SACRED HEART OF JESUS MONTESSORI SCHOOL

J.R. Borja Extension, Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City

Montessori-Based Learning
Learning Instructional Packets (LIPs)
DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES WEEK 4
S.Y _________________

Name: ________________________________________________ Date submitted: ________________

Grade & Section: ______________________________________ Teacher: _______________________

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Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of social sciences and applied social sciences

Performance Standard: The learner is able to … explain clearly public perceptions about the work of social sciences and
applied social science practitioners

Essential Understanding (EU):

Essential Question:

I. LEARNING COMPETENCY

 Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social sciences theories
a. Structural – functionalism b. Marxism c. Symbolic Interactionism

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, 100% of the learners will be able to:

1. define the different concepts and principles of the three major social science theories
2. apply those concepts into a real-life situation and concerns by showing the skills; and
3. analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories
4. Integrate values (fruit of normalization of the month, beatitude & PVMGO);
5. obtain at least 75% mastery level

Target Goal/s: I can ...._________________________________________________________________________________

II. LEARNING CONTENT

Module 4: Concepts and Principles of the Major Social Sciences Theories:

Lesson 4: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social sciences theories
a. Structural – functionalism b. Marxism c. Symbolic Interactionism

Materials:
1. LIPs

References:
1. MELC
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vat8m5IsKSM&t=492s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LciWAfvBZhA&t=36s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ux2E6uhEVk0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-83vVeSC2_g&t=155s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-83vVeSC2_g STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM

III. LESSON PRESENTATION

 science is a branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those
societies. Studying it can provide us with so many important answers and observations that may help improve the understanding of
our lives, and thus help us to improve our interactions with each other. It provides insight into all types of social situations, such as
social relationships, cultural differences, and so on.
As a Senior High School student, part of your responsibility is to increase your knowledge, widen your awareness, and
deepen your understanding by studying how people put their societies together. We are looking at the impacts of their decisions on
how their societies should be run.

In this module, you will learn about the concepts and principles of the major social science theories, specifically the
Structural – functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism.

PRE-ASSESSMENT

DIRECTIONS. Choose the best answer to the following questions/statements below. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following BEST describes structural-functionalism?

A. A perspective in sociology that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and
stability.
B. Tells that society is made up of groups or institutions, which are cohesive, share common norms, and have a
definitive culture.
C. Explains that the way society is organized is the most natural and efficient way for it to be organized.
D. All of the above.

2. For groups to be cohesive in a social context, positive membership attitudes and behaviors have to be produced and maintained.
It can be looked at on both an individual and group level at a group level is directly affected by the individual members. Which
of the following concepts describes the bonds that bring people together in a society?
A. Social Inequality C. Social Stability
B. Social Cohesion D. Social Cohesive
3. According to functionalism, society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of
balance and social equilibrium for the whole. Each of the social institutions contributes to important functions for society. Which
of the following institution can offer a way to transmit a society’s skills, knowledge, and culture to its youth?
A. Religion B. Economy C. Education D. Family

4. Robert Merton believes that 5 situations are facing an actor in Structural Functionalism. Which of the following statement is
FALSE?
A. Conformity occurs when an individual has the means and desire to achieve the cultural goals socialized into them.
B. Innovation occurs when an individual strives to attain the accepted cultural goals but chooses to do so in a novel or
unaccepted method.
C. Ritualism occurs when an individual continues to do things as prescribed by society but forfeits the achievement of
the goals.
D. Rebellion is the rejection of both the means and the goals of society.
5. It is the amount of socially necessary labor-time needed to produce an article under the normal conditions of production and with
the average degree of skill and intensity of the time.
A. Surplus value C. Labor theory of value
B. Exchange value D. Use value

6. What would Marx argue that needs to happen to transform a society's culture?
A. the economic foundation would have to be changed
B. new technologies would need to be introduced
C. the mass media would need to be changed
D. the economic foundation would remain the same

7. Which one of the following is a reason why Marx cannot be rejected because of his ideological orientation?
A. Marxism is the only sociological theory that is ideologically biased.
B. Marx tried to hide his ideological orientations.
C. Marx argued that a violent overthrow of capitalism is the only way to end exploitation
D. Marx was essentially a humanist, not a bloodthirsty revolutionary

8. Which of the following is true about symbolic interactionism?

A. It is a type of lens for looking at the world
B. It is focused on language and symbols in day to day life
C. It includes the belief that reality is socially constructed
D. All of the answers are correct

9. According to symbolic interactionist, human beings differ from animals because __________________.
A. Humans show greater affection than animals
B. A human being can take the role of the other
C. Humans are only proactive and not reactive like animals
D. All of the above

10. Because Mead discusses generalized other, which of the following statements is true?
A. There is no “me” at birth, it is formed through continual symbolic interaction
B. The “I” is more important than the “me” informing our sense of self
C. The generalized other is really who we are, we just don’t understand what Mead is saying
D. Societal expectations have little impact on who we think we are.

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM

Structural Functionalism is a framework for building theory that sees

society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity
and stability. Economy, religion, politics, education, and family are to be
considered groups as a major institution. Individual and group behavior, more
often than not, serves a FUNCTION for the larger society.

According to functionalism, society is a system of interconnected parts

that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social
equilibrium for the whole.
Functionalists’ perspectives emphasize the interconnectedness of society by
focusing on other parts.
 Functionalists use the terms functional and dysfunctional to describe the effects of social elements on society. It is functional
if they contribute to social stability and dysfunctional if they disrupt social stability. Some aspects of society can be both functional
and dysfunctional. For example, crime is dysfunctional because it is associated with physical violence, loss of property, and fear.

Robert Merton identified two types of functions, the manifest function, and latent function.
Manifest functions are consequences that are intended and commonly recognized. In contrast,
latent functions are consequences that are
unintended and often hidden.

For example, the manifest function of education is to transmit knowledge and skills to society’s
youth. But public elementary schools also serve as babysitters for employed parents, and colleges
offer a place for young adults to meet potential mates. The babysitting and mate-selection
functions are not the intended or commonly recognized functions of education; hence they are
latent functions.

According to him, 5 situations are facing an actor. Conformity occurs when an individual has the
means and desire to achieve the cultural goals socialized into them. Innovation occurs when an
individual strives to attain the accepted cultural goals but chooses to do so in a novel or
unaccepted method. Ritualism occurs when an individual continues to do things as prescribed by society but forfeits the achievement
of the goals. Retreatism is the rejection of both the means and the goals of society. Rebellion is a combination of the rejection of
societal goals and means and a substitution of other goals and means.

MARXISM

Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of

historical development to understand class relations and social conflict, as well as a dialectical
perspective to view social transformation.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) that shows the basic struggle
between classes and recommends action against the 'specter' of capitalism Capital (1867). It
shows how the capitalist system is exploitative in that it "transfers the fruit of the work of the
majority...to a minority”.

The book contains theories about the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, "The
history of all as yet existing society is the history of class struggles". communism, to slavery,
feudalism, capitalism, and finally, industrial communism.
SOURCE:

Friedrich Engels (1820 – 1895) was a German social scientist, author, political theorist,
philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, together with Karl Marx. He wrote Das Kapital. He
organized Marx's notes on the "Theories of Surplus Value," which he later published as the "fourth
volume" of Capital. He wrote the Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884),
presents the evolution of humankind from primitive communism, to slavery, feudalism, capitalism,
and finally, industrial communism.

Marx and Engels examined the conflict generated by the increasing wealth of the capitalists
(Bourgeoisie) at the expense of the working class (Proletariat) who only sunk deeper into poverty.
Violence and repression could reinforce legal power if the peasantry resisted handing over the
surplus. They viewed social change as an evolutionary process marked by a revolution in which
new levels of social, political, and economic development were achieved through class struggle. A
class is defined in terms of the relationship of people's labor to the means of production. Each
mode of production produced characteristic class relationships involving a dominating and a
subordinate class.

Historical materialism is a methodology used that focuses on human societies and their development through history, arguing that
history is the result of material conditions rather than ideals. It is principally a theory of history that asserts that the material conditions
of a society's mode of production, the union of a society's productive forces and relations of production, fundamentally determine
society's organization and development. It is materialist as it does not believe that history has been driven by an individual's
consciousness or ideas but rather subscribes to the philosophical monism that matter is the fundamental substance of nature and
henceforth the driving force in all of world history.
Dialectical materialism is a philosophy of science and nature developed in Europe and based on the writings of Marx and Engels.
Marxist dialectics emphasizes the importance of real-world conditions in terms of class, labor, and socioeconomic interactions. Marx
supposed that these material conditions contained contradictions that seek resolution in new forms of social organization. Dialectical
materialism accepts the evolution of the natural world and the emergence of new qualities of being at new stages of evolution. Change
within a society is seen as the result of contradictions arising between the forces of production and the relations of production. Such
contradictions are seen to emerge as a struggle between distinct social classes.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and suggests to people's
particular utilization of dialect to make images and normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others. This
perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people develop and build upon in the process of social interaction . The interpretation
process that occurs between interactions helps create and recreate meaning. It is the shared understanding and interpretations of
meaning that affect the interaction between individuals. A theory analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people
impose on objects, events, and behaviors. Subjective meanings are given primacy because it is believed that people behave based on
what they believe and not just on what is objectively true. It looks at individual and group meaning-making, focusing on human action
instead of large-scale social structures.

Symbolic interaction was conceived by George Herbert Mead. He is the one

who argued that “ He argued that people's selves are social products, but these selves are also
purposive and creative and believed that the true test of any theory is if it is "useful in solving
complex social problems”.

It is a social theory of the self or a looking glass self. It studies meaning and
communication and they tend to use qualitative methods. It has been criticized for failing to
take into account large-scale macro-social structures and forces.

For example, studies find that teenagers are well informed about the risks of
tobacco, but they also think that smoking is cool, they will be safe from harm, and smoking
projects a positive image to their peers. So, the symbolic meaning of smoking overrides the
facts regarding smoking and risk.
SOURCE:

The Three Basic Premises by Herbert Blumer (1969) set out three basic premises of the perspective:

1. "Human’s act toward things based on the meanings they ascribe to those things." includes everything that a human being may note
in their world, including physical objects, actions, and concepts. Essentially, individuals behave towards objects and others based on
the personal meanings that the individuals have already given these items.

2. "The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society." arises
out of, the social interaction that one has with other humans.

3. "These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things
he/she encounters." We naturally talk to ourselves to sort out the meaning of a difficult situation.

Activity # 1: I WRITE IT!

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to write the basic concepts and principles of Structural – Functionalism, Marxism, and
Symbolic Interactionism by writing your answer in the Venn Diagram. Based on your answer from the article that you have read
earlier. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
 MARXISM SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

Activity # 2: I SHARE IT!

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to carefully distinguish the importance of basic concepts and principles of the following
major social sciences theories (Structural – Functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism) by sharing your personal
experiences in the following institutions: Family, Church, School, Government, and Media. After this, answer the guide questions that
follow.

INSTITUTION PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

FAMILY

CHURCH

SCHOOL

GOVERNMENT
 MEDIA

Activity # 3: I REFLECT!
DIRECTIONS: Your task is to write a reflection paper on of the three (3) major social sciences theories:
Structural – Functionalism (How important is structural functionalism in understanding the different institutions in society?),
Marxism (How our society influence or affect an individual’s principle?) and
Symbolic Interactionism (Does symbolic interactionism affect our daily life? Why?).

5 4 3 2 1
Demonstrate a conscious Demonstrate a Demonstrate a Demonstrate a limited Demonstrate a
and thorough understanding thoughtful basic understanding of the little or no
of the subject matter. This understanding of understanding of subject matter. The understanding of the subject
Depth of reflection can be used as an the subject matter. the subject matter. reflection needs revision matter. The reflection needs
reflection example for other students revision

Use specific and convincing Use relevant Use examples Use incomplete or vaguely No examples
examples from the text examples from the from the text to developed examples to only from the text are used and
Use of textual studied to support claims in text studied to support most partially support claims claims made in your writing
evidence your writing, making support claims in claims in your with no connections made are
insightful and applicable your writing, making writing, with between unsupported and irrelevant
connections between texts applicable some connections texts to the topic at hand
connections between made between
texts texts

Demonstrate control of the Demonstrate control Demonstrate Demonstrate Demonstrate

conventions with essentially of the conventions partial control of limited control of the little or no control of the
no errors, even with exhibiting occasional
the conventions conventions exhibiting conventions making
sophisticated language errors only when exhibiting frequent errors that make comprehension
Conventions using sophisticated occasional errors comprehension almost impossible
language that do not hinder difficult
comprehension
SOURCE: - https://image.slidesharecdn.com/reflectivewritingrubric-100527234034-phpapp01/95/reflectivewriting-rubric-1-728.jpg?cb=1275003647

PRE-TEST 1. A 6. A 2. B 7. C 3. C 8. D 4. D 9. D 5. C 10. D