ N(T) = { (0,0,0) }
hence T is non- singular and so T is invertible.
(ii) Let 𝑇 −1 (r, s, t) = (x, y, z).
⇒ T(x, y, z) = (r, s, t)
⇒ ( 2x, 4x – y, 2x +3y –z) = (r, s, t)
⇒ 2x= r , 4x – y = s , 2x +3y –z = t
1
⇒ x = r , y = 2r – s , z = 7r -3s –t
2
−1 1
⇒ 𝑇 ( r,s,t) = ( r , 2r –s , 7r -3s – t).
2
Let V and W be finite-dimensional vector spaces
and dimV = n & dimW = m
Let B={𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … … . . , 𝑥𝑛 } be an ordered basis of V and
𝐵1 ={𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … … . . , 𝑦𝑚 } be an ordered basis of W.
Let T : V → W be a linear transformation
(for x ∈ V, T(x) is uniquely expressible as
linear combination of elements of W.)
T(𝑥1 ) = 𝑎11 𝑦1 + 𝑎21 𝑦2 + 𝑎31 𝑦3 +……+ 𝑎𝑚1 𝑦𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖1 𝑦𝑖
T(𝑥2 ) = 𝑎12 𝑦1 + 𝑎22 𝑦2 + 𝑎32 𝑦3 +……+ 𝑎𝑚2 𝑦𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖2 𝑦𝑖
T(𝑥3 ) = 𝑎13 𝑦1 + 𝑎23 𝑦2 + 𝑎33 𝑦3 +……+ 𝑎𝑚3 𝑦𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖3 𝑦𝑖
….. ……. …… …… ……….
……. ……. ……. …… …………
T(𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑎1𝑛 𝑦1 + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑦2 + 𝑎3𝑛 𝑦3 +……+ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑦𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑖
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
[T] = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
i.e. [T:B, 𝐵1 ] = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚×𝑛
Thank You
