This document summarizes several common qualitative tests used to identify organic functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenols. It lists the reagents used for each test and provides details on the expected positive results and notes about limitations or additional information for each test. Key tests include the bromine water test and FeCl test for phenols, iodoform test for methyl ketones and alcohols, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test for aldehydes and ketones, alcoholic silver nitrate test for alkyl halides, and ester formation test for carboxylic acids.
This document summarizes several common qualitative tests used to identify organic functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenols. It lists the reagents used for each test and provides details on the expected positive results and notes about limitations or additional information for each test. Key tests include the bromine water test and FeCl test for phenols, iodoform test for methyl ketones and alcohols, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test for aldehydes and ketones, alcoholic silver nitrate test for alkyl halides, and ester formation test for carboxylic acids.
This document summarizes several common qualitative tests used to identify organic functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenols. It lists the reagents used for each test and provides details on the expected positive results and notes about limitations or additional information for each test. Key tests include the bromine water test and FeCl test for phenols, iodoform test for methyl ketones and alcohols, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test for aldehydes and ketones, alcoholic silver nitrate test for alkyl halides, and ester formation test for carboxylic acids.
This document summarizes several common qualitative tests used to identify organic functional groups such as alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenols. It lists the reagents used for each test and provides details on the expected positive results and notes about limitations or additional information for each test. Key tests include the bromine water test and FeCl test for phenols, iodoform test for methyl ketones and alcohols, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test for aldehydes and ketones, alcoholic silver nitrate test for alkyl halides, and ester formation test for carboxylic acids.
Summary of Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
Test Reagents Ignition Test Importance Positive Result Notes Distin guish aliphatic and Aliphatic- non-sooty smoke Bromine in arom atic Cmpds. Arom atic- yellow flame, sooty Br2 in CCl4 Test for Unsaturation (alkenes, Decolorization of Brom ine color al so perform Baeyer Test. CCl4 Test alkymes) Baeyer Test dil. KMnO General Test for Alkenes and Formation of red-brown solid *room temperature Lucas Test HCl in ZnCcl2 Alkynes (Mn02) Test for alcohols Appearance of a cloudy second 3° alcohols-1-3 mins layer or emul sion (alkylhalide) 2 alcohols -5-10 mins 1 alcohols - no reaction insoluble cmp ds in the reagent Chromic acid Chromic acid (Jones Test for alcohols and From are not applicable. Test ReagentCrOs in yellow to blue-green 3° alcohols-no reaction (or Jones aldehydes sol'n'suspension (Cr3+) Phenols give a dark colored H:SO:) Aldehydes develops in 5 - 15 solution which is not blue- green Oxidation)) 2,4 seconds. like a positive test. 2.4 Test for aldehydes and ketones Fom ation of a yellow to oran ge Some allylic alcohols are oxidized Dinitrophenylhy Dinitroph enylhydrazine precipitate, hydrazone or osazone by the reagent to aldehydes and drazine Test in conc.HSO Iodoform test lodine in KI+ NaOH Test for Test for mehyl Form ation of yellow giveapositive test. precipitate substituted keton es and (CHI3, iodoform) alcohols Alcoholic Siver AgNO3 in 296 ethanol + General test for alkyl halides. Alky halide-Form ation ofsolid Nitrate heat AgX salt. Hydroxam ic Hydroxylam ine HCl in acid test 959% eth anol and 6M General test for esters. Also positive for acyl halides and Formation of a magenta-color *Some carboxylic acids give a complex. positive result. NaOH acid anhydrides and am ides. Ester form ation Alcohol in sulfuric acid+ test Gen er al test for carboxylic Fom ation of oily layer on top of large MW carboxylic acids form heat acids the solution, and a sweet, fruity odorless ester. Bromine water Brom ine in water Test for Smell(ester) phen olic compounds Decolorization of brom ine & test form ation of insoluble white cmpd Fecl test FeCl sol'n Test for phen ol ic compoundsForm ation of red colored complex _
