Manual Verifier HR FSX 090

Verifier
Operations &
Reference Manual
Model: FSX‐090
High‐Resolution X‐Ray Inspection System

Portable, X-Ray Inspection
The Verifier Series are affordable x-ray systems
suitable for virtually any quality inspection
application. Electronics and material analysis,
quality inspection, proto design, failure analysis,
manufacturing process validation, rework
verification and more…

FocalSpot, Inc.
9915 Businesspark Avenue, Suite A
San Diego, California 92131
Tel: (858)-536-5050
Fax: (858)-536-5054

Email: [email protected]

Verifier Series, Operation & Maintenance Manual
Legal Notice
Verifier Operations & Reference Manual
Copyright 2009 by FocalSpot, Inc.
The information in this publication is provided for reference only. FocalSpot, Inc. shall not be liable for
errors or omissions contained herein nor for incidental or consequential damages in connection with
the furnishing, performance, or use of this material. This publication may contain or refer to
information and products protected by copyrights or patents not held by FocalSpot, Inc. and does not
convey any license under the patent rights of FocalSpot, Inc nor the rights of others.
Intellectual Property Rights

Copyright FocalSpot, Inc., and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise stated, the
copyright and other intellectual property rights in all material in this document (including without
limitation photographs and graphical images) are owned by or licensed to FocalSpot, Inc. and/or our
affiliates (hereinafter collectively referred to as FocalSpot)
FocalSpot, Inc. 858-536-5050 • [email protected]

9915 Businesspark Ave. Ste. A • San Diego, CA 92131
Indemnification
This manual is shipped with the equipment and is considered as is, without warranty of any kind,
either expressed or implied, respecting the contents of this manual, including but not limited to implied
warranties for the manual’s quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose.
Neither FocalSpot, Inc nor its dealers, agents, representatives, distributors, or the authors shall be
liable to the purchaser or any other person or entity with respect to any liability, loss or damage
caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this manual.
Revision History
Version Number Revision Level Principal Changes Date of Publication

1.0 A First Publication Dec. 2004
1.1 B Ctrl Panel Update Oct. 2005
1.2 C Toggle/Micro Switches Dec. 2006
1.3 D Text & Tables Edits April 2007
1.4 E Appendix A Aug. 2008
1.5 F Appendix B/C Nov. 2009
FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 2

Legal Notice 2
Verifier Operations & Reference Manual 2
Copyright 2009 by FocalSpot, Inc. 2
Intellectual Property Rights 2
Indemnification 2
Introduction 8
System Components 8
User Responsibility 9
Receiving & Inspection 9
Potential, Current, and Duty Cycle Rating 9
X-Ray Warning Labels 10
Radiation Safety Regulation References 14
Safety Precautions 14
Terms Used in this Manual 14
Installation Note 14
Installation 17
System Requirements 17
AC Power 17
Clearance 17
Environment 17
Safety 17
Inspection 17
Cabling 18
Main Power Line Cord 18
Computer, Monitor, and Printer 18
Initial Setup 19
The Rear Machine Panel 19
Front Control Panel 19
Before You Begin 21
Major Machine Components Location, Description, and Key Items 21
Rear Panel 21
Front Panel 22
System Controls and Indicators 22
Image Intensifier (I.I.) 24
4”/2” Function Switch 24
Imaging Control Switches 25
Chassis Compartments 26
X-Ray ON Indicators (Locations) 28
Starting the System 30
Cold Start Procedures 30
X-Ray Source Warm-Up 30

Turning X-Ray Production ON 30

Turning X-Ray Production OFF 30
Emergency Shut Down Procedure 31
X-Ray Generating Operation 33
Controlling the Image 33
Loading a PCB into the Sample Compartment 34
Sample Handling 35
Loading the Board 35
Adjusting the Board Width 35
Load the Board onto the Fixture and into the Imaging Zone 35
Position the Board for Magnification 35
Manipulating the Sample 35
Motorized, Tilt/Rotate (Oblique Viewing Fixture) 36
Focus Control 36
Camera Aperture Control 36
Motorized Rotation Control 36
Motorized Tilt Control 36

Inspecting the Board 37

Bridge Detection 37
Void Detection 37
Metal Lids 37
Verifier HR Software 38
VIP Standard 38
VIP Plus 39
VIPx 39
Maintenance 42
Introduction 42
Warning 42
Recommended Intervals 42
Ordering Information 42
Warranties, Service and Support 43
Equipment Warranties 43
X-Ray Inspection Systems 43
Service / Support Contacts 43
DELL™ Service 43
Appendix A – FocalSpot, X-Ray Systems 44

FocalSpot, Inc. Cabinet X-Ray Systems / Safety 44
FocalSpot Does NOT Permit Open Beam Operation 44
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Compliance 44
FocalSpot QC Testing Program 44
Certified X-Ray Technician 45
Dose Monitoring and ATP Testing Personnel Safety 45
Radiation Survey Reports 45
X-Ray Reference Documentation (FocalSpot, Inc.) 45
Real-Time X-Ray Imaging Theory 45
X-Ray Signature Interpretation 45
X-Ray Systems Training Syllabus 46
Radiation Safety Training Class 46
FocalSpot X-Ray Inspection System PM Servicing 46
Radiation Survey Records 46
FocalSpot Survey Meters Used for Radiation Detection 47
FocalSpot Remedy for Radiation Leakage 47
Appendix B – Radiation Theory and Safety 48

Basic Facts about Radiation 48
What is Radiation? 48
Types of Radiation 49
X-Ray Radiation Essentials 50

X-Ray Tube Operation 50

Electromagnetic Radiation 50
Ionizing Radiation 51
Radiation Measurement (Dose) 51
Radiation Detectors 52
Film Badges (Dosimeters) 52
Exposure limits 52
Radiation Safety Office (RSO) 53
Personal Radiation Monitoring – Dosimeters 53
Dosimeter Reports 54
Record Keeping 54
Disposition of X-Ray Machines 54
Requirements for Authorized Users 54
Rules for X-Ray Radiation Safety 54
Radiation Protection 54
Radiation Warning Signs 55
Radiation Warning Sign Applications 56
Appendix C - X-Ray Image Signature Guide 57

X-Ray Analysis and Interpretation 57
Introduction to X-Ray Signature Interpretation 57
Real-Time X-Ray Imaging (Major Components) 58
Types of Faults That X-Ray Inspection Can Detect 59
Bridging (Shorts) and Insufficient Solder 59
Voiding in Reflowed Solder Joints 60
Delamination, Blistering and Pop Corning 61
Misaligned and Tombstoning 61
Test and Measurement Access 62
Why X-Ray Inspection is Becoming a Requirement 62
X-Ray Quality Inspection Applications (Techniques and Interpretations) 63
X-Ray Views Showing Good and Bad BGA Samples 63

Chapter 1
Introduction
System Components
User Responsibility
Receiving and Inspection
Potential, Current, and Duty Cycle Rating
X-Ray Warning Label
Radiation Safety Regulation Reference
Safety Precautions
Terms Used in this Manual
Installation Note

Introduction
FocalSpot’s Verifier HR, model number FSX-090, X-ray System is used for microfocus real-time
inspection of electronic components, cables, multi-layer circuit boards, sealed components, and
electronic SMT assemblies.
The Verifier Series are stand-alone self enclosed cabinet x-ray systems which are fully radiation
shielded, interlocked and key switch controlled.
System Components
The standard Verifier HR system consists of the following:
 Lead Lined cabinet that houses the x-ray tube, detector, and positioner.
 90 kV, 5 micron x-ray tube with integrated power supply
 Image Intensifier with Zoom Lens and CCD Camera
 Control Panel with Adjustment controls, Key switch, E-Stop and indicators for x-ray generation
and detection.
 X-Y manual positioner including: adjustable board width fixture and variable board height
positioning.
 Standard PC with Microsoft Operating System
 19 inch Flat Panel Monitor
 Printer
 Verifier Imaging Software.

User Responsibility
Your Verifier HR X-Ray System will perform in conformity with the description contained in this
operating manual and the accompanying labels and/or inserts when assembled, operated, maintained,
and repaired in accordance with the instruction provided.
The system must be checked periodically. A defective system should not be used. Parts that are
broken, missing, plainly worn, distorted, or contaminated should be replaced immediately. Should
such repair or replacement become necessary, FocalSpot Inc. recommends that you telephone, email,
or Fax a request for service from FocalSpot Inc. or its nearest affiliates.
Your Verifier HR system or any of its parts should not be repaired other than in accordance with
written instructions provided by FocalSpot Inc., and FocalSpot Inc. trained personnel.
The system must not be altered without the prior written approval of FocalSpot, Inc.
The user of this product shall have the sole responsibility for any malfunction which results from
improper use, faulty maintenance, improper repair, damage, or alternation by anyone other than
FocalSpot, Inc.
You are required to register the use of this X-Ray System with the state in which the product is
installed; contact FocalSpot Inc for additional information.
Receiving & Inspection
The Verifier HR system is carefully inspected mechanically, electrically, and for radiation safety before
shipment and should be free from damage. As a normal part of receiving, please do the following:
1. When the system is delivered by commercial carrier, check it for damage with the carrier.
Contact the carrier’s office and FocalSpot Customer Service if any damage is found.
2. When unloading from commercial carrier, DO NOT use any hooks.
3. Following the uncrating instructions attached to the shipping crate. If you have any questions,
contact FocalSpot, Inc. Customer Service at the number provided on the inside title page of
this manual.
4. Compare the packing list with your order invoice. If you find any discrepancies, contact
FocalSpot, Inc or local affiliates.
5. Save all packing material for the system in case it should ever have to be moved or shipped
again.
Potential, Current, and Duty Cycle Rating

Your FocalSpot FSX-090-DCC is designed such that:
 The x-ray source potential does not exceed 90 kV.

 The x-ray beam current does not exceed 0.090 milliamps
 No combination of x-ray source voltage and current exceeds 8 Watts.
 The FSX-090-DCC has a 100% duty cycle when the x-rays are on.

X-Ray Warning Labels

The Verifier HR X-Ray System warning labels are affixed as required and in accordance with
radiological health and general safety standards.
X-Ray Warning Label Placements

System Front
REDA Warning Label
Leaded Glass Warning Label
Control Panel Overlay (REDA)
System Rear
Interlocked Access Panel Warning Label

Computer Power Warning Label
(Located Inside Housing)
Label Below Outlets
Hazardous Voltage Warning Label

(Located on Top Cover)

Sample Compartment & Upper Electrical Compartment Label Locations

Sample Inspection Compartment
X-Ray Interlock Danger Label
Door X-Ray Interlock
Label Inside Door Assembly Next to Interlocks
Door (BRH) X-Ray Interlock
Top Cover Upper Electrical Compartment
Hazardous Voltage Warning Label
X-Ray Interlock
(Label Located on Top Cover Near Interlock)

(Located under access panel cover)

Lower Electrical Compartment Warning Label Locations

Lower Front Electrical Compartment
Interlocked Access Panel

Warning Label
(Outside Panel Near Keyboard)

(Inside panel near interlock)

Inspection Load Door, Control Panel and Leaded Glass Window Labels
Control Panel Overlay (REDA Compliant)

NOTE: This appliqué is part of a program (kit) to comply with REDA
requirements. These appliqués will be affixed to all
past/present/future Canadian shipments and a program will be
implemented to update all existing customers to meet this
requirement as specified.
System Control Panel
Leaded Glass Warning Label
Leaded Glass Inspection Area Viewing Window Leaded Glass Warning Label
(Bottom Center of Window)

Radiation Safety Regulation References
 FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR Ch I (4-1-91 Edition), Subchapter J –
Radiological Health, Part 1000 – General, paragraph 1020.40, Cabinet X-Ray Systems.
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?FR=1020.40
 U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards NBS Handbook 114, General Safety
Standards for Installations Using Non-medical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma Ray Sources, Energies
up to 10MeV. http://epswww.unm.edu/xrd/nbs111.pdf
 Health Canada: Radiation Emitting Devices Regulations (REDA), Schedule II, Part XV, Cabinet X-
Ray Equipment. http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/regu/crc-c-1370/latest/crc-c-1370.html
Safety Precautions
Specific notations are used in this manual to call attention to conditions which could result in injury,
damage to the system, or require special attention.
WARNING A ‘Warning’ notation is used to describe an operating or maintenance procedure,

practice, condition, or statement which, if not strictly observed, could result in injury or
loss of life.
CAUTION A ‘Caution’ notation is used to describe an operating or maintenance procedure,

practice, condition, or statement which, if not strictly observed, could result in damage
to or destruction of equipment.
NOTE A ‘Note’ is used to describe an essential operating or maintenance procedure,

condition, or statement which requires special attention.
Terms Used in this Manual

The terms operation, maintenance, and service, have specific and important meanings throughout this
manual. They are defined as follows:
 Operation: Means the use of the FSX-090-DCC system over the full range of its functions.
 Maintenance: Means the performance of those adjustments or procedures specified in this
manual which are to be performed by you.
 Service: Means the performance of those adjustments or procedures which are to be performed
only by individuals certified by FocalSpot, Inc.
Installation Note
The installation procedures described in Chapter 2 of this manual are provided for informational
purposes only. Your system must be installed by a qualified FocalSpot Service Representative, x-ray
certified and documented prior to use.

Verifier HR (FSX-090) Specifications

Specifications American Standard Metric Standard
X-Ray Source Output 80KVp 80KVp
Max. Tube Current 0.25mA 0.25mA
Spot Size (resolution) 50um 50um
Field-of-View 1.57" 40mm
Magnification >100x >100x
Maximum PCB Size 16" x 18" 400mm x 457mm
Electrical Power Requirements 120 VAC 120 VAC 120 VAC
Plug Requirements Type Type B Local Plug Type
Receptacle Requirements Type 110-120 VAC Local Plug Type
Electrical Power Requirements 100-120 VAC 100-120 VAC (50-60Hz) 100-120 VAC (50-60Hz)
Required Circuit Amperage 10 AMPS 10 AMPS
EMO Circuit Provided - (Machine Front) Yes Yes
Machine Physical Dimensions
W32" X D39" X H65" W81 x D99 x H165cm
(w/ Leveling Legs at Minimum)
Machine Weight ~ 950 Lbs ~ 431 kgs
Machine Height Adjustment Range
3" 75 mm
(Foot Pads are 1" in Diameter)
Serial Number Location Machine Rear Machine Rear
Working Space Requirements
FRONT Side of Machine 3' 839 mm
LEFT Side of Machine 1' 305 mm
RIGHT Side of Machine 1' 305 mm
REAR & TOP Side of Machine (Service Access) 3' 914 mm
Computer System
Computer Control System PC w/ Windows© XP PC w/ Windows© XP
Power Requirements-PC Controller 120 VAC 120 VAC
Video Display 19" Flat Panel Display 432mm Flat Panel
Power Requirements -Video Display 120 VAC 120 VAC

Chapter 2
Before You Begin

Installation
System Requirements
Safety
Inspection
Cabling
Initial Setup

Installation
The installation procedures described in this chapter are provided for pre-installation planning
purposes only. Your FSX-090-DCC FocalSpot X-Ray System must be installed by a FocalSpot, Inc.
Service Representative or Authorized Affiliate.
System Requirements
AC Power
Your FSX-090-DCC system is equipped with a three-conductor line cord in accordance with NEMA
requirements. When plugged into the appropriate receptacle, the power cord is designed to ground
the equipment cabinet.
Clearance
 Allow at least 30 inches in front of the cabinet for operating the system
 Allow at least 4 inches between the rear of the system and wall for air circulation.
Environment
The environment for your FSX-090-DCC system should be free from excess dust and dirt, and the
floor should not vibrate. The system is designed to tolerate the following temperatures and humidity
ranges:
Temperature: 0-35 C (32-95 F)

Humidity: 0% maximum to 20% minimum at 35C with no condensation.
Safety
This system is designed to conform to Federal Regulations (CFR) 21, subchapter J, paragraph
1020.40, “Cabinet X-Ray Systems.” Various localities may have different rules and regulations that
must be complied with prior to installation. Make an inquiry as to these rules and regulations with the
installation facility’s Safety Department and with the local Department of Health. Notify these officials
the installation is taking place and inquire about any special plant requirements that may apply.
Requirements may involve wiring, notices, or special safety procedures unique to that particular
company. Take whatever steps necessary to comply with these requirements.
Inspection
Carefully inspect the FSX-090-DCC for any physical damage. Look for:
 Dislodged components
 Loose cables
 Dents, Broken Glass, Damaged casters, bent frame members.
NOTE: Do not discard the packing material. If you find damage, the carrier may want to examine the
material. Also, in the event the system needs to be returned to FocalSpot, it should be shipped in the
original containers.
Record the system serial number on the Service Installation form. The serial number appears on the
back of the cabinet.
Compare the shipped items to those listed on the packing slip.

Report any discrepancies to FocalSpot Customer Service. Contact FocalSpot Customer Service
directly at: 1-858-536-5050.
Cabling
These instructions tell you how to route and connect all cables for the system and its components.
Before you begin, locate all cables.
Main Power Line Cord

1. Plug the main power line cord into the line cord receptacle on the back of the machine. Plug
the line cord male end into the appropriate wall socket (US: 110V 60Hz, Asia: 110V or 220V
50Hz, Europe 230V 50Hz). For Domestic shipments within North America, the FocalSpot X-
ray system is equipped with the appropriate line cords. For Export shipments, the
agent/representative/distributor is responsible for supplying the appropriate line cords.
Computer, Monitor, and Printer

2. Set the Computer Chassis into position on the lower frame shelf. Plug the computer line cord
into the appropriate wall socket. Check the back of the computer for the appropriate power
selection (115V or 220V). Plug the mouse cable into its position. Plug the keyboard cable into
its position.
3. Place the Monitor on top of the cabinet. Plug the monitor line cord into the monitor and the
male end into the AC receptacle on the rear of the machine.
4. Plug the SVGA cable from the monitor into the back of the Computer.
5. Place the Printer into position on above the computer on the printer shelf. Plug the printer line
cord into the end into the AC receptacle on the rear of the machine.
6. Plug the printer parallel cable into the back of the computer.

Initial Setup
Familiarize yourself with the Rear Machine and Front Control panels.
The Rear Machine Panel

The main machine power switch and fuse block is located on the rear machine panel. The main
power switch provides AC power to the machine and internal AC distribution blocks. Additionally, the
main power switch, upon activation, starts the cooling fan and turns on the light in the interior of the
machine.
Manufacturers Label (FocalSpot, Inc.)
Attached and filled out for all FocalSpot

units shipped past/present/future.
Front Control Panel

The front control panel is located on the front of the machine to the left of the load door. The front
control panel has the key activated ON / OFF switch, Emergency Stop Switch, x-ray On/Off indicators,
X-ray On/Off pushbuttons, and analog controls for x-ray Voltage (kV), X-ray Current (mA), Camera
Gain, 2/4 II setting and Camera Lens Zoom control.
Before you begin, perform the following steps before turning on the system:
1. Set the x-ray voltages (x-ray Voltage, kilovoltage, kV) to the lowest setting by turning the kV
adjust knob all the way to the left (counter clockwise)
2. Set the x-ray current (x-ray current, milliamp, mA) to the lowest setting by turning the mA
adjust knob all the way to the left (counter clockwise)
3. Turn the Computer On, Turn the Monitor On.
4. Insert the key into the Power key switch on the front control panel.

Chapter 3
Starting the System

Before you Begin
Major Machine Component Locations
Front Panel Controls

Before You Begin

Take the time to become familiar with the FSX system, its components, and any options and
accessories on your system. Be aware of and pay attention to all safety precautions set by your
operating site, this manual, or other regulations.
WARNING Never operate this system if either of these conditions exists. The viewing glass
window is cracked or broken; the lead lining is separating from the inside of the
sample compartment.
WARNING This equipment produces x-rays when energized. Follow all safety procedures set by
the installation site.
Major Machine Components Location, Description, and Key Items

 Rear Panel
 Front Panel
 Sample Compartment
 Upper Electronics Compartment / Access Panel
 Lower Electronics Compartment / Access Panel
 Computer, Monitor and Printer.
Rear Panel
The main machine power switch and fuse block is located on the rear machine panel. The Main
Power Switch provides AC power to the machine and internal AC distribution blocks. Additionally, the
main power switch, upon activation, starts the cooling fan and turns on the light in the interior of the
machine.
Removing the top panel will provide partial access to the upper electronics controls and the motion
components (pulley and belt, tensioner) of the x-y table in the sample compartment. Top panel
access is interlocked with a low voltage (24V DC) switch to disable x-ray generation.
Key Items:
1. Main AC Power Switch with Integrated Fuse Block
2. Machine Nameplate, including Serial Number
3. Warning Labels
4. Fan Guard
Note: Always refer to the machine serial number when contacting FocalSpot Customer Service.

Front Panel
The front control panel is located on the front of the
machine to the left of the load door. The front panel
is the main location for control over the x-ray and
image generation process.
Key Items
1. Main Power ON/OFF key-switch
2. Emergency Stop button
3. Power, X-ray On/Off, and Interlock LED
indicators
4. X-ray On/Off buttons
5. X-ray Voltage (kV) control knob
6. X-ray Current (mA) control knob
7. Camera Gain control switch
8. I.I. (2”/4”) rocker switch
9. Camera Lens Zoom control rocker switch
10. ESD Ground terminal
REDA Compliant Overlay to be attached to all

Canadian X-Ray System past/present/future.
System Controls and Indicators

Controls and Indicators Description
Main Power ON/OFF Key-Switch The Key Activated ON/OFF Switch, in the ON position, energizes power
to the x-ray control board and x-ray tube. This key operated switch is an
FDA/CDRH requirement and cannot be removed in the ON position.
Emergency Stop Button The Emergency Stop button is a safety device. Upon activation of the
Emergency Stop Switch all power is de-energized to the x-ray tube and
control board. This immediately removes all system power and stops the
production of x-rays. Warning: Do NOT use this as the standard power
OFF button as repeated use may cause damage to the system and/or
Image Processor computer.
X-Ray ON Push Button The X-Ray ON (RED) Button enables x-ray production if all interlocks are
satisfied.
X-Ray OFF Push Button The X-Ray OFF (GREEN) Button disables x-ray production
X-Ray Voltage (kV) Knob The X-Ray (kV) Voltage Knob controls x-ray voltage (penetration).
Increase for detection of Voids and decrease for detection of Shorts.
X-Ray Current (mA) Knob The X-Ray Current Knob controls x-ray current (intensity). Provides
contrast control of the x-ray image.

Camera Gain Switch A Camera Gain Switch is used to increase or decrease the gain of the
CCD camera. Increasing the gain of the CCD camera increases camera
sensitivity (brightness). This is most often used when viewing very dense
materials. However, increasing camera gain too much can introduce noise
making the image appear grainy and overly contrasted.
Peripheral Controls * Located to the right and/or left side of the keyboard tray
I.I. (2” / 4”) rocker switch The I.I. (2” / 4”) rocker switch is used to select either 2” or 4” mode
operation of the dual-mode image intensifier.
2” Mode — Small FOV mode (High Magnification)
4” Mode — large FOV mode (Low Magnification)
Camera Lens Zoom rocker switch The Camera Control (Zoom) rocker switch is used to adjust the camera
lens optical magnification (zoom-in / zoom-out). Pressing either the plus
side of the rocker switch will increase optical magnification making the
object larger to provide improved diagnostic capabilities. Pressing the
minus side of the rocker switch will decrease magnification thus providing
a larger overall view of the entire assembly. Lower magnification provides
QuickCheck™ capability to quickly and easily locate bridging, missing
solder, or other gross solder defects.
Indicators
Main Power ON LED Indicator The GREEN LED Power Indicator signifies that both AC and DC power
are energized
X-Ray ON LED Indicator The RED LED X-Ray ON Indicator signifies production of x-ray radiation
Interlocks OK LED Indicator The YELLOW LED Interlock Indicator signifies that all High Voltage and
Low Voltage interlock safety switches are satisfied. Interlocks are located
on every access panel or door.

Image Intensifier (I.I.)
Definition: An X-ray Image Intensifier converts low intensity x-rays into light. Through this process,
several thousand light photons are produced for each x-ray photon, which are captured by a CCD
Video Camera. This process produces a visible real-time image and the resulting video signal is then
interfaced with an Image Processor for enhancement, display and analysis.
4”/2” Function Switch
A 2”/4” or “Dual-Mode” Image Intensifier offer two settings:
 2” Mode: Low Magnification, Large Field-of-View (FOV), this is used to display as much of the
inspection area at one time to facilitate fast inspection.
 4” Mode: High Magnification, Small Field-of-View (FOV), this is used to provide greater detail
and presents more information to reveal subtle abnormalities.
Illustration of 4/2 Function
As a rule, a good balance between sufficient magnification (inspection detail) and sufficient FOV (to
view as much of the inspection area at one time to facilitate fast inspection). With high-magnification,
the field-of-view (FOV) becomes smaller thereby reducing the speed at which a board can be
completely inspected. Therefore, throughput and magnification are opposing objectives and the best
balance of each depends upon your application.
The 2/4” toggle has been added to the Verifier X-Ray Control Panel to provide the end-user with this
capability and convenient access to this control.

Imaging Control Switches
Rocker and Micro Switch Functions
Located to the left Located to the right

of the keyboard of the keyboard
mounted to the chassis mounted to the chassis
Camera Aperture Control

The Left Micro Switch adjusts the Focus Control
camera aperture and provides Gain
(brightness) control to the displayed
image.
The Right Micro Switch adjusts the

focus of the displayed image.
Left Micro Switch
Right Micro Switch
Motorized Tilt Control
Left Rocker Switch [Option] Motorized Rotate Control
Controls the tilt operation of the
optional motorized PCB fixture.
Right Rocker Switch [Optional]

Controls the rotate operation of the
motorized PCB fixture.
Right Rocker Switch
Left Rocker Switch

Chassis Compartments
Chassis Diagram Compartment Description
Upper Electronics
The upper electronics compartment
Compartment houses the major electronic
components, including the x-ray tube,
power supplies, relays, AC power
distribution, and an x-ray control /
safety PCB.
Sample
The sample compartment contains
Compartment the manual x-y table. Samples
(boards, trays, cables, etc) can be
loaded onto the x-y table at several
different height positions. To
accommodate variable board sizes, the
width of the fixture can be adjusted by
unlocking the key lock mechanism and
sliding the board holder apart.
Lower Electronics
The lower electronics compartment
Compartment houses the Image intensifier, zoom
lens, and camera assembly.
Upper Electronics
Compartment
Sample
Compartment
Lower Electronics
Compartment

X-Ray Safety Interlocks (Locations)

The upper electronics

compartment access
panel safety interlock is a
single plunger switch used
to prevent the generation of
x-rays during service
Top Access Panel Safety Interlock activities.
The sample compartment
door contains (2) two
redundant interlocks.
1. The primary safety
interlock is a CDRH
approved single plunger
Load Door Safety Interlock switch
2. The secondary safety
interlock is a single
plunger switch
Bother are used to
redundantly prevent the
generation of x-rays during
Load Door (BRH) Safety Interlock loading and unloading of
samples into the inspection
area.
The Lower electronics
compartment Access
Panel safety interlock is a
single plunger switch to
prevent the generation of x-
rays during service
activities.
Lower Access Panel

Safety Interlock

X-Ray ON Indicators (Locations)

The upper
electronics
compartment tower
contains an x-ray
RED ON indicator
LED which
illuminates when x-
rays are ON and the
potential for x-ray
Tower X-Ray ON Indicator LED radiation is present.
The Control Panel
contains a redundant
x-ray RED ON LED
indicator which
illuminates when x-
rays are ON and the
potential for x-ray
radiation is present.
Control Panel X-Ray ON Indicator LED
REDA Compliant Control Panel Overlay

Chapter 4
X-Ray Operation
Starting the System
Cold Start Procedures
X-ray Source Warm-up
Turning X-ray production ON
Turning X-ray production OFF

Starting the System

1. Provide AC Power to the machine by turning the Main Power Switch to the ON Position. Validate
that the Cooling Fan and Internal Cabinet Light are audible and visible. (See Section for Trouble-
shooting, if the fan and light fail to turn on).
WARNING The fan is energized when the power is turned ON.
2. Provide DC Power to the machine by turning on the Power ON/OFF switch, located on the Front
Panel.
Indicators The main power indicator (green) will be ON.
Cold Start Procedures

CAUTION All System Operators must read this section for Important Operational Information
affecting x-ray source life.
Your x-ray tube has been fully processed during manufacturing. As such, it does not require any
special start-up procedures. However, as the generation of x-rays involves high voltages, it is
recommended that you follow a stepped pattern to reach the full power rating. This will ensure the
maximum life of your x-ray tube. Below is an example of a common stepped pattern procedure.
 Turn kV on to 40% of maximum rating

 Turn mA on to 50% of maximum rating (wait 30 seconds)
 Increase kV to 60% of maximum rating

 Increase ma to 100% of maximum rating (wait 30 seconds)
 Increase kV to 80% of maximum rating (wait 30 seconds)

 Increase kV to 100% of maximum rating
X‐Ray Source Warm‐Up
A burn-in period must always be implemented when making a cold start (power up of a machine after
power has been removed). The Verifier FSX-090-DCC is equipped with the latest integrated x-ray
tube and power supply and does not require special attention. Follow the cold start procedures
outlined above.
Turning X‐Ray Production ON
The x-ray tube can be activated as long as the safety interlocks are satisfied (YELLOW INDICATOR
LED) is ON. To activate x-ray energy; depress the RED x-ray ON Button (A buzzer will sound). If the
system has not been warmed-up, and to ensure a long lasting tube, follow the warm up procedure.
When the x-ray tube has been warmed up, increase the kV slowly. Note: Upon initial power up, the x-
ray on button will not activate for 10 seconds.
Turning X‐Ray Production OFF
The x-ray tube can be de-activated by depressing the GREEN X-ray OFF button. Prior to shutting
OFF the x-ray system, turn the x-ray kV and mA control knobs fully counterclockwise to the minimum
kV and minimum mA positions.

Emergency Shut Down Procedure

In the case of an emergency, (i.e., fire, smoke, electrical short…..) Use the following steps to quickly
and safely shut down the x-ray machine.
# Emergency Shut Down Procedure

The Emergency Power OFF (EPO) button should not be used to turn
the system OFF other than in emergency situations. Using the EPO
WARNING
button for other than emergency shut off may shorten the life of critical
hardware components, including the Image Processor.
1 Push down to engage the red emergency stop button located on the
control panel. This will turn off power to the main x-ray unit, except for
the monitor, computer, printer, and cooling fan at the rear of the
machine.
2 Turn the key switch located on the front of the control panel to “OFF”.
3 Flip the ‘main power’ switch located at the upper right rear of machine
to “OFF”.
4 Unplug the main power cord from the electrical outlet.
5 Report incident immediately to FocalSpot with the following

Document and report information:
the incident a. System Model
[email protected] b. System Serial Number
c. Cause for emergency shutdown

Chapter 5
Applications
X-Ray Generating Operation
Controlling the Image
Loading the Board
Adjusting the Board Width
Positioning the Board for Magnification
Position the Board for Oblique Viewing
Manipulating the Board
Inspecting the Board
Verifier Software

X-Ray Generating Operation

1. To generate x-rays, verify that the system is in ready condition. Check that the power and
interlock indicators are on.
2. Depress the x-ray <ON> button to turn ON the x-ray source.
3. Depress the x-ray <OFF> button to turn OFF the x-ray source.
NOTE: The Emergency Power OFF (EPO) button should not be used to turn the system OFF other
than in emergency situations. Using the EPO button for other than emergency shut off may shorten
the life of critical hardware components, including the Image Processor.
Controlling the Image

The real-time x-ray image display can be controlled in several ways.
# Image Adjustments Description
1 kV The kV adjustment potentiometer is used to increase or decrease x-
ray voltage. kV is used to control penetration through an object.
(X-ray Tube Voltage)
The knob indicates the proper penetration level for finding bridges
(lower energy / darker image), while the voiding range (higher voltage
/ lighter image).
2 mA The mA adjustment potentiometer is used to increase or decrease
(X-ray Tube Current) the x-ray current (milliamperage) mA is used to provide intensity and
control contrast.
3 Camera Gain The camera gain is used to adjust the internal gain of the camera
allow the camera signal to be amplified. The gain is used together
with the kV, mA, and camera aperture to lighten, darken, and control
contrast of the object and the surrounding area.
4 Camera Focus The camera focus rocker switch is used to focus the image and is
most useful when the camera zoom is used to magnify the image.
5 Camera Zoom The camera zoom rocker switch control the zoom lens of the
camera. The zoom lens is used to provide magnification without
moving the object.
6 Dual 2” / 4” Image The image intensifier switch is used to change from 4” to 2”
Intensifier Settings intensifier output screen. This change over increases/decreases
overall image magnification by 2X, depending on the current settings.
This feature provides additional magnification when needed by the
operator/user.

Loading a PCB into the Sample Compartment
1. Open the sample compartment door

2. Load the sample using the board rails,
Delrin™ tray or motorized fixture.
Delrin Tray w/ PCB

3. Close the door. Energize x-rays and
inspect the PCB. See inspecting the board
in the next section.
Motorized Tilt/Rotate Fixture w/ PCB

Motorized Rotation Fixture w/ PCB

Sample Handling
Loading the Board
The Verifier HR has a unique sample loading fixture to allow the PCBA
to be held on rails and therefore ensure it is flat. This fixture is
adjustable in width to accommodate small to large boards. And, by
using the adjustable width feature, a board can be loaded at an angle
to the x-ray imaging system. Shown w/ Delrin Tray
Adjusting the Board Width
The PCBA sample fixture can be adjusted by unlocking the lock down
knob. Turn the knob counterclockwise to disengage the key locking
mechanism. This allows the fixture to slide to allow for different sides
boards to be held
Adjusted to Minimum Width
Load the Board onto the Fixture and into the Imaging Zone
Load the sample with the object of interest toward the left hand side of
the fixture. The Verifier HR was designed to accommodate a 16 x 18
inch sample with a scan area of greater than 8 x 9. Therefore, review
the board and object you wish to inspect and load the sample such
that the area of interest is toward the left hand side and to the rear.
Adjusted to Maximum Width
You may need to rotate or flip the board to position the board into the
inspection area of interest & imaging zone.
Position the Board for Magnification
The fixture has rails which can be secured into 11 different positions.
If the rails are placed in the highest slots, this will deliver the maximum
magnification. Conversely, if the rails are placed into the lowest slots,
this will deliver the lowest magnification and largest viewing area.
To move the rails from one slot to another, use the hex key to unscrew PCB Loaded Angular on Rails
the mounting screws. Move the rails and tighten the mounting screws.
Manipulating the Sample
Use the motion control knob to move the board from front to back and
right to left (x-y). Pull the handle out to translate the board toward the
front of the machine (y). Push the handle in to translate the board
toward the back of the machine. Rotate the handle counterclockwise
Multi-Axis Manipulation w/
to move the board to the left and clockwise to move the board to the
Motorized Tilt & Rotate
right.

Motorized, Tilt/Rotate (Oblique Viewing Fixture)
The Motorized Tilt/Rotation Fixture is a remotely actuated multi-
position sample holder designed to mount directly to the XY Table.
This fixture provides 360° rotation and +/- 90° tilt, operated by the
Rocker Switches mounted on the system cabinet on either side of the
keyboard.
Motorized Tilt/Rotate Fixture
Focus Control
The Right Micro Switch adjusts the focus of the displayed image.
Right Micro Switch
Camera Aperture Control
The Left Micro Switch adjusts the camera aperture and provides
Gain (brightness) control to the displayed image.
Left Micro Switch
Motorized Rotation Control
The Right Rocker Switch [Optional] controls the rotate operation of
the motorized PCB fixture.
Right Rocker Switch
Motorized Tilt Control
The Left Rocker Switch [Option] controls the tilt operation of the
optional motorized PCB fixture.
Left Rocker Switch

Inspecting the Board

Use the x-ray and Imaging Controls to darken, brighten or magnify the inspection object.
Bridge Detection
Use lower kV and mA to find bridges or shorts. Using the kV control knob, turn the knob slightly
clockwise and maintain it in the “bridge” zone.
Void Detection
Use higher kV and mA to find voids inside the soldered connection. Use the kV control knob and turn
the knob clockwise into the “void” zone.
Metal Lids
Use higher kV and mA to properly penetrate BGA devices with metal or ceramic lids. Use the kV
control knob and turn the knob clockwise into the “void” zone.
X-Ray Examples of Devices w/ Metal Lids
Shorted IC Oblique BGA View BGA Voiding
Shorted / Poor Reflow / Poor Shape Metal Lid Good BGA connection

Verifier HR Software
X-Ray Imaging Workstations are used to perform x-ray inspection, nondestructive test (NDT),
diagnostic radiology, failure analysis, industrial metrology, manufacturing process validation and
rework verification. The VIP Series provides advanced image-processing algorithms to assist with
inspection analysis. The (3) three workstation / Image Processor options (below) were developed to
address a broad spectrum of applications and budgetary requirements from: cost-effective essential
tools to precision measurement, advanced analysis and automation tools.
The Verifier HR comes complete with Standard x-ray imaging software which is most frequently used
by x-ray inspection operators.
VIP, Standard X-Ray Image Processor Software
VIP Standard
VIP is Windows™ based Standard
Image Processing software that
provides fundamental tools for x-ray
image capture, file saving and printing,
line measurement and sharpen filtering.
See the VIP and VIP Plus Software
Operations Manual for additional
information.
Software Functions Description

Save File Saves captured image in different file formats, including (jpeg, bmp, tif)
Print File Prints the captured image, including text annotation and notes
Live Image (ON/OFF) Toggles between live and captured (still) image
Frame Average The Verifier software can frame average up to 64 frames. Frame averaging reduces
the noise in the system by taking a collection of frames and averaging them together
and dividing by the number of frames. The Verifier software allows for “live” averaging,
thus providing the best image possible during real-time motion.
Frame Integration The Verifier software provides up to 64 frames of integration. Integration is similar to
opening the camera lens. It allows more light to be captured. To use integration
effectively, turn down kV and mA.

Operation & Maintenance Manual
VIP Plus, Enhanced X-Ray Image Processor Software
VIP Plus
VIP Plus is a Windows™ based
Enhanced Image Processing software
that provides additional capabilities for
BGA and void measurements, and
analysis reporting. See the VIP and
VIP Plus Software Operations Manual
for additional information.
VIPx, Advanced X-Ray Image Processor Software
VIPx
VIPx provides a rich Windows™ based
toolbox for image enhancement,
filtering and analysis of PCBs,
components and mechanical parts.
VIPx delivers analytical (pass/fail)
reporting based on user defined
inspection criteria. See the VIPx
Software Operations Manual for
additional information.
FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 39-

VIP, X-Ray Image Processor Comparison Table

File Save (*.jpg, *.bmp, *.tiff)
Print Images
Digital Magnify
Capture/Freeze Images
Live Frame Average
Image Sharpen Filter
Image Integration Capture
Measurement Calibration
Measurement Macros (Repeatability)
Image Notations VIP VIP + VIP x
Arrow Draw
Text Annotation
Standard Measurement Tools VIP VIP + VIP x
Distance (point to point)
Area (rectangular)
Area (circular)
BGA Measurement Tools VIP VIP + VIP x
BGA Ball Size Measurement
BGA Percent Void Measurement
BGA Pass/Fail Criteria
Measurement Reporting
Free Drawing Measurements
Leaded Device Measurement Tools VIP VIP + VIP x
Solder Joint Area
Solder Joint Voids
Pass/Fail Criteria
Semiconductor Measurement
Wire Sweep
Die Attach Void Measurement
Encapsulation Measurements
Gray Scale Readings VIP VIP + VIP x
Pixel Reading
Line Profile
Area Graph Profile
Image Contrast Adjust
Image Brightness Adjust
Auto Contrast Controls
Quad View
Pseudo Color
Negative Image
Contour Relief (Sobel)
3-D Image Graphing (gray scale)

Chapter 6
Maintenance
Introduction
Recommended Intervals
Ordering Information
Warranty

Maintenance
Introduction
In order to keep this FocalSpot unit operating properly, it must be inspected and checked in
accordance with the recommended intervals depending on the age and use of the equipment. If there
is a problem, call an authorized serviceman.
Warning
DO NOT OPERATE THE EQUIPMENT UNTIL REPAIRS ARE COMPLETED!
Recommended Intervals
Periodic preventive maintenance includes cleaning, and electrical testing, and any necessary
calibration adjustments. These maintenance procedures are to be at intervals not to exceed 12
months. The maintenance schedule is required to keep the unit in proper and accurate working
condition.
Ordering Information
To order replacement parts contact the FocalSpot service department at:
(858) 536-5050 between the hours of 6:30 AM and 6:00 PM Monday through Friday.
When ordering replacement parts, be prepared to submit the following information:
• Purchase Order No. (as applicable)

• FocalSpot Part No.
• Part Description
• Quantity Required
• Shipping Instructions
If replacement parts are for a unit still under warranty, be prepared to submit model numbers and
serial numbers to expedite your order.

Warranties, Service and Support

Equipment Warranties
All warranties are against manufacturing defects only. Warranties exclude consequential damage or
damage resulting from normal wear, accident, mishandling or modification. (Customer will be advised
of charges for such repairs). Liability is limited to repair or replacement of any parts, which prove to be
defective. Parts proving defective will be replaced free of charge FOB Laurel, Maryland, USA if
defective equipment is returned to FocalSpot for inspection. Freight charges prepaid.
X-Ray Inspection Systems

Parts only: 12 months from date of delivery. Part will be repaired or replaced at our option provided it
is returned to us, or a location designated by us, by prepaid transportation and that inspection
indicates defective part. Shipments from us will be on a freight collect basis. Labor charges for onsite
work will include travel, expenses and hourly rate. These prices will be quoted separately as they are
subject to change. The guarantee applies only if the equipment has been operated in accordance with
the instruction manual. It does not apply to defects resulting from accidents, alterations abuse, or
misuse.
Do not return your instrument without return authorization from the factory or authorized service
center. Always include the serial number, which is located at the rear of the instrument.
Service / Support Contacts
Contact Phone Email / Website Hours
FocalSpot Service (all else) (858) 536-5050 [email protected] 8-5 PST

DELL Service (computer) (800) 873-1420 http://supportapj.dell.com/support/index.aspx 24/7
DELL™ Service
Computer Service is handled directly through DELL’s Client System. All DELL computers used on
FocalSpot, Inc. inspection systems are covered under the DELL Pro Support “Next Business Day On-
Site Service.” On-Site Service is designed to deliver convenient and timely warranty repair service at
your location.
NOTE: Computer maintenance, security and backup are the responsibility of the end user. Should
service be required for software setup, repair or reinstallation; these activities are not covered by
DELL Service.
 Call for FocalSpot scheduling and quotation: (858) 536-5050

Appendix A – FocalSpot, X-Ray Systems

FocalSpot, Inc. Cabinet X-Ray Systems / Safety
X-Ray radiation produced by FocalSpot, Inc. x-ray inspection systems, is analogous to a light bulb. X-
ray radiation (like light from a light bulb) is ONLY present when electrical current is applied, in x-ray
system this refers to the power applied to an x-ray tube. Conversely, when electrical current is
removed from the x-ray tube, radiation is not present. Radiation produced from an energized x-ray
tube cannot cause materials, in which it interacts, to become radioactive. Without electrical power to
an x-ray tube there is no radiation hazard, there is only the potential for a hazard when energized.
FocalSpot Does NOT Permit Open Beam Operation

Open beam operation is defined as the operation of an industrial x-ray system, for manufacturing
quality control testing purposes, in which an individual could accidentally place some part of his/her
body into the primary beam path during normal operation.
This action is prevented by a CDRH approved dual-interlock safety system which disables power to
the x-ray source if the cabinet door is open.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Compliance

FocalSpot completes safety evaluations of manufactured or modified industrial cabinet x-ray
machines (IAW, 21 CFR part 1020.40) before distribution. These safety evaluation documents are
submitted to the FDA prior to distribution.
FocalSpot QC Testing Program

The purpose of a QC testing program is to maintain the quality of final assembly prior to factory ship
through customer delivery post-install. This is accomplished to detect deviations of equipment
performance and take prompt corrective action at point and time where the discrepancy is identified.
Periodic monitoring should be performed in the form of ongoing (annual) PMS and Radiation Surveys.
Acceptance tests shall be performed on the final assembly of every x-ray diagnostic imaging system
prior to leaving the factory, post customer install and during routine service.
The ATP QA program provides documented guidelines to assist FocalSpot technicians in executing
consistent appropriate acceptance testing protocol for final assembled x-ray inspection equipment.
The following elements are considered essential:
• A list of the equipment specifications and tolerances
• The conformance standards and the tolerance limits for each parameter to be tested
• A list of the equipment required to test each parameter
• A detailed method (protocol) of testing for each parameter
• A schedule for the completion of each test
• A list of the persons authorized to perform or witness the acceptance tests; and
• A list of the persons responsible for authorizing the acceptance of each test

Certified X-Ray Technician

All FocalSpot, Inc. inspection, testing, monitoring, assembly and service personnel have been trained
in radiation safety protocol:
 Instructed and tested with regards to the safety of occupational radiation.
 Instructed and tested with regards to the potential hazards of exposure to radiation and
likewise have been instructed in the protocols and procedures necessary to safely ensure
against potential hazards, as well as the responsibilities to follow all safety guidelines.
 Instructed and tested with regards to the importance of personal monitoring devices, and have
been issued such devices “Dosimeters”
 See also FocalSpot X-Ray Safety Training documentation (on file and available by request).
 Reference: Radiation safety certification classes http://www.radiationprograms.com/index.html
Dose Monitoring and ATP Testing Personnel Safety

All FocalSpot, Inc. personal testing, monitoring, servicing or working near are required to wear dose
monitoring devices called Dosimeters, and shall be worn on the body at all times when working with
X-ray machines. These badges are collected and tested monthly, and are the foremost record kept
concerning potential exposure and dosage.
Radiation Survey Reports

These forms are used to certify that each FocalSpot X-Ray Inspection System has been tested in
accordance with FocalSpot’s Manufacturing and Quality Control Test procedures (ATP) and complies
with good manufacturing practices/procedures and 21 CFR 1020.40 as directed by the Center of
Device and Radiological Health (CDRH) as part of the Food & Drug Agency (FDA) Machine
Compliant with 21 CFR 1020.40.
X-Ray Reference Documentation (FocalSpot, Inc.)

FocalSpot, Inc. maintains an extensive suite of x-ray related documentation, presentations and
reference materials in various media formats, including but not limited to the following:
Real-Time X-Ray Imaging Theory

Interpreting x-ray images in real-time radiography requires a basic understanding of x-ray theory and
a trained eye to interpret faults as they appear in x-ray images. The following presentation provides an
overview of x-ray inspection theory. See online:
http://www.focalspot.com/BREEZE/XrayTheory/index.htm
X-Ray Signature Interpretation

The X-Ray Image Signature Guide illustrates typical manufacturing faults with x-ray Interpretations
and optical verses x-ray comparisons; based on:
 IPC 7095 BGA Voiding Specifications
 IPC-610A Workmanship Standards

This presentation provides an overview of applications, techniques and examples to assist with the
understanding of faults as they appear in x-ray images. See online:
http://www.focalspot.com/BREEZE/XraySignature/index.htm
X-Ray Systems Training Syllabus

FocalSpot Customer Training, conducted by Certified X-Ray Technicians’: X-Ray Safety, Theory of
Operation, Best Practices and Applications Development. See online: http://www.focalspot.com/xray-
training-syllabus.htm
Radiation Safety Training Class

Prepared and instructed by Nicola Rinaldi, MA Senior Health Physicist of Occupational Services, Inc.
(10/20/2003). Occupational Services, Incorporated is a San Diego-based professional consulting firm
providing services in the areas of environmental compliance, occupational health and safety, radiation
safety, and industrial hygiene. See online: http://www.focalspot.com/pdf/Manual-Radiation-Safety-
Class.pdf
FocalSpot X-Ray Inspection System PM Servicing

All X-Ray Inspection Systems require periodic maintenance servicing to ensure optimal system
performance and extend system life. Annual Radiation Surveys are required to ensure operator safety
and meet annual certifications; a mandatory requirement of most regulatory agencies worldwide.
Therefore, FocalSpot recommends these checks as an annual Preventative Maintenance program.
See online: http://www.focalspot.com/pdf/Brochure-FocalSpot-PM-Service.pdf
Radiation Survey Records

FocalSpot maintains all testing records on site at FocalSpot both in hard copy and electronic form.
Copies of all tests and certifications, including radiation leakage measurements are supplied to the
customer as part of the shipping documents and installation acceptance procedure.
The entire machine is surveyed. Each test point of the survey is measured and recorded on the
acceptance test form / radiation survey form. The test is performed once at the factory after testing the
machine in conformity to published performance capabilities and then once more at the customer's
site during at installation. The customer receives a copy of the test results.
Records of the test are maintained in the customer file and the customer is provided with a copy of the
test. A spreadsheet is maintained with the original baseline test and a sample of subsequent tests
recorded annually.
The Radiation Survey test performed at the factory is performed under worst case scenario at max
kVp and mA and with a scatter block. For the Insight 90, 90kVp and 0.200 mA are the maximum
output limits and are used during radiation safety testing.
Testing of the Insight Cabinet x-ray systems manufactured by FocalSpot, Inc is accomplished during
the final assembly process and factory acceptance testing and during the customer installation.
FocalSpot uses a both a Geiger Muller (GM) type and Ion Chamber Radiation meters to validate
compliance. The GM meter is used to identify any leakage or All survey testing is performed on
calibrated meters (annual calibration cycle). FocalSpot testing, both at the factory and at the
customer’s site is performed with the meter directly on the surface of the machine.

FocalSpot Survey Meters Used for Radiation Detection

 Victoreen® Model 451P, Pressurized μR Ion Chamber Survey Meter. A Geiger-Mueller (GM)
meters is used to make a qualitative measurement to identify the location of the largest
amount of radiation emission on a cabinet x-ray system’s external surface. FocalSpot uses the
GM meters to locate any radiation above 0.25 mR/hr.
 Victoreen® ASM-990 Series, Advanced Survey Meter (ASM) w/ Victoreen® Model 489-110D
GM Pancake Probe. FocalSpot uses an Ion chamber, both at the factory and at the customer
site to for make quantitative measurements of radiation emission from the Insight 90 X-ray
cabinet and for final recording of the measurement on the Radiation Survey form.
FocalSpot Remedy for Radiation Leakage

NOTE: Should any readings exceed (0.25 mR/hr); additional shielding is permanently affixed to the
area of concern and the product is re-surveyed to ensure readings remain below FocalSpot factory
standards.
Note further that CDRH and REDA specify acceptable norms as: 0.5 milliroentgen per hour (mR/hr).

Appendix B – Radiation Theory and Safety

Basic Facts about Radiation
What is Radiation?
Radiation is everywhere around us. It is in the air we breathe, the foods we eat and the water we drink.
We are exposed to cosmic rays coming from the sun and from outer space; travel by jet aircraft
exposes us to higher levels of cosmic radiation; and, modern medical practices can expose us to high
levels of radiation from diagnostic x-rays and radioisotopes.
Naturally occurring radioactivity commonly referred to as “background”, can vary greatly from one
area of the world to another due to elevation and geographical properties. People living in Denver
receive two to four times as much radiation from cosmic rays as do tine people living in San Diego or
Los Angeles, and people living in some parts of India and China receive 10 to 20 times as much
background radiation as do the people in other parts of the world. The ill effects to those people who
are exposed to these higher doses of radiation appear to be quite small.
Annual Average Dose of Radiation and its Sources

Types of Radiation
Radioactive materials consist of atoms that have more energy than they can retain and in order to get
down to a stable state, they emit this energy as radiation. Radiation can actually take many forms,
both particulate and electromagnetic. Particulate radiation is small Particles of matter that generally
have an electric charge. Electromagnetic radiation is electric waves similar to light waves or radar
waves.
Types and Penetration Characteristics of Radiation
Radiation Frequency Spectrum

X-Ray Radiation Essentials

X-Ray Tube Operation
In an x-ray tube, x-rays are produced when a stream of electrons is accelerated from the cathode to
an anode (target). The target is usually a high atomic number metal absorber, like tungsten, or a
crystalline structure. High atomic number material is used because the large positive charge
associated with it drastically changes the direction of the electrons coming towards it.
 A filament is heated to emit electrons.
 The electrons are accelerated in an electric field toward a target
 The interaction of charged electrons in the target results in the emission of an x-ray spectrum
This method of x-ray production is known as Bremsstrahlung; Bremsstrahlung means "braking
radiation" in German. Bremsstrahlung occurs when high energy electrons are slowed down in the
presence of the field of the atom. The deceleration of the electron causes the release of energy in the
form of x-rays.
Electromagnetic Ionizing Radiation

 Wavelengths: 1 x 10-9to 6 x10-12meters
 Frequencies: 3 x 1017to 5 x 1019hertz
Components of a X-Ray Tube
Electromagnetic Radiation
GAMMA RAYS AND X-RAYS are electromagnetic waves similar to radio waves, heat waves and
microwaves. The difference between these is wavelength; the gamma rays and x-ray have very short
wavelengths compared to the other waves. In fact the gamma and x-ray wavelengths are so short,
that they act like small particles and are called photons.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ionizing Radiation
Gamma rays and x-rays, and radiation particles, are frequently, called ionizing radiation; while infrared
radiation, radio waves and microwaves are called non-ionizing radiation. The difference between the
two types is that gamma rays, x-rays and radiation particles can dislodge an orbital electron from its
position around the atom leaving behind a positively charge atom. This reaction is called ionization.
The other waves, radar and infrared, cause ionization because the energy that they contain is too
spread out to dislodge the electron.
Radiation Measurement (Dose)

Soon after the discovery of x-rays, scientist and doctors started making use of them to take
radiographs of people's broken bones. At about the same time, they became aware of the harmful
effects of the x-rays and devised methods to measure the radiation and determine the amount of
energy absorbed.
The unit of absorbed dose is the RAD (Radiation Absorbed Dose). Radiation is measured in many
different units, depending on the type of radiation and the material it is interacting with. The original
radiation dose unit used was the Roentgen, and was defined as a specified electrical charge
produced in a volume of dry air by X-ray or gamma radiation. The Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD) is
used for all types of radiation being absorbed in all types of matter, and is defined as the deposition of
100 ergs of energy per gram of matter. Since different types of radiation would produce different
effects in tissue, the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) was developed, and each type of
radiation was tested to establish a Quality Factor (QF) number used in calculations from RAD to the
Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM). The unit used to measure the radiation absorbed dose, taking into

account the relative biological effectiveness of the different types of radiation, is called the REM or the
Sievert (Sv). REM is the old dose name and the Sv is the new dose term. Note: The federally
allowable dosage for an occupational worker to the whole body is 5,000 mR/year.
Radiation Detectors
A number of radiation detectors have been designed and they include Geiger counters, ion chambers,
and proportional counters which are all different types of detectors that depend on the ionization of
molecules in a gas to measure the passage of a radiation particle or photon. There are solid state
detectors such as dosimeter, scintillation detectors, and other electronic detectors that will detect and
measure radiation by various means. All of these detectors and monitors are used to identify the
particles or photons or to measure the radiation dose rate.
Film Badges (Dosimeters)

The personal monitoring devices FocalSpot, Inc. uses are called Dosimeters, and should be worn on
the body at all times when working with X-ray machines. The badges are collected and tested
quarterly, and are the foremost record kept concerning your potential exposure and dosage.
Radiation can darken the film in the badge just as light can darken the film in a camera. Therefore,
film can be used to determine a person’s radiation exposure. After the film is developed, the exposure
is determined by measuring the amount of light that can be transmitted through the film. The less light
that is transmitted, the higher the person's dose. Film badges are used as personnel monitors and are
the permanent legal record of radiation exposure.
Exposure limits
The amount of radiation exposure a person receives is defined under the governing regulations of the
United States. Some of the agencies that establish these levels are the NRC (Nuclear Regulatory
Commission), CDRH (Center for Devices and Radiological Health [part of the FDA]), as well as state
departments of health and safety. These agencies have agreed on the following radiation exposure
limits, based on an occupational worker, 18 years or older, being exposed to these levels over their
working lifetime and suffering no observable ill effects.
• Whole body, blood forming organs, gonads 5,000 mRem/year
• Lens of eye 15,000 mRem/year
• Extremities and skin 50,000 mRem/year
• General public 100 mRem/year
• Pregnant Females 500 mRem/term

To give some understanding of these numbers, the following are some values of background readings,
as mentioned earlier, that are naturally occurring all around us:
• Cosmic radiation at sea level = 40 mRem/year
• Living in a wood house = 35 mRem/year
• Living in a concrete house = 50 mRem/year
• Working outdoors for eight hours/day = 15 mRem/year
• Food and water = 25 mRem/year
• Each 1500 mile airline flight = 1 mRem/year
• Each chest X-ray = 50-100 mRem
• Each dental X-ray = 20 mRem
As mentioned earlier, people occupationally exposed to radiation may receive up to 5,000 mRem/year,
with no observable effects. For comparison, some doses (in a 24 hour period) and their effects are as
follows:
Dose in Rems
• No obvious effect, except in minor blood changes.
• Vomiting and nausea for about one day, but no serious disability.
• Vomiting and nausea on first day, followed by loss of hair, fever, hemorrhage, diarrhea.
• About 20 percent deaths within two to six weeks.
• Vomiting and nausea within four hours of exposure. Up to 100 percent deaths, due to
secondary infection and damage to the bone marrow, blood system, and lymph system.
• 10,000 No survivors, all people die within two days due to severe internal damage.
Radiation Safety Office (RSO)

The Radiation Safety officer is responsible for assuring compliance with the state and federal
regulations and with the license limitations. He provides personnel monitoring devices, conducts
radiation surveys, inspections and monitors shipments and receipts of radioactive materials and
inspects and monitors all operations involving radiation. The RSO also Conducts radiation safety
training courses and approves all purchases of radioactive materials.
Personal Radiation Monitoring – Dosimeters

The RSO will ensure dosimeters are issued to personnel who will work on x-ray machines while an x-
ray tube is activated. State radiation control regulations require employees to issue dosimeters to
individuals who are likely to receive more than 10% of permissible occupational radiation exposure.
Occupational radiation exposure to individuals who work near or around energized x-ray tubes is
usually much less than 10% of permissible limits; however, due to the severity of x-ray exposure from
direct exposure to x-ray tube radiation, both finger and whole body dosimeters are required for any
person who tests x-ray systems. Dosimeters can be changed quarterly unless there is a reason to
suspect an accidental exposure, then they must be submitted immediately for a rush processing.

Dosimeter Reports
The RSO shall review all radiation exposure reports to ensure occupational exposure limits are not
exceeded and conduct formal and informal investigations as needed. The RSO shall initial and date
each exposure report to indicate the review was conducted.
Record Keeping
Records related to occupational exposure to radiation must be retained indefinitely. Records related to
internal audits, surveys, inventories, training, and other safety program documentation must be kept
for a period of three (3) years. Radiation program records are stored FocalSpot, Inc. corporate office.
Disposition of X-Ray Machines

The Radiation Safety Officer shall approve the transfer, relocation, or storage of X-ray producing
equipment. X-ray equipment that is to be stored at FocalSpot must be secured against unauthorized
use and modified so that it cannot be inadvertently energized. The X-ray tube may be removed, or the
current or voltage supplies removed or some other modification that renders the equipment powerless
so that an unauthorized person cannot energize a connected x-ray tube.
Requirements for Authorized Users

Authorized Users shall be responsible for the working conditions and for the safety instruction of all
persons working in the area. The authorized user shall ensure that other personnel working on or near
the x-ray machine have been issued and are properly wearing whole body and if necessary ring
dosimeters. Shields, interlocks, and other safety devices shall be used when the assembled industrial
x-ray cabinet is operated. If interlocks must be defeated during assembly testing, the Authorized User
shall be physically present and control radiation exposures by time, distance and shielding and shall
use appropriate survey meters to ensure radiation levels at worker locations is less than 2 mR/hr.
Rules for X-Ray Radiation Safety

The primary objective of radiological safety is to keep all personnel exposures Reasonably Achievable,
In order to achieve this objective, general rules have been established to guide the worker in handling
radioactive materials, and while working around radiation-producing machines. These rules were
written to protect the users and non-users. All users of radioactive material attend a radiation safety
course where they are instructed in general radiation safety procedures and are informed of the Rules
for Safety.
The rules for safety include:

Training in radiation safety and protection, proper use of film badges and dosimeters, the meaning of
warning signs and proper posting thereof, proper storage of radioactive materials and areas of use,
protection of personnel in adjoining areas, disposal of radioactive materials and the proper procedures
for purchasing and shipping radioactive materials.
Radiation Protection
Time, distance and shielding are vital components to radiation safety, and should be kept in mind
when working with the machines.
 By: TIME, DISTANCE, and SHIELDING.

 Restrict the length of time you are exposed to a source of radiation, keep it as short as
possible.
 Maintain the greatest possible distance between yourself and the source of radiation as is
practical.
 Place as much shielding material between yourself and the source of radiation that will allow
the job to proceed without hindering the operation. Proper shielding is especially useful for
storage of radioactive materials.
Radiation Warning Signs

Warning signs may be magenta and yellow, black and yellow, or black and white in color. Signs can
be different sizes and can have different wording, but they must have the words “CAUTION” or
DANGER” and some notification regarding radiation such as, “RADIATION AREA” or
“RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL” and bear the familiar three bladed radiation symbol. Signs must be
posted properly, not in a desk drawer, file cabinet, or on the back door of a camper. It is illegal to post
any warning signs improperly.

Radiation Warning Sign Applications
 The radiation symbol must be included on all radiation warning signs. The symbol is the
conventional three-bladed design, with the blades being colored magenta or purple on a
yellow background.
 A Radioactive sign or label shall be posted in areas or on containers where certain

amounts of radioactive materials are used or stored.
 A Radiation sign must be posted in each area in which an individual could receive in one
hour body dose in excess of 5 mRem/hr.
 A High Radiation sign must be posted in each area in which an individual could receive in
any one hour a dose to the whole body in excess of 100 mRem/hr.

Appendix C - X-Ray Image Signature Guide

X-Ray Analysis and Interpretation
Introduction to X-Ray Signature Interpretation
• Interpreting x-ray images in real-time radiography requires a basic understanding of x-ray

theory and a trained eye to quantify faults as they appear in x-ray images.
(See also, X-Ray Theory)
• Techniques used in x-ray inspection applications rely heavily upon a users knowledge of the
inspected samples, as well as practical experience with x-ray inspection system operations.
• NOTE: Interpretations can be accomplished with or without the aid of X-Ray Image Processor
software tools.
• The following presentation provides an overview of applications, techniques and

interpretations with example x-ray images.

Real-Time X-Ray Imaging (Major Components)
1. X-Ray Tube (Source): A vacuum tube

containing a filament (Cathode) and a
tungsten “target” (Anode). The target is
bombarded with fast-moving electrons
caused by the difference in potential
between anode and cathode. As higher
voltage is applied, the ability to penetrate
dense objects is increased.
2. Sample Manipulator (Board Holder): This
fixture positions the inspection sample
within the path of the x-rays and
provides off-axis (tilt /rotate) of the
sample between the source and
detector.
3. X-Ray Image Detector (Scintillator or
Image Intensifier):
The II converts x-rays into visible light
(photons), then amplifies these low-level
photons to a visible real-time image,
thereby permitting lower x-ray doses to
be used during inspection.
4. Camera (lens optics and CCD Sensor):
The optics focuses and magnifies the
image, while the CCD sensor converts
visible light into electrical signals (RS-
170, grayscale video).
5. Image Processor: (Computer, Frame
Grabber & Software): The Frame
Grabber converts the (analog) RS-170
video signal into digital signals and
displays “live” x-ray images in real-time.
While the Image Processing software
provides tools to enhance, analyze
measure and report quality
characteristics displayed in the grayscale
images of the sample under inspection.

Types of Faults That X-Ray Inspection Can Detect
There are several types of solder joint defects, each caused by unique conditions during the
manufacturing process. Excess or insufficient solder, uneven solder deposition and misalignment can
result in low joint strength and poor electrical connection, or defects such as:
• Bridging (shorted) solder joints

• Solder splash, sputtering, solder balls
• Voiding and delamination (blistering / pop corning)
• Excess and Insufficient solder
• Misaligned and tombstoning
• Gross opens, lifted leads, missing solder paste or disturbed joint
• Unacceptable size and shape variations in solder volume and deposition
Solder Defect Examples:
BGA: Bridging & BGA: Voiding LLC: Delamination Peripheral Leads:

Insufficient Shorted
Bridging (Shorts) and Insufficient Solder
• Bridging or a short is a connection of solder across conductors or lands that should not be
joined.
• Solder bridging is one of the most common and potentially destructive manufacturing faults.
Shorts present an obvious x-ray signature even in the smallest package types.
• Also shown in the image below is insufficient solder in some of the BGA joints. This condition
can range in size from visually obvious to unperceivable differences that can only be
calculated by image processing software measurement tools.

BGA: Bridging & Insufficient Bridging between Ball Joints
Voiding in Reflowed Solder Joints
• Voiding is an open area caused by trapped gas inside a solder joint while cooling, aka “out
gassing.” If the some of the gas escapes during the solder process this can cause tiny “pin
holes” or “blow holes.”
• Voiding is also a common structural artifact in reflowed solder joints which can cause thermal
performance problems, especially in high-power devices. Otherwise, this is generally an
allowable condition as long as minimum soldering requirements have been met.
• To display voids clearly under x-ray requires using a slightly higher power setting which is why
the background of the image appears mostly white.
Voiding, Off-Axis BGA X-Ray Image Analysis, of 2D BGA X-Ray Voiding, BGA 3D Rendering

Delamination, Blistering and Pop Corning
• Internal delamination of components, also called “pop corning,” due to rapid moisture out
gassing in the connector housing resins.
• Higher liquidus temperatures required for lead-free solders may have a profound effect on the
connector insulator housings. Some materials currently used may deform (melt) or show signs
of delamination on the side walls, referred to as "blistering."
Delamination, Leadless Chip Carrier (LLC) Voiding, in Gullwing Lead to Pad Connections
Misaligned and Tombstoning
• Tombstoning is a fault where one end of the component termination is completely lifted off the
land (pad).
• This can be caused by component placement error or a “disturbed joint” and results in the
component orientation being other than intended.
Bad Placement, Metal Electrode Face (MELF) Tomstone, Chip Capacitor

Test and Measurement Access

Many new package technologies lack quality inspection test access by any other means than x-ray
inspection. Such as: Area Array Components - BGA, µBGA, Flip-Chip and CSP Packages
Test Access by Inspection Method & Package Type
Why X-Ray Inspection is Becoming a Requirement
X-Ray Inspection is becoming a manufacturing process requirement, for the following reasons:
 Lack of alternative test access (BGA, µBGA, CSP, etc.)

 X-ray provide insights into hidden structural characteristics
 X-ray provides improvements to both process and product
 Increased manufacturing yield, decreased warranty issues
 Overall life-cycle cost reductions

X-Ray Quality Inspection Applications (Techniques and Interpretations)

X-Ray Views Showing Good and Bad BGA Samples
Good BGA X-Ray Image Example Faulty BGA X-Ray Image Example
An overview with a large field-of-view showing An overview with a large field-of-view showing gross
apparently good ball alignment and consistent defects with bridging and inconsistent ball sizes.
information and size.
X-Ray Power (Kv) Setting
Good Kv Power Setting Slightly Over Powered Kv Setting Example
Using the proper Kv level is the key to detecting and Over penetration (Kv too high) will result in the
measuring voids. The setting should be high enough outside diameter of the ball to erode. It is important
to detect a change in grayscale level without over to note that the system is capable of distinguishing
penetrating the balls/objects. greater levels of grayscale than the human eye.

Setting the X-Ray Kv to View Solder Voiding
BGA Inner Ring Angular Viewing to Identify Void Location
The “inner ring” is the result of greater density in the By rotating the sample an operator can determine
sphere and the underlying pad. The outside edges the location of the voids (towards the top, middle or
will start to “wash out” as more Kv is used. pad area of the ball). Voids in the top or pad area
are more likely to cause cracks or poor joints.
X-Ray Magnification
Low Magnification High Magnification

Benefit: Fast Inspection Overview Benefit: Greater Detail
Using a larger field-of-view (lower magnification) it is Using higher magnification an operator can now see
easier to inspect the whole component for gross more clearly defect details. In this example, bridging
defects. In this rotated view an operator can see (shorted) solder joints are shown.
defects in the center region of the component.

Identifying Good Solder Balls in a Flat Plane Inspection
Good Solder Paste Reflow Incomplete Solder Paste Reflow
Even edges surrounding the boundary of a BGA Rough edges (as seen in the image below) indicate
indicate good reflow of the paste to the solder balls that solder paste did not fully reflow.
(as seen on the image to the below).
BGA Void Percentage and Location
The primary criteria in BGA voids is the percentage of voids within each ball (IPC states is a maximum
of 20%). However, the location of the voids can be equally important. A large void on the pad area or
component attach area can lead to a fractured solder joint.
A flat view (below) is used to measuring void A rotated view (below) is used to show the location
percentage. of the voids within the solder joint.
Even edges surrounding the boundary of a BGA Rough edges indicate that solder paste did not fully
indicate good reflow of the paste to the solder balls. reflow.

Good BGA Solder Joints
The solder joints in both images below show good collapse and complete wetting of the joint to the
pad. To achieve this type of image the board is tilted and rotated 45 degrees or mounted in a fixture
at an angle and rotated 45 degrees. The joint-to-pad area (meniscus) will appear as a flat spot on the
ball with a slightly lighter grayscale then the rest of the ball.
Rotated Views of BGA Joint-to-Pad Connections
Incomplete Reflow and Open Joints
Incomplete Reflow w/ Large Void Poor Shape Due to Incomplete Reflow
The image (above) clearly shows the paste has not The image on the right shows the beginning of ball
yet interacted with the solder ball (a large void in a and paste interaction but the column joints and
ball can also be seen). some opens confirm reflow is still incomplete.

Open Solder Joints
The solder joints in both of the images below show opens due to incomplete reflow. On a couple of
the balls a gap can actually be seen but in most cases the rounded shape of the ball at the pad and
exposed pad area are key indicators of possible opens.
Incomplete Reflow w/ Large Void Poor Shape Due to Incomplete Reflow
Column Solder joints
Column shaped solder joints are shown in both images below. Column joints can be the result of
either incomplete reflow (paste and ball interaction has started but collapse is not complete) or curling
of the component corners. Curling corners are typically due to moisture in the component due to
storage or lack of “baking” the components.
Column Shaped Joints – Incomplete Reflow

CSP Solder Joints
Good Bump-to-Pad Connections Missing Solder Paste
The image on the left shows good solder joints or The image (below) displays missing solder
‘bumps” on this package. Look for even solder over deposition from several pads. Subtle faults could
the entire pad area. easily be overlooked at low magnification when
inspecting CSP components.
CSP Open and Column Joints
Open Bump Connections Open, Column and Collapsed Joints
Both of these images are taken from the same The image (above) shows the right side of the
package. The image (above) shows the left side of package has opens in the column joints and
the package is lifted and some of the bumps are collapsed joints. (viewing from left-to-right) Uneven
open, not touching the pads. heating or disturbing the component during reflow
could cause these results.

QFP Shorted Leads
Gullwing Bridging – Top Down View Gullwing Bridging – Off Axis View
A flat viewing perspective of the Quad Flat Package By rotating the QFP an operator can see the bridge
(above) indicates a bridge between two leads. from another angle and verify that this is not a
bottom side component.
Missing Solder Paste and Bent Peripheral Lead Defects
Open & Bent Peripheral Leads – QFP Gullwing Bent Peripheral Lead – QFP Gullwing
The image (above) shows five gullwing leads that The image (above) shows Coplanarity, where one
have no solder and two leads that are bent inward lead or series of leads on a component is out of
toward the component body. alignment and fails to make contact with the land.

J-lead Solder Joints
Good J-lead Solder Joint Open J-lead Joints
The image (above) shows good J-lead solder joints The image (above) shows fractured (open) solder
with good solder fill on both toe and heel. joints. This could be the result of contamination on
the leads preventing proper reflow “wetting” or a
“disturbed joint”.

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FocalSpot, Inc. 858-536-5050 • [email protected]

Version Number Revision Level Principal Changes Date of Publication

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 2

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 3

Turning X-Ray Production ON 30

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 4

Inspecting the Board 37

Appendix A – FocalSpot, X-Ray Systems 44

Appendix B – Radiation Theory and Safety 48

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 5

X-Ray Tube Operation 50

Appendix C - X-Ray Image Signature Guide 57

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 6

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 7

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 8

Receiving & Inspection

Potential, Current, and Duty Cycle Rating

 The x-ray source potential does not exceed 90 kV.

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 9

X-Ray Warning Labels

X-Ray Warning Label Placements

REDA Warning Label

Leaded Glass Warning Label

Control Panel Overlay (REDA)

Interlocked Access Panel Warning Label

(Located Inside Housing)

Label Below Outlets

Hazardous Voltage Warning Label

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 10

Sample Compartment & Upper Electrical Compartment Label Locations

X-Ray Interlock Danger Label

Door X-Ray Interlock

Label Inside Door Assembly Next to Interlocks

Door (BRH) X-Ray Interlock

Top Cover Upper Electrical Compartment

Hazardous Voltage Warning Label

(Label Located on Top Cover Near Interlock)

X-Ray Interlock Danger Label

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 11

Lower Electrical Compartment Warning Label Locations

Interlocked Access Panel

X-Ray Interlock Danger Label

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 12

Control Panel Overlay (REDA Compliant)

System Control Panel

Leaded Glass Warning Label

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 13

Radiation Safety Regulation References

WARNING A ‘Warning’ notation is used to describe an operating or maintenance procedure,

CAUTION A ‘Caution’ notation is used to describe an operating or maintenance procedure,

NOTE A ‘Note’ is used to describe an essential operating or maintenance procedure,

Terms Used in this Manual

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 14

Verifier HR (FSX-090) Specifications

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 15

Before You Begin

FocalSpot, Inc www.focalspot.com Page 16