ABSTRACT

The Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the wireless signal under
Rayleigh fading channel has been examined. Simulations confirmed the comparison of BER
curves for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK) from
Adaptive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel model. The bit error rate (BER) is the number
of bit errors per unit time. The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by
the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. Bit error ratio is a unitless
performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.

BER is a key property of the digital communication system. Various types of modulation
methods are used in the digital information transmission system. BER can be demarcated as the
number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that can be affected due
to noise, interference and distortion or bit synchronization errors.

As an example, assume this transmitted bit sequence:

0110001011
and the following received bit sequence:
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1,
The number of bit errors (the underlined bits) is, in this case, 3. The BER is 3 incorrect bits
divided by 10 transferred bits, resulting in a BER of 0.3 or 30%.
 INTRODUCTION

Mobile communications and wireless network have experienced massive growth and
commercial success in the recent years. However, the radio channels in mobile radio systems are
usually not modest as the wired one. Unlike wired channels that are stationary and predictable,
wireless channels are extremely random and time-variant. It is well known that the wireless
multi-path channel causes an arbitrary time dispersion, attenuation, and phase shift, known as
fading, in the received signal. Fading is caused by interference between two or more versions of
the transmitted signal which arrive at the receiver at slightly different times.

Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares
the level of a desire signal to the level of background noise. It is defined as the ratio of signal
power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB)
indicates more signal than the noise. It is clear that when the signal is higher than the interference
plus the noise, the probability of decoding signal successfully is higher. One measure of
performance is BER, or bit-error rate. Simply put, this is measuring how many of bits made it
correctly over the wireless channel. Certain modulation schemes can deliver excellent BER
performance compared to other.

In a wireless mobile communication system, a signal can travel from transmitter to

receiver over multiple reflective paths; this phenomenon is referred to as multipath propagation.
If radio signal transmitted over the free space or multipath propagation channel contains objects
(particles) which randomly scatter the energy of the transmitted signal and the scatters signal
arrives at the receiver out of steps. Scatters introduces a variety of impairments including fading,
shadowing, multipath delay spread, Doppler spread, attenuation etc. and the inherent background
noise. These background noises can be called as thermal noise and treated as additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN). The end to end modeling and design of systems that mitigate the
effects of fading are usually more challenging performance only by AWGN.

METHODOLOGY

BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING(BPSK):

Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is a simplest form of PSK. In that scheme, data or
information and carrier signal modulated by modulator and get modulating signal called as
BPSK signal. Generally it uses two phases which are separated by 180° and so it is also be
termed 2-PSK. In digital modulation techniques, a set of basis functions are chosen for a
particular modulation scheme. Generally, the basis functions are orthogonal to each other. Once
the basis functions are chosen, any vector in the signal space can be represented as a linear
combination of them. In BPSK, only one sinusoid is taken as the basis function. Modulation is
achieved by varying the phase of the sinusoid depending on the message bits. One phase is
chosen to represent a zero and another to represent a one. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
signal can be defined by

s(t) = A m(t) cos2πfct 0 ≤ t ≤ T

Where, A is constant, m(t)= 1 or -1 fc is the carrier frequency and t is the time duration

QUADRETURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING(QPSK):

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits
are modulated at once, selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270
degrees). QPSK allows the signal to carry twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the
same bandwidth. Now two symbols per bit can be transmitted at that time each symbol’s phase is
compared relative to the previous symbol; so, if there is no phase shift (0 degrees), the bits “00”
are represented. If there is a phase shift of 180 degrees, the bits “11” are represented. QPSK is
used for satellite transmission of MPEG2 video, cable modems, videoconferencing, cellular
phone systems, and other forms of digital communication over an RF carrier.

s(t)=Acos[2πfct+θn],0≤t≤T

where the signal phase is given by θn=(2n−1)π/4

BIT ERROR RATE (BER):

BER is key parameters to use in accessing systems that is transmitted digital data one location
to another location. BER is applicable in wireless radio data links, Ethernet and as well as fiber optic
communications. But when radio data is transmitted through the wireless communication then there is
a possibility errors can be introduced into the systems. If this so the integrity of the systems can be
compromised. As a result, it is necessary to assess the performance of the system, and BER provides an
ideal way in which this can be achieved. BER assesses the full end to end performance of a system
including the transmitter, receiver and the medium between the two. BER is defined as the rate at which
errors occur in a transmission system.

number Of bits in error

Total number of bits sent
In simple form, BER =

BER expression is given by equation as,

ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE (AWGN):

A basic and generally accepted model for thermal noise in communication channels, is
the set of assumptions that the noise is additive so that, the received signal equals the transmit
signal plus some noise, where the noise is statistically independent of the signal. The noise is
white, so that, the power spectral density is flat, so the autocorrelation of the noise in time
domain is zero for any non-zero time offset and the noise samples have a Gaussian distribution.

As depicted in equation(3), in an AWGN channel, the transmitted signal r(t) is additively

corrupted by a white Gaussian noise source n(t), and the received signal s(t) is given by:

s(t) = r(t) + n(t)

 The white noise n(t) is a real-valued zero-mean Wide Sense Stationary (WSS) random
process with Gaussian Probability Density Function (PDF). The term 'white' is use in the sense
that the Power Spectral Density (PSD) function of the noise is constant over the whole frequency
domain, and its Auto-Correlation Function (ACF) is a direct pulse at zero delay.

Pass band representation of AWGN channel

The wideband white noise: (a) The PSD, and (b) The ACF

Mostly it is also assumed that the channel is Linear and Time Invariant. The most basic results
further assume that it is also frequency non-selective

RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL:

In mobile radio channels, the Rayleigh distribution is commonly used to describe the
statistical time varying nature of the received envelope of a flat fading signal, or the envelope of
an individual multipath component. It is well known that the envelope of the sum of two
Quadrature Gaussian noise signals obeys a Rayleigh distribution

When there is a dominant stationary (non-fading) signal component present, such as a

line-of sight propagation path, the small-scale fading envelope distribution is Rician. In such a
situation, random multipath components arriving at different angles are superimposed on a
stationary dominant signal. At the output of an envelope detector, this has the effect of adding a
dc component to the random multipath.

RESULTS AND SIMULATION

MATLAB CODE FOR BER VS SNR FOR BPSK:

clear all
clc
r=randint(1,10000);
for i=1:10000
if r(i)==0
s(i)=-1;
else
s(i)=1;
end
end
k=1;
for snrdb=1:1:10;
v=1/(10^(snrdb/10));
x=awgn(s,snrdb,'measured');
%n1=sqrt(v/2)*randn(1,10000);
%n2=sqrt(1/2)*randn(1,10000);
%n=sqrt(n1.*n1+n2.*n2);
y=x;
for j=1:10000
if y(j)>0
z(j)=1;
else
z(j)=0;
end
end
error=length(find(z~=r));
ber(k)=error/10000;
k=k+1;
end
snrdb=1:1:10;
snrlin=10.^(snrdb./10);
tber=0.5.*erfc(sqrt(snrlin));
semilogy(snrdb,ber,'-bo',snrdb,tber,'-mh')
grid on
title('BPSK with AWGN');
xlabel('Signal to noise ratio');
ylabel('Bit error rate');

MATLAB CODE FOR BER VS SNR FOR QPSK:

clear all;
close all;
l=10000;
snrdb=1:1:10;
snrlin=10.^(snrdb/10);
for snrdb=1:1:10
si=2*(round(rand(1,l))-0.5);
sq=2*(round(rand(1,l))-0.5);
s=si+j*sq;
w=awgn(s,snrdb,'measured');
r=w;
si_=sign(real(r));
sq_=sign(imag(r));
ber1=(l-sum(si==si_))/l;
ber2=(l-sum(sq==sq_))/l;
ber(snrdb)=mean([ber1 ber2]);
end
%semilogy(snrdb, ber,'o-')
snrdb=1:1:10;
snrlin=10.^(snrdb./10);
tber=0.5.*erfc(sqrt(snrlin));
semilogy(snrdb,ber,'-bo',snrdb,tber,'-mh')
title('QPSK with awgn');
xlabel('Signal to noise ratio');
ylabel('Bit error rate');
legend('Rayleigh Theoretical','Rayleigh Simulated');
grid on;
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION FOR BPSK:

BPSK with AWGN

104
Rayleigh Theoretical
Rayleigh Simulated

102

100
Bit error rate

10-2

10-4

10-6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Signal to noise ratio

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION FOR QPSK:

 QPSK with awgn
100
Rayleigh Theoretical
Rayleigh Simulated
10-1

10-2
Bit error rate

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Signal to noise ratio

CONCLUSION:

In this project, the comparative study of BPSK and QPSK show that the constant value
of bit error rate (BER) is compared with the signal to noise ratio (SNR) under Rayleigh channel,
the signal decreases less in QPSK than BPSK modulation. Because the transmission symbol rate
of QPSK is two bit per symbol and in BPSK has one bit per symbol. The signal energy is spread
out over the constellation. The symbols at the far ends will have less energy per symbol (Es) than
the ones closer to the middle.

FUTURE SCOPE:
REFERENCES:

[1] B. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, Ch. 4, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1988.

[2] H. L. Van Trees,Detection Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part I,Ch. 4, New York: Wiley, 1968.

[3] http://www.dsplog.com/2007/08/05/bit-error-probability-for-bpsk-modulation.

[4] V,Panwar,S.Kumar,”Bit Error Rate (BER) Analysis of Rayleigh Fading Channels in Mobile
Communication,” IJMER.Vol.2, No.3, pp-796-798,June. 2012.

[5] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Chs. 3 and 4, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.