Mechanical Power Engineering Dept

Fourth Year Mechanical power

Fluid Machinery II
Axial compressor and turbine sheet

1-An axial-flow compressor stage has a pitchline radius of rm = 0.6 m. The rotational speed of the rotor
at pitch line is Um =256m∕s. The absolute inlet flow to the rotor is described by Czm = 155 m∕s and
Cu1m = 28 m∕s. Assuming that the stage degree of reaction at pitchline is Rm = 0.50, 3 = 1, and Czm
remains constant, calculate
(a) rotor angular speed in rpm
(b) rotor exit swirl Cu2m
w2m w1m
(c) rotor specific work at pitchline, Wcm c1m

(d) relative velocity vector at the rotor exit c2m

(e) rotor and stator torques per unit mass flow rate
(f) stage loading parameter at pitchline, m
Um
(g) flow coefficient φm

Prof. Mohamed Hassan Gobran Page 1

 2- Consider a compressor stage with no inlet guide vane. The
hub-to-tip radius ratio for the rotor is rh1∕rt1 = 0.5 and the mass
flow rate (of air) in the compressor is 100 kg∕s, at the standard
sea level condition, Pt1 = 100 kPa and Tt1 = 288 K. For an axial
Mach number of Mz = 0.5, calculate

(a) the rotor hub and casing radii rh1 and rt1 (in meters)
To achieve a relative tip Mach number of (M1r)tip =
1.0. Calculate:
(b) the rotor rotational speed (in radians per second)
For a design pitchline degree of reaction of Rm = 0.5, and constant axial velocity, calculate
(c) The rotor exit swirl at the pitchline radius Cu2m (in m∕s)
(d) The total temperature Tt2m (in K) using Euler equation
(e) the total pressure Pt2m (in kPa), assuming rm = 0.1
3
(f) the fluid density 2m in kg∕m

w1t=332 m/s
Cz=166 m/s

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 N=5628.72 rpm
C2
w1

w2 C1

U
At mean radius No inlet Guide vane Cu1=0

w2m=C1=166 m/s

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3- An axial flow compressor stage at r = 0.4 m is
shown. The inlet flow is purely axial with Cz1 =
150 m/s, which remains constant across the rotor
and stator.. The rotor angular speed is = 7400
rpm. The stage degree of reaction at this radius is
R = 0.75. The rotor total pressure loss parameter
(in relative frame) is r = 0.08. The gas properties
are: = 1.4 and R = 287 J/kgK. Calculate:
(a) absolute swirl at rotor exit, Cu2
(b) rotor exit (absolute) total temperature, Tt2 in K
(c) static temperature at the rotor exit, T2 in K w2

(d) rotor exit absolute Mach number, M2

(e) rotor exit relative Mach number, M2r w1
(f)lative dynamic pressure at rotor inlet, q1r, in kPa U

(g) inlet relative total pressure, Pt1r, in kPa Cu2

(h) static pressure at rotor exit, P2, in kPa C2

(i) rotor exit (absolute) total pressure, Pt2, in kPa
C1
C1

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4- The absolute flow angle at the inlet of a stator blade in a
pressure and temperature in station 2 are Pt2 = 150 kPa and Tt2 =
300 K, respectively. The total pressure loss coefficient for this
section of the the stator blade is s = 0.07. Assuming the axial
velocity remains constant and gas properties are = 1.4 and cp =
1.004 kJ∕kg K, calculate
(a) entrance Mach number M2
(b) exit total pressure Pt3
(c) exit Mach number M3 w2

(d) stator torque for a mass flow rate of = 100 kg∕s

(e) static pressure rise, Δp = P3 − P2 w1 U
(f) static temperature rise ΔT = T3 − T2
C2
(g) entropy rise (s3 − s2)∕R
(h) The diffuser efficiency, C1
Note that the radius of this cut (section) is at r = 0.5 m from the axis of rotation, as shown in the
diagram.

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5- A single stage axial flow compressor has the following data:

Inlet total temperature, Tt1 =289 K Degree of reaction,  =0.5

Rotor loss coefficient, ῳs =0.08 stator loss coefficient, ῳs =0.08
Inlet relative Mach number, M1r =0.7 Flow coefficient, φ =0.5
Flow coefficient =0.5
Calculate:
β2=30o
i. The blade speed, U
β1 C1
ii. The Total temperature rise, ΔTt C2 1
w2 Cz=0.5 U
iii. The stage pressure ratio, πstage
w1
iv. The isentropic efficiency
v. The polytropic efficiency wum=0.5 U U
U-Cu1

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6- Atmospheric Air (1 bar and 300 K) enters an axial compressor stage 2 (without IGV). The stage has
the following data, at meam radius:
• Blade speed, Um=300 m/s
• The flow coefficient, Φm=0.6
• The absolute air outlet angle α2m=45O

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A. At mean radius
i. Draw the velocity triangles and calculate,
ii. The stage loading coefficient
iii. The degree of reaction
iv. The pressure ratio, assuming the stage efficiency is 0.92
B. If free vortex radial equilibrium is considered,
The degree of reaction is radially varied as: R= 1 – K /(r/ )2
where K is constant. Using the data at mean radius, determine the value of K
C, Assuming zero reaction at hub, determine:
i. The hub-to-tip ratio (ζ)
ii. The degree of reaction at tip radius
iii. The stage loading at hub and tip radii
iv. The inlet and outlet blade angles (β1 and β2) at hub and tip radii.
v. The blade twist angle
Solution:
(A) at mean radius:
 The stage loading coefficient:

 The degree of reaction:

 The pressure ratio, assuming the stage efficiency is 0.92 :

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(B) Free vortex radial equilibrium is considered:

(c) Assuming zero reacting at hub:

 The hub-to-tip ratio(ζ):

 The degree of reaction at tip radius:

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  The stage loading at hub and tip radius:

 The inlet and outlet blade angles ( at hub and tip radii:
at hub:

at tip:

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  The blade twist angle:
Twist angle

7- Combustion gases enter the first stage of a gas turbine at a stagnation temperature and pressure of
1200 K and 4.0 bar. The rotor blade tip diameter is 0.75m, the blade height is 0.12 m and the shaft
speed is 10,500 rpm. At the mean radius, the stage operates with a reaction of 50%, a flow coefficient
of 0.7 and a stage loading coefficient of 2.5. Determine
(a) the relative and absolute flow angles for the stage;
(b) the velocity at nozzle exit;
(c) the static temperature and pressure at nozzle exit assuming a nozzle efficiency of 0.96 and
the mass flow

β3 w3 2
C2
3 β2
C3 w2

=652.8 m/s

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 (assuming =1.33, Nozzle adiabatic flow, Tt2=Tt1)
Nozzle exit area,

8- A single stage axial flow turbine operates with

ΔCu
an inlet temperature of 1100 K and total pressure 2

of 3.4 bar. The total temperature drop across the w3

β3 C2
stage is 144 K and the isentropic efficiency of the φU C3 β2
3
turbine is 0.9. The mean blade speed is 298 m/s w2
and the flow coefficient is 0.95. The turbine
U
operates with a rotational speed of 12000 rpm. If
Cu2
the convergent nozzle is operating under choked
condition determine
(a) blade loading coefficient
(b) pressure ratio of the stage and
(c) flow angle

Cz=0.95*298=283.1 m/s
For chocked nozzle, M2=1

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9-A single stage axial turbine has a mean radius of 30 cm and a blade height at the stator inlet of 6 cm.
The gases enter the turbine stage at 1900 kPa and 1200 K and the absolute velocity leaving the stator is
600 m/s and inclined at an angle of 65 deg to the axial direction. The relative angles at the inlet and
outlet of the rotor are 25 deg and 60 deg respectively. If the stage efficiency is 0.88, calculate
(a) the rotor rotational speed,
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 (b) stage pressure ratio ΔCu
(c) flow coefficient C2 w3
(d) degree of reaction and C3
(e) the power delivered by the turbine. w2

U
wum

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10- A single stage gas turbine operates at its design condition with an axial absolute flow at entry and
exit from the stage. The absolute flow angle at the nozzle exit is 70 deg. At stage entry, the total
pressure and temperature are 311 kPa and 850oC respectively. The exhaust static pressure is 100 kPa,
the total to static efficiency is 0.87 and mean blade speed is 500 m/s. Assuming constant axial velocity
through the stage, determine
C2 w3
(a) the specific work done
(b) the Mach number leaving the nozzle w2 C3
(c) the axial velocity
(d) total to total efficiency U

(e) stage reaction

or

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11-A rotor is designed for constant axial velocity. The velocity triangles are as shown. The rotor total
pressure loss coefficient is known to be 0.08 with = 1.30 . Calculate
(a) rotor speed U in m/s
(b) rotor specific work wt in kJ/kg
(c) stage degree of reaction R
(d) inlet absolute Mach number M2
(e) inlet gas static density 2 in kg/m3
(f) exit relative Mach number M3r
(g) exit total pressure Pt3 in MPa
(h) exit static density 3 in kg/m3.

15o
w2

ΔCu/2 wm
c2 wum

U
ΔCu/2 w3

45o

c3

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12- An axial-flow turbine stage, at its pitch-line radius, is shown. The rotor exit is swirl free, i.e., Cu3 =
0. The axial velocity is constant throughout the stage and is equal to Cz = 300 m/s. The flow to the
turbine stage is purely axial, i.e., C1 = Cz1 and the gas total temperature is Tt1 = 1500 K with J/kg K.
Assume that the stage degree of reaction is 20%. Calculate
(a) the nozzle exit flow angle, 2, in degrees
(b) the stage specific work in kJ/kg
(c) total temperature relative to the rotor, Tt2,r, in K
(d) absolute Mach number at nozzle exit, M2
(e) speed of sound, a3, in m/s
(f) relative rotor exit Mach number, M3r

w2

Cu/2
wm
C2
wum

w3 U
Cu/2

C3

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13- A turbine stage is of impulse design with R = 0. The rotor exit is swirl free, i.e., Cu3 = 0. The nozzle
exit absolute flow angle is 2 = 70o. The axial
velocity is constant throughout the stage and is equal
to Cz = 252 m/s. The gas properties are: = 1.33 and
cpt = 1,156 J/kg K. The turbine inlet total
temperature is Tt1 = 1650 K. Calculate

(a) rotor (rotational) speed, U2, in m/s

(b) total temperature drop in the stage, ΔTt, in K
(c) speed of sound, a2, in m/s
(d) speed of sound, a3, in m/s
(e) absolute Mach number, M2
(f) relative rotor exit Mach number, Mr3

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 70o

ΔCu/2 w2

C2

ΔCu/2
U
w3

C3

14- A multi-stage axial turbine is to be designed with impulse stages and is to operate with an inlet
pressure and temperature of 6 bar and 900 K and outlet pressure of 1 bar. The isentropic efficiency of
the turbine is 85 %. All the stages are to have a nozzle outlet angle of 75o and equal inlet and outlet
rotor blade angles. Mean blade speed is 250 m/s and the axial velocity is 150 m/s and is a constant
across the turbine. Estimate the number for stages required for this turbine.

wu2 wu3

75o C2
w3 C3
w2

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