ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS

Abstract
Diodes are popularly used rectifiers, which convert an ac signal to a unidirectional
signal (DC). They produce a fixed output voltage only. However, controlled
switches such as thyristor are used to vary the output voltage of converter by
adjusting firing /delay angle alpha of the thyristor. Phase controlled converters are
simple, efficient and less expensive .There are both single phase and three phase
converters depending on the input supply .we also have half wave and full wave
converters .the half wave converters has only one polarity of output voltage and
current, while for the full wave, the polarity of output voltage can be either positive
or negative .the purpose of this paper is to investigate the operation of the single
phase half wave full wave controlled rectifiers. Load current for controlled full
wave rectifier with resistive load is discontinuous. This paper discuss the design
and calculations of the performance parameters of full wave and half wave
controlled rectifiers.
Keywords: Diode, Thyristor, Single Phase Converter

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Contents
Abstract....................................................................................................................1
List of Figure............................................................................................................4
List of Abbreviations...............................................................................................5
Chapter -1.................................................................................................................6
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................6
1.2 Objective:.........................................................................................................7
1.3 Statement of problem.......................................................................................8
1.4 Scope................................................................................................................8
Chapter 2..................................................................................................................9
Literature Review...................................................................................................9
2.1 What is Rectifier?..........................................................................................9
2.2 What is Rectification?...................................................................................9
2.3 Types of Rectifiers........................................................................................9
2.4 Single Phase and Three Phase Rectifiers....................................................15
2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of SCR?....................................................15
2.6 Applications of SCR...................................................................................16
2.7 Comparison of SCR, Power BJT, Power MOSFET, IGBT........................17
2.8 Difference between thyristor and MOSFET...............................................18
2.9 Applications of Rectifiers...........................................................................19
Chapter 3................................................................................................................20
Mathematical modeling and calculations.............................................................20
3.1 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier Load with Passive Loads....20
3.1.1 Fourier series Analysis of half wave controlled rectifier the Output
Voltage..............................................................................................................25
3.2 Single-Phase Full Wave controlled Rectifiers............................................29
3.1.2 Fourier series Analysis of full wave controlled rectifier the Output
Voltage..............................................................................................................25

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Chapter 4................................................................................................................36
Simulation Result and Discussion........................................................................36
4.1 Simulink Model and Simulation Result for Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
...........................................................................................................................36
4.2 Simulink Model and Simulation Result for Full Wave Controlled Rectifier
...........................................................................................................................38
Chapter 5........................................................................................................................ 40
Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix A:.................................................................................................................... 41
Performance Analysis of Half Wave Controlled Rectifier Using MATLAB................41
Appendix B:.................................................................................................................... 42
Performance Analysis of Half Wave Controlled Rectifier Using MATLAB................42
Reference:....................................................................................................................... 43

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List of Figure
Figure 1 half wave uncontrolled rectifier................................................................11
Figure 2 bridge uncontrolled rectifier......................................................................12
Figure 3 center tap transformer...............................................................................12
Figure 4 Simulink diagram of single-phase half wave controlled rectifier.............36
Figure 5 Simulation result for half wave controlled rectifier.................................36
Figure 6 Simulink diagram of single-phase full wave bridge controlled rectifier. .38
Figure 7 Simulation result for single phase full wave bridge controlled rectifier...39

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List of Abbreviations

AC Alternating Current
DC- Direct Current
SCR Silicon Controlled Rectifier
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
SMPS Switched-Mode Power Supply
HF Harmonic Factor
FF Form Factor
TUF Transformer Utilization Factor
VO Output Voltage
Vm Maximum Voltage
VO (rms) Root Mean Square Output Voltage
Io(rms) Root Mean Square Output Current

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Chapter -1

1.1 Introduction
Alternating current (AC) is the most efficient way to deliver electrical power.
However, DC is the main operator of the electric devices. So we need to convert
the AC TO DC. Many industrial applications make use of controlled DC power,
like in steel rolling mills, paper mills and textile mills, which employ DC motor
drives. The basic advantages of DC motor are high starting torque, high
accelerating and decelerating torque. DC motor is easily adaptable for drives
requiring wide range speed control and quick reversals. So DC machine possesses
high degree of flexibility and versatility [1].

The losses like eddy current loss, hysteresis loss are also absent in DC applications.
For some industrial applications a versatile AC to DC converter is indispensable.
Direct current is used to charge batteries, and in nearly all electronic systems as the
power supply. Very large quantities of direct-current power are used in production
of aluminum and other electrochemical processes. Direct current is also used for
some railway propulsion, especially in urban areas. High voltage direct current
(HVDC) is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites
or to interconnect alternating current power grids [2].

DC is commonly found in many low-voltage applications, especially where these

are powered by batteries, which can produce only DC, or solar power systems,
since solar cells can produce only DC. Most automotive applications use DC,
although the alternator is an AC device which uses a rectifier to produce DC. Most
electronic circuits require a DC power supply.

Direct-current installations usually have different types of sockets, switches, and

fixtures, mostly due to the low voltages used, from those suitable for alternating
current. It is usually important with a direct-current appliance not to reverse
polarity unless the device has a diode bridge to correct for this.

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction.

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Depending up on the type of input supply, rectifiers are classified into two types:
Single phase and
Three phase rectifiers.
Depending up on the output type we can further classify single phase rectifiers as:
Half wave and
Full wave rectifiers.
Depending up on the switching devices that we use to implement the rectifier we
can classify rectifiers as:
Controlled rectifiers: Uses diode as switching device and
Uncontrolled rectifiers: Uses switching devices like, SCR, BJT,
MOSFET, IGBT that they can be switched on in a controlled manner [3].

1.2 Objective:
1.2.1 General objective:
The main objective this project is design to calculate the performance parameters
of half wave and full wave controlled rectifier using mat lab software.

1.2.3 Specific objective

I. To design single phase half wave controlled rectifier on mat lab
II. To calculate the performance parameters of single phase half wave
controlled rectifier
III. To design single phase full wave controlled rectifier on mat lab
IV. To calculate the performance parameters of single phase full wave
controlled rectifier

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1.3 Statement of problem

Earlier, dc power was obtained from motor-generator (MG) sets or ac
power was converted to dc by means of mercury-arc rectifiers or
thyratrons and then after by uncontrolled rectifiers. In today’s world
Many Industrial applications need controllable DC power.

Examples of such applications are:-

1. Steel rolling mills, paper mills, printing presses and textile mills
employing DC motor drives.
2. Traction systems working on DC.
3. Electromechanical and Electrometallurgical processes.
4. Magnet Power suppliers
5. Portable hand tool drives
6. High Voltage DC transmission
The advent of thyristor has changed the art of ac to dc conversion.
Presently, phase controlled ac to dc converters employing thyristor are
extensively used for changing constant ac input to controlled dc output
voltage. In this project the design and performance parameter
calculations of controlled rectifier has been done.
1.4 Scope
The scope of this project to design and to calculate the performance
parameters of single phase half wave and single phase full bridge AC to
DC convertors or rectifiers.
In the study of thyristor systems, SCRs and Diodes are assumed to be
ideal switches which means that
(i) There is no voltage drop across them.
(ii) No reverse current exists under reverse voltage Conditions.
(iii) Holding current is zero.

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Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 What is Rectifier?
A Rectifier is an electrical device that is made of one or more than one diodes that
converts the alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). It is used for
rectification where the process below shows that how it convert AC into DC [4].

2.2 What is Rectification?

Rectification is the process of conversion of the alternating current (which
periodically changes direction) into direct current (flow in a single direction).

2.3 Types of Rectifiers

There are mainly two types of rectifiers
1. Uncontrolled Rectifier
2. Controlled Rectifier
Bridge rectifiers are of many types and the basis for the classification can be many,
to name a few, type of supply, bridge circuit’s configurations, controlling
capability etc. Bridge rectifiers can be broadly classified into single and three
phase rectifiers based on the type of input they work on. Both of these types
include these further classifications which can be made into both single and three
phase rectifiers.
The further classification is based on the switching devices the rectifier uses and
the types are uncontrolled, half controlled and full controlled rectifiers. Some of
the types of rectifiers are discussed below [3][4].

Based on the type of rectification circuit does, the rectifiers are classified into two
categories.
 Half wave rectifier
 Full wave rectifier

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Half wave rectifier only converts half of the AC wave into DC signal whereas Full
wave rectifier converts complete AC signal into DC.
Bridge rectifier is the most commonly used rectifier in electronics and this report
will deal with the working and making of one. Simple bridge rectifier circuit is the
most popular method for full wave rectification.

2.3.1 Uncontrolled Rectifier:

The type of rectifier whose output voltage cannot be controlled is called
an uncontrolled rectifier. A rectifier uses switches to work. The switches can be of
various types, broadly, controllable switches and uncontrollable switches. A diode
is unidirectional device that allows the current flow in only one direction. The
working of a diode is not controlled as it will conduct as long as it is forward
biased
With a configuration of diodes in any given rectifier, the rectifier is not fully in the
operator’s control, so these types of rectifiers are called uncontrolled rectifiers. It
does not allow the power to vary depending on the load requirement. So this type
of rectifier is commonly used in constant or fixed power supplies [5].
Types of Uncontrolled Rectifier:
Uncontrolled Rectifiers are further divided into two types:
1. Half Wave Rectifier
2. Full Wave Rectifier
2.3.1.1 Half Wave Rectifier:
A Type of rectifier that converts only the half cycle of the alternating current (AC)
into direct current (DC) is known as half wave rectifier.
Positive Half Wave Rectifier: a half wave rectifier that converts only the positive
half cycle and blocks the negative half cycle.
Negative Half Wave Rectifier: a negative half wave rectifier converts only
the negative half cycle of the AC into DC. In all types of rectifiers, a half-wave
rectifier is the simplest of them all as it is composed of only a single diode [6].

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Figure 1 half wave uncontrolled rectifier

Positive Half Cycle: During the positive half cycle, the diode terminal anode will
become positive and the cathode will become negative known as forward bias. And
it will allow the positive cycle to flow through [7].
Negative Half Cycle: During the negative half cycle, the anode will become
negative and the cathode will become positive, which is known as reverse bias. So
the diode will block the negative cycle [6][8].

2.3.1.2 Full Wave Rectifier:

A full wave rectifier converts both positive and negative half cycles of the AC
(alternating current) into DC (direct current). It provides double output voltage
compared to the half wave rectifier. A full wave rectifier is made up of more than
one diode.
There are two types of full wave rectifier.
1. Bridge Rectifier
2. Center-Tap Rectifier
1 Bridge Rectifier
A bridge rectifier uses four diodes to convert both half cycle of the input AC into
DC output.
In this type of rectifier, the diodes are connected in a specific form as given below.

Figure 2 bridge uncontrolled rectifier

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Positive Half Cycle: During input positive half cycle, the diode D1 & D2 becomes
forward bias while D3 & D4 becomes reverse bias. The diode D1 & D2 form a
closed loop that provides a positive output voltage across the load resistor RL

Negative Half Cycle: During the negative half cycle, the diode D3 & D4 becomes
forward bias while D1 & D2 becomes reverse bias. But the polarity across the load
resistor RL remains the same and provides a positive output across the load[6]

2 Center-Tap Rectifier
This type of full-wave rectifier uses a center-tap transformer & two diodes.

Figure 3 center tap transformer

A center-tap transformer is a dual-voltage transformer that has two inputs (I1 & I2)
and three output terminals (T1, T2, T3). The T2 terminal is connected to the center
of the output coil which acts as a reference ground (o volt reference).
The T1 terminal produces positive voltage and the T3 terminal produces negative
voltage with respect to the T2.[3][5]

Positive Half Cycle: During the input positive half cycle, the T1 will produce
positive and T2 will produce a negative voltage. The diode D1 will become
forward bias & diode D2 will become reverse bias. This makes a close path
from T1 to T2 through the load resistor RL[6] 

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Now during the input negative half cycle, T1 will generate negative cycle
& T2 will generate a positive cycle. This will put the diode D1 into reverse bias &
diode D2 in forward bias. But the polarity across the load resistor RL is still the
same as the current takes the path from T3 to T1[3][5][7]

2.3.2 Controlled Rectifier:

A type of rectifier whose output voltage can be varied or changed is
called controlled rectifier. The need for a controlled rectifier is apparent when we
look into the shortcomings of an uncontrolled bridge rectifier. To make an
uncontrolled rectifier into a controlled one we use current-controlled solid-state
devices such as SCRs, MOSFETs, and IGBTs. We have the full control when
SCRs are switched ON or OFF based on the gate pulses we apply to it. These are
generally more preferred than their uncontrolled counterparts. It is composed of
one or more than one SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier).An SCR, also known
as thyristor is a three-terminal diode. These terminals are Anode, Cathode & a
control input known as Gate.
Just like a simple diode an SCR conduct in forward bias and blocks current in
reverse bias but it only starts forward conduction when there is a pulse at the gate
input. So the output voltage can be controlled using the gate input.[2][4][7]

Types of controlled rectifier

There are two types of controlled rectifier.
2.3.2.1 Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
The half wave controlled rectifier is made up of a single SCR (Silicon Controlled
Rectifier).Half wave controlled rectifier has the same design as the half wave
uncontrolled rectifier except we replace the diode with an SCR .An SCR does not
conduct in reverse bias, so it will block the negative half cycle. During the positive
half cycle, the SCR will conduct current on one condition when a pulse is applied
to the gate input. The gate input is, of course, a periodic pulse signal which is

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designed to activate the SCR at each positive half cycle. In this way, we can
control the output voltage of this rectifier [8].
2.3.2.2 Full Wave Controlled Rectifier
A type of rectifier that converts both positive and negative half cycle of the AC
into DC as well as controls the output amplitude is known as a full wave controlled
rectifier. Just like uncontrolled rectifier, controlled full wave rectifier has two types
[8].

2.3.3 Controlled Bridge Rectifier

In this rectifier, the diode bridge is replaced by an SCR (Thyristor) bridge with the
same configuration.
Positive Half Cycle: During the positive cycle, the SCR (thyristor) T1 & T2 will
conduct when the gate pulse is applied. T3 & T4 will be reversed bias, so they will
block the current. The output voltage will be established across the load
resistor RL.
Negative Half Cycle: During the negative half cycle, the thyristor T3 & T4 will
become forward bias considering the gate input pulse & the T1 & T2 will become
reverse bias. The output voltage will appear across the load resistor RL.[7][8][9]

2.3.4 Controlled Center-Tap Rectifier:

Just like center-tap uncontrolled rectifier, this design uses two SCR replacing the
two diodes. Both of these SCR switching will be timed differently according to the
input AC frequency. Its operation is the same as the uncontrolled rectifier.

2.4 Single Phase and Three Phase Rectifiers

This classification is based on the type of input a rectifier works on. The naming is
pretty straightforward. When the input is single phase, the rectifier is called a
single phase rectifier and when the input is three phase, it is called a three phase
rectifier.
The single phase bridge rectifier consists of four diodes, whereas a three phase
rectifier uses six diodes arranged in a particular fashion to get the desired output.

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These can be controlled or uncontrolled rectifiers depending on the switching

components used in each rectifier such as diodes, Thyristor, and so on.[8]

2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of SCR?

2. 5 Advantages:
 The SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) can handle large voltage, current and power.
 The Triggering circuit for silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) is simple. The SCR is
easy to turn ON.
 The SCR can be protected with the help of fuse.
 It is able to control AC power.
 It is simple to control.
 It cost is low.
Disadvantages:
 The SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) is unidirectional devices, so it can control
power only in DC power during positive half cycle of AC supply, thus only DC
power is controlled with the help of SCR.
 The gate current cannot be negative.
 In AC circuit, it needs to be turned on each cycle.
 It cannot be used at higher frequencies.

2.6 Applications of SCR

1. Controlled rectifiers.
2. DC to DC converters or choppers.
3. DC to AC converters or inverters.
4. As static switch.

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5. Battery chargers.
6. Speed control of DC and AC motors.
7. Lamp dimmers, fan speed regulators.
8. AC voltage stabilizers.

2.7 Comparison of SCR, Power BJT, Power MOSFET,

IGBT

Sr No Parameter SCR Power BJT Power MOSFET IGBT

Operating
1 frequency 400 to 500 Hz 10 kHz 100 kHz 10 kHz

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On-state voltage
2 drop < 2 volts <2 volts 4-5 volts 3 volts

Current controlled Current controlled Voltage controlled Voltage controlled

need single pulse needs continuous needs continuous need continuous
3 Trigger circuit to turn-on. base drive. gate drive. gate drive.

UPS, SMPS,
DC motor drives, Static VAR SMPS, BLDC
inverters, systems, AC AC motor control, drives AC motor
5 Applications rectifiers. motor control, SMPS control UPS.

Maximum VI
6 Rating 10 kV/ 5000 A 2 kV/ 1000 A 600 V/ 200 A 1500 V/ 400 A

7 Type of Device Minority carrier Minority carrier Majority carrier Minority carrier

Voltage or Current
8 Controlled Current controlled Current controlled Voltage controlled Voltage controlled

Communication
9 Circuit Necessary Not Necessary Not Necessary Not Necessary

10 Blocking Capacity Symmetrical Asymmetrical Asymmetrical Asymmetrical

Temperature
11 Coefficient Negative Negative Positive Flat

12 Thermal Runaway Possible Possible Not Possible Not Possible

External
equalizing circuit Equalizing circuit
13 Parallel Operation is necessary. required. Easy to parallel. Easy to parallel.

2.8 Difference between thyristor and MOSFET

We all know about what thyristor is and what is MOSFET. The main difference
between thyristor and MOSFET is that thyristor called as SCR is a solid-state
semiconductor device with four alternating P and N-type materials while in
MOSFET is a metal-based field effect transistor and it most commonly fabricated
by the controlled oxidation of silicon side.[7][8]

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 In thyristor majority carrier device current-driven device low switching

speed low resistive input impedance while in MOSFET majority carrier
device voltage driven device high switching speed purely capacitive high
input impedance.

 Thyristor has an only single pulse to turn ON but MOSFET has no DC

required to maintain conduction expect during turn on and turn off.

 The thyristor can be connected series easily with voltage equalizing circuit
whereas in MOSFET series connection is difficult with voltage equalizing
circuit.

 The thyristor can be parallel with a forced current sharing circuit while in
MOSFET can be easily paralleled due to the positive temperature coefficient
of resistance of the device. 

 Thyristor has less temperature sensitive, no second breakdown but in

MOSFET has too much temperature sensitive, less susceptible to the second
breakdown.

 Thyristor has a most robust device, MOSFET has a less robust device.

 Thyristor has a high voltage as well as a high current device while in

MOSFET has a high current medium voltage device. 

 Thyristor has low on stage voltage drop, MOSFET has a high ON stage
voltage drop.

2.9 Applications of Rectifiers

Basically, almost all electronic circuits operated on DC voltages. The main purpose
of using rectifier is for rectification which means converting AC voltages to DC
Voltages. Its mean, rectifiers are used in almost all power rectification and
electronics appliances [9].

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Below is the list of common applications and uses of different Rectifiers.

 Rectification i.e. converting DC Voltages to AC Voltages.

 Rectifiers are used in electric welding to provide the polarized voltage.

 It is also used in traction, rolling stock and three phase traction motors used for
running trains.
 Half wave rectifiers are used in mosque
 To repellent and soldering iron.
 Half wave rectifier also used in AM Radio as a detector and signal peak
detector.
 Rectifiers also used in modulation, demodulation and voltage multipliers

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Chapter 3
Mathematical Modeling and Calculations
3.1 Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier Load with
Passive Loads

Figure: single phase half wave controlled rectifier

The thyristor is fired at ωt = α, and the input voltage appears across the load. The
voltage across the thyristor collapses to almost zero and the full supply voltage
appears across the load. From this point onwards, the load voltage follows the
supply voltage. The load being purely resistive the load current io is proportional to
the load voltage. At ωt = π, T1 is reverse-biased by the negative half-cycle of the

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supply and during the period π < ωt ≤ 2π, the thyristor is turned off and blocks
the supply voltage and the load voltage remains zero as shown in Consequently, no
load current flows during this interval. Since the output voltage and current are
both positive, the converter is said to operate in the first quadrant. This converter is
not normally used in the industrial application because of its high ripple current
and low ripple frequency. The waveforms for one total period of operation of this
circuit are shown in Fig.
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows:
vs=vmsinωt =input ac supply voltage
vm=max . value of input ac supply voltage

vm
vs= =RMS value of input ac supply voltage
√2
Vo=VL=output voltage across theload

When the thyristor is triggered at ωt=α

vo=vl=vmsin ωt ;ωt=α ¿ π

VO
io=iL= =load current ; ωt=α ¿ π
R
vmsin ωt
io=iL= =Imsin ωt ; ωt=α ¿ π
R
vm
iL= =max . value of load current
R
2π
1
vo ( dc )=vdc = ∫ vo .d ( ωt ) ;
2π 0

vo=vm sinωt for ωt=α ¿ π

π
1
vo ( dc )=vdc = ∫ vo . d ( ωt ) ;
2π α
π
vm
vo ( dc )= ∫ sinωt . d (ωt )
2π α

vm −cosωt /π
vo ( dc )= [ ]
2π α

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vm
vo ( dc )= [ −cosπ +cosα ] ; cosπ=−1
2π
vm
vo ( dc )= [ 1+cosα ] ; vm=√ 2 vs (1)
2π

To Derive an Expression for the RMS Value of Output Voltage of a Single Phase
Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load
The RMS output voltage is given by
Vo ( RMS ) =¿

Output voltage Vo=Vm sinωt ; for ωt =α ¿ π

Vo ( RMS ) =¿ ¿

2 1−cos 2 ωt
By substituting (sin ( ωt ) ) = 2
, we get

[ ]
π 1
1 2 1−cos 2 ωt 2
Vo ( RMS ) = ∫
2π α
Vm
2
d ( ωt)

[ ]
π 1
Vm2 2
Vo ( RMS ) =
4π α
∫ ( 1−cos 2ωt ) d (ωt )

[ (∫ )]
1
2 π π
Vm 2
Vo ( RMS ) = d ( ωt ) −∫ cos 2 ωt d(ωt)
4π α α

[ ]
1
sin 2 ωt 2
)/ π (
Vm 1 (ωt )/π 2
Vo ( RMS ) = { −
2 π α α

[ )] ; sin 2 π=0
1

Vo ( RMS ) =
Vm 1
2 π
{( π−α )−
sin 2 π −sin 2 α
2 ( 2

[ )]
1
1
Vo ( RMS ) = ( π −α )+
π
sin 2 α
2 ( 2

[ )] (2)
1

Vo ( RMS ) =
vm
2 √π
( π−α ) +
sin 2 α
2 ( 2

DC output current: Assuming the load to be purely resistive the average value of
the 𝑑c output current can be given as:

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Vdc
Idc= (3)
R

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DC output power:
Po ( dc )=Vo ( dc )∗Io ( dc¿; i . e , Pdc=Vdc∗Idc ) (4)

where

Vo ( dc )=Vdc=avg /dc value of output voltage

Io ( dc )=I (dc =avg /dc value of output voltage)

RMS output current:

Vrms
I rms= (5)
R

 AC output power
Po ( dc )=Vo ( RMS )∗Io ( RMS ) (6)

 Efficiency: The efficiency (rectification ratio) of a rectifier, which is a figure of

merit and permits us to compare the effectiveness, is defined as:

Po ( dc )
Efficiency ɳ = (7)
Po ( ac )

 Form factor: The form factor which is measure of the shape of the output
voltage is:
Vo ( RMS ) RMS O UTPUT ( LOAD ) VOLTAGE
FF = = (8)
Vo ( DC ) DC LOAD OUTPUT ( LOAD ) VOLTAGE

 Ripple factor: It is the measure of ripple content of the output voltage and is
given by:
Vo ( ac ) Vac
r v =RF=¿ =
Vo ( DC ) Vdc

√Vo ( RMS ) −Vo ( dc ) =

√[ ]
2 2 2
Vo ( RMS )
r v= −1 ¿ ¿(9)
Vodc Vodc
Io ( RMS ) Iac
current ripple factor r i= = (10)
Io ( dc ) Idc

where Ir ( rms )=Iac=√ Io ( RMS ) −Io ( dc )

2 2

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 Transformer utilization factor: The transformer utilization factor is defined

as the ratio of the output power to the transformer volt-ampere rating required
by the secondary winding.

T UF =( Po(dc
Vs∗Is )
)
(11)

where

Vs=RMS supply ( secondary ) voltage

Is=RMS supply ( secondary ) current

 Input power factor: The input power factor is defined as:

VsIs 1 Is 1
PF= cos ∅= cos ∅ (12)
VsIs Is

 Crest factor: Which is a measure of the peak input current as compared with
its rms value. It is used for specifying the peak current ratings of devices.

Is( peak ) peak input supply current

CF= = (13)
Is RMS input supply current

 Harmonic factor:

[ ] [( ) ]
2 2 1 2 1
Is −Is 1 2 Is 2
HF = = −1 (14)
Is2 Is1

where

Is=RMS value of input supply current

Is 1=RMS value of fundamental component of the input supply current

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3.1.1 Fourier Series Analysis of Half Wave Controlled Rectifier the

Output Voltage
The output voltage contains harmonics and these harmonics can be analyzed used
Fourier series. The Fourier series representation for a periodic function (𝑡𝑡) is
given by:
∞
f ( t )=a o+ ∑ ( a ncos ( nωt ) +bnsin(nωt ) )
n=1

Where 𝑎0 is the 𝑑c term, 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are the Fourier series coefficients.

The 𝑑c term as well as the Fourier series coefficients for the output voltage of half
wave uncontrolled rectifier can be calculated as:
T T
1 1
a0= T ∫ vo ( t ) d ( ωt)= T ∫ vm sin ⁡(ωt)d (ωt )
0 0

α π 2π
1 1 1
¿ ∫
2π 0
vmsin ⁡(ωt )d ( ωt)+ ∫ vmsin ⁡(ωt )d (ωt)+
2π α
∫ vm ( t ) sin ⁡(ωt ) d(ωt)
2π π
α π 2π
1 1 1
¿ ∫
2π 0
0 d ( ωt ) +¿ ∫
2π α
vm sin ( ωt ) d ( ωt ) +¿ ∫ 0 d (ωt)¿ ¿
2π π
π
1
¿ 0+ ∫ vm sin ( ωt ) d ( ωt ) +0
2π α

vm
2 π to
¿ ¿ π

vm
¿ ¿
2π
vm
Therefore ao¿ 2 π ¿
T T
2 2
an¿ T ∫ vo(t )cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt )=¿ T ∫ vm sin(ωt )cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt ) ¿
0 0

2
¿ ¿
2π
vm
¿ ¿
π

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π
vm
¿ ∫ vm sin( ωt) cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
π α

We can express sin (𝜔𝑡)cos(𝑛𝜔𝑡) as:

sin ( ωt +nωt )=sin ( ωt ) cos ( nωt ) +cos ( ωt ) sin ( nωt )

sin ( ωt +nωt )=sin ( ωt ) cos ( nωt ) +cos ( ωt ) sin ( nωt )

1
sin ( ωt ) cos ( n ωt )=
2
[ ( sin ( ωt+ nωt )+sin ⁡(ωt−nωt)) ]
Therefore :
π
vm 1
an¿ π ∫ 2 ¿ ¿
α

π
vm
¿ ∫¿¿
2π α

¿
2π [(
vm −cos ( ωt ( 1+n ) ) −cos ( ωt ( 1−n ) )
1+n
−
1−n
{π ¿ ¿ α ) ]
vm
¿ ¿
2π

For odd value of the above expression is evaluated to:

an¿ vm
2π [( −1
−
1
1+ n 1−n
− )(
−cos ( α( 1+ n) ) −cos ⁡( α (1−n))
1+n
−
1−n
(16) )]
And for even value of :

[(
vm −1 (−1 ) (−1 )
an¿ 2 π 1+n
−
1−n
−
1+ n )(
−cos ( α (1+n) ) −cos ⁡(α (1−n))
−
1−n )]
vm
an¿ 2 π [( 1
+
1
1+ n 1−n
− )(
−cos ( α(1+n) ) −cos ⁡(α (1−n))
1+ n
−
1−n
( 17) )]
T α π 2π
2 2 2 2
b n¿ T ∫ vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt ) =¿ 2 π ∫ 0 d ( ωt )+ 2 π ∫ vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt ) + 2 π ∫ 0 d ( ωt ) ¿
0 0 α π

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π
2
¿ ∫ vmsin(ωt ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
2π α
π
vm
¿ ∫ sin(ωt) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
π α

We can express sin (𝜔𝑡)i𝑛(𝑛𝜔𝑡) as:

cos ( ωt−nωt )=cos ( ωt ) cos ( n ωt )+ sin ( ωt ) sin ⁡(nωt)

cos ( ωt+ nωt ) =cos ( ωt ) cos ( n ωt )−sin ( ωt ) sin ⁡(nωt)

1
sin ( ωt ) sin ( nωt )=
2
[ cos ( ωt−nωt )−cos ( ωt +nωt ) ]
for n ≠1
π
vm 1
bn¿ ∫ [cos ⁡(ωt−nωt)¿−cos ⁡(ωt +nωt )]d (ωt )¿
π α 2
π
vm 1
¿ ∫ [cos ⁡(ωt ( 1−n ) )¿−cos ⁡(ωt (1+n))]d (ωt)¿
π α 2
π
vm
¿ ∫ [cos ⁡(ωt ( 1−n ))¿−cos ⁡( ωt (1+ n))]d (ωt )¿
2π α

¿
vm
2π [( 1−n
−
1+n )
sin ( ωt (1−n ) ) sin ( ωt ( 1+ n ) )
]
{π ¿ ¿ α , n≠ 1

¿
vm
2π [( 1−n
−
1+n )(
sin ( π ( 1−n ) ) sin ( π ( 1+n ) )
−
sin ( α ( 1−n ) ) sin ( α ( 1+ n ) )
1−n
−
1+ n )]
¿
vm
2π
0−
[ (
sin ( α ( 1−n ) ) sin ( α ( 1+ n ) )
1−n
−
1+ n )]
bn ¿ −vm
2π [( 1−n
−
1+ n )]
sin ( α ( 1−n ) ) sin ( α ( 1+n ) )
(18)

for n=1

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π π
2 vm vm
bn¿
2π α
∫ sin ( ωt ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt )=¿ ∫ sin2 (ωt )d ( ωt ) ¿
π α
π π
vm 1−cos ⁡(2 ωt ) vm
π ∫ ∫ 1−cos ⁡(2 ωt)d ( ωt )
¿ d ( ωt )=¿
α 2 2π α

[ ] [( )]
sin ( 2 ωt )
¿
vm
2π
ωt−
2
α
/π
¿
vm
2π
π−
sin ( 2 π )
2
− α− )(
sin ( 2 α )
2

¿
vm
2π [ ( )]
( π −0 )− α −
sin ( 2 α )
2

bn=
vm
2π [ (
π − α− )]
sin ( 2 α )
2
(19)

Therefore, the output voltage can be expressed as:

∞
vo ( t ) =a o+ ∑ ( a ncos ( nωt ) +bnsin(nωt ) )
n=1

vm
v o ( t )= ¿
2π

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3.2 Single-Phase Full Wave controlled Rectifiers

The single-phase, fully-controlled full-wave rectifier bridge is shown
in Fig. In this circuit, two thyristor must be triggered simultaneously to permit
current to flow. For example, with the instantaneous polarity of the sinusoidal
supply voltage indicated in Fig, T1 and T2 must be triggered, while in reverse, T3
and T4 must triggered at the same time. The output voltage and current waveforms
are shown in Fig for the case of resistive load.

Figure: full wave controlled rectifier

T
2
2
vdc= ∫ ( vod (ωt ))
T 0
α π
2 2
vdc= ∫
2π 0
( 0 d ( ωt) ) + ∫ ( vmsin ( ωt ) d (ωt ) )
2π α

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π
1
vdc= ∫ ( vmsin ( ωt ) d ( ωt ))
π α

vm
vdc= ( 1+cos ⁡(α ) ) (21)
π

The rms value of the load voltage vorms can be calculated as follows:

√( ∫ )
T
2
2 2
vorms= vo d ( ωt )
T 0

√(( ) ( ) )
α π
2 2
vorms= ∫
2π 0
0 d ( ωt ) +
2π ∫
2
( vmsin (ωt ) ) d ( ωt )
α

√( ( ) )
π
2
vorms= 0+ ∫
2π α
2
( vmsin(ωt ) ) d ( ωt )

√(( ) )
π
1
π∫
2
vorms= ( vmsin(ωt ) ) d ( ωt )
α

√(( ) )
π
( vm )2
vorms=
π α ∫ 2
( sin (ωt) ) d ( ωt )

vorms= √ ¿ ¿

vorms=
vm 1
√2 π √( 1
π −α + sin ⁡(2 α ) (22)
2 )
Therefore, the rms value of a load current Iorms is

I orms=
vorms vm
R
=
√2 R √ 1
π (( 1
))
π −α + sin ⁡(2 α ) (23)
2

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 DC output current: Assuming the load to be purely resistive the average value

of the 𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎 output current can be given as:


vdc vm
Idc= = ( 1+cos ⁡(α ) ) (24)
R πR

 DC output power:
Podc=Vo ( dc )∗Io ( dc ) (25)

 RMS output current:

Irms=
Vrms vm
R
=
√2 R √(1
π
1
)
π −α + sin ⁡(2 α) (26)
2

 AC output power
Po ( ac )=Vo ( rms )∗Io ( rms ) (27)

 Efficiency: The efficiency (rectification ratio) of a rectifier, which is a figure of

merit and permits us to compare the effectiveness, is defined as:

Po ( dc )
Efficiency ɳ = (28)
Po ( ac )

 Form factor: The form factor which is measure of the shape of the output
voltage is:
Vo ( RMS ) RMS O UTPUT ( LOAD ) VOLTAGE
FF= = (29)
Vo ( DC ) DC LOAD OUTPUT ( LOAD ) VOLTAGE

 Ripple factor: It is the measure of ripple content of the output voltage and is
given by:
Vo ( RMS ) Vac
r v =RF=¿ =
Vo ( DC ) Vdc

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r v=√
√[ ]
2 2 2
Vo ( RMS ) −Vo ( dc ) Vo ( RMS )
= −1 ¿ ¿(30)
Vodc Vodc
Io ( RMS ) Iac
current ripple factor r i= = (31)
Io ( dc ) Idc
where

Ir ( rms ) =Iac=√ Io ( RMS ) −Io ( dc )

2 2

 Transformer utilization factor: The transformer utilization factor is defined

as the ratio of the output power to the transformer volt-ampere rating required
by the secondary winding.

T UF = ( Po(dc
Vs∗Is )
)
(32)

where

Vs=RMS supply ( secondary ) voltage

Is=RMS supply ( secondary ) current

 Input power factor: The input power factor is defined as:

VsIs 1 Is 1
PF= cos ∅= cos ∅ (33)
VsIs Is
 Crest factor: Which is a measure of the peak input current as compared with
its rms value. It is used for specifying the peak current ratings of devices.

Is ( peak ) peak input supply current

CF= = (34 )
Is RMS input supply current

 Harmonic factor:

[ ] [( ) ]
1 1
Is 2−Is 12 2 Is 2 2
HF = = −1 (35)
Is
2
Is1
where

Is=RMS value of input supply current

Is 1=RMS value of fundamental component of the input supply current

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3.2.1 Fourier Series Analysis of Full Wave Controlled Rectifier the

Output Voltage
The output voltage for full wave uncontrolled rectifier is given by:

T T
1 1
ao= ∫ vo ( t ) d ( ωt)= ∫ vm sin ⁡(ωt)d (ωt )
T 0 T 0
α π 2π
1 1 1
∫
2π 0
0 d(ωt)+ ∫ vm sin ⁡(ωt )d ( ωt)+
2π α 2π
∫ vm ( t ) sin ⁡( ωt) d (ωt )
π +α

π 2π
1 1
¿ ∫
2π α
vmsin ⁡(ωt )d (ωt)+
2π
∫ −vm ( t ) sin ⁡(ωt)d (ωt )
π +α

vm
¿
2π
[ ( −cos ( ωt ) {π ¿¿ α ) −(−cos ( ωt ) {2 π ¿¿ π +α ) ]
vm
¿
2π
[ (−cos ( π )− (−cos ( α ) ) )−(−cos ( 2 π )−(−cos ( π + α ) ) ) ]
vm
¿
2π
[ ( −1−( −cos ( α ) ) )−(−1−(−cos ( π + α ) ) ) ]
vm
¿ ( 1+cos ⁡(α ) ) (36)
π
vm
Therefore ao= 2 π ¿ =
T T
2 2
an¿ T ∫ vo ( t ) cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt )=¿ T ∫ vm sin ( ωt ) cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt ) ¿
0 0

α π 2π
2 2 2
∫
2π 0
0 d ( ωt ) ∫
2π α
vm sin ( ωt ) cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt ) ∫ −vm sin(ωt )cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
2 π π+α
π 2π
vm
¿ 0+ ∫ sin (ωt )cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt )+ vm
π α
∫ −sin (ωt )cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
π π +α

[∫ ]
π 2π
vm
¿ sin ( ωt ) cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt )− ∫ sin ( ωt ) cos ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
π α π +α

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vm
¿ ¿
π
vm
¿ ¿
2π

¿
2π [(
vm −cos ( ωt ( 1+n ) ) −cos ( ωt ( 1−n ) )
1+n
−
1−n )
{π ¿ ¿ α−
1+ n (
−cos ( ωt (1+ n ) ) −cos ( ωt ( 1−n ))
−
1−n )
{2 π ¿ ¿ π +α ]
¿
2π [(
vm −cos ( π ( 1+ n ) )
1+n ❑
−
cos ( π (1−n ) )
1−n
− )) (
−cos ( α ( 1+ n ) ) −cos ( α (1−n ) )
1+n
−
1−n
− )(
−cos ( 2 π ( 1+ n ) )
1+ n ❑
−
cos ( 2 π ( 1−n ) )
1−n )

For odd value of the above expression is evaluated to:

an
¿
vm
2π [( −1
−
1
1+ n 1−n
− )(
−cos ( α ( 1+n ) ) −cos ( α ( 1−n ) )
1+ n
−
1−n
+
−1
)(
−
1
1+n 1−n
+ )(
−cos ( π + α ( 1+n ) ) −cos ( π + α ( 1−n ) )
1+n
−
1−n )
an
¿
vm
2π
2
−1
−[(
1
1+n 1−n
−
1+n )(
−cos ( α ( 1+ n ) ) −cos ( α ( 1−n ) )
−
1−n
+
1+ n )(
−cos ( π +α (1+ n ) ) −cos ( π +α ( 1−n ) )
−
1−n
(37) )]
For even value of 𝑛,
an
¿
[(
vm −(−1 ) −1
−
2 π 1+n 1−n
−
1+ n )(
−cos ( α ( 1+n ) ) −cos ( α ( 1−n ))
−
1−n
+
−(−1) −1
1+n
−
1−n
+ )(
1+n )(
−cos ( π + α ( 1+ n ) ) −cos ( π +α (1−
−
1−n

an
¿
vm
2π
2
[(
− (−1 ) −1
−
1+n 1−n
−
1+n )(
−cos ( α (1+ n ) ) −cos ( α ( 1−n ) )
−
1−n
+
1+ n )(
−cos ( π +α ( 1+n ) ) −cos ( π +α ( 1−n ) )
−
1−n
( 38) )]
T α
2 2
b n¿ T ∫ vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt ) =¿ 2 π ∫ 0 d ( ωt ) ¿ +
0 0
π 2π
2 2
∫
2π α
vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt ) +
2π
∫ −vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
π +α

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π 2π
2 2
¿ 0+ ∫ vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt )+ ∫ −vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
2π α 2 π π +α
π 2π
2 2
¿ ∫
2π α
vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt ) +
2π
∫ −vo ( t ) sin ( nωt ) d ( ωt )
π +α

vm
¿ ¿
π
2π
vm vm 1
bn=
π
¿ d (ωt )− ∫
π π+ α 2
(cos ( ωt −nωt ))−cos ( ωt +nωt ) ¿ d (ωt)

vm
¿ ¿
2π
vm
¿ ¿
2π

¿
vm
2π [(
sin ( π ( 1−n ) ) sin ( π ( 1+n ) )
1−n
−
1+n
− )(
sin ( α ( 1−n ) ) sin ( α ( 1+ n ) )
1−n
−
1+ n
− )( 1−n
−
1+ n )(
sin ( 2 π ( 1−n ) ) sin ( 2 π ( 1+ n ) )
−
sin ( π +α (
1−n

¿
vm
2π
0−
[ (
sin ( α ( 1−n ) ) sin ( α ( 1+ n ) )
1−n
−
1+ n
−0− ) (
sin ( π + α ( 1−n ) ) sin ( π + α ( 1+ n ) )
1−n
−
1+n )]
¿
vm
2π [( sin ( α ( 1−n ) ) sin ( α ( 1+n ) )
1−n
−
1+n
+)( 1−n
−
1+n )]
sin ( π+ α ( 1−n ) ) sin ( π + α ( 1+ n ) )
n ≠ 1; (39)

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Chapter 4
Simulation Result and Discussion
4.1 Simulink Model and Simulation Result for Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier
The Simulink circuit of single-phase half wave uncontrolled rectifier is shown in
the Figure below. In this diagram in addition to the usual elements like SCR,
voltage source, and resistor, current measurement, voltage measurement, scope
F
i
g
u
r
e

4 Simulink diagram of single-phase half wave controlled rectifier

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Simulation result

Figure 5 Simulation result for half wave controlled rectifier

IV.1.1 Simulink Result Discussion of Single Half Wave

Controlled Rectifier

Single phase half wave controlled rectifier uses only one thyristor (SCR) which
means it is forward biased for half period because thyristor is operating only in the
positive applied voltage. That means when anode is positive with respect to
cathode thyristor becomes forward biased and if the source voltage becomes
negative thyristor is reverse biased. And no current will flow through thyristor
during negative half cycle of applied input voltage because thyristor is switch
which allows flow of current in one direction.as thyristor is semiconductor which
needs pulse to start its conducting we have designed our circuit to order thyristor
to start operating after 30 degree pulse given. Because thyristor is switched off
until it gets signal from pulse generator. That means waiting order from pulse
generator to start. But we cannot control when thyristor stops. The input pulse is
given because to control output parameters of dc.as calculation discussed
mentioned above.

We approved using math lab Simulink. We used 220 ac input voltage with
frequency 60 hertz and delay angle of 30 degree to get regulated output dc voltage
which is controllable. Therefore parameters calculated above and simulation result
shows us it is possible to control output(load) voltage by using thyristor because by
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changing period it is possible to control out parametres.we used peak maximum

input voltage in our Simulink program. Because we changed the given rms value to
peak voltage. There for our Simulink results discuses for the first half cycle there is
dc output voltage and current but for the negative half cycle it tells us no out
voltage and current is resulted that is why because of half wave rectification is by
using only one thyristor. The output voltage is decreased by half that is because of
half of input voltage is blocked because of reversed biased time no output is gained
from the circuit.

4.2 Simulink Model and Simulation Result for Full Wave

Controlled Rectifier
The Simulink circuit of single-phase full wave bridge controlled rectifier is shown
in the Figure below

Figure 6 Simulink diagram of single-phase full wave bridge controlled rectifier

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The circuit consist of four thyristor T1, T2, T3 and T4, a voltage source Vs. and a
R Load.
 During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the thyristor T1 & T2 is
forward biased but it does not conduct until a gate signal is applied to it.
 When a gate pulse is given to the thyristor T1 & T2 at ωt = α, it gets turned ON
and begins to conduct.
When the T1 & T2 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load through the path
Vs.-T1-Load-T2-Vs.
 During the negative half cycle, T3 & T4 is forward biased, the thyristor T1 & T2
gets reverse biased and turns OFF.
 When a gate pulse is given to the thyristor T3 & T4 at ωt = π+α, it gets turned
ON and begins to conduct.
 When T3 & T4 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load Vs-T3-Load-T4-
V.
Here the load receives voltage during both the half cycles.
 The average value of output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angle α.
 The waveform shows the plot of input voltage, gate current, output voltage,
output current and voltage across thyristor

Figure 7 Simulation result for single phase full wave bridge controlled rectifier

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4.2.1 Simulink Result Discussion of Single Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier

We used controlled single phase full wave rectification to control both current and
voltage of dc output. Our math lab Simulink result shows that when thyristor one
and thyristor three operate for positive applied voltage thyristor are conducting
when pulse is generated from pulse generator. Until pulse given the thyristor is not
conducting because it cannot start because needs some delay to start conducting.
There for positive cycle two thyristor are conducting at alpha in our cause 30
degree. From zero degree to alpha our simulation result is zero because thyristor
waits until it gate pulse at he given time. There for from (0 to alpha) no output and
from alpha to pi we gate output. For the first cycle but still it delays from pi to pi
+alpha .then it starts to conduct for the negative half cycle .still there is delay angle
to get dc .the output we have from Simulink shows controlling firing angel we can
control output parameters. There for using controlled rectifier (thyristor) with full
wave rectification is very important

Chapter 5
Conclusion
In this project the mat lab Simulink design and performance parameters
calculations of controlled single phase half wave and single phase full
wave has been discussed.

The main advantage of single phase half wave rectifier is its simplicity
nevertheless it is rarely used in practical application because of:-
 Low transformer utilization factor
 High ripple factor
 High form factor
 Low efficiency

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On the contrary full wave rectifier has better performance index than
that of the half wave rectifier it has:
 Higher efficiency
 Lower ripples
 Low form factor
 Higher utilization of power

Appendix A:
Performance Analysis of Half Wave Controlled Rectifier Using
MATLAB
To analyze the performance of the rectifier using MATLAB we have developed a
MATLAB code using the below given parameters.
vs=220; % input rms voltage
vm=2^0.5*(vs); % input voltage maximum
f=60; % frequency
a=pi/6; % firing angle
r=5000; % resistance
is=vs/r; % input rms current
vdc = (vm/(2*pi))*(1+cos(a)) % dc voltage
vrms = (vm/(2*(pi)^0.5))*((pi-a)+(sin(2*a)/2))^0.5 % rms
voltage
idc = vdc/r % dc current
irms = vrms/r % rms current

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pdc = vdc*idc % dc power

pac = vrms*irms % ac power
e = (pdc/pac)*100 % efficiency
ff = vrms/vdc % form factor
rf = ((ff*2)-1)^0.5 % ripple factor
tuf = pdc /(vs*is) % transformer utilization factor
vdc = 92.4007
vrms = 153.3043
idc = 0.0185
irms = 0.0307
pdc = 1.7076
pac = 4.7004
e = 36.3281
ff = 1.6591
rf = 1.5226
tuf = 0.176

Appendix B:
Performance Analysis of Half Wave Controlled Rectifier Using
MATLAB
To analyze the performance of the rectifier using MATLAB we have developed a
MATLAB code using the below given parameters.

vs=220; % input rms voltage

vm=2^0.5*(vs); % input voltage maximum
f=60; % frequency
a=pi/6; % firing angle
r=5000; % resistance
is=vs/r; % input rms current
vdc = 2 * (vm/(2*pi))*(1+cos(a)) % dc
voltage
vrms = (vm/((2*pi)^0.5))*((pi-a)+(sin(2*a)/2))^0.5 % rms
voltage

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idc = vdc/r % dc current

irms = vrms/r % rms current
pdc = vdc*idc % dc power
pac = vrms*irms % ac power
e = (pdc/pac)*100 % efficiency
ff = vrms/vdc % form factor
rf = ((ff*2)-1)^0.5 % ripple factor
tuf = pdc /(vs*is) % transformer utilization factor
vdc = 184.8014
vrms = 216.8050
idc = 0.0370
irms = 0.0434
pdc = 6.8303
pac = 9.4009
e = 72.6561
ff = 1.1732
rf = 1.1603
tuf = 0.7056

Reference:
[1] M. Pichan, A. A. Ahamad, A. Arishamifar, and M. E. Jamarani, “A
straightforward Procedure to Select Passive Elements in Single-phase Pulse-width
Modulation Rectifiers with Developed Resonant Current Controller,” Electric
Power Components and Systems, 44(4):379-389, 2016.
[2] M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics-Circuits, Devices, and Applications, second
edition, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,Inc.,1988,pp.138-142.
[3] D. W. Hart, Introduction to power Electronics, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 1997, pp. 128-131
[4] M. L. Zhang, B. Wu, Y. Xiao, and F. A. Dewinter, “A Multilevel Buck
Converter Based Rectifier with Sinusoidal Inputs and Unity Power Factor for
Medium Voltage (4160-7200V) Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 17, no. 6, December 2002, pp. 853-863.
[5]Power Electronics Books: http://www.smpstech.com/books/booklist.htm
Bedford, F. E., and R. G. Hoft, Principles of Inverter Circuits. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964.
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 ADVANCED POWER ELECTRONICS

[7]Williams, B. W., Power Electronics: Devices. Drivers and Applications. New

York:Halsted Press, 1987.
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