SUBJECT: PHYSICAL SCIENCES

CONTENT: ACIDS & BASES

ACTIVITY BOOK

LEARNER/TEACHER

TERM 2

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES

 COVID AWARENESS (FIRST 5 MINUTES PRIOR TO TEACHING)
Purpose:

This document provides guidelines and control measures regarding the management of COVID 19

Basics Information:

• Prepare carefully, but don’t panic

• COVID – 19 is an infectious condition, which means it can be spread, directly or indirectly,
from one person to another
• Involves your upper respiratory tract (nose, throat, airways, lungs).

Track Your Symptoms:

• An infected person can spread the infection to a healthy person.

• Close contact with the infected person, can spread virus through the eye, nose, and mouth
via droplets produced on coughing or sneezing. Contact with contaminated surfaces, objects,
or items of personal use

How to protect yourself:

• Everyone is encouraged to wash the hands with water and soap for at least 20 seconds from
time to time.
• Use of a three-layered mask.
• Social distancing, 1.5 meters observation from other individuals.
• People who are infected can show no symptoms, but they are still infectious.
• Do not share food, utensils, cups, or towels

Reporting:

• Report any symptoms like coughing, sore throat, flu, vomiting, running stomach or loss of smell
to the centre manager, teacher or principal.
• Avoid spreading unconfirmed rumours on COVID-19, this is a criminal offence.

JENN MEMORANDUM TOPIC LEARNER/TEACHER :

CONTENTS PAGE

Activity 1 3-4

Activity 2 4-6

Activity 3 6-7

Activity 4 8-9

Activity 5 10-11

Activity 6 12-13

Activity 7 14-15

Activity 8 15-16

Activity 9 17-18

Activity 10 19-20

Bibliography 20

ICON DESCRIPTION

MIND MAP EXAMINATION CONTENTS ACTIVITIES

GUIDELINE

BIBLIOGRAPHY WORKED EXAMPLES STEPS

TERMINOLOGY

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 2

ACTIVITY1
Marks: 14 Duration: 14 Minutes

Learners perform a titration to standardise a dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. They
use standard oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O) solution of concentration 0,02 mol∙dm-3. The
titration is repeated three times after which the average volume readings are calculated
as shown in the table below:

Titrations Volume of oxalic acid solution (cm3) Volume NaOH solution (cm3)
1 25 20,24
2 25 19,80
3 25 19,87
Average 25 19,97

1.1 What does the term standard solution mean? (2)

Answer:

1.2 Give a reason why the titration is repeated three times. (1)

Answer:

1.3 The balanced equation for the reaction taking place is:

H2C2O4.2H2O(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2C2O4(aq) + 4H2O(ℓ)

Calculate the number of moles of oxalic acid reacting. (3)

Answer:

1.4 The dilute solution of sodium hydroxide used in the titration was obtained by
adding 90 cm3 of water to 10 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate (8)
the pH of the sodium hydroxide solution BEFORE dilution.

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 3

 [14]

ACTIVITY 2
Marks: 19 Duration: 19 Minutes

27 g of Mg(OH)2 is dissolved in 2 ℓ of water at 25 oC. A drop of bromothymol blue is added

to the solution and it turns blue.

2.1 Explain why Mg(OH)2 is classified as a strong base. (2)

Answer:

2.2 Calculate the pH of the Mg(OH)2 solution (7)

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 4

HCℓ with a concentration of 2,5 mol∙dm-3 is added to the Mg(OH)2-solution as shown in the
sketch below

Mg(OH)2 and
Bromothymol blue

The balanced equation for this reaction is

Mg(OH)2 + 2HCℓ → MgCℓ2 + 2H2O

2.3 Write down the name of the apparatus labelled P. (1)

Answer:

2.4 Write down the Lowry-Brønsted definition of an acid. (2)

Answer:

2.5 Calculate the minimum volume of HCℓ that must be added to the reaction
(4)
so that it just changes colour from blue to yellow.

Answer:

2.6 Explain why bromothymol blue is a better choice than phenolphthalein to

(2)
indicate the neutralization in the reaction above.

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 5

2.7 What would happen to the colour of the solution if 20 cm3 water is added (1)
after the HCℓ was added and the solution turned yellow? Write only
REMAINS YELLOW or CHANGES TO BLUE.

Answer:

[19]

ACTIVITY 3
Marks: 19 Duration: 19 Minutes

3.1 Define an acid according to the Bronsted- Lowry theory. (2)

Answer:

3.2 An acid-base reaction is shown below.

H2PO4- + HAsO42- HPO42- + H2AsO4-

Write down the name of the conjugate base of H2PO4-. (1)

Answer:

3.3 In a titration, a 20 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution was neutralised by 15

cm3 dilute sulphuric acid with a concentration of 0.1moldm-3.

H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O

3.3.1 Which indicator will be most suitable for this titration? (1)

Choose from: phenolphthalein

methyl orange

bromothymol blue

Answer:

3.3.2 Give a reason for your choice of indicator in question 3.3.1. (2)

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 6

 3.3.3 Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution. (5)

Answer:

3.3.4 Calculate the pH of the potassium hydroxide solution in question

(5)
3.3.3.

Answer:

3.4 The salt ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) reacts with water.

NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+

3.4.1 What do we call this type of reaction? (1)

Answer:

3.4.2 What will the approximate pH of the salt solution be? Choose from:
(1)
EQUAL TO 7, SMALLER THAN 7 OR GREATER THAN 7

Answer:

3.4.3 Give a reason for the answer to question 3.4.2. (1)

Answer:

[19]

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 7

ACTIVITY 4
Marks:21 Duration: 21 Minutes

4.1 The hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3- ) can act as both an acid and a base.

4.1.1 Define an acid and a base in terms of the Lowry-Bronsted theory. (2)

Answer:

4.1.2 What are substances, which can act as both an acid and a base,
called?
(1)
Consider the following equations:

A. H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3-

B. HCO3- + H2O H3O+ + CO32-

Answer:

4.1.3 In which of the above reactions does an HCO3- act as an acid? Answer (2)
only A or B.

Answer:

4.1.4 Give the conjugate base of H2CO3. (1)

Answer:

4.1.5 Why is H2CO3 a diprotic acid? (1)

Answer:

4.2 60 cm3 of a 0,50 mol•dm-3 solution of hydrochloric acid is added to 0,8 g of

solid calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The CaCO3 reacts completely. The
balanced equation for the reaction is as follows:

2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

4.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of HCI that have reacted with the (5)
CaCO3.

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 8

 4.2.2 Calculate the pH of the solution when the reaction is completed. (9)

[21]

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 9

ACTIVITY 5
Marks: 17 Duration: 17 Minutes

5.1 A learner determines the pH of a number of dilute solutions of acids and bases.
The following results are obtained at 25 °C:

Solution pH
Phosphoric acid 2
Orange juice 3,3
Potassium hydroxide 12

5.1.1 Explain the difference between a DILUTE base and a CONCENTRATED

(2)
base.

Answer:

5.1.2 Which ONE of the above solutions contains the highest concentration
(1)
of hydronium ions?

Answer:

5.1.3 Will the pH of the orange juice at 25 °C INCREASE, DECREASE or

REMAIN THE SAME when:

a. Distilled water is added to it? (1)

Answer:

b. Some of the potassium hydroxide is added to it? (1)

Answer:

5.2 The learner adds 0,12 g of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2(s), to 500 cm3 of the
phosphoric acid solution, H3PO4(aq) of pH = 2. The phosphoric acid solution is in
excess.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

3Mg(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 6H2O

5.2.1 Calculate the initial number of moles of phosphoric acid in the solution (5)

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 10

 5.2.2 The excess H3PO4 is how titrated with a sodium hydroxide solution, (7)
NaOH(aq), of unknown concentration. It is found that 25 cm3 of the
NaOH(aq) neutralises 14 cm3 of the H3PO4(aq).

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq) → Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ)

Calculate the concentration of the NaOH(aq).

Answer:

[17]

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 11

ACTIVITY 6
Marks: 15 Duration: 15 Minutes

6.1 Washing soda contains sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as its most important
constituent. Learners used 5,13g of the washing soda crystals to prepare a
250 cm 3 solution in distilled water.
They titrated 25 cm3 of the sodium carbonate solution with 36 cm3 of a 0,05
mol.dm-3 H2SO4 solution to neutralise the solution.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

6.1.1 Define an ampholyte. (2)

Answer:

6.1.2 Identify which ONE of the compounds in the equation above CAN
(1)
act as an ampholyte.

Answer:

6.1.3 Calculate the number of moles of sulphuric acid that reacted with
(3)
the sodium carbonate.

Answer:

6.1.4 Calculate the mass of the sodium carbonate in the washing soda
(4)
that was used and neutralised during the titration.

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 12

 6.1.5 Calculate the percentage purity of the washing soda sample. (3)

Answer:

6.2 When CO32- ions are added to water, the concentration of the hydroxide
ions presents in the water increases. Write down a balanced equation for (2)
this reaction between CO32- and H2O.

Answer:

[15]

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 13

ACTIVITY 7
Marks: 15 Duration: 15 Minutes

7.1 Define an acid according to the BrØnsted-Lowry theory. (2) (2)

Answer:

7.2 Calculate the pH of a sodium hydroxide solution of concentration (5)

Answer:

7.3 Seashells contain calcium carbonate (CaCO3). In a test to find the

percentage of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) present in seashells, 75 cm3 of a 0,5
mol·dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) solution is added to a 5 g sample of seashells.
The acid is in excess. The balanced equation for the reaction is given below.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

The excess acid required 22 cm3 of the above sodium hydroxide solution for
complete neutralisation according to the following balanced equation:

HCℓ(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

Calculate the percentage of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the sample of

seashells. (8)

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 14

 [15]

ACTIVITY 8
Marks: 12 Duration: 12 Minutes

8.1 A factory accidentally spills sulphuric acid into a nearby river. The fish species
in the river CANNOT survive in water with a pH LOWER THAN 5,8. Analysis of
water samples from the river shows that the hydrogen ion concentration is 5,6
x 10-6 mol·dm-3. Show with the aid of a calculation that the fish will not survive
in the river. (3)

Answer:

8.2 A sample of seawater is treated with 500 cm3 of a 2,5 mol·dm-3 sodium
hydroxide solution to remove the magnesium ions. The reaction that takes
place is represented by the following balanced equation:

Mg(NO 3 ) 2 (aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) → Mg(OH) 2 (s) + 2NaNO 3 (aq)

After removal of the precipitate, the excess NaOH(aq) is titrated with 95 cm3
of a 0,2 mol·dm3 sulphuric acid solution. The balanced equation for the
reaction is:

2NaOH(aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) → Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(ℓ)

Calculate the:

8.2.1 Number of moles sodium hydroxide added to the seawater. (3)

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 15

 8.2.2 Original mass of magnesium nitrate in the seawater. (6)

Answer:

[12]

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 16

ACTIVITY 9
Marks: 19 Duration: 19 Minutes

9.1 Ethanoic acid is a monoprotic acid that ionises in water according to the
equation:

CH3COOH(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+(aq) … Ka = 1,8 x 10-5 at 25 ºC

9.1.1 Define the term monoprotic acid. (2)

Answer:

9.1.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the conjugate base in the
(1)
reaction.

Answer:

9.1.3 Is ethanoic acid a STRONG or WEAK acid? Refer to the given

(2)
information to give a reason

Answer:

9.2 Vinegar is made up of part ethanoic acid by mass, with the remaining mass
being a solvent. To determine the percentage of ethanoic acid in a vinegar
sample, it is titrated against a NaOH solution.

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⇌ CH3COONa (aq) + H2O(ℓ)

A 10 g sample of vinegar is titrated against a 0,309 mol∙dm-3 NaOH solution.

19,57 cm3 of NaOH is required to reach end point.

9.2.1 Determine the percentage of ethanoic acid in the 10 g sample. (6)

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 17

 9.2.2 Determine the pH value of the original NaOH solution. (4)

Answer:

The table below provides information about three indicators

INDICATOR COLOUR CHANGE COLOUR CHANGE

pH RANGE
Methyl orange Red - yellow 3,0 – 4,4
Bromothymol blue Yellow - blue 6,0 – 7,6
Phenolphthalein Colourless - pink 8,2 – 10,0

9.2.3 Use the information in the table above and choose a suitable indicator (1)
to use in the above titration.

Answer:

9.2.4 The ethanoate ions that form during the reaction, react with water. (3)
Write down a balance ionic equation and explain whether the pH of
the final solution is GREATER THAN 7, LESS THAN 7 or EQUAL TO 7.

Answer:

[19]

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 18

ACTIVITY 10
Marks: 18 Duration: 18 Minutes

10.1 The hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42-) can act as an ampholyte.

10.1.1 Define the term ampholyte. (2)

Answer:

10.1.2 Consider the following reaction:

HPO42-(aq) + H2 O(l) PO43-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Is the HPO42- ion in this reaction acting as a Brønsted-Lowry acid or a

base? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

Answer:

Write down the FORMULA of the substance which forms a

10.1.3 (1)
conjugate acid-base pair with the HPO42- ion.

Answer:

10.2 A container holds an unknown solution. On the label is written: pH =13,3.

10.2.1 Is the solution acidic, basic or neutral? (1)

Answer:

10.2.2 Determine the concentration of the hydroxide ions (OH-) in the

(5)
solution.

Answer:

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 19

 10.2.3 Exactly 25 cm3 of the solution in QUESTION 10.2.2 is titrated with a
sulphuric acid solution of unknown concentration. At the end point
it is found that 17,85 cm3 of the sulphuric acid was used. The
balanced equation for the reaction is:

H2SO4(aq) + 2XOH(aq) X2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Calculate the concentration of the sulphuric acid solution. (5)

Answer:

10.2.4 Use a calculation to identify element X if the molar mass of (2)

compound XOH is 56 g•mol-1

Answer:

[18]

Bibliography

1. DOE Provincial Question Papers

JENN ACTIVITY MANUAL: ACIDS & BASES 20