KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

RANCHI REGION

STUDY MATERIAL

CLASS XII

SUBJECT- PHYSICS
TERM 2 (2021-22)

COMPILED BY
K.V. NO. 1 BOKARO
 CONTENT CONTRIBUTED BY

Sl No. Topic Name of Teacher Name of K. V.

01. Electromagnetic waves Sh. Abhishek Sharma Surda
Sh. Prateek Kumar Latehar
02. Ray Optics and Optical Instrument Sh. U. C. Mandal Hinoo, Ranchi
Sh. Manish Roy Deepatoli, Ranchi
03. Wave optics Sh. B. K. Jha HEC, Ranchi
Sh. P. K. Singh HEC, Ranchi
04. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Sh. V. N. Singh Bokaro Thermal
Sh. S. N. Singh Chandrapura
05. Atoms Sh. K. S. Singh Hinoo, Ranchi
Sh. K. S. Jeet Patratu
06. Nuclei Dr. Nidhi Rani No. 1, Dhanbad
Sh. S. K. Singh Gomoh
07. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials Ms. Romola Soreng Tata Nagar
Devices and Simple Circuits Md. S. R. Khan Tata Nagar
08. Practice Set Sh. J. K. Sinha CRPF, Ranchi
Md. M. Alam No. 3, Bokaro
 Class XII Syllabus assigned for Term
II (Theory)
Time: 2 Hours Max Marks: 35

No of Periods Marks
Unit–V Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves 02

Unit–VI Optics 17
Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 18

Chapter–10: Wave Optics

Unit–VII Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 07

11
Unit–VIII Atoms and Nuclei
Chapter–12: Atoms 11

Chapter–13: Nuclei
Unit–IX Electronic Devices
Chapter–14: Semiconductor -Electronics: Materials,
7
Devices and Simple Circuits 07

Total 45 35

Unit V: Electromagnetic waves 2 Periods

Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma
rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI: Optics 18Periods

Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray Optics: Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibers, refraction
at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker's formula, magnification, power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism.

Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their
magnifying powers.

Chapter–10: Wave Optics

Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane
surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle.
Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and
sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 7
Periods Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's

photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

Experimental study of photoelectric effect

Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation

Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei 11Periods

Chapter–12: Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen
spectrum.

Chapter–13: Nuclei Composition and size of nucleus Nuclear force Mass-energy relation, mass defect,
nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices 7 Periods

Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits Energy bands in
conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only) Semiconductor diode - I-V
characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; Special purpose p-n junction diodes:
LED, photodiode, solar cell.
 Syllabus Assigned for Practical for Term II
Total Periods: 16

The second term practical examination will be organized by schools as per the directions of CBSE and
viva will be taken by both internal and external observers. The record to be submitted by the
students at the time of second term examination has to include a record of at least 4 Experiments and
3 Activities to be demonstrated by teacher.

Evaluation Scheme
Time Allowed: one and half hours Max. Marks: 15

Two experiments to be performed by students at time of examination 8 marks

Practical record [experiments and activities] 2 marks
Viva on experiments, and activities 5 marks
Total 15 marks

Experiments assigned for Term-II

1. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u
and1/v.
2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.

OR

To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.

3. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of
incidence and angle of deviation.
4. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
5. To find refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens and plane mirror.
6. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward bias and reverse bias.

Activities assigned for Term-II

1. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
2. Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and
check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.
3. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
5. To observe polarization of light using two Polaroids.
 6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
7. To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, (ii) concave mirror, on a
screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).
8. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set
of lenses.

Chapter – 8

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

SUMMARY
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
» Waves that can travel through vacuum of outer space and do not need the presence of
material medium for transporting energy from one location to another.
»EM waves are produced by accelerated charged particles.
» The electric and magnetic fields produced by accelerated charge change with time, which
radiate electromagnetic waves.
Example:
»Electron jumping from its outer to inner orbits radiates EM waves.
»Electrical oscillations in LC circuit produce EM waves.
» Electric sparking generates EM waves.
Characteristics of EM waves:
»EM waves are propagated as electric and magnetic fields oscillating in mutually perpendicular
directions.
»EM waves travel in vacuum along a straight line with the velocity of 3 × 108 m/s.
»EM waves are not affected by electric and magnetic fields.
»Relation between electric and magnetic field components is:

Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves

» In electromagnetic wave, electric and magnetic field vectors are perpendicular to each other
in the direction of propagation of wave which shows its transverse nature.

» A plane EM wave travelling in the x-direction is of the form:

E(x, t) = Emaxcos (kx – wt + Ø)
 B(x, t) = Bmaxcos (kx – wt + Ø)
where, E = electric field vector, B = magnetic field vector

In this, wave propagates along z-axis, the electric and magnetic field propagation will be:
E = E0 sin (kz – wt)
B = B0 sin (kz – wt)

Electromagnetic Spectrum
»Classification of EM-waves is based on their frequency or wavelength range.
»EM radiations are classified as per the frequency and wavelength of wave such as radio
waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-ray and gamma rays.

» Electromagnetic waves require no medium to travel or propagate.

» Varying electric and magnetic fields are the sources of electromagnetic waves.
»Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves which are characterized by their amplitude,
wavelength, or distance between highest/lowest points.
»In electromagnetic waves, a crest is the highest point of the wave and though the lowest point
of wave in a cycle.

Electromagnetic spectrum is divided into following regions:

The electromagnetic spectrum is the distribution of electromagnetic radiations in terms of
frequency, wavelength.
 Applications of Electromagnetic waves
S.no Type Wavelength Production Applications
range
1 Radio > 0.1 m Rapid acceleration Radio and television
and decelerations communication systems.
of electrons.

2 Microwave 0.1m to 1 Klystron valve or Microwave oven, RADAR

mm magnetron valve systems used in Aircraft
navigation.
3 Infra-red 1mm to 700 Vibration of atoms Remote controls,
nm and molecules. Greenhouse effect, Infrared
lamps for Physical therapy.
Wireless LANS

4 Light 700 nm to Electrons in atoms Photographic plates and

400 nm emit light when photocells
they move from
one energy level
to a lower energy
level
5 Ultraviolet 400 nm to Inner shell Photocells, Kill bacteria and
1nm electrons in germs
atoms moving
from one energy
level to a lower
level
6 X-rays 1nm to 10–3 X-ray tubes or X-ray images in medical
nm inner shell field, Gieger tubes, Ionization
electrons chamber
7 Gamma <10–3 nm Radioactive decay In medical ( cancer cell
rays of the nucleus killing)
 CONCEPT MAP

QUESTIONS

Very short answer type questions: (1M)

Q1 What is the source of electromagnetic wave?
Ans An accelerated charge is the source of electromagnetic wave.
Q2 How is the speed of EM waves in vacuum determined by the electric and magnetic
fields?
Ans The speed of the EM waves is determined by the ratio of the peak values of electric and
magnetic field vectors.
Q3 Name the electromagnetic waves used for (a) Water purification (b) eye surgery.
Ans (a) Ultra violet rays.
(b) Ultra violet rays or laser.
Q4 Why are the infrared rays often called as the heat waves? Explain.
Ans Infrared rays are readily absorbed by the water molecules in most of the substances and
hence increases their thermal motion.
Q5 Why are microwaves considered suitable for radar system used in aircraft
navigation?
Ans Due to their short wavelengths.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Q6 In electromagnetic waves, the phase difference between magnetic field vector and
electric
Field vectors is
(A) Zero (B) π
(C) π/4 (D) π/2
Q7 From Maxwell’s hypothesis, a changing electric field gives rise to
(A) an electric field (B) an induced emf
(C) a magnetic field (D) a magnetic torque
Q8 In vacuum the physical property that remains the same for microwave of wavelength
1mm and
UV radiations 1600 Å is
(A) Wavelength (B) Frequency
(C) Speed (D) none of the above
Q9 Proper arrangement of Gamma rays, Microwave, IR wave and UV rays in descending
order of frequency is
(A) Gamma rays > UV rays > IR rays > Microwave
(B) Microwave > IR rays > UV rays > Gamma rays
(C) UV rays > Gamma rays > Microwave> IR rays
(D) IR rays> UV rays > Microwave > Gamma rays
Q10 Electromagnetic wave having frequency 5 x 1011 Hz is
(A) Ultraviolet wave (B) Radio wave
(C) Microwave (D) X-rays

Answer key
Q6 (A) Q7(C) Q8(C) Q9(A) Q10(C)

Assertion and Reason type questions:

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R).
Mark the correct choice as:
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Q11 Assertion (A): Electromagnetic radiation exerts pressure.

Reason (R): Electromagnetic waves carry momentum and energy.
Ans. Option (B) is correct.

Q12 Assertion (A): Electromagnetic wave does not require any medium to travel.
Reason (R): Electromagnetic wave cannot travel through any medium.
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q13 Assertion (A): X-ray travels with the speed of light.
Reason(R): X-ray is an e.m. wave.
Ans. Option (A) is correct

Q14 Assertion (A): Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves having the smallest wavelength.
Reason (R): Gamma rays are having the lowest frequency.
Ans. Option (C) is correct

Q15 Case study based Question:

Microwave oven:
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation contains a part known as microwaves. These waves
have frequency and energy smaller than visible light and wavelength larger than it. What is the
principle of a microwave oven and how does it work? Our objective is to cook food or warm it
up. All food items such as fruit, vegetables, meat, cereals, etc., contain water as a constituent.
Now, what does it mean when we say that a certain object has become warmer? When the
temperature of a body rises, the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules increases
and the molecules travel or vibrate or rotate with higher energies. The frequency of rotation of
water molecules is about 2.45 gigahertz (GHz). If water receives microwaves of this frequency,
its molecules absorb this radiation, which is equivalent to heating up water. These molecules
share this energy with neighbouring food molecules, heating up the food. One should use
porcelain vessels and non metal containers in a microwave oven because of the danger of
getting a shock from accumulated electric charges. Metals may also melt from heating. The
porcelain container remains unaffected and cool, because its large molecules vibrate and rotate
with much smaller frequencies, and thus cannot absorb microwaves. Hence, they do not get
eaten up. Thus, the basic principle of a microwave oven is to generate microwave radiation of
appropriate frequency in the working space of the oven where we keep food. This way energy is
not wasted in heating up the vessel. In the conventional heating method, the vessel on the
burner gets heated first and then the food inside gets heated because of transfer of energy from
the vessel. In the microwave oven, on the other hand, energy is directly delivered to water
molecules which is shared by the entire food.

(i). As compared to visible light microwave microwave has frequency and energy:
(A) more than visible light.
(B) less than visible light.
(C) equal to visible light.
(D) Frequency is less but energy is more.

(ii) When the temperature of a body rises:

(A) the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules increases.
(B) the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules decreases.
(C) the energy of the random motion of atoms and molecules remains same.
(D) the random motion of atoms and molecules becomes streamlined.
(iii) The frequency of rotation of water molecules is about:
(A) 2.45 MHz. (B) 2.45 kHz.
(C) 2.45 GHz. (D) 2.45 THz
(iv) Why should one use porcelain vessels and nonmetal containers in a microwave
oven?
(A) Because it will get too much hot.
(B) Because it may crack due to high frequency.
(C) Because it will prevent the food items to become hot.
(D) Because of the danger of getting a shock from accumulated electric charges.

(v) In the microwave oven,

(A) energy is directly delivered to water molecules which is shared by the entire food.
(B) the vessel gets heated first, and then the food grains inside.
(C) the vessel gets heated first and then the water molecules collect heat from the body of the
vessel.
(D) energy is directly delivered to the food grains.

Answer key

(i)(B) (ii) (A) (iii) (C) (iv) (D) (v) (A)

Short answer type questions (2M)

Q16 Name the electromagnetic radiation to which waves of wavelength in the range of 10 -
2 m belong. Give one use of this part of EM spectrum.

Ans: Name of the part: Microwave

Applications :
1. It is used in radar communication.
2. It is used in microwave ovens.
3. It is also used in analysis of fine details of molecular and atomic structure.

Q17 Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum which is suitable for

1. radar systems used in aircraft navigation
2. treatment of cancer tumours.
Ans: Micro-waves
Gamma-rays.
Q18 Arrange the following electromagnetic radiations in ascending order of their
frequencies:
(i) Microwave
(ii) Radiowave
(iii) X-rays
(iv) Gamma rays
Write two uses of any one of these.
Ans: In ascending order of their frequencies :
Radiowave < Microwave < X-rays < Gamma rays.
Two uses of microwaves are :
1. In microwave ovens.
2. In aircraft navigation.

Q19 How are infrared waves produced? Why are these referred to as ‘heat waves’?
Write their one important use.
Ans: Infrared rays are produced by hot bodies and molecules. This may
involve vibration and
bending of molecules. Infrared band lies adjacent to low-frequency or long-
wavelength end
of the visible spectrum. Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat
 waves.
Use: Infrared rays are used to take photographs in darkness. These are also
used to study
secret writing. They are also used in physical therapy.

Q20 (a) An em wave is travelling in a medium with a velocity v=𝒗⃗ 𝒊̂. Draw a sketch
showing the
propagation of the em wave, indicating the direction of the oscillating electric and
magnetic
fields.(b) How are the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields related to the
velocity
of the em wave?
Ans:

Q21(a) Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in the descending order of their
wavelengths:
1. Microwaves
2. Infra-red rays
3. Ultra-violet radiation
4. Gamma rays
(b) Write one use each of any two of them.
Ans: (a) Arrangement:
1. Microwaves
2. Infra-red rays
3. Ultra-violet radiation
4. Gamma rays
(b) Uses :
1. Microwaves are used in radar system.
2. Infra-red rays are used for protecting dehydrated fruits.
3. Ultra-violet rays are used in the study of molecular structure.
4. Gamma rays are used to kill micro-organisms in food industry.

Q22 Name the types of e.m. radiations which

1. are used in destroying cancer cells,
2. cause tanning of the skin and
3. maintain the earth’s warmth.
Write briefly a method of producing any one of these waves.
Ans:
1. γ-rays
2. Ultraviolet rays
3. Infrared rays

Mode of production
γ-rays are produced by radioactive decay of nucleus.
Ultraviolet rays are produced when inner shell electrons in atoms move from one energy level
to an other energy level.
Infrared rays are produced due to vibration of atoms and molecules.

Q23 Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths vary as

(a) 10-12 < λ < 10-8 m
(b) 10-3 m < X < 10-1 m
Write one use for each.
Ans: (a) X-rays—Used in medical science for the purpose of detection of fractures, stones in
gall bladder, stones in kidney etc.
(b) Microwaves—Used in radar systems for aircraft navigation.

Q24 (a) Name the em waves which are used for the treatment of certain forms of cancer.
Write their frequency range.
(b) Thin ozone layer on top of stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?
(c) Why is the amount of the momentum transferred by the em waves incident on the
surfrace so small?
a) Gamma (γ) rays are used for the treatment of certain forms of cancer. Their frequency range
is 1018 Hz to 1022 Hz.
(b) The thin ozone layer on top of stratosphere absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet rays
coming from the Sun towards the Earth. They include UVA, UVB and UVC radiations, which can
destroy the life system on the Earth.
Hence, this layer is crucial for human survival.
(c) The amount of the momentum transferred by the em waves incident on the surface is very small,
because of small value of planks constant.

Q25 Answer the following questions :

(a) Name the em waves which are produced during radioactive decay of a nucleus. Write
their frequency range.
(b) Welders wear special glass goggles while working. Why? Explain.
(c) Why are infrared waves often called as heat waves? Give their one application.
Ans: (a) γ-rays; Frequency range : 1018 Hz to 1022 Hz
(b) Because to protect eyes from intense ultra-violet radiations produced during welding; and
also to protect from glare and flying sparks.
(c) Because infrared waves are em waves of higher wavelength (less frequency) and are
produced by highly vibrating molecules of hot bodies.
 Part- B
Short Answer Questions Marks- 3

1.How are e.m. waves produced by oscillating charges?

Draw a sketch of linearly polarized e.m. waves propagating in the x-direction. Indicate the
directions of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
2. Answer the following questions:
(a) Name the e.m. waves which are suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation. Write
the range of frequency of these waves.
(b) If the Earth did not have atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or
lower than what it is now? Explain.
(c) An e.m. wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify.
3.For a plane electromagnetic wave, propagating along the Z-axis, write the two (possible) pairs
of expression for its oscillating electric and magnetic fields. How are the peak values of these
(oscillating) fields related to each other?
How do you show that the e.m. wave carries energy and momentum?
4. Name the electromagnetic waves with their frequency range, produced in (a) some
radioactive decay (b) sparks during electric welding (c) TV remote
5. Name the type of EM waves having a wavelength range of 0.1 m to 1 mm. How are these
waves generated? Write their two uses.
6. Prove that the average energy density of the oscillating electric field is equal to that of the
oscillating magnetic field.
7. Identify the following electromagnetic radiations as per the wavelengths given below. Write
one application of each.
(a) 1 mm
(b) 10-12 m
(c) 10-8 m
8. Which segment of electromagnetic waves has highest frequency? How are these waves
produced? Give one use of these waves. (ii) Which e.m. waves lie near the high frequency end
of visible part of e.m. spectrum? Give its one use. In what way this component of light has
harmful effects on humans?
9. Electromagnetic waves with wavelength (i) λ1 is used in satellite communication. (ii) λ2 is
used to kill germs in water purifies. (iii) λ3 is used to detect leakage of oil in underground
pipelines. (iv) λ4 is used to improve visibility in runways during fog and mist conditions. (a)
Identify and name the part of electromagnetic spectrum to which these radiations belong. (b)
Arrange these wavelengths in ascending order of their magnitude. (c) Write one more
application of each.
10. Professor C.V Raman surprised his students by suspending freely a tiny light ball in a
transparent vacuum chamber by shining a laser beam on it. Which property of EM waves was
he exhibiting? Give one more example of this property.

Numericals Marks -3
1. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in free space along the x-
direction. At a particular point in space and time, E = 6.3 j V/m. What is B at this point?
2. 3 The magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by B y = (2 × 10–7) T sin
(0.5×103 x+1.5×1011t). (a) What is the wavelength and frequency of the wave? (b) Write
an expression for the electric field.
3. Light with an energy flux of 18 W/cm2 falls on a non reflecting surface at normal
incidence. If the surface has an area of 20 cm2 , find the average force exerted on the
surface during a 30 minute time span.
4. Calculate the electric and magnetic fields produced by the radiation coming from a 100 W
bulb at a distance of 3 m. Assume that the efficiency of the bulb is 2.5% and it is a point
source.
5. Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is E 0 = 120 N/C and
that its frequency is ν = 50.0 MHz. (a) Determine, B0 ,ω, k, and λ. (b) Find expressions for
E and B.

6. In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a frequency of

2.0 × 1010 Hz and amplitude 48 V m–1 .
(a) What is the wavelength of the wave?
(b) What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field?
(c) Show that the average energy density of the E field equals the average energy
density of the B field. [c = 3 × 108 m s–1.]

7. Find the wavelength of electromagnetic waves of frequency in free space.

Give two applications of the type of wave.

8. The electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave in vacuum is represented by.

Ex = 0, Ey = 0.5 cos and Ez = 0

(a) What is the direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave?
(b) Determine the wavelength of the wave?
(c) Compute the component of associated magnetic field?

9. A radio can tune in to any station in the 7.5 MHz to 12 MHz band. What is the
corresponding wavelength band.
10. A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position with a frequency of 10 9
Hz. What is the frequency of the electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator? Also
calculate its wavelength .

Model Answers
Short Answers
1.Production of electromagnetic waves Accelerated charge produces an oscillating electric field
which produces an oscillating magnetic field, which is a source of oscillating.
2. Microwaves are suitable for the radar system used in aircraft navigation. Range of frequency
of microwaves is 108 Hz to 1011 Hz. (b) If the Earth did not have atmosphere, then there would
be absence of greenhouse effect of the atmosphere. Due to this reason, the temperature of the
earth would be lower than what it is now. (c) An e.m. wave carries momentum with itself and
given by P = Energy of wave /(U) Speed of the wave (c) When it is incident upon a surface it
exerts pressure on it.
3. For the e.m. wave, propagating along the z-axis, we have

The two possible forms for electric and magnetic fields are :

The peak values of these two fields are related by

4. a) Gamma Rays , b) UV rays c) IR

6.

Where c = Erms/Brms and c= .

10. electromagnetic wave also carries energy and momentum. Since, it carries momentum, an
electromagnetic wave also exerts pressure called radiation pressure. This property of
electromagnetic waves helped professor C V Raman surprised his students by suspending
freely a tiny light ball in a transparent vacuum chamber by shining a laser beam on it.

Numericals
1. B=E/c , Direction of EXB is direction of propagation of wave.
2.

Calculate wavelength , time period and hence frequency

Use E/B = c and write general equation of electric field in z direction.
3.

4.

5. Ans. Electric field amplitude, = 120 N/C

Frequency of source, = 50.0 MHz =
Speed of light, c = m/s
(a) Magnitude of magnetic field strength is given as:

Angular frequency of source is given as:

=

Propagation constant is given as:

 Wavelength of wave is given as:

(b) Suppose the wave is propagating in the positive x direction. Then, the electric field vector
will be in the positive y direction and the magnetic field vector will be in the
positive z direction. This is because all three vectors are mutually perpendicular.
Equation of electric field vector is given as:

And, magnetic field vector is given as:

6.

Ans. Frequency of the electromagnetic wave,

Electric field amplitude,

Speed of light, c =
(a) Wavelength of a wave is given as:

(b) Magnetic field strength is given as:

10. Frequency of EM wave will be similar to frequency of oscillator .

 9. RAY OPTICS
PART-A
GIST
* Laws of reflection:
i.The incident ray, reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane.
ii.The angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection.
* New Cartesian sign convention for spherical mirrors:
i.All the distances are measured from pole of the mirror and height from the principal
axis.
ii.The distances measured in the direction of incident ray are positive and in opposite
direction of incident ray are negative.
iii.The heights measured upwards from principal axis are positive and downwards
negative.
• The relation between focal length and radius of curvature of spherical mirror
is f = R/2
• Mirror formula 1/v + 1/u =1/f where u is the object distance, v is the image
distance and f is the focal length.
• Linear magnification is ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.
Magnification .m =h2 /h1 = -v/u =(f-v)/f=f/(f-u)
• If m >1 then the image is magnified.
If m<1 then the image is diminished. If m=1 then the image is of the same size of the
object. If m is positive then the image is virtual and erect. If m is negative then the
image is real and inverted.

*REFRACTION
• The phenomenon of bending of light at the interface of two media when it
enters from one medium to another is called refraction of light.
• Laws of Refraction:
• Snell’s law of refraction: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence and sine of
angle of refraction is constant which is the refractive index of the medium
n=Sini/Sinr
• The ratio of speed of light in free space to that in medium is called absolute
refractive index of that medium. n = c/v
*The value of refractive index depends on (a)nature of Media of incidence and
refraction (b) temperature of the medium and (c)wavelength or colour of light.
λ1 .µ1 = λ 2 . µ2

• by the principle of reversibility of light we have aµb=1/bµa

• *Refractive index = real depth /Apparent depth

• condition for total internal reflection

i. Light ray must pass from denser to rarer medium
ii. Angle of incidence must be greater than the Critical Angle.
 µ=1/sin c.

• Critical Angle depends on a) the refractive index of two media b)colour

of light and ©temperature of the medium.

• Applications: Brilliance of diamond, totally reflecting prisms, Mirage,

Looming, Optical Fibre.

• field of vision of a fish :A fish inside water cannot see the the entire
surface of the pond instead it sees only a circular patch of light of radius
r= h/(µ2 -1)1/2

• For prism i+e =A + δ

• In minimum deviation i=e and r1 = r2

• Prism formula µ =Sin [(A + δm )/ 2] /SinA/2

• For a prism of small angle usually less than 100 we have

δ = (µ-1)A
* for a spherical refracting surface when the object lies in the rarer
medium refraction equation is
µ2 /v - µ1 /u =( µ2 - µ1 )/R
*lens formula 1/v - 1/u =1/f

• * the linear magnification produced by a lens is defined as the ratio of

the size of the image to the size of the object.
M =hi / ho =v/u=(f-v)/f =f/(f+u)

* Lens maker's formula 1/ f =(µ -1)(1/R1-1/R2)

for a double convex lens 1/ f =(µ -1)(1/R1+1/R2)

for a double Concave lens 1/ f =-(µ -1)(1/R1+1/R2)

*Power of lens P= 1/f= (µ -1)(1/R1-1/R2)

*Power of lens combination P= P1 +P2 +P3+....

P= P1 + P2 -XP1 P2

*When a lens is kept in a medium other than air The following Cases arise
i. In a medium having refractive index less than that of material of the lens but more than that of
air then the nature of the lens does not change only its focal length increases and power
decreases.

ii. If A lens is immersed in a medium having refractive index more than that of material of the
lens then the nature of the lens changes i.e. convex behavesas concave and vice versa .The
focal length of the lens may increase, decrease or remain the same.
iii.If the lens is immersed in a medium having refractive index equal to that of lens, then
a. The lens becomes invisible
b. behaves as plane glass plate
c. The focal length becomes infinity.
d.
In all the above cases the focal length can be calculated by the formula

fm/f0 = ( aµg -1) /( aµg / aµm -1)

*The magnifying power of a simple microscope is M= 1+D/f

*The magnifying power of compound microscope is M=M0 x Me

M= L/fo(1+D/fe )

The length of the microscope is L= v+ u

* The magnifying power of a telescope in normal adjustment is M= fo/fe

*When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision and then
M= fo/fe(1+fe /D)
 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Why a concave mirror is preferred for shaving?
Ans. Enlarged virtual image.

2.A convex lens is differentiated to n regions with different refractive indices. How
many images will be formed by the lens?
Ans. n images but less sharp.

3.Which of the following properties of light: Velocity, wavelength and frequency,

changes during the phenomenon (i) reflection (ii) refraction
Ans. (i) No change (ii) velocity, wavelength change)
4.How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary if the incident violet
light is replaced by red light ?
Ans. It decreases as δmα 1/λ

5.What are the two main considerations that have to keep in mind while designing the
objective of an astronomical telescope?

Ans.(i) large light gathering power

( ii) Higher resolution ( or resolving power)

6. Two beams of red and violet color are made to pass separately through a prism (angle
of the prism is 60°). In the position of minimum deviation, the angle of refraction will be

(i) 30° for both the colors (ii) greater for the violet color
(iii) greater for the red color (iv) equal but not 30° for both the colors

Ans.(i) 30° for both the colors

7. Digital movie projectors work on the principle of

(1) Reflection from micromirrors (2) Refraction from thin lenses

(3) Dispersion from thin prisms (4) Total internal reflection from optical fibres

Ans. (1) Reflection from micromirrors

8. An equiconvex lens of focal length 15 cm is cut vertically into two halves . Find the
focal length of each part?

a) -30cm (b) -20cm (c) 30cm (d) -15cm

Ans. (c) 30cm

9. Which of the following is possible application of fibre optics?

(1) Endoscopy (2) High speed internet traffic

(3) Radio, TV & Telephone signals (4) All of these

Ans. (4) All of these

10. A short pulse of white light is incident from air to glass slab at normal incidence. After
travelling through the slab, the first colour to emerge is
A. Violet B. Blue C. Red D. Green

Ans. C. Red
 CASE STUDY Astronomical Telescope
Astronomical telescope is made up of two lenses: objective lens and eyepiece separated
by a certain distance to see heavenly bodies. The focal length of the objective lens of
astronomical telescope is 80 cm and that of eye piece is 4 cm. The diameter of the moon
is 3.0x105 km and the distance of of the moon from the Earth is 3.75x108 km.

(11) The final image formed by the astronomical telescope is:

(a) Real and inverted (b) Virtual and inverted

(c) Real and erect. (d) Virtual and erect

Ans. (b) Virtual and inverted

(12) Magnifying power of the telescope is:

(a) 5 (b) 10 c) 15 (d) 20

Ans. (d) 20
(13) The length of the tube of the telescope is:

(a) 76 cm. (b) 86 cm (c) 7.6 m. (d) 84 cm

Ans. (d) 84 cm

(14) Angular size of the image of the moon is:

(a) 0.05 ° (b) 0.01° (c) 0.1°. (d) 1°

Ans. (a) 0.05 °

(15) The magnifying power of telescope can be increased by using:

(a) Objective of large focal length. (b) Objective of small focal length

(c) Eye lens of large focal length. (d) All the above

Ans. (a) Objective of large focal length.

ASSERTION AND REASONING

OPTIONS:
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.

(B) Both Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.

(D) Assertion is false, reason is true.

16. Assertion (A): Air bubbles shine in water.

Reason (R): Air bubbles shine in water due to total internal reflection of light.

17. Assertion: If the angles of the base of the prism are equal, then in the position of
minimum deviation, the refracted ray will pass parallel to the base of prism.

Reason: In the case of minimum deviation, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle
of emergence.

18.Assertion : Spherical aberration occur in lenses of larger aperture.

Reason : The two rays, paraxial and marginal rays focus at different points.
19.Assertion: flat bottom of water tank appears concave.

Reason: Apparent depth decreases with increasing obliquity

20. Assertion (A): A single lens produces a coloured image of an object illuminated by
white light.

Reason (R):The refractive index of the material of lens is different for different
wavelengths of light.

ANS:

16.A 17.A 18.A 19.A 20.A

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Using the mirror formula show that a virtual image is obtained when an object is
placed in between the principal focus and pole of the concave mirror.
Ans. 1/v = 1 /u - 1/ f u<f v is +ve.

2. what is total internal reflection? Write its conditions.Mention some application of

TIR.
Ans. The Phenomenon of reflection of light completely in to the denser medium without
refraction in to rarer medium is called Total Internal Reflection.
• When a ray of light travels from denser to rarer medium and if the angle of
incidence is greater than critical angle, the ray of light is reflected back to the denser
medium. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection. n=1/SinC
• Conditions for TIR:
(i)The light must propagate from optically denser medium to optically rarer medium.
(ii)The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than critical angle
of incidence for the given pair of media.
Applications: Brilliance of diamond, totally reflecting prisms, Mirage, Looming, Optical
Fibre.
 3.Sun glasses are made up of curved surfaces. But the power of the sun glass
is zero. Why?
Ans. It is convex concave combination of same powers. So net power zero .

4.. Two thin lenses when in contact produce a net power of +10D. If they are at
0.25m apart, the net power falls to +6 D. Find the focal lengths of the two lenses
Ans. P= P1 + P2 -XP1 P2
( 0.125m, 0.5m)

5.Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation in a compound

microscope.

Ans.
6. Draw a labelled ray diagram for refracting type Astronomical telescope.
7. . Draw a labelled ray diagram for Newtonian type reflecting telescope.

8. . In case of refraction through glass prism show that i+e=A+d.

Ans.

9. You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as an
eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope?
Lens Power (P) Aperture (A)
L1 3D 8 cm
L2 6D 1 cm
L3 10D 1 cm

Ans- The objective of an astronomical telescope should have the

maximum diameter and its eyepiece should have maximum power.
Hence, L1 could be used as an objective and L3 could be used as
eyepiece.

10.Draw ray diagram for the image formed by Cassegrainian telescope (reflecting type).
Ans.

PART-B
LONG ANSWER- I (3 MARKS)
1.Three light rays red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on a right angled prism ‘abc’ at
face ‘ab’. The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue wavelengths
are 1. 39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Out of the three which colour ray will emerge out of face
‘ac’? Justify your answer. Trace the path of these rays after passing through face ‘ab’.3
ANS:Angle of incidence at face ac for all three colours, i = 45° Refractive index corresponding to
critical angle 45° is

The ray will be transmitted through face ‘ ac’ if i < ic . This condition is satisfied for red colour (μ=
1. 39). So only red ray will be transmitted, Blue and Green rays will be totally reflected.

2. State the conditions under which total internal reflection occurs.

One face of a prism with a refracting angle of 30° is coated with silver. A ray incident on
another face at an angle of 45° is refracted and reflected from the silver coated face and
retraces its path. Find the refractive index of the material of the prism.

(i) The conditions for total internal reflection are

(a) The ray must travel from a denser into a rarer medium.
(b) The angle of incidence i > critical angle C.
(ii) Numerical: Given A = 30°
When ray is incident normally on the other face, it retraces its path, so r2 = 0.
3.Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope.
Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment. Write two basic
features which can distinguish between a telescope and a compound microscope.

Astronomical Telescope: Magnifying power of astronomical telescope in normal

adjustment is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the
angle subtended at the eye, by the object directly, when the final image and the object both lie
at infinite distance from the eye.
4. Draw a schematic diagram of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain). Write two important
advantages that the reflecting telescope has over a refracting type.

Advantages : (i) It is free from chromatic aberration.

(ii) Its resolving power is greater than refracting telescope due to larger aperture of mirror.

5. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light passing through a
glass prism.
Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass in terms of angle of prism and angle of
minimum deviation.

At minimum angle of deviation: i1 = i2,=I & r1 = r2 =r

6. Explain briefly how the phenomenon of total internal reflection is used in fibre optics.

ANS:An optical fibre is a device based on total internal reflection by which a light signal may be
transmitted from one place to another with a negligible loss of energy. When a light ray is
incident on one end at a small angle of incidence, it suffers refraction from air to quartz and
strikes the quartz-coating interface at an angle more than the critical angle and so suffers total
internal reflection and strikes the opposite face again at an angle greater than critical angle and
so again suffers total internal reflection. Thus the ray within the fibre suffers multiple total
internal reflections and finally strikes the other end at an angle less than critical angle for quartz-
air interface and emerges in air.

7. How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope?

ANS:(a) Difference in working of telescope and microscope

(i) Objective of telescope forms the image of a very far off object at or within the focus of
its eyepiece. The microscope does the same for a small object kept just beyond the focus of its
objective.
(ii) The final image formed by a telescope is magnified relative to its size as seen by the
unaided eye while the final image formed by a microscope is magnified relative to its
absolute size.
(iii) The objective of a telescope has large focal length and large aperture while the
corresponding for a microscope have very small values.

8.Define power of a lens. Write its units. Deduce the relation3

ANS:Power of lens: It is the reciprocal of focal length of a lens. P= 1/f (f is in metre) Unit of
power of lens: Diopter.
An object is placed at point O. The lens A produces an image at I1 which serves as a virtual
object for lens B which produces final image at I. Given, the lenses are thin. The optical centres
(P) of the lenses A and B is co-incident.

9. When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain the following,
giving reasons:
(i) Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light same as the frequency of incident light?
(ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by light wave?3

ANS:(i) If the radiation of certain frequency interact with the atoms/molecules of the matter, they
start to vibrate with the same frequency under forced oscillations.
Thus, the frequency of the scattered light (Under reflection and refraction) equals to the
frequency of incident radiation.
(ii) No, energy carried by the wave depends on the amplitude of the wave, but not on the speed
of the wave.

10. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its magnifying power and write
the expression for it. Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting
type telescope.
ANS:
It is defined as the ratio of the angle () subtended by the final image on the eye to the angle(α)
subtended by the object on eye.

Limitations: (i) Image is not free from chromatic aberration and spherical aberration.
(ii) Aperture of the objective lens should be large for high resolving power.

11. (i) Draw a schematic labeled ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope.
(ii) Write two important advantages justifying why reflecting type telescopes are preferred over
refracting telescopes.
(iii) The objective of a telescope is of larger focal length and of larger aperture (compared to the
eyepiece). Why? Give reasons.

ANS-

(ii) Advantages : (a) Parabolic mirror is used to remove the spherical aberration.
(b) No chromatic aberration in mirror.
(c) Light mechanical support is required, because mirror weighs much less than a lens of
equivalent optical quality.

(iii) In normal adjustment, magnifying power of the telescope M =f o/fe

(a) If focal length of the objecctive lens is large in comparison to the eyepiece, magnifying power
increases.

12. (a) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope.

(b) Derive an expression for its magnifying power.
(c) Why is objective of a microscope of short aperture and short focal length? Give reason

ANS-(a) Labelled diagram of compound microscope.

The objective lens form image A’ B’ near the first focal point of eyepiece.

where L is the distance between second focal point of the objective and first focal point of
eyepiece.

If the final image A’’ B’’ is formed at the near point. Angular magnification me =

If the final image A’’ B’’ is formed at infinity, then angular magnification me = D/fE
Thus, total magnification of the compound microscope
M = mO × me

(c) Aperture and focal length increase or decrease the resolving power of the compound
microscope. Resolving power of microscope is given by

(i) On decreasing the aperture (diameter) of the objective lens, value of sinƟ decreases, and
hence resolving power decreases.
(ii) On decreasing the focal length of the objective lens, value of sinƟ increases and hence
resolving power increases.
 LONG ANSWER- II (5 MARKS)
1. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope and write an expression for its
magnifying power.
The focal length of the objective and eye-lens of a compound microscope are 2 cm, 6.25 cm
respectively. The distance between the lenses is 15 cm. (i) How far from the objective lens, will
the object the be kept, so as to obtain the final image at the near point of the eye? (ii) Also
calculate its magnifying power.
ANS:
2. Draw a labeled ray diagram of an astronomical telescope, in the normal adjustment position
and write the expression for its magnifying power.
An astronomical telescope uses an objective lens of focal length 15 m and eye-lens of focal
length 1 cm. What is the angular magnification of the telescope?
If this telescope is used to view moon, what is the diameter of the image of moon formed by the
objective lens?
(Diameter of moon =3.5 x106 m and radius of lunar orbit =3.8x108m).
ANS:

Drawbacks:
(i) It is not free from chromatic aberration.
(ii) The image formed is inverted and fainter.
(a) Given fo =15 m, fe =1.0 cm =1.0 10-2 m
Angular magnification of telescope,
Negative sign shows that the final image is inverted. Let D be diameter of moon, d diameter of
image of moon formed by objective and r the distance of moon from objective lens, then from
Fig.

3. Trace the rays of light showing the formation of an image due to a point object placed on
the axis of a spherical surface separating the two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 .
Establish the relation between the distances of the object, the image and the radius of
curvature from the central point of the spherical surface. Hence, derive the expression of
the lens maker’s formula.

ANS:Relation between u, v, n1 and n2 for a spherical surface:

poles are P1 and P2 . The thickness of lens is t, which is very small. O is a point object on the
principal axis of the lens. The distance of O from pole P1 is u. The first refracting surface forms
the image of O at I’ at a distance v’ from P2. From the refraction formula at spherical surface
The image I’ acts as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second surface,
the final image is formed at I. The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v. The distance
of virtual object (I’ ) from pole P2 is (v’ - t). For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from
second medium (refractive index n2 ) to first medium (refractive index n1), therefore from
refraction formula at spherical surface

This is the formula of refraction for a thin lens. This formula is called Lens-Maker’s formula. If
first medium is air and refractive index of material of lens be n, then 1n2 = n, therefore equation
(5) may be written as

4.(a) (i) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in an astronomical
telescope for a distant object. (ii) Write three distinct advantages of a reflecting type telescope
over a refracting type telescope.
(b) A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away form a concave lens of
focal length 10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front of the convex lens, find the position of
the final image formed by the combined system.
ANS:
(ii) Advantages of Reflecting Telescope over Refracting Telescope:
(a) Less chromatic aberration (b) Less spherical aberration
(c) High resolving power (d) High intense image

5. (a) Draw a ray diagram for formation of image of a point object by a thin double convex lens
having radii of curvatures R1 and R2 and hence derive lens maker’s formula.
(b) Define power of a lens and give its S.I. units.
If a convex lens of focal length 50 cm is placed in contact coaxially with a concave lens of focal
length 20 cm, what is the power of the combination?

ANS:(a) Lens Maker’s Formula: Suppose L is a thin lens. The refractive index of the material
of lens is n2 and it is placed in a medium of refractive index n1. The optical centre of lens is C
and X CX’ is principal axis. The radii of curvature of the surfaces of the lens are R1 and R2 and
their poles are P1 and P2 . The thickness of lens is t, which is very small. O is a point object on
the principal axis of the lens. The distance of O from pole P1 is u. The first refracting surface
forms the image of O at I’ at a distance v’ from P1. From the refraction formula at spherical

surface

The image I’ acts as a virtual object for second surface and after refraction at second
surface, the final image is formed at I. The distance of I from pole P2 of second surface is v. The
distance of virtual object (I’) from pole P2 is (v’ - t).
For refraction at second surface, the ray is going from second medium (refractive index n2)to
first medium (refractive index n1), therefore from refraction formula at spherical surface
 NUMERICALS(3 Marks)
1.Draw a plot showing the variation of power of a lens, with the wavelength of the incident light.
A converging lens of refractive index 1.5 and of focal length 15 cm in air, has the same radii of
curvature for both sides. If it is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1.7, find the focal length
of the lens in the liquid.

ANS:

Refractive index where l is the wavelength.

Power of a lens

Clearly, power of a lens µ(ng -1). This implies that the power of a lens decreases with increase

of wavelength

Given f a =15 cm, ng =1.5, nl =1.7 Focal length of lens in liquid,

2. An illuminated object and a screen are placed 90 cm apart. Determine the focal length and
nature of the lens required to produce a clear image on the screen, twice the size of the object.
ANS:

3. (a) How is the focal length of a spherical mirror affected when it is immersed in water.
(b) A convex lens has 10 cm focal length in air. What is its focal length in water? (Refractive
index of air-water = 1.33, refractive index of air-glass =1.5).

ANS:

(a) No change. The focal length of a concave mirror does not depend on the nature of the
medium.

4. Find the position of the image formed of the object 'O’ by the lens combination given in the
figure.3 num

ANS:
5. Define magnifying power of a telescope. Write its expression.
A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eye piece of focal length
5 cm. If this telescope is used to view a 100 m high tower 3 km away, find the height of the final
image when it is formed 25 cm away from the eye piece.

ANS:Magnifying power of telescope is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image
to the angle subtended at the unaided eye by the object.
6. You are given three lenses L1, L2 and L3 each of focal length 20 cm. An object is kept at 40
cm in front of L1, as shown. The final real image is formed at the focus ‘I’ of L3. Find the
separations between L1, L2 and L3.

ANS:
7. Trace the path of a ray of light passing through a glass prism (ABC) as shown in the figure. If
the refractive index of glass is 3, find out of the value of the angle of emergence from the prism.

ANS:
8. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed coaxially in contact with a concave lens of focal
length 25 cm. Determine the power of the combination. Will the system be converging or
diverging in nature?

ANS:

It is a converging lens combination.(positive power)

9. The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm
respectively. Find the position of the object relative to the objective in order to obtain an angular
magnification of 30 in normal adjustment.

ANS:
10. Find the position of the image formed of the object 'O’ by the lens combination given in the
figure

ANS:
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1 HEC RANCHI
WAVE OPTICS
SUMMARY .
A wave front is the locus of points having the same phase of oscillation.

Huygens’ Principle.

(a) Each point on the given wave front (called primary wave front) acts as a fresh source of new disturbance,
called secondary wavelet, which travels in all directions with the velocity of light in the medium

(b) A surface touching these secondary wavelets, tangentially in the forward direction at any instant gives the
new wave front at that instant. This is called secondary wave front,

Huygens’ Construction :

It is based on the principle that every point of a wavefront is a source of secondary wavefront. The envelope of
these wavefronts i.e., the surface tangent to all the secondary wavefront gives the new wavefront.

Law of refraction : Snell”s law : Sin i / Sin r = n can be proved by wave theory,

Law of reflection : angle i = angle r , can be proved by wave theory.

Coherent source .: Two sources are coherent if they have the same frequency and a stable phase difference.

According to the superposition principle when two or more wave motions traveling through a medium
superimpose one another, a new wave is formed in which resultant displacements due to the individual waves at
that instant. The average of the total intensity will be I=I1+I2+√2I1 I2cos

where  is the inherent phase difference between the two superimposing waves. The significance is that the
intensity due to two sources of light is not equal to the sum of intensities due to each of them. The resultant
intensity depends on the relative location of the point from the two sources, since changing it changes the path
difference as we go from one point to another. As a result, the resulting intensity will vary between maximum and
minimum values, determined by the maximum and minimum values of the cosine function. These will be

IMAX = I1 + I2 + 2 √I1 I2 = ( √I1 +√I2)2

IMIN = I1 + I2 - 2 √I1 I2 = ( √I1 - √I2)2

7. Young’s experiment, two parallel and very close slits S1 and S2 (illuminated by another narrow slit) behave like
two coherent sources and produce on a screen a pattern of dark and bright bands – interference fringes. For a
point P on the screen, the path difference

S2 P- S2 P =y1 d/D1

where d is the separation between two slits, D1 is the distance between the slits and the screen and y1 is the
distance of the point of P from the central fringe. For constructive interference (bright band), the path difference
must , i.e.,be an integer multiple of

y1 d/D1 = n  or y= n D1  /d

The separation ∆y1 between adjacent bright (or dark) fringes is.

Y1 = D1 ./d

which can be measured. using 

8. Diffraction
 refers to light spreading out from narrow holes and slits, and bending around corners and obstacles. The single-
slit diffraction pattern = 0), zero intensity at angularshows the central maximum ( at 0).… (n  (n + ½) =
separation Different parts of the wavefront at the slit act as secondary sources: diffraction pattern is the result
of interference of waves from these sources. The intensity plot looks as follows, with there being a bright central
maximum, followed by smaller intensity secondary maxima, with there being points of zero intensity in between,
whenever dsin n ,n 0
 Formulae

MIND MAP
 MCQ (1 MARK)
1. The fringe width in Young’s double slit experiment increases when
a) Wavelength increases
b) Distance between the slits increases
c) Distance between the source and screen decreases
d) The width of the slits increases
2. A Young’s double slit set up for interference is shifted from air to within water, then the fringe width a)
Becomes infinite
b) Decreases
c) Increases
d) Remain unchanged
3. The width of a single slit if the first minimum is observed at an angle 2° with a light of wavelength 6980Å
a) 0.2 mm
b) 2 × 10−5mm
c) 2 × 105mm
d) 2 mm
4. If Young’s double slit experiment, is performed in water
a) The fringe width will decrease
b) The fringe width will increase
c) The fringe width will remain unchanged
d) There will be no fringe
5. Angular width of central maxima in the Fraunhoffter diffraction pattern of a slit is measured. The slit is
illuminated by light of wavelength 6000 Å. When the slit is illuminated by light of another wavelength, the angular
width decreases by 30%. The wavelength of this light will be
a) 6000 Å
b) 4200 Å
c) 3000 Å
d) 1800 Å

ANSWERS(MCQ)
1. (a)
2. B ., When a Young’s double slit set up for interference is shifted from air to within water then the fringe
width decreases.
3. (b) The angular distance (θ) is given by 𝜃 = 𝜆 𝑑 𝜃 = 2° = 𝜋 180 × 2, 𝜆 = 6980 Å = 6980 × 10−10m ⇒ 𝑑 = 𝜆 𝜃 =
6980 × 10−10 × 180 3.14 × 2 = 1.89 × 10−5mm ⇒ 𝑑 = 2 × 10−5mm
4. (a ) As we know 𝛽 = 𝐷 𝑑 𝜆 ….(i) And 𝜆 ∝ 1 𝜇 ….(ii) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), 𝛽 ∝ 𝜆 ∝ 1 /lambda

∴ 𝛽 ∝ 1 𝜇 The refractive index of water is greater than air, therefore fringe width will decrease.

5. (b)

VSA (1 MARK)
Question 1.
What type of wavefront will emerge from a
(i) point source, and
(ii) distant light source?
Answer:
(i) Point source – Spherical wavefront
(ii) Distant light source – Plane wavefront
Question 2.
Draw a diagram to show refraction of a plane wave front incident in a convex lens and hence draw the
refracted wave front.
Answer:

Question 3
Differentiate between a ray and a wave front.
Answer:
Ray defines the path of light.
Wave front is the locus of points in the light wave’ having the same phase of oscillation at any instant.

Question.4
How would the angular separation of interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment change when
the distance between the slits and screen is doubled?
Answer:
Angular separation is independent of slit-screen separation
∴ There will be no change

Question 5.
How does the angular separation between fringes in single-slit diffraction experiment change when the
distance of separation between the slit and screen is doubled?
Answer:

When the distance D of seperation between the slits and the screen is doubled, the angular seperation θ
remains unchanged.
CASE STUDY

Answer(Case Study)
i) a ii) c iii) d iv) c v) a

VSA ( 2 MARKS)
1. What are the shapes of wavefront for (a) source at infinite, (b) point source and (c)
line source?
ANS .The shape of a wavefront observed at a point depends on the shape of the source and
also the distance at which the source is located.

a) Any source that is located at infinity gives plane wavefront

b) A point source located at a finite distance gives spherical wavefronts.

c) An extended (or) line source at finite distance gives cylindrical wavefronts

2. What is Huygens’ principle? What is interference of light?

ANS. According to Huygens principle, each point on the wavefront behaves as the source of
secondary wavelets spreading out in all directions with the speed of the wave. These are
called as secondary wavelets.
The envelope to all these wavelets gives the position and shape of the new wavefront at a
later time.

The phenomenon of superposition of two light waves which produces increase in intensity
at some points and decrease in intensity at some other points is called interference of
light.

3. How does wavefront division provide coherent sources?

ANS 1) Wavefront division is the most commonly used method for producing two coherent
sources.
2) We know a point source produces spherical wavefronts.

3) All the points on the wavefront are at the same phase.

4) If two points are chosen on the wavefront by using a double slit, the two points will act
as coherent sources

4. Mention the differences between interference and diffraction.

ANS.
5. How does the fringe width of interference fringes change, when the whole apparatus of Young’s
experiment is kept in a liquid of refractive index 1.3?

ANS.

Fringe width becomes yL times of its initial value

6. In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How
does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band.
Answer:
If the width of the diffraction slit is doubled, the size of the central diffraction band will become half
and its intensity will become four times of its original value.

7. State two conditions required for obtaining co-herent sources.

In Young’s arrangement to produce interference pattern, show that dark and bright fringes
appearing on the screen are equally spaced.
Answer:
Two conditions for obtaining coherent sources: (0 Two sources should give monochromatic light.
(ii) Coherent sources of light should be obtained from a single source by some device.
The fringe width (dark and bright) is given by

Hence, it is same for both dark and bright fringes So they are equally spaced on the screen.
8. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference.
Answer:
(i) Intensity distribution in the diffraction due to single slit

(ii) Intensity pattern for double slit interference.

9. Using Huygen’s construction draw a figure showing the propagation of a plane wave reflecting at
the interface of the two media. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Answer

We take any point Q on the incident wavefront. When disturbance from point B on the incident
wavefront reaches point B’, the disturbance from point Q reaches Q’ via point K on the reflecting
surface. Since B’A’ represents the reflected wavefront, time by light to travel from any point on
 incident wavefront to the corresponding point on the reflected wavefront should always be same.
Let total time be ‘t’

As time of the ray to be considered should be independent, the coefficient of AK in the above
equation should be zero.
That is, sin i = sin r or i = r
Hence, angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.

10. (a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, a slit of width ‘d’ is illuminated by red light of wavelength
650 nm. For what value of ‘d’ will
(i) the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°, and
(ii) the first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°?

Answer:
 THREE MARKS QUESTION
1. Draw the type of wave front that corresponds to a beam of monochromatic light
(i) Coming from a very far off source and
(ii) Diverging radially from a point source
2. Sketch the wave fronts corresponding to
(a) Converging rays
(b) Diverging rays

3. In young’s double slit experiment, explain with reason in each case, how the interference pattern
changes, when
(i) Separation between the slits is increased and
(ii) Screen is moved away from the plane of the slits.
4. How will the angular separation and visibility of fringes in Young’s double slit experiment change
when
(i) Screen is moved away from the plane of the slits?
(ii) Wavelength of light is increased?
5. In what way is diffraction from each slit is related to the interference pattern in a double slit
experiment?
6.. Define resolving power of a compound microscope. How does the resolving power of a compound
microscope changes when –
(i) Refractive index of medium between the object and the objective lens increases.
(ii) Wavelength of radiation used is increased.
(iii) Decreasing the diameter of its objective.
7. How would the diffraction pattern of a single slit be affected when:
(i) The width of the slit is decreased
(ii) The monochromatic light is replaced with a light of higher frequency
(iii) The separation between the slit and screen is increased.
8. (a) Using the phenomena of polarization, show how transverse nature of light can be demonstrated.
(b) Two polaroids P1 and P2 are placed with their axes perpendicular to each other. Unpolarised light of
intensity I0 is incident on P1. A third Polaroid P3 is kept between P1 and P2 such that its axis makes an
angle of 300 with that of P`1. Determine the intensity of light transmitted through P1 , P2 and P3.
9. (a) What is linearly polarized light? Describe briefly using a diagram how sunlight is polarized?
(b) Unpolarized light is incident on a Polaroid. How would the intensity of transmitted light change when
the Polaroid is rotated?
10. Two polaroids are placed at 900 to each other and transmitted intensity is zero. What happens when
one more polaroid is placed between these two bisecting the angle between them. Take intensity of
unpolarised light is I0.

ANSWERS OF THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. (i) Plane wave front (ii) Spherical wavefront
2. (i) wavefront is convex (ii) wavefront is concave
3. β = Dλ⁄d(i) Fringe width decreases as it is inversely proportional to the distance between the slits.
(ii) Fringe width is increased as it is directly proportional to the distance between slits and screen.
4. θ = λ⁄d (i) there will be no effect on angular fringe width.
(ii) Angular separation increases as it is directly proportional to the wavelength.
5. In Young’s double slit experiment there will be two diffraction pattern from two slits after superpose
it results into interference pattern.
6. Definition of resolving power. (i) R P increases (ii) RP decreases (iii) RP decreases
7. (i) Area of illumination increases
(ii) Fringe width is decreases
(iii) Fringe width increases
8. When light is passed through a polarizer followed by an analyser, the intensity variation on the screen
shows that light is transverse in nature.
Using the formula I = I0cos2Θ:
Θ1 = 300 angle between P1 and P3 and Θ2 = 600 angle between P3 and P2
The final intensity is 3I0/32
9. (a) Definition of linearly polarized. Sunlight is polarized by scattering of light.
(b) there is no change in intensity of light.
10. Using the formula I = I0cos2Θ:
Θ1 = 450 angle between P1 and P3 and Θ2 = 450 angle between P3 and P2.
The final intensity is I0/4

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

1 : (a) Distinguish between linearly polarized and unpolarised light.

(b) Show that the light waves are transverse in nature.
(c) Why does the light from a clear blue portion of the sky show a rise and fall of intensity when
viewed through a Polaroid which is rotated? Explain by drawing necessary diagram.
2. (a) How does the angular separation between fringes in single-slit diffraction experiment change
when the distance of separation between the slit and screen is doubled?
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half that of the central fringe.
(c) Explain why the maxima at θ =(n+1/2)λ/a becomes weaker with increasing n.
3. (a) Show using a proper diagram how unpolarised light can be linearly polarised by reflection
from a transparent glass surface.
(b) The figure shows a ray of light falling normally on the face AB of an equilateral glass prism
having refractive index 3/2 placed in water having refractive index 4/3. Will this ray suffer total internal
reflection on striking the face AC. Justify your answer.
A

B
C
4 : A symmetric biconvex lens of radius of curvature R and made of glass of refractive index 1.5, is placed on a layer of
liquid placed on top of a plane mirror as shown in the figure. An optical needle with its tip on the principal axis of the
lens is moved along the axis until its real, inverted image coincides with the needle itself. The distance of the
needle from the lens is measured to be x. On removing the liquid layer and repeating the experiment, the
distance is found to be y. Obtain the expression for the refractive index of the liquid in terms of x and y.

5: (a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation when concave mirror produces real, inverted &
magnified image of the object.
(b) Obtain a mirror formula and write the expression for the linear magnification.
(c) Explain two advantages of reflecting telescope over refracting telescope.

ANSWERS OF FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

Ans1: (a) Unpolarized light: A light wave, in which the electric vector oscillates in all possible directions
in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, is known as unpolarised light.
(b) Linearly polarized light: if the oscillations of the electric vectors are restricted to just one
direction, in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the corresponding light is
known as linearly polarized light.
 (c)

Ans: 2 (a) ANS: Angular separation is θ = β/D = λ/d

Since θ is independent of D, angular separation would remain same.
(b) Angular width:
Condition for first minima on the screen, a sinθ = λ
or θ = λ/a
angular width of the central fringe = 2θ = 2λ/a
while angular width of the first diffraction fringe = λ/a
hence angular width of the first half of the angular width of central fringe
Unpolarised light passing through Polaroid P1 gets linearly polarized.(as the electric field vector
components parallel to the pass axis of P1 are transmitted whereas the others are blocked.)
When the polarized light is incident on a Polaroid P2, kept crossed with respect to P1, then these
components also gets blocked and no light is transmitted beyond P2.
(c) it is due to the scattering of light by molecules of earth’s atmosphere. Under the influence of the
electric field of the incident wave, the electrons in the molecules acquire components of motion in
both these directions. Charges, accelerating parallel to the double arrows, do not radiate energy
towards the observer since their acceleration has no transverse component. The radiation scattered
by the molecules is therefore represented by dots, I.e. it is polarized perpendicular to the plane of
the figure.
Ans : 3: (a)

(b)

At surface AC , sin ic= 1/ w µ g

sin i c = µw / µ g = 8/9 = 0.86 while sin 600 = 0.816
So incident angle is smaller than critical angle so total internal reflection does not take place.

ANS :4 : F = focal length of combination of convex lens & plano concave lens (liquid)
f1 = focal length of convex lens , f2 = focal length of plano concave lens (liquid)
We know distance of pin from lens will be the focal length and
we have 1/ F = 1/ f1 + 1/ f2 i.e. 1/ f2 = 1/ F - 1/ f1
1/ f2 = 1/ x - 1/ y eqn. (i)
Use Lens makers formula for convex lens 1/f1 = (µ g – 1)( 1/R1 - 1/R2 )
1/y = (1.5 – 1)[( 1/R– (-1/R)] i.e. 1/y = 1/R i.e. y = R eqn. (ii)
By using Lens makers formula for plano concave lens 1/ f 2 = (µw – 1)[1/(-R) – 1/∞]
Put value of 1/ f2 from eqn. (i) 1/ x - 1/ y = _ (µw – 1) / R
Put value of R from eqn. (ii) 1/ x - 1/ y = (- 1/ y)* (µw – 1) by solving µw = 2 – (y/x)
ANS: 5 : (a)

b)

or , v f = - u f + uv ,
By dividing uvf in each side we get 1/f = 1/v + 1/u it is mirror formula.
Linear magnification of a mirror, m = height of image/ height of object = h i/ho = - v/u

( C ) (i) Reflecting telescope have height resolving power due to a large aperture of mirror.
(ii) Due to availability of paraboloidal mirror, the image is free from chromatic and spherical aberration.

CHAPTER: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Formulae;
1. Energy of a photon, E =hv =

2.Number of electron emitted per second, N=

3.Mometum of photon, P = mc = =

4.Equivalent mass of a photon, m = hv/c2

5.Work function, W 0 =hv0 = hc/λo

6. Kinetic energy of a photons is given by Einstein,s photoelectric equation,

Kmax = mv2max = hv - W o = h(v – vo)

7. If Vo is the stopping potential, the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron,
k = = mv2max = eVo
8. Intensity of radiation = =
9. Kinetic energy, K = mv2 = p2/(2m) so, momentum, p =
10. de-Broglie wavelength, λ = =
11. de-Broglie wavelength of an electron beam accelerated through a potential difference of V
volts, then λ = = A°
12. The value of hc = 12400 eVA°
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES
Q1. Name the phenomenon which shows the quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation.
Ans: Photoelectric effect
Q2. Define the term ‘threshold frequency’ in relation to photoelectric effect.
Ans: The minimum value of the frequency of incident radiation below which the photoelectric
emission stops altogether is called threshold frequency.
Q3. In photoelectric effect, why should the photoelectric current increases as the intensity of
monochromatic radiation incident on a photosensitive surface is increased? Explain.
Ans: An increase in intensity means increase in number of photons and thus, increase in
photoelectric current.
Q4. Two beams, one of red light and the other of blue light, of the same intensity are incident on
a metallic surface to emit photoelectrons. Which one of the two beams emits electrons of
greater kinetic energy?
Ans: The blue light emits the electrons of greater K.E., as vb> vr
Q5. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has smaller de Broglie
wavelength and why?
Ans: λ α , me< mp therefore, λp< λe

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. If photons of frequency v are incident on the surfaces of metals A and B of threshold
frequencies and , respectively, the ratio of the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted
from A to that from B is
(a) 2:3 (b)3:4 (C) 1:3 (d) : Ans : (b)
Q2.The kinetic energy of a proton and that of an α- particle are 4 eV and 1 eV , respectively.
The ratio of the de- Broglie wavelengths associated with them, will be
(a) 2:1 (b)1:1 (c) 1:2 (d) 4:1 Ans: (
b)
Q3. A photocell connected in an electrical circuit is placed at a distance d from a source of light.
As a result, current/ flows in the circuit. What will be the current in the circuit when the distance
is reduced to d/2 ?
(a) i (b) 2i (c) 4i (d) i/2
Ans : ( c)
Q4. The de- Broglie wavelength of a neutron at 27° C is λ. What will be its wavelength at
927°C?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Ans : ( a )
Q5. Which one of the following statements regarding photoemission of electrons is correct?
(a) Kinetic energy of electrons increases with the intensity of incident light.
 (b) Electrons are emitted when the wavelength of the incident light is above a certain
threshold wavelength.
(c) photoelectric emission is instantaneous with the incidence of light.
(d) Photoelectrons are emitted whenever a gas is irradiated with ultraviolet light.
(Ans: c )

ASSERTION AND REASON

For question numbers 1,2 and 3 two statements are given one labelled Assertion (A)
and other labelled Reason(R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the
codes (a),(b),(c) and (d) as given below .
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also False
1.Assertion (A): The photocells inserted in the door light electric circuit are used as automatic
door opener.
Reason (R) : Abrupt change in photocurrent, helps to open the door
Ans: (a) A person approaching a doorway may interrupt a light beam which is incident on the
photocell. Due to this amount of photocurrent changes .This change in photocurrent helps to
starts a fitted motor in doorway and opens the door
2. Assertion (A): A particle at rest breaks into two particles of different masses. They fly off in
different directions and their de- Broglie wavelengths will be same.
Reason (R): Their speed will be same .
Ans: (c) de-Broglie wavelength , λ= since their momenta are same due to conservation of
linear momentum. Hence their wavelengths are same but their speed will be different.
3. Assertion (A): A photocell is called an electric eye.
Reason (R): When light is incedent on some semiconductor, its electrical resistance is
reduced.
Ans: (c) A photocell works on principle of photoelectric emission. It is also called an electrc
eye.

Case-based Questions
Einstein,s Planck,s quantum theory explains photoelectric emission. He assumed that radiation
is not a wave but a particle (photon) to quantized energy and emission of electron is the elastic
collision between the incident particle (proton) and electrons of atoms on/inside the surface of
metals.
In 1924, Louis de Broglie put forward a hypothesis that like radiation, matter should also
possess dual nature .It means that moving particles of matter display wave like properties.
(a) Find the momentum of a photon of wavelength 5000 A0
 Ans. P = = 1.3x10-27kgm/s
(b) What happens when the wavelength of light incident on a metal surface is increased keeping
the intensity constant.
Ans: The energy of emitted electrons will decrease.

SECTION - B
3 marks Question

Q. 1. An electron and alpha particle have the same de-Broglie wavelength associated with them.
How are their kinetic energies related to each other?
Q. 2. Two lines, A and B, in the plot given below show the variation of de-Broglie wavelength, λ
versus 1V√, Where V is the accelerating potential difference, for two particles carrying the same
charge. Which one of two represents a particle of smaller mass ?
Answer:

Q. 3. The figure shows a plot of three curves a, b, c, showing the variation of photocurrent vs.
collector plate potential for three different intensities I1, I2 and I3 having frequencies V1, v2 and
v3 respectively incident on a photosensitive surface.

Point out the two curves for which the incident radiations have same
frequency but different intensities.

Answer:
Stopping potential will be same for the same frequency. So its curves ‘a’ and
‘b’ which have same frequency but different intensities. (I2 > I3)

Q 4. Show graphically, the variation of the de- Broglie wavelength (λ) with
the potential (V) through which an electron is accelerated from rest.
Q. 5. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has
greater de-Broglie wavelength and why? (All India 2011)

Answer:

Q.6. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has
smaller de-Broglie wavelength and why? (All India 2011)

Answer:

Q.7. The graph shows the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiation for two
photosensitive metals A and B. Which one of the two has higher value of work- function? Justify your

answer.
Q.8. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100 volts. What is the de-Broglie
wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of
wavelength correspond? (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Given : V = 100 V
According to de-Broglie ivavelength
The value of de-Broglie wavelength is 0.123 nm which corresponds to the wavelength of X-rays region of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
Q.9. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed in
photoelectric effect, which can be explained on the basis of the above equation. (All India 2010)
Answer:
Einstein’s photoelectric equation is Kmax = hv – ϕ0
(i) We find Kmax depends linearly on V only. It is independent of intensity of radiation.

(iii) Greater the number of energy quanta, greater is the number of photoelectrons. So, photoelectric
current is proportional to intensity.

Numerical) 3 marks Question

Q. 1. The Kinetic Energy (K.E.), of a beam of electrons, accelerated through a potential V,

equals the energy of a photon of wavelength 5460 nm. Find the de Broglie wavelength
associated with this beam of electrons. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:

Q. 2. An a-particle and a proton are accelerated through the same potential difference. Find the
ratio of their de Broglie wavelengths. (Delhi 2015)
Answer:
From de Broglie equation, we know

Q. 3.. Electrons are emitted from the cathode of a

photocell of negligible work function, when photons of wavelength are incident on it. Derive the
expression for the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons emitted in terms of the wavelength of
the incident light. (Comptt. All India 2015)
Answer:

Q. 4. Derive the Bohr’s quantisation condition for angular momentum of the orbitting of electron
in hydrogen atom, using de Broglie’s hypothesis.

Answer:

Q. 5. Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron having de Broglie wavelength of 1Å.

Answer:

05 Marks Question
Q. 1. Describe the observed facts of photoelectric effect.

Answer:

• Photoe mission is instantaneous

• For every photo emissive surface there is a minimum frequency of the incident
radiation below which there is no photo emission. This minimum frequency is called
threshold frequency.
• For frequency greater than threshold, the strength of the photo electric current is
directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.
• The maximum K.E of the photo electrons increases linearly with the frequency of the
incident radiation.
• There exists a minimum -ve potential called stopping potential for which anode
repels the electrons completely.

Q.2 Monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm is produced by a helium-neon

laser. The power emitted is 9.42 mW.
(a) Find the energy and momentum of each photon in the light beam,
(b) How many photons per second, on the average, arrive at a target irradiated by
this beam? (Assume the beam to have uniform cross-section which is less than the
target area), and
(c) How fast does a hydrogen atom have to travel in order to have the same
momentum as that of the photon?
Ans.Wavelength of the monochromatic light, = 632.8 nm m
Power emitted by the laser, P= 9.42 mW W
Planck’s constant, h Js
Speed of light, c m/s
Mass of a hydrogen atom, m kg
(a)The energy of each photon is given as:

The momentum of each photon is given as:

(b)Number of photons arriving per second, at a target irradiated by the beam = n

Assume that the beam has a uniform cross-section that is less than the target area.
Hence, the equation for power can be written as:

(c) Momentum of the hydrogen atom is the same as the momentum of the
photon,
Momentum is given as:

Where,
v= Speed of the hydrogen atom

Q.3. Light of frequency Hz is incident on a metal surface. Electrons with a

maximum speed of m/s are ejected from the surface. What is the threshold
frequency for photoemission of electrons?
Ans. Frequency of the incident photon,
Maximum speed of the electrons, v m/s
Planck’s constant, h Js
Mass of an electron, m kg
For threshold frequency , the relation for kinetic energy is written
as:

Therefore, the threshold frequency for the photoemission of

electrons is s
 ATOMS

Conceptual Map :----

Rutherford Scattering experiment
 MCQ QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1. To explain his theory, Bohr used
(a) conservation of linear momentum
(b) quantisation of angular momentum
(c) conservation of quantum
 (d) none of the
2.When an electron in an atom goes from a lower to a higher orbit, its
(a) kinetic energy (KE) increases, potential energy (PE) decreases
(b) KE increases, PE increases
(c) KE decreases, PE increases
(d) KE decreases, PE decreases
3.The simple Bohr model cannot be directly applied to calculate the energy levels of an
atom with many electrons. This is because
(a) of the electrons not being subject to a central force
(b) of the electrons colliding with each other
(c) of screening effects
(d) the force between the nucleus and an electron will no longer be
given by Coulomb’s law
4.The Bohr model for the spectra of a H-atom
(a) will not be applicable to hydrogen in the molecular from.
(b) will not be applicable as it is for a He-atom.
(c) is valid only at room temperature.
(d) predicts continuous as well as discrete spectral lines.
5. If an electron makes a transition from energy level -1.15 eV to -3.4 e V in a hydrogen
atom, the wavelength of the spectral line emitted will be
(a) 6.75x 10-7 m (b)6.5 7 x 10 -7m
(c) 6.66 x 10 -7m (d)7.6 5 x 10 -7m
Ans: Q.1 – b , Q.2- c , Q.3- a , Q.4 – a &b, Q.5- b

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

(Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
(1). The lowest state of the atom, called the ground state, is of the lowest energy. The
energy of this state (n = 1), E1 is –13.6 eV. Therefore, the minimum energy required to
free the electron from the ground state of the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. It is called the
ionisation energy of the hydrogen atom. At room temperature, most of the hydrogen
atoms are in ground state. When a hydrogen atom receives energy by processes such as
electron collisions, the atom may acquire sufficient energy to raise the electron to
higher energy states. The atom is then said to be in an excited state. When the electron
fall back to a state of lower energy from these excited states then, photons are emitted
in this the process.

Q1. Energy correspond to third excited state is

(a) - 3.4 eV
(b) -0.85 eV
(c) -1.51 eV
(d) -4.53 eV
Q2. Energy required to ionize a H-atom from second excited state is –
(a) 1.51 eV
(b) 3.4 eV
(c) 13.6 eV
(d) 12.1 eV
Q3. Energy required to excite an electron in H-atom to its first excited state is-
(a) 13.6 eV
(b) – 10.2 eV
(c) 10.2 eV
(d) 12.09 eV
Q4. As principal quantum number ‘n’ increases value of excitation energy –
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains same
(d) none of above

(2). Bohr’s Atomic Model

To study about atom various Scientists perform various experiments and suggest
various models of an atom with some explanation. For example, Thomson give the
"plum pudding" model in which he said the atom consists of a positive material known
as "pudding" with some negative materials ("plums") distributed throughout. Later,
famous scientist, Rutherford gives Rutherford's model of the atom after performing an
Alpha Particle scattering experiment. This model is a modification of the earlier
Rutherford Model. According to this model, an atom consists of a small, positively-
charged nucleus and negatively-charged electrons orbiting around it in an orbital. These
orbital can have different sizes, energy, etc. And the energy of the orbit is also related
to its size, i.e The lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit. So if the electron is
orbiting in nth orbit then we will study about its Velocity in nth orbital, Radius of nth
orbital, Energy of electron in nth orbit, etc. Energy is also emitted due to the transition
of electrons from one orbit to another orbit. This energy is emitted in the form of
photons with different wavelengths. This wavelength is given by the Rydberg formula.
When electrons make transitions between two energy levels in an atom various
spectral lines are obtained. The emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been
divided into various spectral series like Lyman series, Balmer series, Paschen series etc.
Q1. The formula which gives the wavelength of emitted photon when electron
jumps
from higher energy state to lower was given by
a) Balmer
b) Paschen
c) Lymen
 d) Rydberg

Q2. What is true about Bohr’s atomic Model

a) His model was unique totally different from other
b) His model is a modification of Rutherford atomic model.
c) His model is a modification of Thomson atomic model.
d) None of the above
Q3. Bohr’s atomic model is applicable for
a) All types of atoms
b) Only for hydrogen atom
c) For hydrogen like atoms
d) For H2 gas.
Q4. The cause of rejection of Rutherford atomic model was
a) It was totally wrong
b) It could not justify its stability
c) Rutherford was unable to explain it
d) None of the above.

Answer : Q1 – d; Q2 – b; Q3 – c; Q4 –b

2.BOHR’S MODEL
According to the third postulates of Bohr's model, when an atom makes a
transition from the higher energy state with quantum number n i to the lower energy
state with quantum number nf (n f ‹ n i) , the difference of the energy is carried away
by the photon of frequency such that
hν = Eni -Enf
Since both n i and nf are integers, this immediately shows that in transitions
between the different atomic levels, light is radiated in various discrete frequencies.
For hydrogen atom spectrum, the Balmer formula corresponds to n f= 2 and n i =3, 4, 5
etc. This result of the Bohr's model suggested the presence of other series spectra for
hydrogen atom - those corresponding to the transitions resulting from nf= 1 and n i=2, 3
etc ; and nf=3 and n i= 4 ,5 etc. and so on. Such series were identified in the course of
spectroscopic investigations and are known as Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and
Pfund series. The electronic transitions corresponding
to this series are shown in the figure. The various lines in the atomic spectra are
produced when electrons jump from higher energy state to a lower energy state and
photons are emitted. These spectral lines are called emission lines. But when an atom
absorbs a photon that has precisely the same energy needed by the electron in the
lower energy state to make a transition to the higher than the state, the process is
called absorption.
Thus, a photon with a continuous range
of frequencies pass through a rarefied gas and then analysed with a
spectrometer, a series of the spectral absorption lines appears in a continuous
spectrum. The
dark lines indicate
the frequency that
has been
observed by the
atoms of the gas.
This explanation
of the hydrogen
atom spectrum
provided by the
Bohr's model was
a brillian

Q.1 The total

energy of an electron in an atom in an orbit is - 3.4 eV. Its kinetic and potential
energies are respectively
(a) 3.4 eV , 3.4 eV (b) -3.4 eV ,-3.4 eV
(c) -3.4 eV ,-6.8 eV (d) 3.4 eV ,-6.8 eV
Q.2 . Given the value of Rydberg constant is 10 7 m -1, the wave number of
the last line of the
 Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum will be
(a) 0.5 x 10 7
(b) 0.2 5 x 10 7
(c) 2.5 x 10 7
(d) 0.025 x 10 7
Q.3 The ratio of wavelength of last line of Balmer series and the last line of
Lyman series
(a) 0.5
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 4
(Q.4 The wavelength of Balmer series lies in
(a) ultraviolet region
(b) infrared region
(c) far infra-red region
(d) visible region
Q.5 In the empirical formula for the observed wavelength (λ) for hydrogen
is
1/λ = R (1/42 -1/n2 )
(a) Balmer series
(b) Brackett series
(c) Pfund series
(d) Lyman series
where n is integral values higher than 4 then it represents -----
Ans :
1. d. 3.4 e V , -6.8 e V
2. b. 0.2 5 x 10 107 m-1
3. d. 4
4. d. Visible region
5. b. Brackett series

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS

(1) Instructions: In each problem statement of assertion (A)is given and the
corresponding statement of reason(R) is given just below it. one of the statements
mark the correct answer as:
(A) if both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) if both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) if A is true but R is false.
(D) if both A and R are false.
(E)if A is false and R is true.

Q1. Assertion : The force of repulsion between atomic nucleus and α-particle varies with
distance according to inverse square law.

Reason : Rutherford did α-particle scattering experiment

Q2.Assertion : The positively charged nucleus of an atom has a radius of almost
10−15m.
Reason : In a-particle scattering experiment, the distance of closest approach for a
particles
is ≃ 10−15m.
Q3. Assertion : According to classical theory, the proposed path of an electron in
Rutherford atom model will be parabolic.
Reason : According to electromagnetic theory an accelerated particle continuously
emits radiation.

Q4.Assertion : Electrons in the atom are held due to coulomb forces.

Reason : The atom is stable only because the centripetal force due to Coulomb’s
law is balanced by the centrifugal force.

Q5.Assertion : Hydrogen atom consists of only one electron but its emission
spectrum
has many lines.
Reason : Only Lyman series is found in the absorption spectrum of hydrogen atom
whereas in the emission spectrum, all the series are found.
Ans:- Q1-B, Q2-A, Q3-E, Q4-C, Q5-B.
(2).INSTRUCTIONS; In the following questions, a statement of Assertion is followed by a
statement of reason. Choose the correct answer out of the below mentioned options:
(A) Both Assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(B) Assertion and reason both are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, reason is also FALSE
Q1.Assertion: When electron in a hydrogen atom is raised from ground state to an excited state,
its kinetic energy decreases.
Reason: kinetic energy of orbital electron is proportional to radius of orbit.
Q2. Assertion: The alpha-particle scattering experiment is performed using a thin sheet of solid
hydrogen, there would be no large angle scattering.
Reason: Hydrogen nuclei are much lighter then alpha particles .
Q3. Assertion: Emission line spectra of a material can serve as a type of “fingerprint” for
identification of the gas.
Reason: An excited atomic gas emitted only certain specific wave lengths.
Q4.Assertion: The energies of the excited states in Hydrogen atom come closer and closer
together as n (principal quantum number) increases.
Reason: Energy of electron in nth orbit is negative.
Q5. Assertion : Bohr’s model explains the intensity variations of frequencies in emission
spectrum of Hydrogen.
Reason: Bohr used principal of conservation of linear momentum for his model.

ANS: Q1-C, Q2-A ,Q3-A, Q4- B, Q5- D.

(11).Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion is
followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Q.1 Assertion (A): Bohr postulated that the electrons in stationary orbits
around the nucleus do not radiate.
Reason (R): According to classical Physics, all moving electrons radiate.
Q.2 Assertion (A): According to Rutherford, atomic model, the path of electron
is parabolic.
Reason (R): Rutherford could not explain the stability of atom.
Q.3 Assertion (A): In the α-particle scattering experiment, most of the α-
particles pass undeviated.
Reason (R): Most of the space in the atom is empty.
Q.4 Assertion (A) :An electron in hydrogen atom passes from n=4 to n= 1 level
the maximum number of four tones that can be emitted is
Reason: (R)Maximum number of photons emitted can only be 4.
Q.5 Assertion. Total energy of electron in an hydrogen atom as negative.
Reason: It is bounded to the nucleus.
ANS: Q.1-B, Q.2-D, Q.3-A, Q.4- D, Q.5
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (2 MARKS EACH)
1. Given the value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom as - 13.6 eV .Find out its
kinetic energy and potential energy in the ground and second excited state.
ANS: En = -13.6 eV
(i) Kinetic energy at the ground state = 13.6 eV

Potential energy at the ground state = -2(13.6) eV = -27.2 eV

(ii) Kinetic energy at second excited state = = -3.4 eV

Potential energy = -2 (3.4) eV =-6.8 eV

2. A beam of alpha particles of velocity 2.1 x 107 m/s is scattered by a gold foil (Z = 79).
Find the distance of closest approach of the Alpha particle to the gold nucleus. The
value of the charge /mass of Alpha particle is
4.8x 10 7 C kg – 1.

ANS: At the distance of closest approach

Electrostatic potential energy = initial kinetic energy of Alpha particle. K
Ze.2e/ro= 1/2 (mv2)
ro = 2.5x10-14m
Q3. Write two important limitations of Rutherford nuclear model of the atom.
Ans. Two important limitations of Rutherford Model are:
(i) According to Rutherford model, electron orbiting around the nucleus, continuously
radiates
energy due to the acceleration; hence the atom will not remain stable.
(ii) As electron spirals inwards; its angular velocity and frequency change continuously,
therefore
it should emit a continuous spectrum.
But an atom like hydrogen always emits a discrete line spectrum.
4. If Bohr's quantisation postulate (angular momentum = n h / 2π) is a basic law of
nature, it should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion also. Why then do we
never speak of quantisation of orbits of planets around the sun?
Ans. We never speak of quantization of orbits of planets around the Sun because the
angular
momentum associated with planetary motion is largely relative to the value of Planck's
constant (h). The angular momentum of the Earth in its orbit is of the order of 1070h. This
leads to a very high value of quantum levels n of the order of 1070. For large values of n,
successive energies and angular momenta are relatively very small. Hence, the quantum
levels for planetary motion are considered continuous.

5.In an experiment on a-particle scattering by a thin foil of gold, draw a plot showing
the number of particles scattered versus the scattering angleθ.Why is it that a very
small fraction of the particles are scattered at θ > 90°?

Ans. A small fraction of the alpha particles scattered at angle θ > 90° is due to the reason
that if impact parameter ‘b’ reduces to zero, coulomb force increases, hence alpha
particles are scattered at angle θ > 90°, and only one alpha particle is scattered at angle
180°.

6.When the electron orbiting in hydrogen atom in its ground state moves to the third
excited
state, show how the de Broglie wavelength associated with it would be affected.
Ans. We know, de Broglie wavelength, λ = h/ P
=h/mv
⇒ λ α 1/v ,
 Also v α 1/n
∴ λαn
∴ de Broglie wavelength will increase.

7. A hydrogen atom in the ground state is excited by an electron beam of 12.5 eV

energy. Find out the maximum number of lines emitted by the atom from its excited
state.

Ans :- Energy in ground state, E1 = − 13.6 eV

Energy supplied = 12.5 eV
Energy in excited state, −13.6 + 12.5 = − 1.1 eV
But, En = - 13.6 /n2
Or – 1.1= -13.6/n2
Or n = 3 (approx)
∴ Maximum number of lines = 3.
8. Show mathematically how Bohr's postulate of quantization of orbital angular
momentum in hydrogen atom is explained by the de - Broglie's hypothesis.
Ans: - According to de- Broglie hypothesis
λ = h/mv
According to de de- Broglie condition for stationary orbit, the stationary orbits are those
which contains complete de - Broglie wavelength
2π r= n λ
2π r = nh /mv

9.Use Bohr's model of hydrogen atom to calculate the speed of electron in the first
excited state.

Ans :- Vn= 2π Ke2/ nh

For the first excited state, n=2 ,
Vn= 1.9 x106 m/s
10. Find out the wavelength of the electron orbiting in the ground state of hydrogen
atom.
Ans;- Radius of ground state of hydrogen atom, r = 0.53 A0 = 0.53×10−10m
According to de Broglie relation, 2πr = nλ
For ground state, n = 1
2 × 3.14 × 0.53 × 10-10 = 1 × λ
λ = 3.32 × 10-10 m

SECTION – B
LA – I [10 X 3]
Q.NO1:-An α-particle moving with initial kinetic energy K towards a nucleus of atomic
number z approaches a distance‘d’ at which it reverses its direction. Obtain the
expression for the distance of closest approach‘d’ in terms of the kinetic energy of α-
particle K.
Answer:

Q.NO.2:- Find the ratio between the wavelengths of the ‘most energetic’ spectral lines in
the Balmer and Paschen series of the hydrogen spectrum.
Answer:

Q.NO.3:-Define the distance of closest approach. An a-particle of kinetic energy ‘K’ is

bombarded on a thin gold foil. The distance of the closest approach is V. What will be the
distance of closest approach for an a-particle of double the kinetic energy?
Answer:
The distance of closest approach is defined as “the distance of charged particle from the
centre of the nucleus, at which the whole of the initial kinetic energy of the (far off)
charged particle gets converted into the electric potential energy of the system”.
Distance of closest approach (rc) is given by

Q.NO.4.:- In hydrogen atom, an electron undergoes transition from 3rd excited state to
the first excited state and then to the ground state. Identify the spectral series to which
these transitions belong.
(ii) Find out the ratio of the wavelengths of the emitted radiations in the two cases.

Answer:
(i) These transitions belong to :
1. Balmer series,
2. Lyman series

Q.NO.5:- Using Rutherford model of the atom, derive the expression for the total energy
of the electron in hydrogen atom. What is the significance of total negative energy
possessed by the electron?
Answer:
Expression for total energy of electron in H-atom using Rutherford model : As per
Rutherford model of atom, centripetal force (Fc) required to keep electron revolving in
orbit is provided by the electrostatic force (Fe) of attraction between the revolving
electron and nucleus.

The negative sign indicates that the revolving electron is bound to the positive nucleus.

Q.NO6:- Using Bohr’s postulates of the atomic model, derive the expression for Bohr’s
radius.
Answer:.

Radii of Bohr’s stationary orbits. According to Bohr’s postulates, angular momentum of

electron for any permitted orbit is,

Also, according to Bohr’s postulates, the centripetal force is equal to electrostatic force
between the electron and nucleus.

Q.NO.7:- Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen atom varies as n2, where n is the
principal quantum number of the atom.
Answer:
When an electron moves around hydrogen nucleus, the electrostatic force between
electron and hydrogen nucleus provides necessary centripetal force.

Also we know from Bohr’s postulate,

Q NO.:-8 Calculate the shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of hydrogen atom. In
which region (infra-red, visible, ultraviolet) of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength
lie?
Answer:
In Balmer series, an electron jumps from higher orbits to the second stationary orbit (nf =
2). Thus for this series :
Q.NO.9:-State the basic assumptions of Rutherford model of atom. Explain in brief why
this model cannot account for stability of an atom?

Answer: Basic assumptions of Rutherford model:-

(i) Atom consists of small central core called nucleus in which whole mass and positive
charge is assumed to be concentrated.

(ii) The size of nucleus is much smaller than the size of atom.

(iii) Atoms are electrically neutral as total negative charge of electrons is equal to total
positive charge of the nucleus.

(iv) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in the various circular orbits and the necessary
centripetal force is provided by electrostatic force between electrons and nucleus.

As the revolving electron loses energy continuously, it must spiral inwards and
eventually fall into the nucleus. So it was not able to explain the stability of atomic
nucieus.

Q.NO.10:- Would the Bohr formula for the H-atom remain unchanged if proton had a
charge (+ 4/3)e and electron a charge (-3/4)e, where e = 1.6 x 10-19 C. Give reasons for
your answer.
Answer:- According to Bohr, for an electron around a stationary nucleus the
electrostatics force of attraction provides the necessary centripetal force.

Hence the magnitude of electrostatic force F ∞ q1 x q2

If proton had a charge (+4/3)e and electron a charge (-3/4)e, then the Bohr formula for the
H-atom remains same, since the Bohr formula involves only the product of the charges
which remain constant for given values of charges.
LA – II [ 5 X5]
Q.NO.1:- (a) Using Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, derive the expression for the total
energy of the electron in the stationary states of the atom.

(b) If electron in the atom is replaced by a particle (muon) having the same charge but
mass about 200 times as that of the electron to form a muonic atom, how would
(i) the radius and
(ii) the ground state energy of this be affected?

(c) Calculate the wavelength of the first spectral line in the corresponding Lyman series
of this atom.
Answer:
(a) Total energy of electron in Bohr’s stationary orbit—K.E which is due to velocity and
P.E. due to position of electron.
From the first postulate of Bohr’s atom model,
Q.NO.2:- (a) Write two important
limitations of Rutherford
model which could not explain the
observed features of atomic spectra.
How were these explained in Bohr’s
model of hydrogen atom?
Use the Rydberg formula to
calculate the wavelength of the
Hα line. (Take R = 1.1 × 107 m-1).
(b) Using Bohr’s postulates, obtain the expression for the radius of the nth orbit in
hydrogen atom.

Answer:
(a) Limitations of Rutherford Model :
(i) Electrons moving in a circular orbit around the nucleus would get, accelerated,
therefore it would spiral into the nucleus, as it looses its energy.
(ii) It must emit a continuous spectrum.

Explanation according to Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom :

(i) Electron in an atom can revolve in certain stable orbits without the emission of radiant
energy.
(ii) Energy is released/absorbed only, when an electron jumps from one stable orbit to
another stable orbit. This results in a discrete spectrum.

Wavelength of Hα line :
Hα line is formed when an electron jumps from nf = 3 to ni = 2 orbit. It is the Balmer series
(b) Radius of nth orbit

Q.N0.3:- Hydrogen atoms are excited with an electron beam of energy of 12.5 eV. Find
(a) The highest energy level up to which the hydrogen atoms will be excited.

(b) What will be the longest wavelengths in the (i) Lyman series, (ii) Balmer series of the
spectrum of these hydrogen atoms?

Answer:
(a) The maximum energy that the excited hydrogen atom can have is

For n=4, E4 = – 0.85eV (> – 1.1 eV)

∴ The electron can only be excited up to n = 3 states.

(b) From energy level of hydrogen atom,

we have
Longest wavelength of Lyman series

Q.NO.4:-(a) Draw the trajectory of the a-particle in the coulomb field of a nucleus. What is
the significance of impact parameter and what information can be obtained regarding the
size of the nucleus?

(b) Estimate the distance of closest approach to the nucleus (Z = 80) if a 7.7 MeV a-
particle before it comes momentarily to rest and reverses its direction.
Answer:-

Trajectory of α-particles

It gives an estimate of the size of nucleus, that

it relatively very very small as compared
to the size of atom.

(b) K.E. of the a-particle = Potential energy possessed by beam at distance of closest
approach.

Q. NO.5 State Bohr’s quantization condition of angular momentum. Calculate the shortest
wavelength of the Bracket series and state to which part of the electromagnetic spectrum
does it belong
Or
Calculate the orbital period of the electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom.
Answer:-
Bohr’s Quantization condition:

Only those orbits are permitted in which the angular momentum of the electron is an
integral multiple of h/2π.

For Brackett Series,

The shortest wavelength is for the transition of electrons from ni = ∞ to nf = 4

Using the equation

NUMERICALS ( 10X3 )
Q.NO.1:- (i) A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites
it to the n- 4 level. Determine the wavelength of the photon.
(ii) The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10-11m. Determine its
radius in n = 4 orbit.
Answer:

Q.No.2:- (i) In hydrogen atom, an electron undergoes transition from 2nd excited state to
the first excited state and then to the ground state. Identify the spectral series to which
these transitions belong.
(ii) Find out the ratio of the wavelengths of the emitted radiations in the two cases.
Answer:

Q.NO.3:- (i) In hydrogen atom, an electron undergoes transition from third excited state
to the second excited state and then to the first excited state. Identify the spectral series
to which these transitions belong.
(ii) Find out the ratio of the wavelengths of the emitted radiations in the two cases.
Answer:

Q.NO.4:-.The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is – 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and
potential energies of electron in this state?

Ans. Given, total ground state energy (TE) = (-13.6eV)

.-. Kinetic energy = – TE

= -(-13.6 eV) =13.6 eV Potential energy = 2 (TE)

= 2 x(-13.6) = -27.2 eV

Q.NO.5:-..Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an electron

of hydrogen atom from its

 second permitted energy level to the first permitted level and

 the highest permitted energy level to the first permitted level.

Ans.
Q.NO.6:-..What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and
ground state, in a hydrogen atom?

Ans.

Q.NO.7:-..The radius of innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is

5.3x 10-11 What is the radius of orbit in the second excited state?

Ans.

Q.NO.8:- Find the ratio between the wavelengths of the ‘most energetic’ spectral lines in
the Balmer and Paschen series of the hydrogen spectrum.
Answer:

Q.NO.9:- Calculate the shortest wavelength of light emitted in the Paschen series of
hydrogen spectrum. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum, does it belong to ?
(Given : Rydberg constant, R = 1.1 × 107 m-1)
Answer:

Q.NO.10:- The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. If an electron makes a
transition from an energy level -0.85 eV to -3.4 eV, calculate the wavelength of the
spectral line emitted. To which series of hydrogen spectrum does this wavelength
belong?
Answer:

(ii) This wavelength belongs to Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum.

 Chapter 13 Nuclei

Summary: 1.central portion of atom is called nucleus.Inside nucleus

positively charged proton and chargeless neutron are found.

2.atomic no. Z is no,of proton in nuclus and mass no.A is no. of nucleons (proton +neutron)
in nucleus.Density of nuclear matter is same for all elements.

3.within nucleus, nuclear forces dominates over electrostaticforces.nuclear forces are

strong forces .It is charge independed,short range force and become repulsive when
distance between nucleons become less than 0.8 fermi.

4.Stability of nucleus determind by its neutron to proton ratio and binding energy per
nucleon.

5.Nuclear reaction represent transformation of nuceus by splitting of heavy nucleus and

fusion of light nuclei during which tremendous amount of energy is released.Nuclear energy
obtained by nuclear fission is utilised to produce electrical energy.

CONCEPT MAP:
NUCLEI

VSA OF 1 MARK
Q1.Compare the radii of two nuclei with mass numbers 1 and 27 respectively.
Q2.What hold nucleons together in a nucleus?
Q3.What is nuclear force?Write its range.
Q4.Does density of nucleus depend on mass number?
Q5.What is meant by binding energy of helium nucleus is 28.17 MeV?
MCQ OF 1 MARK
Q6.In nuclear reaction control rods are made of
a.cadmium
b.graphyte
c.kripton
d. plutonium
Q7.Particles which can be added to nucleus without changing its chemical properties are
called
a.neutron
b.electron
c.alpha particle
d.proton
Q8.The neutron was discovered by
a.Marrie curie
b.Piere curie
c.Rutherford
d.James chadwick
Q9.In nuclear reaction there is conservation of
a.Mass only
b.Energy only
c.Momentum only
d.Mass,energy and momentum

Q10.For a nuclear fusion process ,suitable nucei are

a.Any nuclei
b.Heavy nuclei
c.Light nuclei
d.Nclei lying in middle of periodic table

ASSERTION –REASON QUESTION DIRECTIONS:Read the following questions and choose any
one of the following four responses. EACH Q OF 1 MARK
A.If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B.if both assertion and reason are true but reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
C.If assertion is true but reason is false.
D.If both assertion and reason is false.
Q11.ASSERTION:If a heavy nucleus is split into two medium size parts , each of new nucleus
will have more binding energy per nucleon than original nucleus.
REASON:Joining two light nuclie together to give a single nucleus of medium size means
more binding energy per nucleon in new nucleus
(a).A ( b).B (c).C (d).D

Q12.ASSERTION:In the process of nuclear fisson,the fragment emit two or three neutron as
soon as they are formed and as soon as they are formed and subsequently emit particle
REASON:As the fragments contains an excess of neutrons over protons,emission of neutrons
and particles bring their neutron/proton ratio to stable values
(a).A (b).B (c).C (d).D

Q13.ASSERTION: Fragments produced in the fission of U235 are active.

REASON: The fragments have abnormally high proton to neutron ratio.
(a).A (b).B (c)C (d).D

Q14.ASSERTION:Density of nuclear matter is same for all nuclei.

REASON:Density has nothing to do with mass and size of the nucleus.
(a).A (b).B (c) .C (d).D

Q15.ASSERTION:1amu=933MeV.
REASON: It follows from E= mc2
(a). A (b)B (c).C (d).D

S.A. Q OF 2 MARKS
1.Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon curve as a function of mass number.
2.write two charecteristics of nuclear forces.
3.The mass of H atom is less than masses of proton and electron.give reason.
4.Name three nuclei which lie on maxima in binding energy curve.
5.Which one is unstable among neutron,proton,electron?
6.What is mass defect?
7.How does binding energy calculated for nucleons in a nucleus
8.What is nuclear reaction?Write its various types.
9.How can we obtain electrical energy from nuclear energy?
10.What are effect of nuclear radiation emitted by nuclar fission on our daily life?
ANSWER KEY
A. Short Answer
1. Binding energy graph
2.Two charecteristics
3.Reason
4.Name of nuclei
5.Neutron
6.Difference in mass of nucleus and mass of nucleons
7.Mass defect
8.Definition and types
9.Nuclear reaction
10.Emmits radioactive rays which damages human cells
MCQ
1.a
2.a
3.d
4.b
5.c
ASSERTION REASON
6.B
7.A
8.D
9.10.B
VSA
1. 1/3
2. Nuclear forces
3. Nuclear forces,10-15 Fermi
4. NO
5. This energy required to separate nucleons of Helium

NUCEI (SECTION – B)

Important 3 Marks Questions.

1. What is distance of closest approach? What is its importance? Write its

expression.

Ans.
Distance of Closest Approach (Nuclear size):

When the distance between α-particle

and the nucleus is equal to the distance
of the closest approach (r0), the α-particle
comes to rest. +
r0
At this point or distance, the kinetic
energy of α-particle is completely
converted into electric potential energy
of the system.

1 2 Ze2
½ mu2 =
4πε0 r0

1 2 Ze2
r0 =
4πε0 ½ mu2

What is impact parameter?

 Ans.
Impact Parameter (b):

The perpendicular distance of the

velocity vector of the α-particle from u θ
the centre of the nucleus when it is
far away from the nucleus is known b
+
r0
as impact parameter.

i) For large value of b, the scattering angle is small.

ii) For small value of b,, the scattering angle is large.

iii) For b = 0 i.e. α-particles directed towards the centre of the nucleus,

The α-particles retrace their path.

Q.3. In Bohr’s theory of model of a Hydrogen atom, name the physical quantity
which equals to an integral multiple of h/2π?

Ans: Angular momentum

Q.4.Calculate the frequency of the photon which can excite an electron to -3.4
eV from -13.6 eV.
Ans: E=hv; 2.5x1015Hz
Q.5.The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6eV.What is the K.E & P.E
of
the electron in this state?
Ans: K.E=-E=13.6 eV, P.E=-2K.E=-27.2 eV
Q.6. Write formula for radius of orbit of Hydrogen atom,energy & angular
momentum of electron in the nth orbit of Hydrogen atom .

Orbit radius of the electron around the R=r0n2; ro= 0.5A0

nucleus

Energy of the electron in the nth orbit of En= -me4/8Є02n2h2 = -13.6/n2 eV

hydrogen atom

Angular momentum of electron in any L = mvr = nh/2π, n=1,2,3,…

orbit is integral multiple of h/2π
 Q.7.What is the relation between the radius of the nucleus & the mass number?
Ans: radius α A1/3
Q.8.What is the ratio of the nuclear densities of two nuclei having mass numbers
in the ratio 1:4?
Ans: 1:1 (Nuclear density is independent of mass number)

Q.9.How many electrons, protons & neutrons are there in an element of atomic
number (Z) 11& mass number (A) 24?
Hint: ne = np =11, nn = (A – Z) = 24 -11 = 13
Q.10.Select the pairs of isotopes & isotones from the following:

i. 13C6 ii.14N7 iii.30P15iv.31P15

Ans: isotopes-iii &iv ,isotones-i& ii

Q.11. Mention any two important properties of nuclear force.

Ans.
I. It is independent of charge.
II. It is the strongest force.
Q.12. Which nucleus has the highest binding energy per nucleon?
56
Ans : Fe26
Q.13. Draw binding enrgy curve.Explain the release of energy in nuclear fission and
fusion.
Ans.
Fe56
Ar40
Binding Energy Curve:
9
8.8
O16
8 U238
4
Average B.E per Nucleon (in MeV)

He4
11
7 U235
Region of maximum stability

Fission
6

5
Fusion
4

3
He3
2
H2
1

H1
0 20 40 56 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Mass Number (A)

In the
processes of fission and fusion the product nuclei have greater binding energy per
nucleon.
Question 14.
Two nuclei have mass numbers in the ratio 1: 2. What is the ratio of their nuclear densities?
Answer:

3 Marks Numericals.

Question 1.

a) Give one point of difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

b) Suppose we consider fission of a 5626Fe into two equal fragments of 2813Al nucleus. Is the fission energetically
possible? Justify your answer by working out Q value of the process. Given (m)5626Fe = 55.93494 u and
(m)2813Al = 27.98191

(a)One difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

(b)Calculating Q=((m) Fe-2(m) Al)C2 =26.90MeV Justification not possible.

Question 2.
Calculate the energy released in MeV in the following nuclear reaction:

Answer:
Question 3.
A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into two fragments Y and
Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of nucleons in Y and Z is 8.5 MeV per nucleon. Calculate the
energy Q released per fission in MeV. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:

∴ Gain in binding energy for nucleon = 8.5 – 7.6 = 0.9 MeV

Hence total gain in binding energy per nucleus fission = 240 × 0.9 = 216 MeV
Question 4.

Answer:

Question 5. Determine the Q-value of the following reaction:

Questions 6.If 200 MeV energy is released in the fission of a single nucleus of 23892U , how many fission must
occur to produce a power of 1KW?

Ans. Let the number of fissions per second be n. Energy released per second = nx200MeV = nx200X 1.6X10-19 J
Energy required per second = 1000J nx200X 1.6X10-19 J = 1000 n = 3.125x1013

Question 7.A beam of alpha particles of velocity 2.1 x 107 m/s is scattered by a gold foil (Z
= 79 ). Find the distance of closest approach of the Alpha particle to the gold nucleus. The
value of the charge /mass of Alpha particle is 4.8 x 10 7 C kg – 1.
Ans. At the distance of closest approach Electrostatic potential energy = initial kinetic energy of Alpha particle. K
Ze.2e/ro= 1/2 (mv2) ro= 2KZe.2e/v2m= 2.5x10-14m.

Question 8. The energy supplied by a power plant is 40 million kilowatt hour.

It is supplied by annihilation of matter, the mass that is annihilated is

Ans Let m be the annihilated mass.

Energy supplied by the power plant=mc2=40000000×103×3600J
where c is the speed of light=3×108m/s
Hence m=1.6gm

Question 9.

Calculate the height of the potential barrier for a head on collision of two
deuterons.

Ans .For a head on collision, distance between centers of two

deuterons=2×radius=r=2×2fermi=4×10−15m
Charge of each deuteron=1.6×10−19C
Potential energy=4πϵ0re2=360keV
Potential energy=2× Kinetic Energy of Deuteron
=360keV
This is the measure of height of Coulomb Barrier Potential.
Thus Kinetic energy of each deuteron=180keV.

Question 10. Calculate and compare the energy released by (a) Fusion of 1.0 kg
of hydrogen deep within Sun (b) The fission of 1.0 kg of 235U in a fission
reactor

Amount of hydrogen, m=1kg=1000g

1 mole, i.e.e , 1 g of hydrogen (11H) contains 6.023×1023 atoms. Therefore 1000 g
of hydrogen contains 6.023×1023×1000 atoms.
Within the Sun, four 11H nuclei combine and form one 24He nucleus. In this
process 26MeV of energy is released. Hence the energy released from fusion
of 1kg 11H is
E1=46.023×102326×103=39.149×1026MeV
CHAPTER-14
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE
CIRCUIT
SUMMARY:
1. Metals They possess very low resistivity or high conductivity.
ρ ~ 10-2.10-8 Ωm, σ ~102. 108 Sm-1
2. Semiconductors -They have resistivity or conductivity intermediate to metals and
insulators.
ρ ~ 10-5. 106 Ωm, σ ~ 10+5 .10-6 Sm-1
3. Types of Semiconductors Types of semiconductors are given below:
(i) Elements Semiconductors -These semiconductors are available in natural form, e.g.
silicon and germanium.
(ii) Compound Semiconductors- These semiconductors are made by compounding the
metals, e.g. CdS, GaAs, CdSe, InP, anthracene, polyaniline, etc.
4. Insulators -They have high resistivity or low conductivity.
ρ ~ 1011 . 1019 Ωm, σ ~ 10-11. 10-19 Sm-1
5. Energy Band- In a crystal due to interatomic interaction, valence electrons of one atom
are shared by more than one atom in the crystal. Now, splitting of energy level takes
place. The collection of these closely spaced energy levels are called an energy band.
6. Valence Band- Valence band are the energy band which includes the energy levels of
the valence electrons.
7. Conduction Band- Conduction band is the energy band above the valence band.
8. Energy Band Gap- The minimum energy required for shifting electrons from valence
band to conduction band is called energy band gap (Eg ).
9. Differences between conductor, insulator and semiconductor on the basis of energy
bands are given below:
10. Fermi Energy- It is the maximum possible energy possessed by free electrons of a
material at absolute zero temperature (i.e. 0K)
11. On the basis of purity , semiconductors are of two types:
(i) Intrinsic Semiconductors- It is a pure semiconductor without any significant dopant
species present
ne = nh =ni
where , ne and nh are number densities of electrons and holes respectively and n i is
called intrinsic carrier concentration.
An intrinsic semiconductor is also called an undoped semiconductor or i-type
semiconductor
(ii) Extrinsic Semiconductors- Pure semiconductor when doped with the impurity, it is
known as extrinsic semiconductor.
Extrinsic semiconductors are basically of two types:
(a) n-type semiconductors
(b) p-type semiconductors
NOTE: Both the type of semiconductors are electrically neutral.
12. In n-type semiconductor- majority charge carriers are electrons and minority charge
carriers are holes, i.e. ne>nh .
Here, we dope Si or Ge with a pentavalent element, then four of its electrons bond with
the four silicon neighbours, while fifth remains very weakly bound to its parent atom.
Formation of n-type semiconductor is shown below:

13. In p-type semiconductor- majority charge carriers are holes and minority charge
carriers are eletron i.e. nh > ne .
 In a p-type semiconductor, doping is done with trivalent impurity atoms, i.e. those atoms
which have three valence electrons in their valence shell.
Formation of p-type semiconductor is shown below:

14. At equilibrium condition, ne nh = ni2

15. Minimum energy required to create a hole-electron pair, hv >Eg where, Eg is energy
band gap.
16. Electric current, I = eA(neve + nhvh) where, A is area of cross-section.
where, ve and vh are speed of electron and hole respectively.
17. p-n Junction- A p-n junction is an arrangement made by a close contact of n-type
semiconductor and p-type semiconductor.
18. Formation of Depletion Region in p-n Junction -During formation of p-n junction, due
to the concentration gradient across p and n sides, holes diffuse from p-side to n-side (p
—> n) and electrons diffuse from n-side to p-side (n —> p).
This space charge region on either side of the junction together is known as depletion
region.
Depletion region is free from mobile charge carriers. Width of depletion region is of the
order of 10-6 m. The potential difference developed across the depletion region is called
the potential barrier.
19. Semiconductor Diode/p-n Junction Diode- A semiconductor diode is basically a p-n
junction with metallic contacts provided at the ends for the application of an external
voltage.

The direction of arrow indicates the conventional direction of current (when the diode is
under forward bias).
20. The graphical relations between voltage applied across p-n junction and current flowing
through the junction are called I-V characteristics of junction diode.
21. (i) Junction diode is said to be forward bias when the positive terminal of the external
battery is connected less to the p-side and negative terminal to the n-side of the diode.
The circuit diagram and I-V characteristics of a forward biased diode is shown below:
 The circuit diagram and I-V characteristics of a reverse biased diode is shown below.

22. The DC resistance of a junction diode,

rDC = V/I
23. The dynamic resistance of junction diode,
rAC = ∆V/∆I
24. Diode as Rectifier -The process of converting alternating voltage/current into direct
voltage/current is called rectification. Diode is used as a rectifier for converting alternating
current/voltage into direct current/voltage.
There are two ways of using a diode as a rectifier i.e.

(i) Diode as a Half-Wave Rectifier- Diode conducts corresponding to positive half cycle
and does not conduct during negative half cycle. Hence, AC is converted by diode into
unidirectional pulsating DC. This action is known as half-wave rectification.
Circuit diagram of p-n junction diode as half-wave rectifier is shown below:
The input and output wave forms have been given below:
(ii) Diode as a Full-Wave Rectifier In the full-wave rectifier, two p-n junction diodes,
D1 and D2 are used. The circuit diagram or full-wave rectifier is shown below:
shown below:

The input and output wave forms have been given below:

Its working based on the principle that junction diode offer very low resistance in forward
bias and very high resistance in reverse bias.
25. The average value or DC value obtained from a half-wave rectifier,

26. The average value or DC value obtained from a full-wave rectifier,

27. The pulse frequency of a half-wave rectifier is equal to frequency of AC.

28. The pulse frequency of a full-wave rectifier is double to that of AC.
29. Optoelectronic Devices- Semiconductor diodes in which carriers are generated by
photons, i.e. photo-excitation, such devices are known as optoelectronic devices.
These are as follows:

(i) Light Emitting Diode (LED) - It is a heavily doped p-n junction diode which
converts electrical energy into light energy.

LEDs has the following advantages over conventional incandescent low power
lamps
(a) Fast action and no warm up time required
(b) It is nearly monochromatic
(c) Low operational voltage and less power consumed
(d) Fast ON-OFF switching capability.
(ii) Photodiode -A photodiode is a special type of junction diode used for detecting
optical signals. It is a reverse biased p-n junction made from a photosensitive
material. Its symbol is

Its V-I characteristics of photodiode are shown below:

 We observe from the figure that current in photodiode changes with the change in
light intensity (I) when reverse bias is applied.

(iii) Solar Cell- Solar cell is a p-n junction diode which converts solar energy into
electrical energy. Its symbol is

V-I characteristics of solar cell are shown below:

The materials used for solar cell are Si and GaAs.

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTION

From Bohr's atomic model, we know that the electrons have well defined energy levels in an
isolated atom. But due to inter atomic interactions in a crystal, the electrons of the outer shells
are forced to have energies different from those in isolated atoms. Each energy level splits into
a number of energy levels forming a continuous band. The gap between top of valence band
and bottom of the conduction band in which no allowed energy levels for electrons can exist is
called energy gap.

(i) In an insulator energy band gap is

(d) None of
(a) (b) Eg< (c) Eg>
the above
Eg= 0 3eV 3eV
(ii) In a semiconductor, separation between conduction and valence band is of the order of

(a) 0 eV (b) 1 eV (c) 10 eV (d) 50 eV

(iii) Based on the band theory of conductors, insulators and semiconductors, the
forbidden gap is smallest in

(a) conductor (b) insulator (c) semiconductors (d) All of these

(iv) Carbon, silicon and germanium have four valence electrons each. At room temperature
which one of the following statements is most appropriate?

(a) The number of free electrons for conduction is significant only in Si and Ge but
small in C.
(b) The number of free conduction electrons is significant in C but small in Si and
Ge.
(c) The number of free conduction electrons is negligibly small in all the three.

(d) The number of free electrons for conduction is significant in all the three.

(v) Solids having highest energy level partially filled with electrons are

(a) Semiconductor (b) conductor (c) insulator (d) None of these

ANSWER

(i) (c) :In insulator, energy band gap is > 3 eV

(ii) (b) : In conductor, separation between conduction and valence bands is zero and in insulator, it
is greater than 1 eV. Hence in semiconductor the separation between conduction and valence
band is 1 eV.
(iii) (a): According to band theory the forbidden gap in conductors Eg = 0, in insulators Eg > 3 eV
and in semiconductors Eg < 3 eV.
(iv) (a): The four valence electrons of C, Si and Ge lie respectively in the second, third and fourth
orbit.Hence energy required to take out an electron from these atoms (i.e. ionisation energy Eg)
will be least for Ge, followed by Si and highest for C. Hence, the number of free electrons for
conduction in Ge and Si are significant but negligibly small for C.

(v) (b)

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]

1. State the reason, why GaAs is most commonly used in making of a solar cell.
Answer:
GaAs is most commonly used in making of a solar cell because :
(i) It has high optical absorption (~ 104 cm-1) .
(ii) It has high electrical conductivity.

2.Why should a photodiode be operated at a reverse bias?

Answer:
As fractional change in minority charge carriers is more than the fractional change in majority
charge carriers, the variation in reverse saturation current is more prominent.

3. What happens to the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction when it is

(i) forward biased,
(ii) reverse biased?

Answer:
(i) In forward biased, the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction decreases.
(ii) In reverse biased, the width of depletion layer of a p-n junction increases

4. Plot a graph showing variation of current versus voltage for the material GaAs.
Answer:
A Graph showing variation of current versus voltage for GaAs

5. What is the function of a photodiode?

Answer:
A photodiode is a special purpose p-n junction diode fabricated with a transparent window to
allow light to fall on diode. It is operated under reverse bias.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Semiconductors of both p-type and n-type are produced by:

(a) ionic solids
(b) covalent solids
(c) metallic solids
(d) molecular solids

Ans: (b) covalent solids

2. To obtain p-type silicon semiconductor, we need to dope pure silicon with:

(a) aluminium
(b) phosphorus
(c) oxygen
(d)germanium
 ANS: (a) aluminium

3. On applying reverse bias to a junction diode, it:

(a) lowers the potential barrier
(b) raise the potential barrier
(c) increases the majority carrier current
(d) increases the minority carrier current

ANS: (b) raise the potential barrier

4. In intrinsic semiconductor at room temperature, the number of electrons and holes are:
(a) equal
(b) unequal
(c) infinite
(d) zero

ANS: (a) equal

5. A forward biased diode is:

ANS: (a)

ASSERTION AND REASON:

(A)Assertion and reason both are correct statements and Reason is correct explantion for
Assertion
(B)Asserton and Reason both are correct statement but Reason is not correct explanation for
assertion .
(C) Assertion is correct statement but reason is worng statement .
(D) Assertion is Wrong statement but Reason is correct statement .

1.Assertion: The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor increases with increase in

temperature.
Reason: With increase in temperature, large number of electrons from the valence band can
jump to the conduction band.
ANS:Correct option is A):With an increase in temperature, the number of electrons released increases
and the electrical conductivity increases.
2. Assertion: When two semiconductor of p and n type are brought in contact, they form p-n junction
which act like a rectifier.
Reason- A rectifier is used to convert alternating current into direct current.
Answer- B
3. Assertion- The diffusion current in a p-n junction is from the p side to n side.
Reason- The diffusion current in a p-n junction is greater than the drift current when the junction is in
forward biased.
Answer- B
4. Assertion- The drift current in a p-n junction is from the n side to the p side.
Reason- It is due to free electrons only.
Answer-A
5. Assertion- A p-n junction with revers bias can be used as a photo diode to measure light intensity.
Reason- In a reverse bias condition the current is small but it is more sensitive to changes in incident
light intensity.
Answer- A
SHORT QUESTION ANSWER [2 marks]
1. Distinguish between an intrinsic semiconductor and p-type semiconductor. Give reason, why,
a p-type semiconductor crystal is electrically neutral although nh >> ne? Answer:

In a p-type semiconductor, the trivalent impurity atom shares its three valence electrons with the
three tetravalent host atoms while the fourth bond remains unbounded. The impurity atom as a
whole is electrical neutral. Hence the p-type semiconductor is also neutral.
2. Draw the circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias. How is photodiode
used to measure light intensity?
Answer:
A measurement of the change in the reverse. saturation current on illumination can give
the values of light intensity because photocurrent is proportional to incident light intensity.
3. Explain how a depletion region is formed in a junction diode.
Answer:
As soon as a p-n junction is formed, the majority charge carriers begin to diffuse from the
regions of higher concentration to the regions of lower concentrations. Thus the electrons
from the n-region diffuse into the p-region and where they combine with the holes and get
neutralised. Similarly, the holes from the p-region diffuse into the n-region where they
combine with the electrons and get neutralised. This process is called electron-hole
recombination.

The p-region near the junction is left with immobile -ve ions and n-region near the
junction is left with +ve ions as shown in the figure. The small region in the vicinity of the
junction which is depleted of free charge carriers and has only immobile ions is called the
depletion layer. In the depletion region, a potential difference VB is created, called
potential barrier as it creates an electric field which opposes the further diffusion of
electrons and holes.
(i) In forward biased, the width of depletion region is decreased.
(ii) In reverse biased, the width of depletion region is increased

4. The current in the forward bias is known to be more (~mA) than the current in the reverse
bias (~µA). What is the reason, then, to operate the photodiode in reverse bias?
Answer:
The fractional increase in majority carriers is much less than the fractional increase in
minority carriers. Consequently, the fractional change due to the photo-effects on the
minority carrier dominated reverse bias current is more easily measurable than the
fractional change in the majority carrier dominated forward bias current.
5. Draw energy band diagram of n-type and p-type semiconductor at temperature T >
OK. Mark the donar and acceptor energy level with their energies.
 Ans.

6. Distinguish between a metal and an insulator on the basis of energy band diagram.
Ans.(i) Metal: For metals, the valence band is completely filled and the conduction band
can have two possibilities either it is partially filled with an extremely small energy gap
between the valence and conduction bands or it is empty, with two bands overlapping
each other as shown below:

(ii) On applying an small even electric field, metals can conduct electricity.
(i) Insulators : for insulator, the energy gap between the conduction and valence bands
are very large, also the conduction band is practically empty, as shown below:

(ii) When an electric field is applied across such a solid, the electrons find it difficult to
acquire. So, a large amount of energy is required to reach the conduction band.Thus, the
conduction band continues to be empty. That is why no current flows through insulators.

7. Give two advantages of LED’s over the conventional incandescent lamps.

Ans: Advantages of LEDs over incandescent lamps
(i) Since, LEDs do not have a filament that can burn out, hence, they last longer.
They do not get hot during use.
(ii) Low operational voltage and less power consumed

8. Explain, how a depletion region is formed in a junction diode?

Ans. With the formation of p-n junction, the holes from p-region diffuse into the n-region
 and electrons from n-region diffuse into p-region and electron-hole pair combine and get
annihilated.
This input produces potential barrier, VB across in junction which opposes the further
diffusion through the junction. Thus, small region forms in the vicinity of the junction
which is depleted of free charge carrier and has only immotile ions is called the depletion
region.
9. Draw the circuit diagram showing how a p-n junction diode is
(i)forward biased
(ii)reverse biased.
How is the width of depletion layer affected in the two cases?

Ans. Circuit diagram of forward biased and reverse biased p-n junction diode is shown

The width of depletion layer (i) decreases in forward bias.

(ii) increases in reverse bias.

10. .Draw a circuit diagram showing the biasing of an LED. State the factor which
controls
(i)wavelength of light.
(ii) intensity of light emitted by the diode.
Ans. Circuit diagram of a forward biased LED is shown below:

SEMICONDUCTOR (SECTION – B)
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [3 MARKS ]

1. (i) Explain with the help of a suitable diagram, the two processes which occur during the
formations of a p-n junction diode. Hence define the terms (i) depletion region and (ii) potential
barrier.
(ii) Draw a circuit diagram of a p-n junction diode under forwarding bias ‘ and explain its
working.
Answer:
(i) The two important processes are diffusion and drift.
Due to the concentration gradient, the electrons diffuse from the n-side to the p side, and holes
diffuse from the n-side to the n side.

Due to the diffusion, an electric field develops across the junction. Due to the field, an electron
moves from the p-side to the n-side; a hole moves from the n-side to the p-side. The flow of the
charge carriers due to the electric field is called drift.

(a) Depletion region: It is the space charge region on either side of the junction that gets depleted of free
charges is known as the depletion region.
(b) Potential Barrier: The potential difference that gets developed across the junction and opposes the
diffusion of charge carriers and brings about a condition of equilibrium, which is known as the barrier
potential.

(ii) The circuit diagram is as shown

Working:
In the forward bias condition, the direction of the applied voltage is opposite to the barrier potential. This
reduces the width of the depletion layer as well as the height of the barrier. A current can, therefore, flow
through the circuit. This current increases (non¬linearly) with the increase in the applied voltage.

2. .Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving reasons.
(i)Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential up to a critical
voltage?
(ii)Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
Name any semiconductor device which operates under the reverse bias in the breakdown region.

Answer:
(i)Under the reverse bias condition, the holes of p-side are attracted towards the negative terminal of the
battery and the electrons of the n-side are attracted towards the positive terminal of the battery. This
increases the depletion layer and the potential barrier. However, the minority charge carriers are drifted
across the junction producing a small current.
At any temperature, the number of minority carriers is constant, so there is the small current at any
applied potential. This is the reason for the current under reverse bias to be almost independent of applied
potential. At the critical voltage, avalanche breakdown takes place which results in a sudden flow of large
current.
(ii) At the critical voltage, the holes in the n-side and conduction electrons in the p-side are accelerated
due to the reverse bias voltage. These minority carriers acquire sufficient kinetic energy from the electric
field and collide with a valence electron.
Thus, the bond is finally broken and the valence electrons move into the conduction band resulting in
enormous flow of electrons and thus, formation of hole-electron pairs. Thus, there is a sudden increase in
the current at the critical voltage.

3. Name the p-n junction diode which emits spontaneous radiation when forward biased. How do we
choose the semiconductor, to be used in these diodes, if the emitted radiation is to be in the visible region?
Answer:
The p-n junction diode, which emits spontaneous radiation when forward biased, is the “light-emitting
diode” or LED.

The visible tight is from 400 nm to 700 nm and the corresponding energy is between 2.8 eV to 1.8 eV.
Therefore, the energy gap of the semiconductor to be used in LED, in order to have the emitted radiation
be in the visible region, should be 1.8 eV. Phosphorous doped gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide are
two such suitable semiconductors.

4. With what considerations in view, a photodiode is fabricated? State its working with the help of a
suitable diagram.
Even though the current in the forward bias is known to be more than in the reverse bias, yet the
photodiode works in reverse bias. What is the reason?
Answer:
It is fabricated with a transparent window to allow light to fall on the diode. It is fabricated such that the
generation of e-h pairs takes place in or near the depletion region of the diode.

When the photodiode is illuminated with light (photons) with energy (hw) greater than the energy gap (Eg)
of the semiconductor, then electron-hole pairs are generated due to the absorption of photons. The diode is
fabricated such that the generation of e-h pairs takes place in or near the depletion region of the diode.
Due to the electric field of the junction, electrons and holes are separated before they recombine.
The direction of the electric field is such that electrons reach the n-side and holes reach the p-side.
Electrons are collected on the n-side and holes are collected on the p-side giving rise to an emf. When an
external load is connected, current flows. The magnitude of the photocurrent depends on the intensity of
incident light (photocurrent is proportional to incident light intensity). The diagram is as shown.

It is easier to observe the change in the current with a change in the light intensity if a reverse bias is
applied. Thus photodiode is used in the reverse bias mode even when the current in the forward bias is
more.

5. Draw the circuit diagram to show the use of a p-n junction diode as a half-wave rectifier. Also show the
input and the output voltages, graphically. Explain its working.
Answer:
The diagram is as shown.

The input and output waveforms are as shown.

A p-n junction diode is used as a half-wave rectifier. Its work is based on the fact that the resistance of the
p-n junction becomes low when forward biased and becomes high when reversing biased. These
characteristics of a diode are used in rectification.
6. Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, the working of a photo-diode. Write briefly how it is used
to detect optical signals.
Answer:
When the photodiode is illuminated with light (photons) with energy (hʋ) greater than the energy gap (Eg)
of the semiconductor, then – electron-hole pairs are generated due to the absorption of photons. The diode
is fabricated such that the generation of e-h pairs takes place in or near the depletion region of the diode.
Due to the electric field of the junction, electrons and holes are separated before they recombine. The
direction of the electric field is such that electrons reach the n-side and holes reach the p-side. Electrons
are collected on the n-side and holes are collected on the p-side giving rise to an emf. When an external
load is connected, current flows.

The magnitude of the photocurrent depends on the intensity of incident light incident on it. This helps in
detecting optical signals.

7. (i) Describe briefly with the help of a necessary circuit diagram, the working principle of a solar cell.
Answer:
Solar Cell: A solar cell is a junction diode that converts solar energy into electrical energy. In a solar cell,
the n-region is very thin and transparent so that most of the incident light reaches the junction. The thin
region is called the emitter and the other base. When light is incident on it, it passes through the crystal
onto the junction. The electrons and holes are generated due to light (with hv > Eg). The electrons are
kicked to the n-side and holes to the p-side due to the electric field of the depletion region. Thus p-side
becomes positive and the n-side becomes negative giving rise to a photo-voltage. Thus it behaves as a
cell.

(ii) Why are Si and GaAs preferred materials for solar cells? Explain.
Answer:
Si and GaAs are preferred for solar cell fabrication due to the fact that their bandgap is ideal. Further, they
have high electrical conductivity and high optical absorption.

8. Draw the circuit diagram of a full-wave rectifier and explain its working. Also, give the input and
output waveforms.
Answer:
The circuit diagram is as shown.
The two ends S1 and S2 of a center-tapped secondary of a transformer are connected to the P sections of
the two diodes D1 and D2 respectively. The n-sections of the two diodes are joined together and their
com¬mon junction is connected to the central tap C of the secondary winding through a load resistance
RL. The input is applied across the primary and the output is ob¬tained across the load resistance RL. The
arrows show the direction of the current.

Assume that the end A of the secondary is positive during the first half cycle of the supply voltage. This
makes diode D1 forward biased and diode D2 reverse biased. Thus diode D1 conducts and an output is
obtained across the load RL.

During the second half cycle of the supply voltage, the polarities of the secondary windings reverse. A
becomes negative and B becomes positive with respect to the central terminal C. This makes diode
D2 forward biased. Hence it conducts and an output is obtained across RL.

The input-output waveforms are as shown.

9. State the reason why the photodiode is always operated under reverse bias. Write the working principle
of operation of a photodiode. The semiconducting material used to fabricate a photodiode has an energy
gap of 1.2 eV. Using calculations, show whether it can detect light of a wavelength of 400 nm incident on
it.
Answer:
It is easier to observe the change in the current with the change in the light intensity if a reverse bias is
applied. Thus photodiode is used in the reverse bias mode even when the current in the forward bias is
more the energy gap (Eg) of the semiconductor, then electron-hole pairs are generated due to the
absorption of photons.

Due to the electric field of the junction, electrons and holes are separated before they recombine. The
direction of the electric field is such that electrons reach the n-side and holes reach the p-side. Electrons
are collected on the n-side and holes are collected on the p-side giving rise to an emf. When an external
load is connected, current flows.
Given λ = 400 nm,
Energy of photon
E = hc/λ=6.63×10-34 ×3×108 / 400×10-9 × 1.6×10--19 = 3.105 eV
Since the bandgap is lesser than this energy, therefore it will be able to detect the wavelength.

10. Draw V-l characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving reasons:
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential up to a critical
voltage?
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?

Answer:
The characteristics are as shown.

(i) This is because even a small voltage is sufficient to sweep the minority carriers from one side of the
junction to the other side of the junction.

(ii) As the reverse bias voltage is increased, the electric field at the junction becomes significant. When
the reverse bias voltage V = Vz critical voltage, then the electric field strength is high enough to pull
valence electrons from the host atoms on the p-side which are accelerated to the n-side. These electrons
account for the high current observed at the breakdown.
 PRACTICE TEST PAPER
PRACTICE TEST (SET-1)
Physics (Class-12)
Time allotted:- 2 hours. Max. Marks:- 35
General Instructions:
1). All questions are compulsory. There are 15 questions in all.
2). This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and
Section E.
3). Section A contains three very short answer questions and two assertion reasoning MCQs of
1 mark each, Section B has one case based questions of 4 marks , Section C contains five short
answer questions of 2 marks each, Section D contains two short answer questions of 3 marks
each and Section E contains two long answer questions of 5 marks each.
4). There is no overall choice. However internal choice is provided. You have to attempt only
one of the choices in such questions.
Sr.No. Questions Marks

Section – A
All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, attempt
any one of them.

1 A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction. 1

What will be the directions of electric and magnetic field vectors

2 How does the power of a convex lens vary, if the incident red light is 1
replaced by violet light ?

3 What happens to the width of depletion layer of p-n junction, when it is 1

(i) forward biased (ii) reverse biased?

For question numbers 4 and 5, two statements are given-one

labeled Assertion (A) and the other labeled Reason (R). Select the
correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and
(d) as given below.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false and R is also false
4 Assertion (A): de-Broglie equation is significant for microscopic 1
particles.
Reason (R): de-Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass
of a particle when velocity is kept constant.

5 Assertion (A): Electron do not experience strong nuclear force. 1

Reason (R): Strong nuclear force is charge independent.

Section – B
Questions 6 is Case Study based questions and is compulsory.
Attempt any 4 sub parts from question. Each question carries 1
mark.

A compound microscope is an optical instrument used for observing 1x4

highly magnified images of tiny objects. Magnifying power of a compound
microscope is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by
the final image to the angle subtended at the eye by the object, when
both the final image and the objects are situated at the least distance of
6 distinct vision from the eye. It can be given that: m=me x mo, where me is
the magnification produced by the eye lens and mo is the magnification
produced by the objective lens.

Consider a compound microscope that consists of an objective lens of

focal length 2.0 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 6.25 cm separated
by a distance of 15 cm.
i) The object distance for eye-piece, so that final image is formed at the
least distance of distinct vision, will be
(a) 3.45 cm
(b) 5 cm
(c) 1.29 cm
(d) 2.59 cm
ii) How far from the objective should an object be placed in order to
obtain the condition described in part (i)?
(a) 4.5 cm
(b) 2.5 cm
(c) 1.5 cm
(d) 3.0 cm
iii) What is the magnifying power of the microscope in case of least
distinct vision?
(a) 20
(b) 30
(c) 40
(d) 50
(iv) The intermediate image formed by the objective of a compound
microscope is
(a) real, inverted and magnified
(b) real, erect and magnified
 (c) virtual, erect and magnified
(d) virtual, inverted and magnified
v) The magnifying power of a compound microscope increases with
(a) the focal length of objective lens is increased and that of eye lens is
decreased.
(b) the focal length of eye lens is increased and that of objective lens is
decreased.
(c) focal length of both objects and eye-piece are increased.
(d) focal length of both objects and eye-piece are. decreased
Section – C
All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, attempt
anyone.
7 Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelength vary as 2
(a) 10-12 m <. λ < 10 -8 m
(b) 10-3 m < λ < 10 -1 m
Write one use for each.

8 A ray of light, incident on an equilateral glass prism ( ng = √3 ) moves 2

parallel to the base line of the prism inside it. Find the angle of
incidence for this ray.
Or,
Define the term wave front. State Huygens’s principle.
9 An Alpha particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same 2
potential. Find the ratio of their de-Broglie wavelengths.

10 Obtain a relation between half-life and decay constant of a radioactive 2

nucleus.

11 Distinguish between ’intrinsic’ and ‘extrinsic’ semiconductors. 2

Section -D
All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, attempt
any one.
12 Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. 3
Deduce an expression for the total magnification when the final image is
formed at the near point.
Or,
Draw a labeled ray diagram of a refracting telescope. Define its
magnifying power and write expression for it.
Write two important limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting
type telescope.
13 Draw the V-I characteristic of a LED. State two advantages of LED 3
lamps over conventional incandescent lamps. Write the factor which
controls (a) wavelength of light emitted, (b) intensity of the light emitted
by an LED.

Section – E
All questions are compulsory. In case of internal choices, attempt
any one.
14 (a) Under what conditions is the phenomenon of total internal reflection 5
of light observed? Obtain the relation between the critical angle of
incidence and the refractive index of the medium.
(b) Three lenses of focal length +10cm, -10cm and +30cm are arranged
as in the figure given here. Find the position of the final image formed
by the combination.

Or,
(a) Describe any two characteristic feature which distinguish between
interference and diffraction phenomena. Derive the expression for the
intensity at a point of the interference pattern in Young’s double slit
experiment.
(b) In the diffraction due to a single slit experiment, the aperture of the
slit is 3 mm. If monochromatic light of wavelength 620 nm is incident
normally on the slit, calculate the separation between the first order
minima and the 3rd order maxima on one side of the screen. The
distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m.
 15 (a) Using Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, derive the expression for the 5
total energy of the electron in the stationary states of the atom.
(b) Calculate the wavelength of the first spectral line in the
corresponding Lyman series of this atom.
Or,
(a) Define the term ‘activity’ of a given sample of radionuclide. Write the
expression for the law of radioactive decay in terms of the activity of a
given sample.
(b) A radioactive isotope has a half-life of T years. How long will it take
the activity to reduce to 3.125% of its original value?
(c) When a nucleus (X) undergoes B- decay, and transform to the
nucleus (Y), does the pair (X,Y) form isotopes, isobars or isotones ?
Justify your answer.

PRACTICE TEST PHYSICS (SET:2)

Time 2Hours Maximum Marks: 35
General Instructions:
1. This question paper contains 13 questions.
2. Q No 1 to 5 is case based questions carrying one marks each
3.Q.No 6 to 10 are short answer type questions carrying 3 marks each.
4. Q.No 11 to 13 are long answer type questions carrying 5 marks each.
5. There is no overall choice however internal choices have been provided in
some of the questions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Read the text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same.
Spectrum analysis and astronomy.

Each element in the periodic table can appear in gaseous form and produced its own spectrum
unit to that element hydrogen will not look like helium which will not look like carbon which will
not look like iron – – and so on .
Astrophysicist can identify what kinds of materials are present in stars from the analysis of star's
spectra. This type of study is called astronomical spectroscopy.
The science of spectroscopy is quite sophisticated. From spectral lines analysis astrophysicist
can determine not only the element but the temperature and density of that element in the star.
The spectral line also can tell us about any magnetic field of the star.
The width of the line can tell us how fast the material is moving. We can learn about winds in
stars from this. The shifting of a spectral lines Shift back and forth indicates that the stars may
be orbiting another star.
The following table shows rough guide for the relationship between the temperature of a star
and the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Temperature Predominant Astronomical
(Kelvin) (Radiation) Example
600 K Infrared Planets, Warm dust

6000 K Optical The Photosphere of

sun and other stars
60000 K UV The Photosphere of
very hot stars
600000 K Soft X-rays The Corona of the
Sun
6000000 K X-Rays The Corona of active
stars

If the spectrum of a star is red or blue shifted then it can be used to infer its velocity along the
line of sight. Edwin Hubble observed that more distant galaxies tended to have more red shifted
spectra this establish the theory of expansion of the universe.
Q.1. What is astronomical spectroscopy?
(A) Study of spectrum of starlight and to identify its distance from Earth.
(B) Study spectrum of star light and to identify what kinds of elements are present in stars.
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of the above.
Q.2. From the spectrum analysis the following information of a star can be obtained
(a) Elements present, temperature
(b) A magnetic field, density ,mass
(c) Distance of the star
(d ) Both (a) and (b)
Q.3 The lines in a star's spectrum is found to shift back and forth, what conclusion may be
drawn from this observation
(a) The star may by orbiting another star
(b) There may be a storm in the star
(ç) The Star may be rotating at a very high speed
(d) None of the above.

Q.4. what may be the approximate temperature if soft X-rays are found predominantly in the
spectrum
(a) 60000 OC
(b) 600000 OC
(c) 60000 K
(d) 600000 K

Q.5. Which nature of spectrum establishes the theory of the expanding universe
(a) Red shift of spectrum
(b) Blue shift of spectrum
(c) Back and forth movement of a spectral lines
(d) None of the above
Short Answer questions (3x5=15)

Q.6. write down the limitations of Bohr's atomic model.

Or
The second member of Lyman series in hydrogen atom has a wavelength 5400 Angstrom find
the wavelength of the first member.
Q.7 Arrange the following e.m. radiation in ascending order of their frequencies.
microwave, radio wave, X-rays, Gamma rays .
Write two uses of any one of these.

Q.8 Define
(i) Stopping potential
(ii) Threshold frequency
(iii) Work function of a metal surface.

Q.9 Write any three differences between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Q.10 Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier and explain its working.

Long Answer questions (5x3=15)

Q.11. (i) State briefly the processes involved in the formation of P N junction, explaining clearly
how the depletion region is formed.
(ii) Using the necessary circuit diagrams show how the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction are
obtained in (a) forward biasing and (b) reverse biasing.
how are these characteristics made use of in rectification?
or
(i) explain with the help of diagram how depletion layer and potential barrier are formed in a
junction diode (ii) draw a circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier. Explain its working and draw
input and output waveforms.

Q.12 (i) using postulates of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom show that (a) the radius of orbits
increases as n² and (b )the total energy of the electron increases as 1/ n² where n is the
principal quantum number of the atom.
(ii) Calculate the shortest wavelength of light emitted in the paschen series of hydrogen
spectrum. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum, does it belong?

Q.13. Derive lens makers formula with suitable diagram. What will happen if it is dipped in a
liquid whose refractive index is (i) more than (ii) less than (iii) equal to material of lens.
Or
(i) What do you mean by interference of light.
(ii) Derive expression of fringe width in young's double slit experiment.
(iii) What will happen to fringe width if experiment is performed in water?

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