Handbook of Social Psychology

Ano Edição Nº Volumes Editores

1935 1ª 2 Carl Murchison

1954 1ª 2 Gardner Lindzey

1968/69 2ª 5 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson

1985 3ª 2 Gardner Lindzey & Elliot Aronson

1998 4ª 2 Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, & Gardner Lindzey

2010 5ª 2 Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey

Psicologia Social II Valentim R. Alferes

 A HANDBOOK OF
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

By
W. C. ALLEE GARDNER MURPHY
GORDON W. ALLPORT LOIS BARCLAY MURPHY

FRIEDRICH ALVERDES 0. E. PLATH

R . E.BUCHANAN THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP- EBBE
FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS VICTOR E. SHELFORD
J. F. DASHIELL WARRENS. THOMPSON
ERWIN A. ESPER W. D. WALLIS
HERBERT FRIEDMANN F. L. WELLS
EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY RAYMOND ROYCE WILLOUGHBY
MELVILLE ]. HERSKOVITS CLARK WISSLER
CATHARINE Cox MILES ADA W. YERKES
WALTER R. MILES ROBERT M. YERKES

Edited by
CARL MURCHISON

VOLUME TWO

NEW YORK/ RUSSELL & RUSSELL

 COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY

CLARK UNIVERSITY

REISSUED, 1967, BY RUSSELL & RUSSELL

A DIVISION OF ATHENEUM HOUSE, INC.

BY ARRANGEMENT WITH CLARK UNIVERSITY PRESS

L. C. CATALOG CARD NO: 66-24735

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
IX
Preface
PART I. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN SELECTED
POPULATIONS

1. Population Behavior of Bacteria . 3

R. E. BucHANAN, Iowa State College

2. Social Origins and Processes among Plants 22

FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS, Carnegie Institution of Washington

3. Human Populations 49
WARREN S. THOMPSON, Scripps Foundation for Research in Popu-
lation Problems

PART II. SOCIAL PHENOMENA IN INFRAHUMAN

SOCIETIES
4. Insect Societies 83
0. E. PLATH, Boston University

5. Bird Societies 142

HERBERT FRIEDMANN, United States National Museum

6. The Behavior of Mammalian Herds and Packs 185

FRIEDRICH ALVERDES, Zoological Institute, Marburg

PART III. HISTORICAL SEQUENCES OF HUMAN

SOCIAL PHENOMENA
:l. 7. Social History of the Negro 207
MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS, Northwestern UniverSity

8. Social History of the Red Man 268

CLARK WISSLER, Yale University

9. Social History of the White Man 309

W. D. WALLIS, University of Minnesota

10. Social History of the Yellow Man 361

EDWIN DEEKS HARVEY, Dartmouth College

PART IV. ANALYSES OF RECURRING PATTERNS

IN SOCIAL PHENOMENA
11. Language 417
ERWIN A . EsPER, University of Washington

12. Magic and Cognate Phenomena: An Hypothesis 461

RAYMOND ROYEE WILLOUGHBY, Clark University

13. Material Cui ture 520

CLARK WISSLER, Yale University

[xi]
PART V. ANALYSES OF SOME CORRELATES OF SOCIAl
PHENOMENA
14. The Physical Environment 567
VICTOR E . SHELFOR.D, University of Illinois

15. Age in Human Society 596

WALTER R. MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale University

16. Sex in Social Psychology 683

CATHARINE Cox MILES, Institute of Human Relations, Yale
University

17. Attitudes . 798

GORDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University

18. Social Maladjustments: Adaptive Regression 845

F. L. WELLS, Harvard Medical School

PART VI. EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF

SOCIAL PHENOMENA
19. Relatively Simple Animal Aggregations 919
W. C. ALLEE, The University of Chicago

20. Social Behavior of Birds 947

THORLEIF SCHJELDERUP-EBBE, Universite Nouvelle de Paris

21. Social' Behavior in Infrahuman Primates 973

RoBERT M. YERKES, Yale University
ADA W. YERKES, Yale University

22. The Influence of Social Situations upon the Behavior of

Children 1034
Lois BARCLAY MURPHY, Sarah Lawrence College
GARDNER MURPHY, Columbia University

23. Experimental Studies of the Influence of Social Situations on

the Behavior of Individual Human Adults . 1097
]. F. DASHII!LL, University of North Carolina

Name Index 1159

Subject Index 1176

[xn]
 HANDBOOK OF

Social Psychology
VOLUME I

THEORY AND METHOD

by

GoRDON W. ALLPORT WILLIAM W. LAMBERT

BERNARD BERELSON GARDNER LINDZEY

EDGAR F. BORGATTA RoNALD LIPPITT

RoBERT R. BusH ELEANOR E. MACCOBY

MORTON DEUTSCH NATHAN MACCOBY

ALLEN L. EDWARDS FREDERICK MosTELLER

BERT F. GREEN THEODORE R. SARBIN

CALVIN s. HALL MARTIN ScHEERER

D. 0. HEBB W. R. THOMPSON

RoGER W. HEYNS JoHN W. M. WHITING

Edited by
GARDNER LINDZEY

Harvard University

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.

READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.

LONDON, ENGLAND
 Copyright © 1954
ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE-
OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT
WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.

Library of Congress Catalog No. 54-5970

Third printing - March 1959

 CONTENTS

PREFACE
vii

pART 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology 3

by GoRDON W. ALLPORT, Harvard University

pART 2. CONTEMPORARY SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

CHAPTER 2. Stimulus-Response Contiguity and Reinforcement Theory in

Social Psychology 57
by WILLIAM W. LAMBERT, Cornell University

CHAPTER 3. Cognitive Theory 91

by MARTIN ScHEERER, University of Kansas

CHAPTER 4. Psychoanalytic Theory and Its Applications in the Social

Sciences . 143
by CALVIN S. HALL, Western Reserve University, and
GARDNER LINDZEY, Hamard University

CHAPTER 5. Field Theory in Social Psychology . 181

by MoRTON DEUTSCH, New York Univenity

CHAPTER 6. Role .Theory . 223

by THEODORE R. SARBIN, University of California

PART 3. RESEARCH METHODS

CHAPTER 7. Experiments: Their Planning and Execution . 259

by ALLEN L. EDWARDS, University of Washington

CHAPTER 8. Selected Quantitative Techniques . 289

by FREDERICK MosTELLER and RoBERT R. BusH, Hamard
University

CHAPTER 9. Attitude Measurement . 335

by BERT F. GREEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

CHAPTER 10. Systematic Observational Techniques . 370

by RoGER W. HEYNS and RoNALD LIPPITT, University of
Michigan

CHAPTER II. Sociometric Measurement . 405

by GARDNER LINDZEY and' EDGAR F. BoRGATTA, Harvard Uni-
venity

CHAPTER 12. The Interview: A Tool of Social Science . . 449

by ELEANOR E . MACCOBY, Harvard University, and
NATHAN MACCOBY, Boston University

v
vi CONTENTS

. 488
CHAPTER 13. Content Analysis
by BERNARD BERELSON, Ford Foundation

CHAPTER 14. The Cross-Cultural Me thod . 523

by JoHN W. M. WHITING, Harvard University

CHAPTER 15. The Social Significance of Animal Studies . 532

by D. 0 . HEBB and W. R. THOMPSON, McGi ll University

. 563
AuTHOR INDEX

. 577
SUBJECT INDEX

"
 HANDBOOK OF

Social Psychology
VOLUME II

SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS

by

ALLEN H. BARTON HAROLD H. KELLEY

RoGER vV. BROWN CLYDE KLUCKHOHN

JEROME S. BRUNER BERNARD KuTNER

!SIDOR CHEIN PAUL F. LAZARSFELD

IRVIN L. CHILD DANIEL J. LEVINSON

J. C. FLUGEL JUAN LINZ

CECIL. A. GIBB SEYMOUR M. LIPSET

MASON HAIRE GEORGE A, MILLER

JOHN HARDING GARDNER MURPHY

GEORGE C . ROMANS HAROLD PROSHANSKY

CARL I. HovLAND HENRY W. RIECKEN

ALEX INKELES RENATO TAGIURI

JOHN W. THIBAUT

Edited by
GARDNER LINDZEY

Harvard University

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.

READING, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.

LONDON, ENGLAND
 Copyright © 1954
ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS BOOK, OR PARTS THERE-

OF, MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT
WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS.

Library of Congr·ess Catalog No. 54-5970

Third printing - March 1959

 CONTENTS

PREFACE vii

PART 4. THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SociAL CoNTEXT

CHAPTER 16. Social Motivation 601

by GARDNER MuRPHY, The Menninger Foundation

CHAPTER 17. The Perception of People 634

by JEROME S. BRUNER and RENATO TAGIURI, Harvard University

CHAPTER 18. Socialization 655

by IRVIN L. CHILD, Yale University

CHAPTER 19. Psycholinguistics 693

by GEORGE A. MILLER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

CHAPTER 20. Humor and Laughter 709

by J. C. FLUGEL. London, England

PART 5. GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION

CHAPTER 21. Experimental Studies of Group Problem Solving and Process. 735
by HAROLD H. KELLEY, Yale University, and
JoHN W. THIBAUT, University of North Carolina

CHAFER 22. Psychological Aspects of Social Structure 786

by HENRY W. RIECKEN, Univasity of Minnesota, and
GEORGE C. RoMANS, Harvard University

CHAPTER 23. Mass Phenomena 833

by_RoGER W. BROWN, Harvard University

CHAPTER 24. Leadership 877

by CECIL A. GIBB, Dartmouth College

CHAPTER 25. Culture and Behavior 921

by CLYDE KLUCKHOHN, Harvard University

CHAPTER 26. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural
Systems 977
by ALEX INKELES and DANIEL J. LEVINSON, Harvard University

PART 6. APPLIED SociAL PsYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 27. Prejudice and Ethnic Relations . 1021

by JoHN HARDING and BERNARD KuTNER, Cornell University,
HAROLD PROSHANSKY, Brooklyn College, and
IsmoR CHEIN, New York University

CHAPTER 28. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication . . 1062

by CARL I. HovLAND, Yale University

v
Vl CONTENTS

CHAPTER 29. Industrial Social Psychology . . 1104

by MAsON HAIRE, University of California

CHAPTER 30. The Psychology of Voting: An Analysis of Political Behavior. 1124

by SEYMOUR M. LIPSET, PAUL F. LAZARSFELD, ALLEN H. BARTON, and
JuAN LINZ, Columbia University

. 1177
AuTHOR INDEX

. 1205
SUBJECT INDEX

J
 The Handbook of
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
SECOND EDITION
Edited by GARDNER LINDZEY and ELLIOT ARONSON
University of Texas

VOLUME ONE
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY

.
TT

Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • London • Don Mills, Ontario

Copyright© 1954, 1968, Philippines copyright 1968 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced , stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means , electronic, mechanical, photocopying, re-
cord ing, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the
United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. Library of Congress Catalog'
Card No. 68-19347.
 Contents

VOLUME ONE
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

1. The Historical Background of Modern Social Psychology

Gordon W . Allport, Harvard University

SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS

2. Stimulus-Response Theory in Contemporary Social Psychology 81

Seymour M. Berger, Indiana University
William W. Lambert, Cornell University
3. Mathematical Models of Social Behavior 179
Seymour Rosenberg, Rutgers University
4. The Relevance of Freudian Psychology
and Related Viewpoints for the Social Sciences 245
Calvin S. Hall, Institute of Dream Research and University of California, Santa Cruz
Gardner Lindzey, University of Texas
5. Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology 320
Robert B. Zajonc, University of Michigan
6. Field Theory in Social Psychology 412
Morton Deutsch, Columbia University
7. Role Theory 488
Theodore R. Sarbin, University of California, Berkeley
Vernon L. Allen, University of Wisconsin

xn
 Contents xm

8. Organizations 568
Richard M. Cyert, Carnegie-Mellon University
Kenneth R. MacCrimmon, Carnegie-Mellon University

Author Index 615

Subject Index 635

VOLUME TWO
RESEARCH METHODS

9. Experimentation in Social Psychology

Elliot Aronson and J. Merrill Carlsmith
10. Data Analysis, Including Statistics
Frederick Mosteller and John W. Tukey
11. Attitude Measurement
William A. Scott
12. Simulation of Social Behavior
Robert P. Abelson
13 . Systematic Observational Methods
Karl E. Weick
14. Measurement of Social Choice and Interpersonal Attractiveness
Gardner Lindzey and Donn Byrne
15. Interviewing
Charles F. Cannell and Robert L. Kahn
16. Content Analysis
Ole R. Holsti, with the collaboration ofJoanne K. Loomba and Robert C. North
17. Methods and Problems in Cross-Cultural Research
John W. M. Whiting
18. The Social Significance of Animal Studies
D. 0 . Hebb and W. R . Thompson

VOLUME THREE
THE INDIVIDUAL IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT

19. Psychophysiological Approaches in Social Psychology

David Shapiro and Andrew Crider
20. Social Motivation
Leonard Berkowitz
21. The Nature of Attitudes and Attitude Change
William J. McGuire
xzv Contents

22. Social and Cultural Factors in Perce ption

Henri Tajfel
23. Person Perception
Renata Tagiuri
24 . Socialization
Edward Zigler and Irvin L. Child
25. Personality and Social Interaction
David Marlowe and Kenneth]. Gergen
26. Psycholinguistics
George A. Miller and David McNeill
27. Laughter, Humor, and Play
D. E. Berlyne
28. Esthetics
Irvin L. Child

VOLUME FOUR
GROUP PSYCHOLOGY AND PHENOMENA OF INTERACTION

29. Group Problem Solving

Harold H. Kelley and John W. Thibaut
30. Group Structure: Attraction, Coalitions, Communication, and Power
Barry E. Collins and Bertram H. Raven
31. Leadership
Cecil A. Gibb
32. Social Structure and Behavior
Wilbert E. Moore
33. Cultural Psychology: Comparative Studies of Human Behavior
George A . DeVos and Arthur E. Hippler
34. National Character: The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems
Alex Inkeles and Daniel]. Levinson
35. Collective Behavior: Crowds and Social Movements
Stanley Milgram and Hans Toch
36. The Social Psychology of Infrahuman Animals
]. P. Scott

VOLUME FIVE
APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

37. Prejudice and Ethnic Relations

John Harding, Harold Proshansky, Bernard Kutner, and Isidor Chein
 Contents xv

38. Effects of the Mass Media of Communication

Walter Weiss
39. Industrial Social Psychology
Victor H. Vroom
40. Psychology and Economics
Herbert A . Simon and Andrew C. Stedry
41. Political Behavior
David 0. Sears
42. A Social Psychology of Education
]. W. Getzels
43. Social-Psychological Aspects of International Relations
Amitai Etzioni
44. Psychology of Religion
James E . Dittes
45. Social Psychology of Mental Health
Howard E. Freeman and jeanne M . Giovannoni
 THIRD EDITION

Handbook of
Social Psychology
VOLUME I
Theory and Method

Gardner Lindzey
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences

Elliot Aronson
University of California, Santa Cruz

~ RANDOM HOUSE
New York

Distributed exclusively by
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers
Hillsdale, New Jersey, and London
•

Third Edition

987654321

Copyright © 1985 by Newbery Award Records, Inc .

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of
this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, without permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be
addressed to Newbery Award Records, Ihc., 201 East 50th Street, New York, NY 10022.
Published in the United States by Newbery Award Records, Inc., a subsidiary of Random
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Canada Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.

Library of Congress Cataloging irt Publication Data

Main entry under title:
The Handbook of social psychology.
Includes index.
Contents: v. 1. Theory and method-v. 2. Special fields and applications.
1. Social psychology. I. Lindzey, Gardner.
II. Aronson, Elliot.
HM251.H224 1985 302 84-18509
ISBN 0-394-35049-9 (v. I)
ISBN 0-394-35050-2 (v. 2)

Manufactured in the United States of America

The editors wish to thank a number of publishers and copyright holders for permission to repro-
duce tables, figures, and excerpts from the following sources:

American Psychological Association, Ethical Guidelines Cavan, S. "Seeing social structure in a rural setting." Ur-
for Psychologists. Copyright © 1982. Reprinted by permission. ban Life Culture, 3, 334-335. Copyright © 1974. Reprinted by
Aberle, D. F. et al. "The functional prerequisites of a soci- permission of Sage Publications, Inc.
ety." Ethics, 60, pp. 110-111. Copyright © 1950. Reprinted by Coombs, C. H. "Thurstone's measurement of social val-
permission of the University of Chicago Press. ues revisited 40 years later." J. Personality and Social
Alevizos, P. N., and P. L. Berek. "Communication: an in- Psychology, 6, 85-90. Copyright © 1967. Reprinted by permis-
structional aid for staff training in behavioral assessment." sion.
J. of Applied Behavior Analysis, 7, pp. 472, 660. Copyright Dawes, R. M., and M. Moore. "Guttman scaling ortho-
© 1975 by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behav- dox and randomized responses." In F. Peterman (Ed.), Attitude
ior, Inc. Reprinted by permission. measurement. Gottingen: Verlag fiir psychologie. Pp . 129-131.
Bales, R. F., and S. P. Cohen, SYMLOG:A system for the Copyright © 1980. Reprinted by permission.
multiple level observation of groups. Copyright © 1979 by The Douglas. J. D. Investigative social research . Pp. 15-16.
Free Press, a Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Copyright © 1976. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publica-
Adapted with permission of Macmillan, Inc. tions.
Benjamin, L. S. "Structural Analysis of Differentiation Goffman, E. Frame analysis. New York: Harper & Row.
Failure." Psychiatry, 42, 1-23. Copyright © 1979 by The Pp. 1-2. Copyright © 1974. Reprinted by permission.
William Alanson White Psychiatric Foundation, Inc. Reprinted Goodman, L.A. "A modified regression approach to the
by special permission of The William Alanson White Psychiatric analysis of dichotomous variable." American Sociological Re-
Foundation, Inc . view, 39, Table p. 29. Copyright © 1972. Reprinted by permis-
Berry, W. Sayings and doings. Gnomon Press. Copyright sion of The American Sociological Association.
© 1975 . Quotes from Sayings and doings by Wendell Berry used Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky. "The psychology of
by permission of Gnomon Press. preferences." Scientific American, 246, 160-173. Copyright
Brandt, R. M. Studying behavior in natural settings. © 1982 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 1982. Reprinted by arrangement with University Lofland, 1. Doing social life. New York: Wiley. Copyright
Press of America, Inc. © 1976. Reprinted by permission.
(Cont. onpagexvi)
 Contents

VOLUME 1: THEORY AND METHODS

The Historical Background of Social Psychology

·¥ CHAPTER l
Gordon W. Allport
Harvard University

Major Developments in Social Psychology During the Past

CHAPTER 2 Five Decades 47
Edward E. Jones
Princeton University

Learning Theory in Contemporary Social Psychology 109

CHAPTER 3
Bernice Lott
University of Rhode Island
Albert J. Lott
University of Rhode Island

The Cognitive Perspective in Social Psychology 137

CHAPTER 4
Hazel Markus
University of Michigan
R.B. Zajonc
University of Michigan

xi
xii Contents

Decision Making and Decision Theory 231

CHAPTER 5
Robert P. Abelson
Yale University
Ariel Levi
Teachers College, Columbia University

Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory 311

CHAPTER 6
Sheldon Stryker
Indiana University
Anne Statham
University of Wisconsin at Parkside

Organizations and Organization Theory 379

CHAPTER 7
Jeffrey Pfeffer
Stanford University

Experimentation in Social Psychology 441

CHAPTER 8
Elliot Aronson
University of California, Santa Cruz
Marilynn Brewer
University of California, Los Angeles
J. Merrill Car/smith
Stanford University

Quantitative Methods for Social Psychology 487

CHAPTER 9
David A. Kenny
The University of Connecticut

Attitude and Opinion Measurement 509

CHAPTER 10
Robyn M. Dawes
University of Oregon
TomL. Smith
Research and Education Institute of Denver (REID)

Systematic Observational Methods 567

CHAPTER ll
Karl E. Weick
University of Texas at A us tin
 Contents xiii

Survey Methods 635

CHAPTER 12
Howard Schuman
University ofMichigan
Graham Kaftan
University of Michigan

Program Evaluation 699

CHAPTER 13
Thomas D. Cook
Northwestern University
Laura C. Leviton
University of Pittsburg
William R. Shadish, Jr.
Memphis State University

VOLUME II: SPECIAL FIELDS AND APPLICATIONS

Altruism and Aggression

CHAPTER 14
Dennis L. Krebs
Simon Fraser University
Dale T. Miller
Simon Fraser University

Attribution and Social Perception 73

CHAPTER 15
Michael Ross
University of Waterloo
Garth J. 0. Fletcher
Illinois State University

Socialization in Adulthood 123

CHAPTER 16
Karen K. Dian
University of Toronto

Sex Roles in Contemporary American Society 149

CHAPTER 17
Janet T. Spence
University of Texas at Austin
KayDeaux
Purdue University
Robert L. Helmreich
University of Texas at Austin
 xiv Contents

Language Use and Language Users 179

CHAPTER 18
Herbert H. Clark
Stanford University

Attitudes and Attitude Change 233

r C HAPTER 19
William J. McGuire
Yale University

Social Influence and Conformity 347

CHAPTER 20
Serge Moscovici
Ecole des Hautes Etudes En Sciences Sociales

Interpersonal Attraction 413

CHAPTER 21
Ellen Berscheid
University of Minnesota

Leadership and Power 485

CHAPTER 22
EdwinP. Hollander
State University ofNew York at Buffalo

Effects of Mass Communication 539

CHAPTER 23
Donald F. Roberts
Stanford University
Nathan Maccoby
Stanford University

Intergroup Relations 599

CHAPTER 24
Walter G. Stephan
New Mexico State University

Public Opinion and Polical Action 659

CHAPTER 25
Donald R. Kinder
University of Michigan
David 0. Sears
University of California, Los Angeles

Social Deviance 743

CHAPTER 26
Dane Archer
University of California, Santa Cruz
 Contents xv

The Application of Social Psychology 805

CHAPTER 27
Judith Rodin
Yale University

Personality and Social Behavior 883

~ CHAPTER 28
Mark Snyder
University ofMinnesota
William Ickes
University of Texas at Arlington

Social Psychological Aspects of Environmental Psychology 949

CHAPTER 29
John M. Darley
Princeton University
Daniel T. Gilbert
Princeton University

Cultural Psychology 993

CHAPTER 30
D. R. Price-Williams
University of California, Los Angeles
 VOLUME I

THE HANDBOOK OF
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
FOURTH EDITION

Daniel T. Gilbert
Harvard University

Susan T. Fiske
University of Massachusetts
at Amherst

Gardner Lindzey
Center for Advanced Study in the
Behavioral Sciences

The McGRAW-HILL Companies, Inc.

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THE HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

VOLUME I

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The handbook of social psychology I [edited by] Daniel Gilbert, Susan
Fiske, Gardner Lindzey. - 4th ed.
p. em.
Previous ed. edited by Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-19-521376-9 (v. 1 and v. 2)
1. Social psychology. I. Gilbert, Daniel. II. Fiske, Susan T.
ill. Lindzey, Gardner.
HM25l.H224 1998
302-dc21 97-5436
 CONTENTS

VOLUME I ChapterS

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION xi MEASUREMENT 180

PREFACE TO THE TIDRD EDITION xiii Charles M. Judd, University of Colorado
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xvi Gary H. McClelland, University of Colorado
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xviii
Chapter6

PART ONE
DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 233
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
David A. Kenny, University of Connecticut
Deborah A. Kashy, Texas A&M University
Chapter 1
Niall Bolger, New York University

MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN FIVE DECADES OF SOCIAL

PART THREE
PSYCHOLOGY 3 INTRAPERSONAL PHENOMENA
Edward E. Jones, Princeton University
Chapter7
Chapter2

ATTITUDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 269

THE SOCIAL BEING IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 58 Alice H . Eagly, Northwestern University
Shelley E. Taylor, University of California, Los Angeles Shelly Chaiken, New York University

PART TWO ChapterS

METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
ATTITUDE CHANGE: MULTIPLE ROLES FOR PERSUASION
Chapter3 VARIABLES 323
Richard E . Petty, The Ohio State University
EXPERIMENTATION IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 99 Duane T. Wegener, Purdue University
Elliot Aronson, University of California, Santa Cruz
Timothy D. Wilson, University of Virginia Chapter9
Marilynn B . Brewer, The Ohio State University
MENTAL REPRESENTATION AND MEMORY 391
Chapter4 Eliot R. Smith, Purdue University

J.. SURVEY METHODS 143 Chapter 10

Norbert Schwarz, University of Michigan
Robert M. Groves, University of Michigan and CONTROL AND AUTOMATICITY IN SOCIAL LIFE 446
University of Maryland Daniel M. Wegner, University of Virginia
Howard Schuman, University of Michigan John A. Bargh, New York University

vii
viii Contents

Chapter 11 VOLUME II

BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING AND JuDGMENT 497

Robyn M. Dawes, Carnegie Mellon University
PART FIVE
INTERPERSONAL PHENOMENA

Chapter 12
Chapter 18

MOTIVATION 549 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 3

Thane S. Pittman, Gettysburg College Bella M. DePaulo, University of Virginia
Howard S. Friedman, University of California,
Riverside
Chapter 13

Chapter 19
EMOTIONS 591
Robert B. Zajonc, Stanford University
LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 41
Robert M. Krauss, Columbia University
Chi-Yue Chiu, University of Hong Kong
PART FOUR
PERSONAL PHENOMENA Chapter 20

Chapter 14 ORDINARY PERSONOLOGY 89

Daniel T. Gilbert, Harvard University
UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR:
A FUNCTIONALIST STRATEGY 635
Chapter21
Mark Snyder, University of Minnesota
Nancy Cantor, University of Michigan
SOCIAL INFLUENCE: SOCIAL NORMS, CONFORMITY, AND
COMPLIANCE 151
Robert B. Cialdini, Arizona State University
Chapter 15
Melanie R. Trost, Arizona State University
THE SELF 680 Chapter 22
Roy F. Baumeister, Case Western Reserve University
ATTRACTION AND CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 193
Ellen Berscheid, University of Minnesota
Chapter 16
Harry T. Reis, University of Rochester
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD
AND ADULTHOOD 741
Chapter23
Diane N. Ruble, New York University
Jacqueline J. Goodnow, MacQuarie University ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR 282
C. Daniel Batson, University of Kansas

Chapter 17 Chapter 24

GENDER 788 AGGRESSION AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 317

Kay Deaux, City University of New York Russell G. Geen, University of Missouri
Marianne LaFrance, Boston College
Chapter25
INDEXES
Name 829 STEREOTYPING, PREJUDICE, AND DISCRIMINATION 357
Subject 855 Susan T. Fiske, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
 Contents ix

PART SIX Chapter33

COLLECTIVE PHENOMENA
UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONS: CONCEPTS AND
Chapter 26 CONTROVERSIES 733
Jeffrey Pfeffer, Stanford University
SMALL GROUPS 415
John M. Levine, University of Pittsburgh
Chapter34
Richard L. Moreland, University of Pittsburgh

Chapter27 OPINION AND ACTION IN THE REALM OF POLITICS 778

Donald R. Kinder, University of Michigan
SociAL CoNFLICT 470
Dean G. Pruitt, State University of New York at Buffalo Chapter35

Chapter 28 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND WORLD POLITICS 868

Philip E. Tetlock, The Ohio State University
SOCIAL STIGMA 504
Jennifer Crocker, University of Michigan
Brenda Major, University of California at Santa Barbara PART EIGHT
Claude Steele, Stanford University EMERGING PERSPECTIVES

Chapter29 Chapter 36

INTERGROUP RELATIONS 554 THE CULTURAL MATRIX OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 915

Marilynn B. Brewer, The Ohio State University Alan Page Fiske, University of California, Los Angeles
Rupert J. Brown, University of Kent at Canterbury Shinobu Kitayama, Kyoto University
Hazel Rose Markus, Stanford University
Chapter30 Richard E. Nisbett, University of Michigan

SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 595

Chapter37
Tom R. Tyler, University of California, Berkeley
Heather J. Smith, Sonoma State University
EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 982
PART SEVEN David M. Buss, University of Texas, Austin
INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES Douglas T. Kenrick, Arizona State University

Chapter31 INDEXES
Name 1027
HEALTH BEHAVIOR 633 Subject 1075
Peter Salovey, Yale University
Alexander J. Rothman, University of Minnesota
Judith Rodin, University of Pennsylvania

Chapter32

PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 684

Phoebe C. Ellsworth, University of Michigan
Robert Mauro, University of Oregon

.
HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Fifth Edition

Volume 1

Edited by

SUSAN T. FISKE
DANIEL T. GILBERT
GARDNER LINDZEY

~
WILEY

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Library of Co11gress Catalogillg-ill-Publicatioll Data:

Handbook of social psychology I edited by Susan T. Fiske, Daniel T. Gilbert, & Gardner Lindzey. -5th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-13747-5 (set)-ISBN 978-0-470-13748-2 (v. I : cloth)--ISBN 978-0-470-13749-9 (v. 2 :cloth) I. Social psychology. I. Fiske, Susan T.
II. Gilbert, Daniel Todd. Ill. Lindzey, Gardner.

HMIOII.H372010
302--dc22
2009023126

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Contents

PREFACE

CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME I
Part 1: The Science of Social Psychology

1.1 HISTORY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: INSIGHTS, CHALLENGES,

AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THEORY AND APPLICATION 3
Lee Ross, Mark Lepper, and Andrew Ward

2.1 THE ART OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION 51

Timothy D. Wilson , Elliot Aronson, and Kevin Carlsmith

3.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS OUTSIDE THE LABORATORY 82

Harry T. Reis and Samuel D. Gosling

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: RECENT AND

RECURRING ISSUES 115
Charles M. Judd and David A. Kenny

Part II: The Social Being

s.l SOCIAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

Matthew D. Lieberman
143

6.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EMBODIMENT 194

Jim Blascovich and Wendy Berry Mendes

7.1 AUTOMATICITY AND THE UNCONSCIOUS 228

Ap Dijksterhuis

8.1 MOTIVATION 268

John A. Bargh, Peter M. Gollwitzer, and Gabriele Oettingen

9.1 EMOTION 317

Dacher Keltner and Jennifer S. Lerner
viii Contents

10.1 ATTITUDES 353

Mahzarin R. Banaji and Larisa Heiphetz

11.1 ATTITUDES AND PERSUASION: FROM BIOLOGY TO SOCIAL RESPONSES

TO PERSUASIVE INTENT 394
Dolores Albarracin and Patrick Vargas

12.1 PERCEIVING PEOPLE 428

C. Neil Macrae and Susanne Quadflieg

13.1 NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 464

Nalini Ambady and Max Weisbuch

14.1 MIND PERCEPTION 498

Nicholas Epley and Adam Waytz

15.1 JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 542

Thomas D. Gilovich and Dale W. Griffin

16. I SELF AND IDENTITY 589

William B. Swann, Jr. and Jennifer K. Bosson

17.1 GENDER 629

Wendy Wood and Alice H. Eagly

18.1 PERSONALITY IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 668

David C. Funder and Lisa A. Fast

19.1 HEALTH 698

Shelley E. Taylor

20.1 EXPERIMENTAL EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY: COPING WITH

THE FACTS OF LIFE 724
Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, Sander Koole, and Sheldon Solomon

VOLUME2
Part III: The Social World

21.1 EVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 761

Steven L. Neuberg, Douglas T. Kenrick, and Mark Schaller

22.1 MORALITY 797

Jonathan Haidt and Selin Kesebir

23.1 AGGRESSION 833

Brad J. Bushman and L. Rowell Huesmann

24.1 AFFILIATION, ACCEPTANCE, AND BELONGING: THE PURSUIT

OF INTERPERSONAL CONNECTION 864
Mark R. Leary
 Contents ix

25.1 CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS 898

Margaret S. Clark and Edward P. Lemay, Jr.

26.1 INTERPERSONAL STRATIFICATION: STATUS, POWER, AND SUBORDINATION 941

Susan T. Fiske

27.1 SOCIAL CONFLICT: THE EMERGENCE AND CONSEQUENCES

OF STRUGGLE AND NEGOTIATION 983
Carsten K. W. De Dreu

28.1 INTERGROUP RELATIONS 1024

Vincent Yzerbyt and Stephanie Demoulin

29.1 INTERGROUP BIAS 1084

John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner

30.1 SOCIAL JUSTICE: HISTORY, THEORY, AND RESEARCH 1122

John T. Jost and Aaron C. Kay

31.1 INFLUENCE AND LEADERSHIP 1166

Michael A. Hogg

32.1 GROUP BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE 1208

J. Richard Hackman and Nancy Katz

33.1 ORGANIZATIONAL PREFERENCES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES 1252

Deborah H. Gruenfeld and Larissa Z. Tiedens

34.1 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 1288

Jon A Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and Joshua Harder

35.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 1343

Margaret Bull Kovera and Eugene Borgida

36.1 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE: WORDS, UTTERANCES,

AND CONVERSATIONS 1386
Thomas Holtgraves

37.1 CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 1423

Steven J. Heine

AUTHOR INDEX I-1

SUBJECT INDEX I-85