Social Sciences: The Study of Society: Full Name: Grade 11

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DISS

Last Name First Name Middle Initial


Full Name:

Grade 11 |

Social
Module 1
Sciences: The Study
Learning Targets
of Society 1.Differentiate the nature and functions of Social
Science and disciplines with the natural sciences
and humanities.

OVERVIEW

In this module, you will differentiate the nature and functions of Social
Science disciplines with the Natural Sciences and Humanities. Specifically, this
module will help you to:
• describe Social Sciences as a comprehensive study of society;
• compare and contrast Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Humanities;
• appreciate the importance of Social Sciences as instruments to deeply understand the society

INTRODUCTION
What comes into your mind when you hear the word “society”? Technically, society is usually described as an
organized group of individuals whose members work together or regularly meet and have a shared territory, interest, and
way of living. Likewise, it signifies companionship or association with others. According to several philosophers, society
is the outcome of the purposeful activities of the people who came together for the achievement of a shared goal. Seems
clear, right? However, do you think it is enough for you to fully understand our society by merely using these definitions?
Of course, it is not enough. Society is too difficult to study due to its problems and complexities. That is why there is a
need for us to have helpful tools in comprehending these matters.
In this lesson, you will learn about the significance of Social Sciences as advantageous instruments in studying the
different facets of our society and understanding the burning issues and complications surrounding it. In addition, you will
also recognize the similarities and differences of Social Sciences to other disciplines such as Natural Sciences and
Humanities.

Activity 1: Let’s Practice

PRETEST
Directions: Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following definitions best describes the term “society”?
A. It is a small group of people whose members share tight, personal, and lasting relationships
B. It is a large social group where the relationships among members are usually impersonal and goal oriented
C. It is a collection of people whose members frequently meet and consider themselves as parts of a group
D. It is an organized group of individuals whose members regularly meet or work together and have a shared culture,
interest, and territory

2. The following are the disciplines that are both associated with Social Sciences and Humanities EXCEPT __________.
A. Anthropology B. Economics C. History D. Linguistics
3. Which academic discipline studies different human conditions and the ways wherein the human experiences are
processed and recorded?
A. Humanities B. Natural Science C. Philosophy D. Social Science

4. Which of the following terms refers to the body of knowledge concerned with the systematic study of different facets of
our society, several social phenomena, and the effects of these occurrences on people’s lives?
A. Humanities B. Natural Science C. Philosophy D. Social Science

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 1 of 35


5. What element of Social Sciences places the entire area of study on the members of the society and their social
environments or backgrounds?
a. Empirical Analysis b. Nature c. Society d. Superstition

6. Which of the following areas of study concentrates on examining every natural phenomenon that happened, or is
currently occurring, in the world by means of tangible evidences such as natural forces, artifacts, and fossils?
A. Humanities B. Natural Science C. Philosophy D. Social Science

7. Several intellectuals considered the use of philosophical approach in examining human societies as an unpleasant
continuing impact of the past that is needed to be opposed by using critical reason, enlightenment, and, if necessary,
revolution. Which of these intellectuals founded Positivism to study our societies?
A. Auguste Comte B. Charles Darwin C. Herbert Spencer D. Karl Marx

8. The element of Social Sciences that puts the whole body of knowledge in an academic mode of inquiry about our
societies by means of the scientific method refers to __________.
A. Empirical Analysis B. Nature C. Society D. Superstition

9. What is the importance of the Age of Enlightenment in the history of Social Sciences?
A. It is where the Social Sciences started to become slightly scientific
B. It is where the origins of some of the significant concepts and purposes of Social Sciences emerged
C. It is where numerous social philosophers used philosophical approaches in investigating human societies
D. It is where scientific thoughts became more reliable than faith and superstition in explaining various social phenomena

10.What is the similarity between Social Sciences and Natural Sciences?


A. Both areas utilize the scientific method in creating a study.
B. Both disciplines focus on the creative expressions of human experiences.
C. Both fields concentrate on observing and understanding numerous social phenomena.
D. Both studies explore the different laws of nature that govern our world through objective and experimental methods.

DISCUSSIONS

Do you still remember the Battle of Marawi or more popularly known as Marawi Siege? For historians, it will never be
forgotten since this armed conflict is considered as the longest urban battle in Philippine modern history. This fivemonth-
long armed conflict between the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the militants, including the Maute group and the
Abu Sayyaf that are both associated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), had caused over a thousand
casualties and left the beautiful Islamic City of Marawi in ruins. On October 17, 2017, the day after the militant leaders of
both groups were reportedly killed during an operation, this battle finally ended, and Marawi City was liberated. However,
the impact of this urban battle can still be seen, especially on the people of Marawi City who lived through its terrors.
That is why many Filipinos are asking about the government’s preparedness for this kind of conflict and the measures that
it is doing to prevent another battle to commence. Luckily, these questions can be resolved by the various disciplines of
Social Sciences, which investigate the different factors that affect and shape individuals and societies such as culture,
history, politics, and many more. Social Sciences, as the systematic study of human society, can be considered as helpful
tools that provide the necessary knowledge and skills for us to deeply understand several social phenomena and, more
importantly, to make our world a better place to live in.

SOCIAL SCIENCES
Essentially, the term “Social Sciences” is defined as the body of knowledge concerned with the methodical study of
various aspects of our society, numerous social phenomena, and the impacts of these occurrences on people’s lives. It is
characterized as the area of study that deals with the human behavior in its cultural and social facets. Also, it is considered
as the branch of science that focuses on the interpersonal relationships among people living in a society. Over the past
centuries, Social Sciences focused on the contributing factors or elements that molded and governed the development of
the human civilization. Speaking of elements, what are the important elements of Social Sciences?

ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES


As you can see, there are two words comprising the term “Social Sciences.” These words represent the two substantial
elements of Social Sciences, which are the society (social) and the empirical analysis (science). Society, the first element
of Social Sciences, puts the entire body of knowledge in individuals as social beings and their social backgrounds or
environments. It situates Social Sciences in people and social issues that are affecting them. On the other hand, empirical
analysis places the Social Sciences in an academic mode of investigation about human society using the scientific method,
the systematic and rational process of obtaining knowledge. Because of this element, learning about society and
understanding the things that are happening in it need to be conducted experimentally such as having a keen observation,
critical analysis, and interpretation of social facts, which include data and information about a particular social
phenomenon, identified from the individuals living within a certain society. This element is also the reason why Social
Sciences are recognized as scientific disciplines, which help people grasp the idea of society and its complexities. Now,
the question is: How Social Sciences started to be recognized as scientific disciplines?

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 2 of 35


HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
The roots of some of the important concepts and purposes of Social Sciences go completely back to the ancient Greece.
The contributions of the ancient Greece in the area of social thought are still noticeable even up to these days. We have
Social Sciences today because of the Greeks’ willpower to understand everything in the essence of rational inquiry.
Without this determination, the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, two historical periods where some of the major
evolutionary ideas emerged, would not have served their own respective purposes in the course of our civilization,
especially the Enlightenment (17th-18th century) where the study of society started to become somewhat scientific.
Before and during the Age of Enlightenment, the approaches used by several social philosophers in examining human
societies were much more philosophical than scientific. Numerous philosophes, the intellectuals or social philosophers
who shaped the 18th century Enlightenment, considered this as a disagreeable continuing influence of the past that is
needed to be opposed through enlightenment, critical reason, and, if necessary, revolution. Because of this new spirit,
several important contributions were made for the Social Sciences during the Age of Enlightenment such as growth when
it comes to the consciousness of the diversity of human experience in our world, spreading sense of the cultural or social
character of human actions within society, and, most prominently, the development of ideal of a science of society, a
distinct area of study that has its particular distinctive focus of attention.
Although Social Sciences have their own distinguishing subject matters, these fields utilize the same philosophical system
that directed the progress of other disciplines such as Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences, and that is Positivism.
Positivism is a philosophy that believes that every single reasonable affirmation can be scientifically proven or tested by
empirical sciences or is capable of mathematical or logical evidence. Furthermore, it holds that for us to attain a certain
scientific idea, objectivity and practical investigation of evidences must be observed. This philosophical theory is guiding
Social Sciences in grasping and explaining numerous social phenomena through systematic observations, critical analyses,
and interpretations of social facts found among the people living in a specific society such as interpersonal relationships
and human activities. Auguste Comte (1798- 1857), the founder of Positivism and the one who foreshadowed the use of
this philosophy in studying human behaviors, argued that metaphysics and theology are imperfect methods in searching
for knowledge; that rational thought is far more powerful in comparison to faith and superstition in explaining different
social phenomena. He proposed that theism and metaphysics should be rejected since these modes of knowledge cannot
be proven by empirical analysis and, therefore, are unreliable. Now that you already knew that Social Sciences are also
employing the scientific method in studying their own subject matters, the next question is: What makes Social Sciences
different from other disciplines like Natural Sciences and Humanities?

NATURAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES


What makes Social Sciences unique from other areas of study such as Natural Sciences and Humanities is that these
disciplines concentrate on analyzing and explaining the different aspects of social life of the individuals including their
behaviors. Also, these fields focus on observing and interpreting various social phenomena. On the other hand, Natural
Sciences, or the sciences of nature, give attention on investigating every single natural phenomenon that occurred, or is
currently happening, in our world using tangible evidences like natural forces, fossils, and artifacts. These areas of study
explore the laws of nature that rule our world through objective and empirical approaches. Also, Natural Sciences can be
further categorized into Physical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Earth Sciences and many more. Humanities, differently,
are academic disciplines that study numerous human conditions and the manners wherein the human experiences are
treated and recorded. Additionally, these studies aim to comprehend the human perspective of individuals’ social
existence and the responses these people are displaying on different occurrences. For instance, the literary works of Jose
Rizal, such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, aim to educate the Filipinos on the persecutions experienced by our
countrymen during the Spanish regime. Even though these three fields of study are different from one another, they are
also sharing a few similarities in some areas. Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Humanities are all employing the
scientific method in producing knowledge, though this systematic process is more usual in Social Sciences and Natural
Sciences since Humanities are more focused on the creative expressions of human experiences. When it comes to the
similarity between Social Sciences and Humanities, some of the disciplines of Social Sciences are also affiliated with
Humanities such as Anthropology, Linguistics, and, especially, History. History is considered as the borderline to the two
fields of knowledge since its methods and insights penetrate both Social Sciences and Humanities.

Activity 1.1. Defining Moment Objective: Describe Social Sciences as the comprehensive study of society.
Directions: 1. Develop your own comprehensive definition of the term “Social Sciences.”
2. Write your definition on a separate sheet of paper.
3. Use other sources like dictionaries and search engines if these will only serve as additional references. Social
Science /ˌsōSHəl ˈsīəns/ n. __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Rubric

Criteria Highest Possible Points


Content (presence of ideas) 10 points
Organization (order) 4 points
Style (choice of words) 4 points
Conventions (grammar, spelling) 2 points
Total 20 points

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 3 of 35


Activity 1.2.
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) (Critical Thinking, Communication)
Objective: Compare and contrast Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Humanities
Directions:
1. Compare and contrast Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, and Humanities
2. Make your Triple Venn Diagram
3. Answer the guide questions that follow.

Image courtesy of:


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venn_diagram_ABC_BW.png

Guide Questions:
1. What are the similarities of Social Science to Natural Science and Humanities?

2. How does Social Science differ from Natural Science?

3. How does Social Science differ from Humanities?

Activity 1.3. Slogan Making Period (SMP) (Character, Communication, Creativity)


Objective: Appreciate the importance of Social Sciences as instruments to deeply understand the society
Directions:
1. Generate your own slogan about the significance of Social Sciences as instruments in understanding our society.
2. Write your slogan on a bond paper.
3. Create your output creatively and imaginatively. Rubrics

Rubrics

Criteria Highest Possible Points


Relevance (relation to the topic) 20 points
Originality (uniqueness 10 points
Creativity (artistry) 10 points
Overall Slogan Impact (appeal) 10 points
Total 60 points

REMEMBER
• The term “Social Sciences” is characterized as the body of knowledge concerned with the systematic study of various
aspects of human society, several social phenomena, and the effects of these occurrences on people’s lives.
• Positivism is a philosophical theory that believes that all reasonable assertions can be systematically tested or proven by
empirical sciences or is capable of logical or mathematical evidence.
• Auguste Comte is the founder of Positivism and the one who suggested the use of this philosophical system in learning
about human behaviors.
• Natural Sciences concentrate on examining all natural phenomena that happened, or are currently occurring, in the world
through tangible evidences such as fossils, artifacts, and natural forces.
• Humanities are disciplines that deal with several human conditions and the manners in which the human experiences are
processed and recorded.

POSTTEST

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 4 of 35


Directions: Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer
. 1. “According to Albert Einstein, light has no mass. Thus, it also has no energy. However, how can sunlight warm the
earth without energy?” Which of the following academic disciplines can answer this question?
A. Humanities B. Natural Sciences C. Social Physics D. Social Sciences

2. When a researcher tries to learn about human society and understand the things that are occurring in it by conducting
keen observations, critical analyses, and interpretations of social facts found from the individuals living in a society, what
element of Social Sciences does the researcher focus?
A. Empirical Analysis B. Nature C. Society D. Superstition

3. If the purpose of the scientific method in Natural Sciences is to study all natural phenomena that happened, or are
currently occurring, in our world using tangible evidences such as artifacts, fossils, and natural forces, what is the purpose
of the scientific method in Social Sciences?
A. To discover the laws of nature that rules our world.
B. To explore the creative expressions of human experiences.
C. To study the several human conditions and the manners wherein the human experiences are processed and recorded.
D. To understand the different aspects of human society, several social phenomena, and the impacts of these occurrences
on people’s lives.
4. If the focus of the Natural Sciences is to explore all natural phenomena that occurred, or are currently happening, in the
world, what is the focus of the Humanities?
A. To study the different aspects of human society.
B. To explore the laws of nature that rules our world.
C. To discover the effects of social phenomena on people’s live.
D. To understand the numerous human conditions and the ways wherein the human experiences are treated and
documented.

5. In terms of the connection between Social Sciences and Humanities, some of the disciplines of Social Sciences are also
affiliated with Humanities. Which of the following disciplines of Social Sciences is NOT associated with Humanities?
A. Anthropology B. Economics C. History D. Linguistics

6. Social Sciences began to become slightly scientific during the __________.


A. Age of Enlightenment B. Industrial Revolution C. Medieval Period D. Renaissance
Period

7. Auguste Comte believed that theology and metaphysics are imperfect modes of knowledge and that these two should be
rejected since they cannot be verified by experimental investigation. Which of the following tendencies of thought was
founded by Auguste Comte to oppose the two studies?
A. Democracy B. Evolution C. Humanitarianism D. Positivism

8. In the elements of Social Sciences, the empirical analysis places the entire body of knowledge in a systematic mode of
inquiry about human societies through the scientific method while the society puts the whole area of study on
__________.
A. The creative expressions of human experiences
B. The people living in a society and their social environments or backgrounds
C. The study of all natural phenomena that occurred, or are currently occurring, in the world
D. The numerous human conditions and the manners in which the human experiences are treated and recorded

9. Which of the following is NOT a definition of the term “society”?


A. It is the friendly association or companionship with other people
B. It is a large group of individuals whose relationships are impersonal and detached
C. It is the product of purposeful activities of individuals who came together for the attainment of a common goal
D. It is an organized group of people whose members work together or regularly meet and have a shared way of living,
interest, and territory

10.The scientific method is less commonly used in what academic discipline?


A. Humanities B. Natural Science C. Social Physics D. Social Science

Module 2
Learning Targets

• recognize the various research designs and methods


utilized in Social Sciences;
Social Science
Research Designs • make a short research proposal about a certain social
issue; and
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 5 of 35
and Methods • value the significance of social science research as a
human society.

INTRODUCTION
Bakit lahat ng inyong budget, puro research? Aanhin ninyo ba 'yung research? Gusto ba nung farmer ‘yung research?
Hindi ba, gusto nila, tulungan niyo sila? Bakit ba lahat ng budget niyo, research? These are the questions asked by Senator
Cynthia Villar to the Department of Agriculture during the Senate budget hearing on October 9, 2019. The senator, who is
the Chairperson of the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Food for the 18th Congress, criticized the decision of the
Agriculture Department to allot ₱150 million of the ₱1.2 billion-proposed budget for the National Corn Program for 2020
for research. Instead of research projects, she pointed out that direct assistance is what the farmers truly need such as
receiving seeds, fertilizers, or machineries. Although the intention of Senator Cynthia Villar was good, do you think
farmers really do not need research? In the first module, you have learned that Positivism can guide Social Sciences in
examining and understanding different social phenomena by way of systematic observations, critical analyses, and
interpretations of social facts, and these Positivist methods can only be done by doing what Senator Cynthia Villar was
questioning for its essence, which is none other than research. In this module, you will acquire information about the
importance of the several research designs and methods employed in Social Sciences in investigating crucial issues and
complexities in human society.

Activity 1: Let’s Practice

PRETEST
Direction: Read each statement carefully and identify what is being asked.
1. A standardized set of practices for building scientific knowledge such as how to generate genuine observations, how to
describe or interpret the results, and how to make comprehensive assumptions through those outcomes, refers to
__________.
A. Empirical Process B. Philosophical Method C. Research Process D. Scientific Method
2. In the field of Social Sciences, there are three main groups of research methods. Which of these groups requires a
researcher to gather, analyze, and interpret both quantitative and qualitative data?
A. Empirical-Analytical Group B. Interpretative Group C. Mixed Methods Group D. Qualitative Group

3. What mixed methods design prioritizes the gathering and examination of qualitative data in the first or initial phase?
A. Transformative Mixed Methods B. Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods
C. Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods D. Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods

4. Which of the following definitions best describes the term “research”?


A. It is the process of developing specific measures for abstract theoretical concepts.
B. It is the method used by the researchers to select a specific sample within the target population from which they hope to
collect data.
C. It is considered as the construction of new scientific knowledge and/or the application of prevailing knowledge in a
new and advanced way.
D. It is characterized as the procedure of collecting and measuring accurate information, such as insights from numerous
relevant sources, in an established systematic way.

5. To confirm if public libraries can truly be effective therapeutic landscapes for persons with mental health problem, Mr.
Reyes, a psychologist, decides to conduct a qualitative research. Which of the following qualitative research designs is the
most suitable for his research problem?
A. Case Study B. Ethnography C. Grounded Theory D. Phenomenological Research

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 6 of 35


Review
Decoding Ana Gram (Critical Thinking)
Directions: Rearrange the anagram or jumbled letters to form the word or term that is being defined in each item. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
__________1. I Miss Pivot – it is a philosophical theory that believes that every reasonable claim can be systematically
verified or certified through empirical sciences or is capable of logical or mathematical evidence
__________2. Accelerant Sinus – these areas of study focus on examining all natural phenomena that happened, or are
currently happening, in the world through tangible evidences like artifacts, fossils, and natural forces
__________3. Ashe Minuit – these disciplines study several human conditions and the ways wherein the human
experiences are treated and documented
__________4. Access Silicone – these fields systematically study the various facets of human society, several social
phenomena, and the effects of these happenings on people’s lives
__________5. Fichte Midsection – it is the methodical and analytical procedure of acquiring knowledge

Discussion

In the first module, you have found out that Social Sciences utilize the scientific method in studying their own distinctive
subject matters and in producing scientific data and information that explain various social phenomena. In addition, the scientific
method was slightly defined in that lesson. However, that given definition for the term was not enough for you to recognize the true
significance of the scientific method. So, the question now is: What precisely is the scientific method? According to Anol
Bhattacherjee’s Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices (2012), scientific method is the systematic process that
refers to a standardized series of practices for constructing scientific knowledge such as how to create genuine observations, how to
explain the results, and how to make comprehensive assumptions using those outcomes. It is a set of processes that people can utilize
to gather scientific knowledge about anything under the sun, to enhance that knowledge, and by acquiring knowledge, to try
interpreting why and/or how numerous phenomena happen. This experimental technique which is also called empirical science
enables people to objectively and independently examine established theories and earlier findings, and subject these hypotheses to
several deliberations, modifications, or improvements. Any discipline that does not employ the scientific method in testing its
fundamental laws or theories cannot be considered as a scientific discipline. That is why the scientific method is vital in the field of
Social Sciences since it directs the entire branch of inquiry in investigating and grasping several social phenomena using scientific
methods such as systematic observation, which can only be accomplished by doing social science research. Social science research is
a necessary instrument in examining various burning social issues and problems. Moreover, this inquiry provides recommendations
for the betterment of the people’s lives and the society.

RESEARCH
What is research? Generally, research is characterized as the formulation of new scientific knowledge (inductive
research) and/or the employment of prevailing knowledge in a new and innovative manner to establish or attain new ideas,
conclusions, and techniques (deductive research). This systematic inquiry aims to discover and explain new scientific
facts, modify the existing laws and theories in view of these facts, and apply the new and improved laws and theories in
practice. The goal of research is to recognize the laws and hypothesize theories that can interpret various natural or social
phenomena, or in other words, to construct scientific knowledge. Also, the aim of this detailed study is to find the truth
about anything around us; although this one is quite complicated since there may not be a single universal truth and the
formulated scientific knowledge may be far from what is real at times. These are the reasons why research projects have
always recommendations for further studies intended for the improvement of the existing knowledge. In Social Sciences,
research is considered as an essential tool because the people and the society are benefiting from it. Research, as the
process of acquiring knowledge in Social Sciences, is beneficial since it helps individuals deal with the different social
issues and problems that are affecting them. While on the subject, what are the stages or steps of the research process that
guide people in doing research?

RESEARCH PROCESS
For a research to be considered as a scientific research, it should follow the scientific method. That is why research
projects such as social science research share similar objective with the scientific method, which is to build scientific
knowledge or to examine the prevailing laws and theories in a specific discipline. 5 Moreover, research utilizes the stages
or procedures in the scientific method in the quest of advancing knowledge, although scientific research has more stages.
The table below shows the steps of the research process that are needed to be observed in pursuing research. These stages
are categorized into four phases: Exploration, Research Design, Research Execution, and Research Report (Bhattacherjee,
2012). However, this generalized design cannot be applied to all kinds of research projects. It can be revised to match the
needs of a specific research project.
Phases of the Research Steps of the Research Process
Exploration – it involves the selection Research Questions – these are the specific questions regarding a behavior,
of research questions for further event, or phenomenon of interest that a researcher desires to seek answers for
investigation, the analysis of available in his/her research project
literature in the area of inquiry to know Literature Review – its objectives are the following: (1) analysis of the

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the present condition of knowledge in current condition of knowledge in the area of investigation, (2) identification
that area, and the identification of of the major authors, scholarly articles, theories, and findings in that research
theories that may help answer the area, and (3) identification of the related studies in that area; it is a way of
selected research questions of interest utilizing others’ works that are relevant to the one being undertaken
Theories – these can help a researcher in exploring the desired research
questions in his/her scholarly study; these can assist a researcher in
identifying the concepts or constructs that are logically related to the target
behavior, occurrence, or phenomenon; even though these are not yet proven,
theories can lead to further discussion
Research Design – it is involved with Operationalization – it is the procedure of developing specific measures for
the development of a series of activities abstract theoretical concepts; it has two steps: (1) the specification of
to be performed in order to operational definitions that explain precisely how the concepts or constructs
satisfactorily answer the research of interest will be empirically measured and (2) the exploration of published
questions identified in the exploration literature in the area of investigation to see if there are present approved
phase; it covers the selection of a measures identical to the researcher’s operational definitions that can be
research method, the operationalization utilized directly or modified to measure the researcher’s theoretical concepts
of concepts of interest, and the Research Method – this involves the selection of methods of inquiry to be
formulation of a suitable sampling employed in order to collect data that will eventually help the researcher in
strategy; it can be called as Strategy of addressing his/her desired research questions and describing accurately
Inquiry his/her topic of interest; this is done together with the Operationalization
Research Proposal
This multipart proposal specifies all the decisions made by the researcher in the early stages of the research
process and the justifications behind each decision. It addresses the following: what research questions the researcher
desires to answer, the prior condition of knowledge in that area of inquiry, the theories that the researcher hopes to
make use of together with the hypotheses to be tested, how to measure the desired concepts or constructs, what methods
of inquiry to be utilized and why, and the sampling procedure of interest. This serves as a beneficial tool for seeking
evaluations from other researchers and identifying possible problems with the research project that is being undertaken.
It also describes the expected outcomes and the benefits that the people and the society can acquire from the completion
of the research project
Pilot Testing – it is a tremendously significant stage of the
research process because it helps in the detection of possible
issues in the research design and measurement instruments; it
guarantees that the instrumentations used in the research are
accurate and reliable measures of the desired concepts; it
improves the questions, formats, and scales of the research
instruments
Data Collection – this is defined as the process of
gathering and measuring accurate information such as insights
from several relevant sources in an established systematic way
Research Execution – it includes the that allows a researcher to answer his/her research questions of
pilot testing of measurement instruments, the interest, test his/her hypotheses, and evaluate the results; the data
collection of data, and the analysis of data gathered may be qualitative or quantitative depending on the
research methods utilized
Data Analysis – it is the procedure of analyzing and
interpreting the data collected from a variety of sources for the
intention of drawing conclusions regarding the desired research
questions; this is the stage of the research process wherein the
classification and organization of the data gathered take place; it
may be qualitative or quantitative depending on the type of the
data gathered
Research Report
It involves the documentation of the whole research process and its findings in the form of a research paper,
dissertation, or monograph; it lays out in sufficient detail all the decisions made by the researcher in every stage of the
research process and the reasons behind each decision, as well as the results of each phase of the research process.

Research Design is one of the phases of the research process. This procedure is characterized as a comprehensive plan for
an empirical research project that aims to sufficiently answer research questions of interest or test specific hypotheses in a
logical manner. It establishes a “blueprint” of the activities to be taken by a researcher such as data collection, data
analysis, and data interpretation, in order to effectively address the questions in his/her research project. In the field of
Social Sciences, there are several research designs that can be employed by the researchers in studying various facets of a
certain society. These research designs have developed over the years as computer technology has advanced the
researchers’ ability to analyze and interpret data and complex models and as research experts have articulated new ways

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 8 of 35


of administering social science research projects. Now, the question is: What are the available research designs that can be
utilized by the researchers for them to answer specific questions in their research projects?
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Research Designs can be grouped into three categories: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods (Creswell, 2014).
1. QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS, also called as Positivist Designs, are intended for theory testing. These research designs
analyze objective theories through the examination of the relationship among variables. These variables will be measured
by using quantitative research instruments such as questionnaires and tests with the intention of analyzing the
quantifiable or numeric data through statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. Also, Quantitative Designs
try to find generalized patterns based on an objective perspective on what is real.

TYPES:
a. Survey
Example: Distance Education and its Effects on the Academic Achievement of the Senior High School Learners

b. Experimental Research
Example: The Impact of Integrating Peace Education in teaching Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

2. QUALITATIVE DESIGNS, also called as Interpretative Designs, are intended for theory building. These strategies of
inquiry explore and interpret the meanings that people or groups of people ascribe to a specific social or personal issue. The
common process among the Qualitative Designs includes the development of questions and strategies, the collection of data
in the informants’ settings, the analysis of data that is inductively building from specific themes to general themes, and the
interpretation or “sense-making” of the meanings of the data. Moreover, Qualitative Designs search for subjective
interpretations of the different social phenomena from the viewpoints of the subjects or persons involved.
TYPES:
a. Narrative Research
Example: A Narrative Inquiry of Learners’ Perceptions Regarding Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Modules
b. Phenomenological Research
Example: The Lived Experience of Being an Online Seller during the Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) Period
c. Grounded Theory
Example: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Career Decisions among Senior High School Learners
d. Ethnography
Example: Coping with Work-Related Stress during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Ethnographic
Study
e. Case Study
Example: Dog as an Emotional Support Animal: A Qualitative Case Research

TYPES:
a. Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods –
Example: A Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Investigation of Distance Education for Learners with Special
Educational Needs

b. Explanatory Sequential Mixed


Example: The Impact of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on Family Resilience: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed
Methods Approach

c. Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods this form of mixed methods design, although it also utilizes sequential timing,
is the opposite sequence of the Explanatory Design since it prioritizes the collection and examination of qualitative data in
the first or initial phase; it is a strategy of inquiry in which a researcher uses the initial qualitative results to build the research
instruments that are suitable for the participants of the study, to determine the applicable research tools to employ in the
second phase, which is the quantitative phase, or to point out the variables that need to go into a follow-up quantitative
research; it is considered exploratory because it explores the views and opinions of the participants regarding the
phenomenon of interest and the initial qualitative results, or the exploratory results, will be explored further by the
quantitative results; it can be referred to as Exploratory Design.

Exploratory Design. Example: The Quarantine Culture: An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Study

RESEARCH METHODS
The selection of specific research methods to be employed in order to collect, analyze, and interpret data depends on the
overall aims of the study and on the subjects or research participants he/she wants to examine or investigate. Considering
these two factors will help a researcher choose the best research method/s for his/her study and, as a result, will help
him/her achieve his research goals. In some cases, one specific research method may be better suited for the study than
others since data from different research methods vary in quantity and quality. However, when a researcher is dealing
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 9 of 35
with a multifaceted social phenomenon, a multi-method approach may be more appropriate because it can generate
understandings or insights that may not be gained using a single research method. In this circumstance, it is advantageous
for a researcher to consider the full range of possibilities of data gathering.
In the field of Social Sciences, there are three major groups of research methods: Empirical-Analytical,
Interpretative, and Mixed Methods Groups.
1. Empirical-Analytical Group – it is the group of research methods that approaches the study of Social Sciences in a
similar way that the researchers analyze the Natural Sciences; this group concentrates on objective knowledge, closed-
ended or instrument based questions that can only be answered by predetermined responses such as yes or no, which can
be found on a test or on a checklist, and operational definitions of the variables to be measured; it is the group of
research methods that uses deductive reasoning, which employs prevailing knowledge as a foundation for formulating
hypotheses that need to be examined or tested through statistical analysis and interpretation; this group is focused on
explanation since it uses quantitative research instruments; it can be called as Quantitative Group
2. Interpretative Group – this group of research methods is focused on exploring and understanding a specific
phenomenon in a comprehensive and holistic manner; it is a group of research methods wherein a researcher visits a
research site, observes the behavior of the subjects or research participants living in it, and conducts interviews at large
with the use of open-ended questions, in which the key informants or participants are allowed to talk openly regarding a
phenomenon of interest so that the important information will emerge from them; its primary goal is to analytically
disclose the meaning-making practices or lived experiences of the subjects or research participants through text analysis
and theme interpretation; this group requires careful analysis of the variables involved since it concentrates more on
subjective knowledge; it can be referred to as Qualitative Group
3. Mixed Methods Group – it is the group of research methods wherein both qualitative and quantitative data are gathered,
examined, and interpreted; this group requires a researcher to create interpretations across both the qualitative and
quantitative collections of data; it is the group of research methods in which the research instruments can be altered,
such as behavioral checklists with openended questions.

Empirical-Analytical Group Interpretative Group Mixed Methods Group


Predetermined responses Emerging responses Both predetermined and
emerging responses
Closed-ended or instrument based Open-ended questions Both open-ended and closedended
questions questions
Attitude data, census data, Audiovisual data, document data, Numerous forms of data drawing on
observational data, and performance interview data, and observation data all possibilities
data
Statistical analysis Image and text analysis Both statistical and text analysis
Statistical interpretation Interpretation of themes or patterns Across databases
interpretation

Activity 1.. Project: Proposal


Objective: Make a short research proposal about a specific social issue
Directions:
1. Create a short research proposal about a certain social issue that is compelling to you.
2. Write your research proposal on a short bond paper.
3. Follow the research proposal outline using an Arial font style and 12 font size.
Research Proposal Outline
I. The Main Issue or Problem – present the research issue or problem; explain the importance of studying the
issue or problem
II. The Research Questions – introduce the main issue or problem that your research paper will address in a
form of questions
III. The Rationale – explain the reason/s why the research issue or problem is compelling to you
IV. The Prior Knowledge – describe what you already know about the research issue or problem; also, explain
what more you need to learn about the research issue or problem
V. Methodology – present your chosen research design and research methods; also, describe your intended
audience
Rubrics
Criteria Highest Possible Points
Content (presence of ideas) 30 points
Feasibility (practicability) 30 points
Organization (order) 20 points
Style (choice of words) 10 points
Conventions (grammar, spelling 10 points
Total 100 points

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 10 of 35


REMEMBER
• Commonly, research is considered as the construction of new scientific knowledge and/or the employment of an existing
knowledge in a new and innovative manner to create or achieve new ideas, inferences, and techniques.
• The stages of the research process are grouped into four phases: Exploration, Research Design, Research Execution, and
Research Report.
• Research Design is defined as a wide-ranging plan for an empirical research project that aims to satisfactorily answer
desired research questions or examine certain hypotheses in a logical way.
• Research Designs can be broadly clustered into three categories: Quantitative (theory testing), Qualitative (theory
building), and Mixed Methods (both theory testing and theory building).
• Research Method includes the selection of methods of inquiry to be utilized in order to gather data that will eventually
help the researcher in answering his/her research questions of interest and explaining accurately his/her desired topic.
• In Social Sciences, there are three main groups of research methods: Empirical-Analytical (quantitative), Interpretative
(qualitative), and Mixed Methods Groups (both quantitative and qualitative)

Direction: Read each statement carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Ms. Cruz, a researcher, made interpretations across both the qualitative and quantitative databases in order to
satisfactorily answer her desired research questions. Which of the following groups of research methods did she use?
A. Empirical-Analytical Group B. Interpretative Group C. Mixed Methods Group D. Qualitative Group

2. When a researcher hopes to investigate a specific issue or phenomenon such as an activity or an event, in one or more
real-life settings over a long period of time, what qualitative research design is the most appropriate to use?
A. Case Study B. Ethnography C. Grounded Theory D.Phenomenological Research

3. Social Sciences are also employing the scientific method in analyzing their own distinguishing subject matters and in
constructing scientific data and information that explain numerous social phenomena. Which of the following descriptions
about scientific method are true?
I. It allows people to objectively and autonomously study established theories and earlier conclusions, and subject these
hypotheses to numerous debates, modifications, or enhancements.
II. It is a series of processes that people can employ to collect scientific knowledge about anything under the sun, to
improve that knowledge, and, by attaining knowledge, to try to understand why and/or how several phenomena happen.
III. It is the systematic procedure that refers to a standardized series of practices for building scientific knowledge such as
how to create true observations, how to describe the results, and how to make wide-ranging assumptions using those
results
IV. It includes the selection of research questions for further examination, the investigation of accessible literature in the
area of inquiry to know the current condition of knowledge in that area, and the identification of theories that may help
answer the desired research questions.
A. I, II B. I, II, III C. II, III, IV D. III, IV

4. Mr. Ocampo, a social worker, wants to gather information about his clients’ history and strengths so that he can
systematically identify their actual needs. Which of the following research methods is the best for Mr. Ocampo to attain
his objective?
A. Interview B. Observation C. Questionnaire D. Survey

5. As a future researcher, what mixed methods design will you use if you want to employ the initial qualitative results in
determining the suitable research instruments to use in the second phase, which is the quantitative phase?
A. Transformative Mixed Methods
B. Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods
C. Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods
D. Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods
Answer key
Pre test Post test Decoding Ann Gram
1. D 1. C 1. Positivism
2. c 2. A 2. Natural Science
3. c 3. B 3. Humanitie
4. c 4. A 4. Social Sciences
5. A 5. C 5. Scientific Method

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 11 of 35


Module 3-4
Learning Targets

The Emergence of the Social Sciences and the


1. distinguish the features of social discipline that would
Different Disciplines help solve various social problems and improve human
Compare and Contrast the Various Social Science conditions in the society;
Disciplines and their Fields, Main Areas of Inquiry,
and Methods Value the significant contributions of the key
Trace the Historical Foundations and Social Contexts that personalities in the field of social science, their
Led to the Development of Each Discipline development, advancement for each particular discipline;
and

Widen the knowledge of humanities and social science


OVERVIEW students on the careers in government service,
academe, health sciences and private corporations.
Explain the major events and its contribution that led to
No field of study is more important to human beings the emergence of the social science disciplines.
than the social sciences. The various disciplines of the social
sciences attempt to study human society depending on their focus of study in order to help us understand our very own
intricacies, this lesson will help us understand the different disciplines within the social sciences.

INTRODUCTION

We have learned in the previous lesson what is social science, the importance of the domains of the social sciences and
humanities. The next lesson will introduce you to the different disciplines of social sciences . Each discipline will have its
own way of looking at society depending on its focus of study on human behavior. It is now time to discover the strong
points of each discipline of the social sciences.

Activity 1: Let’s Practice

PRETEST
Identify what discipline of the social sciences could resolve the following issues listed below.
1. It is interested in knowing the origins of humankind as they try to answer where, when, and why humans appeared on
earth.
A. Economics B. Anthropology C. Geography D. Political Science
2. It refers to the study of the features of the earth and the location of living things on the planet.
A. Psychology B. Political Science C. Economics D. Geography
3. It seeks to understand people’s activities concerning production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
A. Economics B. History C. Linguistics D. Psychology
4. It deals with the nature of human behaviors, and both internal and external factors that affect these behaviors. A.
History B. Anthropology C. Psychology D. Geography
5. It is a branch of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record, and explain facts and events that happened in the past.
A. History B. Anthropology C. Political Science D. Economics
6. It is a field of knowledge involving the scientific study of language as a universal and recognizable aspect of human
behavior and capacity.
A. Geography B. Linguistics C. Political Science D. Geography
7. It deals with both theory and practice of politics, including analysis on public policies.
A. Political Science B. History . C. Geography D. Economics
8. It is a field of study that deals with a systematic study of patterns of human interaction.
A. Demography B. Sociology C. Geography D. Economics
9. The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure
of human populations.
A. Economics B. Geography C. Sociology D. Demography
10. It is considered as the main relationship between linguistics and anthropology.
A. culture shared by men B. Fossils of early human being
C. Culture affects language D. emergence of community

DISCUSSIONS
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 12 of 35
What branch of social science is responsible for this picture?
Answer: Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humankind. The term is derived from the Greek words anthropos meaning “human” and
logo meaning “word” or “study of”. Anthropologists attempt to find answers on so many questions involving humans. For
example, they are very much interested in knowing the origins of human kind as they try to answer where, when and why
humans appeared on Earth.
Three branches of Anthropology
1. Physical or Biological Anthropology is the study of human biology within the milieu of evolution.
2. Cultural or Social Anthropology involves the study and comparative analysis of pre-literate societies, including all
aspects of human behaviour.
3. Archaeology involves the study of earlier cultures and ways of life by way of retrieving and examining the material
remains of previous human societies.
Methods: Ethnography, Participant Observation, Interview, Focused group discussion, life history method, ocular
inspection.
Ethnography as a mean to study and record the different ways of life of human societies.
If you are an anthropologist, what specific Filipino tradition will you be interested into?
What is It Economics
Is a discipline that concentrates on how a particular society solves its problem of scarcity and resources. The term
originated from the Greek words oikos meaning “house” and nomos meaning “custom” or “law”. The term oikonomia
literally translates as “management of a household.”
FIELDS OF ECONOMICS
Macroeconomics analyses how economy functions as a whole or its basic subdivisions, such as the government or
business sectors. Looking the economy broader lens.
Microeconomics focuses on the behaviour of individual agents, like households, industries, and firms. Like looking
through the microscope, economists, evaluate how prices of goods and services are usually pegged and what factors
determine the value of land, labor, and capital. Cite specific situation in your life where you can apply the principles of
Macro and Microeconomics.
Geography is the study of the features of the earth and the location of living things on the planet. This term is derived
from the Greek word geographia, from geo meaning “earth” and graphe meaning “to describe”. A literal translation would
be “to describe the earth”
2 Main Branches
1. Physical geography it includes the study of soil, landforms, water, vegetation, minerals and climate. They also
interested in the interplay of humans and the natural environment
2. Human geography focuses on the human aspect of geography that is marked by a strong commitment to the concept of
culture. This particular branch of geographic study is interested in determining humankind’s role in changing the
environment as well as the different processes that help shape human society, including migration and settlement patterns.
Historiography - the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, authentic materials and the synthesis
of particulars into a narrative that will stand the test of critical method
History is a branch of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record, and explain facts and events that happened in the past.
It originated from the Greek word historia meaning “inquiry.” It is one of the oldest social sciences tracing its origin in the
myths and traditions of early people that have passed form generations. Historians have applied similar techniques
employed in the natural sciences, like data gathering and validation of hypothesis, while narrating stories in accurate and
clear manner.
Linguistics Is a field of knowledge involving the scientific study of language as a universal and recognizable aspect of
human behaviour and capacity. Linguists study changes that have taken place on various language over time as well as
their modern variations.

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 13 of 35


Political Science includes the study governments, and the need for the institution, its form and its processes. Key concepts
within the discipline consist of the state, politics, power, and ideology, as well as the effects of these notions on
individuals and groups.
Psychology deals with the nature of human behaviours, and both internal and external factors that affect these behaviours.
From the Latin psychologia combining psych meaning “spirit” or “soul” and logia for “study” or study of the soul.”
Psychologists devote their time in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health concerns.
Sociology is a field of study dealing with the systematic study of patterns of human interaction. The term is derived from
the Latin word socius meaning “companion” and from the Greek word logos meaning “word” or “ study of.” Sociology
concentrates on the social influences and processes occurring within groups of people rather than those forces affecting an
individual. Sociologists attempt to unravel patterns in group behaviour and not on specific expressions of individual
being.
Special Sociology focuses on specific sociocultural phenomena usually selected for further study, including socialization,
interaction, conflict, and domination.
Complete the sentence using the correct words in the box

Reasons think feel patterns behave public problems

Sociologist study___________________ of people and the societal________________________ that affect them .


___________________ issues affect groups in society or entire societies Members of a group conform when they
_______________,_______________,_______________ in similar ways. Although group behavior shows conformity,
individuals in a group may have different __________________ for conforming.
Demography is the science and statistical study of human populations. The term came form the French word demographi
derived form Greek demos meaning “people” and French graphie. By investigating the three demographic processes of (1)
birth, (2) migration and (3) aging (including death). Demographers attempt to comprehend the mechanisms behind human
population.
The social science utilize a wide array of techniques that principally draws upon the methods employed in the different
major disciplines of study. In anthropology, experts have seen the importance of ethnography, field-note taking, and
participant observation in conducting their studies.
* Ethnography - a description of society’s customary behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes. In sociology, the interaction of
people is vital. Patterns of human behaviour continuously evolve while relationships are developed. Sociological
researches may find case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observation vital in their search for understanding social
phenomenon.
On the other hand, psychology, help us understand the human and behaviour. Experts may conduct laboratory
observation with humans as subjects in order to fully comprehend their actions. In addition, the field of history brings to
the force the importance of written records and document analysis. The various disciplines, mentioned here employ
different methods like survey, structured interview, informal interview, key informant, focus group discussion,
observational study, content analysis, and field experiment. In social statistics, collection and analysis of data may involve
both quantitative and qualitative approaches. While both styles are used in social science research, each one is grounded
on a particular approach to the social sciences. For example, in demographical studies, researchers utilize statistics on
birth, deaths, and diseases that are quantitative in nature.
In psychology, experts may try to understand emotions and ideas by simulating laboratory experiments with
adolescents or adults as respondents which are qualitative in character.
* Quantitative research involves surveys and polls that help generate significant in formation about a society.
* Qualitative researchers obtain their data by interviewing and observing their participants.

What’s More
Direction: Write A of the statement is correct and B if it is not.
_______ 1. Sociologists study the changes that have taken place on various language over time as well
as their modern variations.
_______ 2. Psychologists devote their time in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health concerns.
_______ 3. Macroeconomics focuses on the behaviour of individual agents, like households, industries,
and firms.
_______ 4. Anthropologists travel far and wide to every corner of the earth that has supported human
population.
_______ 5. Physical geography focuses on the human aspect of geography that is marked by a strong
commitment to the concept of culture.
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 14 of 35
_______ 6. Linguist involves the study of earlier cultures and ways of life by way of retrieving and
examining the material remains of previous human societies.
_______ 7. Special Sociology focuses on specific sociocultural phenomena usually selected for further
study, including socialization, interaction, conflict, and domination.
_______ 8. Physical Anthropologists also analyse human fossil remains.
_______ 9. Microeconomics is looking the economy broader lens.
_______ 10. History pertains to the totality of occurrences in the past mainly obtained from written
records.

Trace the Historical Foundations and Social Contexts that Led to the Development of Each Discipline
Some disciplines of the social sciences had their beginnings in the emergence of nation states that had to categorize and
analyse people belonging to the colonies.
DESCIPLINE NATURE OF EMERGENCE KEY PERSONALITIES
Anthropology The use of Western Imperialism in the 18th and 19th Franz Boas,
centuries prompted interest in the study of culture of the Bronislaw Malinowski
colonies
Economics Adam Smith, Karl Marx
Economics became a separate discipline with the
publication of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations in
1776.
Geography became an academic discipline in Europe Immanuel Kant, Alexander von
Geography during the 18th and 19th centuries while many geographic Humboidl, Carl Ritter
societies were founded in the 19th century

History The Greeks were the first writers of history and history is Herodotus, Thucydides, Leopold von
one of the oldest of the social sciences Ranke

Linguistics Modern linguistics started to develop in the 18th Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques
century with philology reaching its zenith in the 19th Derrida
century
Political Science As an academic discipline, political science is a relatively Plato, Aristotle, Augustine of Hippo,
new field that was principally worked on by American Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas
scholars in the 19th and 20th centuries Hobbes, John Locke
Sociology Sociology as a formal academic field of study was Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Herbert
founded by Emile Durkheim during the late 19th century Spencer, Emile Durkheim
with the establishment of the first sociology department in
Europe
Psychology In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first Wilhelm Wundt, G. Stanley Hall,
psychological laboratory in Leipzig (Germany) thereby John Dewey, Sigmund Freud
effectively making psychology a formal field of study
Demography The 19th century saw the emergence of demography when Thomas Malthus, Adolphe Quetelet
it separated form statistics Farr

Give at nine (9) disciplines of social science.

Assessment
Directions: Choose the best answer.
1. It is interested in knowing the origins of humankind as they try to answer where, when and why humans appeared on
earth.
A. Economics B. Anthropology C. Geography D. Political Science

2. it refers to the study of the features of the earth and the location of living things on the planet.
A. Psychology B. Political Science C. Economics D. Geography

3. It seeks to understand people’s activities concerning production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
A. Economics B. History C. Linguistics D. Psychology

4. It deals with the nature of human behaviors, and both internal and external factors that affect these behaviors.
A. History B. Anthropology C. Psychology D. Geography
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 15 of 35
5.It is a branch of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record, and explain facts and events that happened in the past. A.
History B. Anthropology C. Political Science D. Economics

6. It is a field of knowledge involving the scientific study of language as a universal and recognizable aspect of human
behaviour and capacity.
A. Geography B. Linguistics C. Political Science D. Geography

7. It deals with both theory and practice of politics, including analysis on public policies.
A. Political Science B. History C. Geography D. Economics

8. it is a field of study that deals with a systematic study of patterns of human interaction.
A. Demography B. Sociology C. Geography D. Economics

9. The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure
of human populations.
A. Economics B. Geography C. Sociology D. Demography

10. It is considered as the main relationship between linguistics and anthropology.


A. culture shared by men B. Fossils of early human being
C. Culture affects language D. emergence of community

Answer Key
Assessment B D A C A B A B D C
What's More B A B A B B A A B A
What I Know B D A C A B A B D C

Module 5 Learning Targets

Analyze the basic concepts and


Looking at Society through Social principles of the major
Social Science theories: Structural-
Science Major Theories functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic
Interactionism

OVERVIEW

You will analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major Social Science theories: Structural-functionalism,
Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism. Specifically, this module will help you to:
• understand the concepts and principles of Structural-functionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism;
• determine the manifest and latent functions as well as dysfunctions of social structure;
• analyze social inequalities in terms of class conflict; and
• appraise the meaning that people attach to everyday forms of interaction in order to explain social behavior

PRETEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is TRUE about theory?
a. based on pre-existing facts b. can be tested to research c. exclusively sociological d. issue driven

2. Sociological research usually focuses on ________.


a. globalization b. immigration c. minority groups d. suicide

3. The following are the major Social Science theories EXCEPT one:
a. Marxism b. Psychoanalysis c. Structural-functionalism d.Symbolic Interactionism

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 16 of 35


4. Which sociological theory accentuates the interconnectedness of component parts of society?
a. Feminism b. Staples c. Structural Functionalism d. Symbolic Interactionism

5. Marxism is frequently reprimanded for neglecting to represent __________.


a. consensus b. latent functions c. minority rights d. the rights of workers

DISCUSSIONS
The macro level of the major social science theories in sociological analysis includes the Structural-functionalism
and Marxism. These two approaches concerned with the broad aspects of society such as institutions and large social
groups that influence the social world. It looks at the big picture of society and suggests how social problems are affected
at the institutional level. On the other hand, the Symbolic Interactionism is a micro level of sociological analysis
concerned with the social psychological dynamics of individuals interacting in small groups. Sociology offers three major
Social Science theories namely, Structuralfunctionalism, Marxism, and Symbolic Interactionism. Each perspective offers
a variety of explanations about the social world and human behavior.

STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM

The structural functionalism depends to a great extent on the works of Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), Emile
Durkheim (1858-1917), Talcott Parsons (1902- 1979), and Robert Merton (1910-2003). Structuralfunctionalism sees
society as an arrangement of interconnected parts that are incongruity to keep up a condition of parity and social
equilibrium. Functionalists use the terms functional and dysfunctional to describe the effects of social elements on society.
Elements of society are functional if they contribute to social stability and dysfunctional if they disrupt social stability.
Some aspects of society can be both functional and dysfunctional. For example, crime is dysfunctional because it is
associated with physical violence, loss of property, and fear. But according to Durkheim and other functionalists, crime is
also functional for society because it leads to heightened awareness of shared moral bonds and increased social cohesion.
Robert Merton (1968) has identified two types of functions:
(1) Manifest function; and
(2) Latent function. The manifest functions are consequences that are intended and commonly recognized. An
example of manifest function in education is to transmit knowledge and skills to the youth in society. While, latent
functions are consequences that are unintended and often hidden. An example of latent function in education is the
socialization with peers and adults and conformity to the norms.

MARXISM

The starting point of the conflict perspective can be rooted with the great works of Karl Marx (1818–1883). He
proposed that all social orders experience phases of financial turn of events. As societies evolve from agricultural to
industrial concern over meeting survival needs is replaced by concern over making a profit, the hallmark of a capitalist
system. Industrialization prompts the improvement of two classes of individuals: (1) the bourgeoisie or proprietors of the
methods for creation and (2) the proletariat or laborers who triumph for compensation. The division of society into two
expansive classes of individuals the "haves" and the "havenots" is valuable to the proprietors of the methods for creation.
The laborers, who may gain just means compensation, are denied access to the numerous assets accessible to the rich
proprietors. As indicated by Marx, the bourgeoisie utilize their capacity to control the establishments of society for their
potential benefit. For instance, Marx recommended that religion fills in as a "sedative of the majority" in that it calms the
pain and enduring related with the average workers way of life and spotlights the laborers' consideration on other
worldliness, God, and existence in the wake of death instead of on such common worries as day to day environments.
Basically, religion redirects the laborers with the goal that they focus on being compensated in paradise for carrying on
with an ethical life instead of on scrutinizing their misuse. The conflict perspective sees society as made out of various
gatherings and enthusiasm seeking force and assets. The conflict perspective clarifies different parts of our social world
by seeing which gatherings have force and advantage from a specific social game plan. Max Weber (1864-1920) added
that there were also inequalities of social structure and political power that caused struggle. He noted that various groups
were treated differently based on race, educational, and gender. Relative to this is the normative feminist view society as a
male centric culture—a various levelled arrangement of association constrained by men. In spite of the fact that there are
numerous assortments of women's activist hypothesis, most would hold that feminism “demands that existing economic,
political, and social structures be changed” (Weir and Faulkner 2004, p.xii).

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 17 of 35


Symbolic interactionism mirrors the miniaturized scale sociological viewpoint, and was to a great extent affected
by the works of early sociologists and scholars such as George Simmel (1858-1918), Charles Cooley (1864-1929), George
Herbert Mead (1863-1931), and Erving Goffman (1922-1982). Symbolic Interactionism is a theory that centered to human
communication both verbal and non-verbal and to images, symbols significance through language and the manner of
individual understanding. The symbolic interactionism focuses on the study of human interaction in which people make
sense of their social world through exchange of language and symbols. The establish meanings come from human
interactions with others and the society. These definitions develop their views in life and use it to communicate with each
other. Communicating with one another makes society goes on and continues. Sociologist W.I. Thomas (1966)
highlighted the significance of definitions and implications in social conduct and its outcomes. He recommended that
humans react to their meaning of a circumstance as opposed to the objective circumstance itself. Subsequently Thomas
noticed that circumstances that we characterize as genuine becomes genuine in their outcomes. Representative
interactionism additionally proposes that our personality or feeling of self is formed by social cooperation. We build up
our self-idea by seeing how others collaborate with us and mark us. By seeing how others see us, we see a reflection
ourselves that Cooley calls the "mirror self."

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1.1. Data Retrieval Chart Objective: Understand the concepts and principles of the major Social Science theories.
Directions: 1. Complete the data retrieval chart below. 2. Use a separate sheet of paper for this activity

Concepts and Principles


Structural Functionalism Marxism Symbolic Interactionism

Activity 1.2. Social Functions Objective: Determine the manifest and latent function as well as dysfunctions of social
structure. Directions: 1. Give situational examples of the following social structure. 2. Use a separate sheet of paper for
this activity

Social Structure
Social Institutions Manifest Function Latent Function Dysfunction
1. Family

2. Religion

3. Community

4. Law

Activity 1.3. Poster Making Objective:


Analyze social inequalities in terms of class conflict Directions:
1. Use your creativity by drawing a poster reflecting social inequalities in our society because of class conflict.
2. Write short analysis of your work in a separate sheet.
3. Use coupon bond and any available coloring materials in this activity.

Rubrics
Criteria Highest Possible Points
Creativity (artistry) 20 pts
Content (relevance to the topic)) 15 pts.
Originality (uniqueness, own work) 15 pts.
Timeliness (submitted on time) 10 pts.
Total 60

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING


ACROSTIC POEM
Evaluate the meaning that people attach to everyday forms of interaction, in order to explain social behavior in
our society using word acrostic poem.

Directions:

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 18 of 35


1. Using the word “SOCIETY”, create an acrostic poem that tackles symbols, gestures that we used in human
interactions.
2. Use separate sheet of paper for this activity.

S
O
C
I
E
T
Y

Rubrics
Criteria Highest Possible Points
Creativity (artistry 20 pts.
Content (relevance to the topic)) 15 pts.
Originality (uniqueness, own work) 15 pts.
Timeliness (submitted on time) 10 pts.
Total 60

REMEMBER
• Structural functionalism perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of society by focusing on how each part
influences by other parts. According to functionalist, society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in
harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole.

• The two types of functions: manifest and latent functions (Merton 1968). Manifest functions are consequences that are
intended and commonly recognized. Latent functions are consequences that are unintended and often hidden. •
Functionalists use the terms functional and dysfunctional to describe the effects of social elements in society. It is
functional if it contributes to social stability and dysfunctional if it disrupts social stability.

• Marxism is the conflict perspective views society as composed of different groups and interest competing for power and
resources. The conflict perspective explains various aspects of our social world by looking at which groups have power
and benefit from a particular social arrangement.

• Karl Marx (1818–1883) the proponent of conflict perspective suggested that all societies go through stages of economic
development. As societies evolve from agricultural to industrial, concern over meeting survival needs is replaced by
concern over making a profit, the hallmark of a capitalist system.

• Industrialization leads to the development of two classes of people: (1) the bourgeoisie or the owners of the means of
production and (2) the proletariat or the workers who earn wages. According to Marx, the bourgeoisie use their power to
control the institutions of society to their advantage.

• Symbolic interactionism emphasizes that human behavior is influenced by definitions and meanings that are created and
maintained through symbolic interaction with others.

• Symbolic interactionism also suggests that our identity or sense of self is shaped by social interaction. We develop our
self-concept by observing how others interact with us a label us. By observing how others view us, we see a reflection
ourselves that Cooley calls the “looking glass self.”

POST TEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following theories believes that society is an arrangement of interconnected parts that cooperate in
congruity to keep up a condition of parity and social harmony for the entirety?
a. Feminism b. Marxism c. Structural-functionalism d. Symbolic Interactionism
2. ________________ accentuates that human conduct is impacted by definitions and implications that are made and kept
up through symbolic interaction with others.
a. Feminism b. Marxism c. Structural-functionalism d. Symbolic Interactionism

3. Which of the following sociologists accepted that the bourgeoisie utilized their capacity to control the foundations of
society to their potential benefit?
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 19 of 35
a. Emile Durkheim b. George Simmel c. Karl Marx d. Talcott Parsons

4. The Structural-Functionalism is based on the following premises EXCEPT one:


a. social structure b. social conflict in the society
c. function can be small or substantial d. change is evident within any society

5. How to keep up the balance of the framework in the society?


a. Social instability in the society
b. If the people will work together with one goal for stability
c. If there’s lack of consensus among people in a given society
d. Imbalance among people due to differences in backgrounds

Answer Key
Pretest b 1. c 2. b 3. c 4.5 a
Posttest c 1. d 2. c 3. b 4.5 b

Module 6 Learning Targets

Apply the major Social Science theories


and its importance in examining socio-
Application and Importance of the cultural, economic, and political
Major Social Science Theories conditions.

INTRODUCTION
Sociologists investigate social phenomena at various levels and from different point of view. From solid
translations to clearing speculations of society and social conduct. Sociologists study everything from smaller level of
investigation to larger level of examination of bigger social samples.
This lesson will explain how the major Social Science theories applied in the study of society. Also, you will
determine the importance of the major Social Science theories in examining socio-cultural, economic, and political
conditions. Likewise, you will examine how the major Social Science theories can be applied in the present situations or
problems existing in our society

PRETEST
Directions:
Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Emile Durkheim’s undertakings on sociology scholastic order focused on:
a. evolution of major social institutions
b. influence of social forces on people’s behaviour
c. all-encompassing synthesis of the major sociological theories
d. understanding of sociological principles could be used to solve social problems

2. The sociological theory which focuses on the use of symbols and face-to-face interactions.
a. Feminism b. Marxism c. Structural-functionalism d. Symbolic Interactionism

3. Which major Social Science theory focuses on the competition of scarce resources and how the elite control the poor
and weak?
a. Feminism b. Marxism c. Structural-functionalism d. Symbolic Interactionism

4. The ______________ owns and controls the means of production, which leads to exploitation due to the profit motive.
a. Bourgeoisie b. Government c. Noblemen d. Proletariat

5. Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society are called _____________.
a. dysfunctions b. functional c. malfunction d. non-functional

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 20 of 35


DISCUSSIONS

During this time of the COVID-19 crisis, people are facing different challenges in their lives. The public were
restricted to go outside and do the usual activities that they are doing. Because they need to follow social distancing and
home quarantine protocols to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease. People are learning to live into a new normal
way of life to continue, despite of the existing risk that people are dealing with. People nowadays, depend much on
internet connectivity with the aid of computers, cellphones, and other modern technology use for information
communication. With the new normal way of life, the values and norms of the people in the society also changes.
Technology, in particular creates changes, specifically on the values and norms of the people in our society. People tend
to spend much of their time online using different social media platforms. Through this, they are doing the usual task and
transactions online, not only for communication and information purposes but also for business, education, and work-
related activities.
These are the present situations and problems existing in our society. Do you know that with the application of the
major Social Science theories, a person or a sociologist, in particular, can explain the existing problems in our society?
The pioneers of sociology conceptualized the essentials of society and its functions. Their perspectives form the reason for
the present theoretical frameworks, or ideal models, which furnish sociologists with a situating system or a philosophical
situation for posing specific sorts of inquiries about society and its people.

THE APPLICATION AND IMPORTANCE OF THE MAJOR SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORIES


Sociologists utilize three major theoretical perspectives namely: (1) Structural-functionalism; (2)
Marxism, and (3) Symbolic Interactionism. These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical models for clarifying how
society impacts individuals or vice versa. Every perspective remarkably conceptualizes society, social actors, and human
conducts.

Structural-Functionalism
The Structural-functionalism perspective of society is a structure with interrelated parts intended to meet the gradual and
social needs of the people in the society. Hebert Spencer (1820–1903) claimed that various parts must work together to
keep society functioning. These parts of society were social institutions such as government, education, family,
healthcare, religion, and the economy. Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) assumed that society was composed of
interdependent and interconnected parts that were put together to keep instability held collectively by shared social
construct which served to regulate social life such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, and rituals.

• Socio-Cultural - According to Émile Durkheim (1895) society is an intricate arrangement of interrelated and related
parts that cooperate to look after steadiness and that society is held together by shared qualities, dialects, and images. He
stated that people may make up society, yet sociologists need to look at earlier people social realities. Social realities are
the laws, ethics, values, strict convictions, customs, designs, ceremonies, and the entirety of the social principles that
oversee public activity. Every one of these social realities serves at least one capacity inside the general public. For
instance, one capacity of general public laws might be to shield society from brutality, while another is to rebuff criminal
conduct or to safeguard open well-being. On the other hand, Parsons believed that society is a universal social system
comprises of structured and organized subsystems that are categorized by conforming existing norms. However, these
norms are hypothetical to be compatible with society's assimilated value system. These define the projections and
instructions attached to definite positions and roles. A person partakes in the social system by relating with others based
on the numerous roles he or she grasps in that system. For instance, Parsons assumed that functions at all levels exist in
society, and each subsystem. These functions can be recollected by the acronym AGIL which means Adaptation, Goal
Attainment, Integration, and Latency. In traditional societies, functions would have been placed in a family, kinship
structures, and in local communities. In these societies, there may have been little difference in functions, though culture
and the assimilation frequently linked to religion. On the other hand, in modern society, there are numerous roles, statuses,
and prospects for a person to prompt their diverse qualities.

An example of socio-cultural aspect of examining society through Structural-functionalism is the


situation when the Philippine government responded to COVID-19 Pandemic, by providing financial aid to poor families
through the Social Amelioration Program or SAP. The agency in charge of the distribution is the DSWD with the help of
the LGU’s. The implementation of this program gained a lot of controversies because of some issues about the proper
distribution and corruption-related cases. The government program's manifest function to help the poor is not fully
realized, because of the negligence and personal interest of some local government officials. The latent functions arise
upon the situations, the government investigated the cases and call up the attention of barangay officials who committed
unlawful actions. With all the issues related to SAP distributions resulted to dysfunction in the society.

• Economic - The functionalist perspective of economics assumes that the continued progress of the economy is important
to the nation, as it guarantees the circulation of goods and services. However, a dysfunction might happen when some
institutions fail to adapt quickly enough to fluctuating social conditions. Normally, the marketplace goes segments of a
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 21 of 35
shortage of products and services that will increase prices that may lead to inflation, wherein you can buy less with your
money.
An example of economic aspect of examining society through Structural functionalism is during the
outbreak of COVID-19 Pandemic and the panic buying of goods and healthcare products happened. The people were
overwhelmed and bought volumes of medical supply, specifically facemask and alcohol disinfectant. The spread of
coronavirus determined a high demand of these products. The panic buying may be driven by an extremely low supply
which can rise up the price and led to price inflation. This happened because some institutions failed to adapt quickly
enough to the changing social conditions which can have economic implications.

• Political - According to functionalism, the government has four main purposes: (1) planning and directing society; (2)
meeting social needs; (3) maintaining law and order; and (4) managing international relations. Functionalism viewed
government as a system to impose norms and control conflict. Functionalists understand active collective change and seek
consensus and order in society. Dysfunction creates social problems that lead to social change. For instance, functionalists
would see political regulations as a way of keeping people connected to the democratic process.
An example of political aspect of examining society through Structural functionalism is when President
Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed the Philippine Anti-Terror Bill into a law, despite of many criticisms about its implementing
guidelines. The government assumed that they acted upon their function and purpose such as planning and directing
society for maintaining law and order. The government stands for their beliefs that this law is created to prevent terrorism
as early as possible before the bombing or an incident might happen. This shows the functionalism view of government
and politics as a way to enforce laws for the safety of the people.

Marxism
Marxism or conflict theory of Karl Marx (1818–1883), who considered society consist of two classes: (1) the bourgeoisie
or the capitalist who owns the production, and (2) the proletariat or the working class. Max Weber (1864-1920) added that
aside from economic inequalities, there were also inequalities of social structure and political power that caused struggle.
The people’s state of inequality was influenced by class stratification, social immobility, and representation of the
powerful elite. Karl Marx believed that conflict and struggle between groups happen to attain wealth and power which
was inevitable in a capitalist society. Also, conflict was the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some
measure of equality. Conflict Theory is a macro-sociological perspective exploring the conflict among social groups over
resources in the society. Groups compete for status control, money, territory, and other resources for economic, political,
and other social gains. Max Weber added that there were disparities of social structure and political power that caused
struggle. He noticed that various gatherings were influenced diversely dependent on training, race, and sex and that
individuals' responses to imbalance were directed by class disparity and social immobility.

• Socio-Cultural – For Griffiths (2015), inequalities happen in every cultural classification. Therefore, cultural standards
are an advantage to people with status and power. For example, even though cultural diversity is valued in most of the
countries, some people and states prohibit interracial marriages, same-sex marriages, and polygamy. Conflict theory
focuses on the social inequalities and power differences within a group, analyzing society through this lens. For Marxism
the education, gender, income, race, sexuality, and other social factors culture reinforces issues of "privilege” individuals
and their position in society. Karl Marx believed that social structure, rather than individual personality characteristics is
the cause of many social problems such as poverty and crime. Conflict Theory explores the struggle between those in
power and those who are not in power within society. Thus, cultural wars are common in society, whether in a way or
controversy over a deity or ownership and rights over Holy Land.
An example of socio-cultural aspect of examining society through Marxism is when the Philippine
government released to the public the implementing guidelines of the SAP subsidy for the COVID-19 pandemic. The
issue of disparity between the middle class and the poor has elevated. Because the government priorities the poorest of the
poor which includes the member of the 4P’s or Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program for financial aid. While the families
belong to the middle class were exempted, since they were still earning even in pandemic. With these, some members of
the middle class aired their grievances about the situation and claimed that they are the ones who are taxpayers in the
country. That’s why they are the ones who deserve of the help from the government. This situation shows the social
structure as inherently unequal resulting from the differences in social class, education, income, and other social factors.
Culture reinforces issues of "privilege” groups and their status in social categories.

• Economic - In the monetary circle, Karl Marx concentrated on the mode and relations of production. The bourgeoisie
possesses and controls the means of production, which prompts misuse because of the benefit intention. In this course of
action, the proletariat has just their work to sell, and don't claim or control capital. Marx argued that the narrowing down
of the working class, tied with an increasing number of people, low wages, and the price of goods and services are not
reasonable for the true cost of labor. Marx’s favored government interference on economic decisions should not be made
by producers and consumers but should be carefully accomplished by the state to ensure that it is beneficial to all. He also
foresaw that capitalism would sooner or later put to an end as many people get associated to the working class, which will
lead to a rebellion and production will be turned over to the state.

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 22 of 35


An example of economic aspect of examining society through Marxism is the Rice Tarrification Law which
negatively affects the Filipino farmers. Since this allows cheaper foreign rice imports without restrictions and competes
with the production of local rice. The government should make a necessary intervention on economic decision that should
be carefully made and accomplish by the state to ensure that it is beneficial to all.

Political - Wright Mills (1956) elaborated on some of Marx’s concepts, coining the phrase power elite to describe what he
saw, as the small group of powerful people controls much of society. Mills believed the power elite use government to
develop social policies that allow them to keep their wealth. In the present time, the power elite may be seen as some
oligarchs who hold on big corporations and dynasties that handle an exclusive position in the state and control the society.
An example of political aspect of examining society through Marxism is the two distinct political ideologies of
Filipinos which is very evident in social media posts and tweets. They are called “Yellowtards” or dilawan and
“Dutertads” known as DDS. Philippine politics is greatly affected by these two opposing parties in our government and
their supporters keep on expressing their thoughts and contradictions with one another. Marx’s concepts of politics coined
as the power elite to describe his thoughts on what he saw in the society wherein the small group of powerful people
controls much of society.

Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic Interactionism is a smaller scale level theory that focuses on the studied human interactions within a
society or human communication through the exchange of language, symbols, and meaning. Humans interact based on the
meanings attributed to those interactions. The recognized meaning comes from our interactions with others and society.
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) was considered as the founding father of symbolic interactionism. His commitment
was true to the advancement of the self, particularly in youth, which we'll examine in more detail when we address
speculations of socialization. The continue socialization throughout a child’s life is the means by which the norms and
values of society are learned by individuals. His student, Herbert Blumer (1900-1987), coined the term and characterized
it with basic premises: (1) human beings communicate based on the meanings they attributed to things; (2) the attribute
meanings are based from our interactions with others and society; and (3) the meanings are interpreted through a process
used by a person based on his/her experiences.

• Socio-Cultural –
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that examines communication patter, interpretation, and adjustment
among individuals relative to the meanings of symbols. This theory emphasizes an individual’s verbal and nonverbal
responses, symbols, negotiated meaning, and its construct in society. Role-taking is an important mechanism determined
in which a person can appreciate other perspectives to understand well the meaning of a certain action. In social contexts,
the ambiguity of roles dwells the difficulty of role-making on a person in a certain situation. Ethnomethodology, a branch
of symbolic interactionism, studies how human interactions can make the impression of collective social order despite the
absence of common understanding and the existence of opposing perspectives. Studies that utilize the symbolic
interactionism perspective are bound to utilize subjective examination techniques. Social scientists who apply symbolic
interactionism search for examples of communication between people. Their examinations regularly include the
perception of one-on-one connections.
An example of the socio-cultural aspect of examining society through Symbolic Interactionism is in this time of
pandemic crisis, some Filipinos are using social media applications like TikTok as a platform to show their gestures and
symbols of love and support to the frontliners. Just like the Frontliners Dance Challenge, the dance moves have specific
message and meaning which been popular way of showing message of love and care for the frontliners.

• Economic - One of the significant symbolic interactionism idea interrelated to work and economy is called as “career
inheritance”. The meaning of this concept is that a child me have the same job as their parents. They may have shown a
career path for his/her child to follow. They may find their parent’s career interesting and suitable for them. Career
exposure is learning the standards and ideals of a specific career.
An example of economic aspect of examining society through Symbolic Interactionism is a situation when a child
of the businessman/ businesswoman may learn the standards and ideals that will help him/her succeed in business and
since the parents’ model a career path to follow. The child may find business interesting and a money-making opportunity
for him/her.

• Political – Symbolic interactionism relates to government emphases on images, symbols, or individuals that signify
authority and power. The figures that embody the power and authority. This theory does not deal with large organizations
like the government and focuses on the study of the face-toface facets of politics. An example of political aspect of
examining society through Symbolic Interactionism is the Seal of the Philippine President, which a symbol that signifies
the history and dignity of the president. The seal is composed of the coat of arms of the president. Some symbols in the
arms are derived from the Philippine national flag and there is a sea lion in the middle part of the seal.

Activity 1.2. Concept table

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 23 of 35


Objective: Determine the importance of the major Social Science theories in examining socio-cultural, economic, and
political conditions of the society.
Direction:
1. Determine the conditions in society by examining its socio-cultural, economic, and political aspects
Conditions in Society Socio Cultural Economic Politics
Pres. Rodrigo Roa Duterte
signed the Philippine
AntiTerror Bill into a Law
The Imposition of a
Modified Enhanced
Community Quarantine
(MECQ) in highrisk area
The non-renewal of the
ABSCBN network
franchise
The continuous increase of
COVID-19 Cases in the
Philippines
Filipinos showed their
gestures and symbols of
love and support to the
frontliners using social
media applications like
Facebook, Tweeter,
Instagram, and TikTok

Your written output will be graded based on the following rubrics:

Criteria Needs Improvement Meets Expectations Exceed Expectations


Depth of Analysis Demonstrate minimal level Demonstrate a sufficient Demonstrate deep level of
of reflection and level of reflection and reflection and
internalization of the issue internalization of the issue. internalization of the issue.
Organization of Thought The thoughts were The thoughts were The thoughts were
expressed incoherently expressed coherently expressed coherently, very
clear, and organized.
Grammar and Spelling No more than ten spelling No more than five spelling No spelling and grammar
and grammar errors and grammar errors errors.

Performance Task Identify the importance of the major social sciences in examining socio-cultural, economic and
political conditions. Your goal is to illustrate the major social science theory that you have chosen. You must be able to
show its importance in examining the socio-cultural, economic or political conditions in modern society
Performance task Rubrics

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Content The illustration The illustration The illustration The illustration
demonstrates a demonstrates a demonstrate a demonstrate a little
conscious and thoughtful limited or no
thorough understanding of understanding of understanding of
understanding of the subject matter. the subject matter. the subject matter
the subject matter.
Image The illustrations The illustration are The illustration are The illustration
communication are highly engaging appropriate to the detract or are
engaging and appropriate to the context. inappropriate to
appropriate to the context. the context.
content.
Appearance and The illustrations The illustrations The illustrations The illustrations
Neatness are visually are appealing, are somehow clear are adequate and
appealing, clear clear and presents and present some clear. It presents
and present all most work neatly. work neatly. work with little
work neat. neatness.

REMEMBER
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 24 of 35
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM
Socio-Cultural
• Sociologies look at the earlier people “social realities” these are the laws, ethics, values, strict convictions, customs, designs,
ceremonies, and the entirety of the social principles that oversee public activity.
• Society is a universal social system comprises of structured and organized subsystems that are categorized by conforming
existing norms.
• Functionalists seek consensus and order in society while dysfunction creates social problems that lead to social change.
• Applies AGIL which means Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, and Latency. In traditional societies, functions would
have been placed in a family, kinship structures, and in local communities.

Economic
• Functionalist perspective of economics assumes that the continued progress of the economy is important to the nation, as it
guarantees the circulation of goods and services.

Political
• According to functionalism, the government has four main purposes: (1) planning and directing society; (2) meeting social
needs; (3) maintaining law and order; and (4) managing international relations.
• Functionalists view government and politics as a way to enforce norms and regulate conflict.
• Functionalists would see regulations and political contributions as a way of keeping people connected to the democratic process.
MARXISM
Socio-Cultural
• Conflict theorists understand the social structure as inherently unequal resulting from the differences in power based on age,
class, education, gender, income, race, sexuality, and other social factors.
• For a conflict theorist, culture reinforces issues of "privilege” groups and their status in social categories. Inequalities exist in
every cultural system. Therefore, cultural norms benefit people with status and power while harming others and at the expense of
others.
• Conflict theory focuses on the social inequalities and power difference within a group, analyzing society through this lens
viewed social structure, rather than individual personality characteristics, as the cause of many social problems, such as poverty
and crime.
• Contemporary theorist G. William Domhoff (2011) elaborates on ways in which the power elite may be seen as a subculture
whose members follow similar social patterns such as joining elite clubs, attending select schools, and vacationing at a handful
of exclusive destinations.

Economic
• Marxism concentrated on the mode of production and relations of production. The bourgeoisie possesses and controls the
means for production, which prompts misuse because of the benefit intention. In this course of action, proletarians have just their
work to sell and don't claim or control capital.

Political
• Marx’s concepts, coining the phrase power elite to describe what he saw as the small group of powerful people who control
much of society. Mills believed the power elite use government to develop social policies that allow them to keep their wealth.
• Conflict Theory explores the struggle between those in power and those who are not in power within the context of the
struggle.
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONISM
Socio-Cultural
• Social scientists apply symbolic interactionism thinking search for examples of communication between people and examine
the perception of one-on-one connections.
• Symbolic interactions would be increasingly intrigued by how people in the fighting gathering connect, just as the signs and
images nonconformists use to convey their message and to arrange and in this way create shared implications.
• Charles Horton Cooley (1902) presented the mirror self to portray how an individual's self of self becomes out of cooperation
with others, and he proposed a triple procedure for this turn of events: (1) we perceive how others respond to us; (2) we decipher
that response, normally as positive or negative; and (3) we build up a feeling of self-dependent on those translations. "Mirror" is
a bygone term for a mirror, so Cooley guessed that we "see" ourselves when we cooperate with others.
• Symbolic interactionism examines communication patter, interpretation, and adjustment among an individual’s relative to the
meanings of symbols emphasizes individual’s verbal and nonverbal responses, symbols, negotiated meaning, and its construct in
the society.
• Role-taking is an important mechanism determined in which a person can appreciate others perspectives to understand well the
meaning of a certain action. In social contexts, the ambiguity of roles dwells the difficulty of role-making on a person in a certain
situations.
• Ethnomethodology, a branch of symbolic interactionism that studies how human interactions can make the impression of
collective social order in spite of the absence of common understanding and the existence of opposing perspectives. Economic •
Symbolic interactionism idea interrelated to work and economy is called as career inheritance. The meaning of this concept is

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 25 of 35


that a child me has the same job as their parents. Political
• Symbolic interactionism relates to government emphases on images, symbols, or individuals that signify authority and power.

POST TEST
Directions: Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The following tells about the application of Structural-functionalism and its importance in examining the socio-cultural
condition of a society EXCEPT one:
a. Government and politics is a way to enforce norms and regulate conflict.
b. In traditional societies, functions would have been placed in a family kinship structures, and in local communities.
c. Society is a universal social system comprises of structured and organized subsystems that are categorized by
conforming existing norms.
d. Sociologies look at the past people to “social realities” these are the laws, ethics, values, strict convictions, customs,
designs, ceremonies, and the entirety of the social principles that oversee public activity

2. Which of the following is a Marxist view of political condition in the society?


a. Culture reinforces issues of "privilege” groups and their status in social categories.
b. The power elites use the government to develop social policies that allow them to keep their wealth.
c. The bourgeoisie possesses and controls the means for production, which prompts misuse because of the benefit
intention.
d. Social structure as inherently unequal resulting from the differences in power based on age, class, education, gender,
income, race, sexuality, and other social factors.

3. Which of the following is NOT part of Symbolic Interactionism application on the socio-cultural conditions of the
society?
a. Applies AGIL which means Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, and Latency.
b. Social scientists search for examples of communication between people and examine the perception of one-on-one
connections.
c. Look how people connect, the signs and images nonconformists use to convey their message, and to arrange and in this
way create shared implications.
d. Examines communication patter, interpretation, and adjustment among an individual’s relative to the meanings of
symbols emphasizes individual’s verbal and nonverbal responses.

4. Which of the following tells about the application of Marxism on the economic condition of the society?
a. See regulations and political contributions as a way of keeping people connected to the democratic process.
b. Search for examples of communication between people and examine the perception of one-on-one connections.
c. Examines communication patter, interpretation, and adjustment among individuals relative to the meanings of symbols.
d. Concentrated on the mode of production in relation to the bourgeoisie who controls the means of production and
proletarians who only work and don't claim control over the capital.

5. Which among the major Social Science theories is applied across the sociocultural, economic, and political conditions?
a. Feminism b. Marxism c. Structural Functionalism d. Symbolic Interactionism

Answer Key
Pretest b 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. 5a
Posttest a 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. b

Learning Target
Perceived Human Personality and Rationality
towards Solidarity
The Basic Concepts and Principles of Psychoanalysis 1.Differentiate the nature and functions of Social
Science and disciplines with the natural sciences
The Basic Concepts and Principles of Rational Choice and humanities.

INTRODUCTION

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 26 of 35


Lesson 1 : The changes of one’s personality are largely affected by the events of early childhood; and the manner
that people behave is influenced by their unconscious drives. According to Sigmund Freud, a person uses different
defense mechanism to defend himself/herself from the facts restrained in the unconscious mind. For instance,
psychological and emotional problems like anxiety and depression are mostly the cause of battle between the conscious
and unconscious mind. In Psychoanalysis, a psychologist can use different psychoanalytic strategies that may help carry
positive prospect of the unconscious mind into consciousness. These are some of the concepts relating to the idea of
psychoanalysis. As you go on with the lesson, you will understand more about Psychoanalysis.
This module will help you understand the basic concepts and principles of psychoanalysis. Analyze the
psychodynamics of the person’s personality in terms of Id, Ego, and Superego and try to interpret personal and social
experiences relating to defense mechanism techniques.

PRETEST
Directions:
Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include the following EXCEPT:
a. Therapeutic techniques and a set of psychological theories.
b. Man thinks rationally in making choices and decisions in life.
c. The human behavior is largely determined by irrational drives.
d. Attempts to bring drives into awareness lead to defense mechanisms.

2. Which of the following is NOT a part of the personality structure theorized by Sigmund Freud?
a. Defense mechanism b. Ego c. Id d. Superego

3. Which of the following describes the level of a conscious mind?


a. Opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions
b. Stores memories, motives and emotions that are very threatening
c. Is visible in the surface whereas the mind lurks mysteriously beneath.
d. Contains memories that are not conscious but can easily be brought to consciousness.

4. Ms. Reyes saw her two students, Adam and Julius, talking to each other while taking the test. She told them to stop
talking or they will not be allowed to take the test. She also asked them for the reason of such action. They justified their
action by explaining that Julius was just borrowing a pen from Adam at that time. The students’ action is an example of
____________.
a. Defense mechanism b. Ego c. Id d. Superego
5. Rico is very thirsty. He wants to drink a glass of cold water, but he doesn't have any amount of money in his pocket to
buy a bottle of drink. He went to the nearest convenient store and got a bottle of drink without paying it. Rico’s action is a
product of what personality structure?
a. Defense mechanism b. Ego c. Id d. Superego

DISCUSSIONS

The idea of Psychoanalysis is the notion that people have “unconscious mind” which includes things that are
extrinsic or outside of our awareness. These may include early childhood memories, hidden drives and secret desires. This
holds things that may be socially unacceptable or unpleasant, because these might cause conflict or suffering. These things
are buried in our unconscious mind. They could be outside of our awareness and might keep influencing our thoughts and
actions. Another idea is the “conscious mind” which includes everything that are intrinsic or inside of our awareness that
can easily bring into consciousness.

PSYCHOANALYSIS

Psychoanalysis is characterized as therapeutic techniques and set of psychological theories initiated by Sigmund
Freud (1856-1939). He developed the methods of treatment and general theory of personality. The main cognitive idea of
psychoanalysis is that people have unconscious mind, memories, feelings, and desires. This introduced a perspective on
psychological illness, which convey that talking with psychologist about certain problem could relieve a person from
suffering mental distress.
According to Freud, (1949) psychoanalysis method has important corresponding steps to follow. First, a
psychoanalyst collects substantial things which are a product of patients' free associations, results of transference, dream
interpretation, and the patients' slips and parapraxes. Second, a psychoanalyst starts to give hypotheses about what
occurred to the patients in the past and what is the present occurrence on their day-to-day life. It is also important that the
psychoanalyst gives conclusions which are supported upon their observations once the patients have arrived with similar
conclusions on their own. It is because when a psychoanalyst discloses their conclusions to patients as early as it was, the

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 27 of 35


patients may resist and repression happens. When the patients accepted the conclusions, they recovered (Freud, 1949, p.
57).

THE THREE PERSONALITY STRUCTURES


Freud conceptualized three personality structures: the id, ego, and superego. The id includes entirely of the
unconscious, underlying and primal urges present from birth which operates based on instinct and pleasure directed.
While ego, is the portion of the personality that deals with the demands of reality. It aids control and balance on the urges
of the id and makes us act in ways that are both acceptable and realistic, instead of satisfying our desires. Furthermore, the
Superego includes our values and ideals. The values that our parents taught us and the ideals that our society instilled in us
are the guiding force of the superego and its effort to make us behave with accordance to our morals.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
A defense mechanism is a technique that the ego uses to defend itself from anxiety. These defensive way acts as a
protection when something seems too overpowering or even improper. Defense mechanisms help keep the information
from entering consciousness in order to lessen distress.

Types of Defense Mechanism


• Rationalization - justification of an unacceptable behavior
• Intellectualization - reasoning to block emotional distress
• Reaction formation - changing unwanted emotions or feelings
• Acting Out – carrying out an extreme behavior
• Projection – transferring the drive or behavior that causes anxiety to others
• Dissociation – separating out of the memories one can’t deal with or doesn’t want
• Compartmentalization – separating part of oneself from awareness of other parts
• Displacement – transferring of negative emotion from one person or thing
• Regression – seeking the safety of an earlier development stage
• Sublimation – diverting intolerable impulse to socially desirable one
• Compensation – balancing apparent weakness by accentuating strength
• Repression – unconscious forgetting of unwanted thought or trauma
• Suppression – conscious type of forgetting to escape from the problem
• Splitting – seeing everything as bad with nothing in between • Using Humor – directing on funny aspects of a
painful situation
REMEMBER
• Psychoanalysis is characterized as therapeutic techniques and set of psychological theories. This approach conveys that talking
with a psychoanalyst or psychologist about certain problem could help relieve a person from suffering mental distress.
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed the method of treatment and general theory of personality.
• The unconscious mind comprises things that are extrinsic or outside of our awareness. These may include early childhood
memories, hidden drives and secret desires.
• The conscious mind is everything that is intrinsic or inside of our awareness. This includes the things that we are aware of or
can easily bring into consciousness.
• The three personality structures are the id, ego and superego.
• The “id” includes entirely of the unconscious, underlying and primal urges present from birth which operates based on instinct
and pleasure directed.
• The “ego” is the portion of the personality that deals with the demands of reality. It aids control and balance on the urges of the
id and makes us act in ways that are both acceptable and realistic.
• The “superego” includes the values that our parents taught us and the ideals that our society instills in us. These serve as the
guiding force of the superego and its effort to make us behave in accordance to our morals.
• The defense mechanism is a technique that the ego uses to defend itself from anxiety. This defensive act is a protection to help
lessen distress.

POST TEST
Directions: Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following describes the component of the “id” personality structure?
a. Includes primal urges and operates based on instinct.
b. A technique that the ego uses to defend itself from distress.
c. Opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions.
d. Operates based on reality, control, and balances the urges of id.

2. Which of the following describes the component of the “ego” personality structure?
a. Includes primal urges and operates based on instinct.
b. Is a technique that the ego uses to defend itself from distress
c. Opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions.
d. Operates based on reality, control and balances the urges of id.

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 28 of 35


3. Which of the following describes the component of the “superego” personality structure?
a. Opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions.
b. Stores memories, motives and emotions that are very threatening.
c. Is visible in the surface, whereas the mind lurks mysteriously beneath.
d. Contains memories that are not conscious but can easily be bring to consciousness.

4. Upon his arrival from school, Jimmy went directly to their kitchen looking for food to eat. While eating, he was
thinking of playing mobile legend when done eating. A moment later, he remembered that Mr. Santos gave an assignment
on that day. So, he did the assignment first before playing mobile legend. What personality structure operates when
Jimmy decided to do his assignment before playing mobile games?
a. Defense mechanism b. Ego c. Id d. Superego

5. Kayla goes to the school canteen to buy student meal. She counts right away the change that the cashier gave to her and
notices that there are excess amount in her change. So, she tells the cashier about it and gives back the excess amount of
money. Kayla shows what personality structure?
a. Defense mechanism b. Ego c. Id d. Superego

Answer Key
Pretest B 1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C5
Posttest A 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D5

Learning Target

Institutionalized and Gender Sensitive Society towards Analyze the basic concepts and principles
Equality of the major Social Science Ideas:
Psychoanalysis, Rational Choice,
The Basic Concepts and Principles of Institutionalism
Institutionalism, Feminist Theory,
The Concepts and Principles of Feminist Theory
Hermeneutical Phenomenology, Human-
Environment Systems
Lesson 1 : Institutionalism approach can be interpreted as a subject of study to governmental institutions, which
is fundamental to the discipline of Political Science like public administration that study the institutional set up of the
social services or public authorities. This approach can also be explained as any formal management set up and design to
emulate behavior, function, and regulation that constraints to human actions such as formal constraints and informal
constraints.

As you go on with the lesson, you will understand the basic concepts and principles of institutionalism. Also,
examine the constitutive nature of formal and informal institutions, how it constrains social behavior. Further, you will
learn to interpret personal and social experiences using institutionalism as relevant approach in the Social Sciences.
PRETEST
Directions:

Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following highlights institutionalism approach in Social Science?


a. Emphasize connectedness of social institutions.
b. Emphasize the role of institutions in the society.
c. Emphasize social inequalities as cause of social conflict.
d. Emphasize the rationality of human choices and actions.

2. These institutions are officially established. The government itself is an example. What form of institutions is this?
a. Local Institutions b. Private Institutio n c. Formal Institution d. Informal Institution

3. Which of the following signifies formal institution?


a. beliefs b. laws c. Norms d. practices

4. These institutions are not officially established but commonly accepted by the society like practices, standard or label
of behavior. What form of institution is this?
a. Local Institutions b. Private Institution c. Formal Institution d. Informal Institution

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 29 of 35


5. Which of the following signifies informal institution? a. laws c. regulations b. norms d. Rules

DISCUSSIONS
On March 16, 2020 by the virtue of Proclamation No. 929 signed by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, the national
government affirmed a state of calamity all over the Philippines. The President also called on Congress to hold special
sessions to enact the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act. Upon the senate’s approval, the President was granted emergency
power necessarily to carry out exigent procedures to meet the existing national emergency related to COVID-19
pandemic.

The President realigned the national budget approved for 2020 in response to pandemic. The government gave
financial aid to the people with the help of some government agencies and institutions such as the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD) for the distribution of the Social Amelioration Program or SAP; Philippine Health
Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) for the universal healthcare for COVID-19 patients’ financial assistance; and the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) for the five thousand pesos (Php 5,000) grant under COVID-19
Adjustment Measure Program

Other institutions like the Philippine National Police (PNP) and Military officials made sure that the people
followed social distancing and home quarantine protocols. The Department of Education (DepEd) as the country’s leading
education institution planned an education program in response to new normal education with blended learning which
uses online and offline teaching and other learning modalities.

The pandemic crisis leads to lockdowns of different places, social distancing and strict home quarantine protocols.
These are restrictions imposed by the government to slow down the spread of the corona virus. The formal management
set up and designs to emulate behavior, function, and regulation. With these, Filipinos experience constraints in their daily
life activities. People are not able to go to work, they can’t visit their families in other places, and social gatherings are not
allowed because these human actions can trigger the spread of the virus.

These are some of the formal constraints or regulations need to be followed by the people. All of these scenarios
we are experiencing at this time show how “Institutionalism” works and employs in our society. The connection at large
has an impact on political system, shape political policy and social constrains that people experience.

INSTITUTIONALISM

Institutionalism is an approach aligned to methods and approaches in political science that has significance in
society. This implied as the regulations, orders and systems. The aforesaid approaches vary mostly in the interpretation of
institutions, in their subject, logic of motive, and in the ideas they accord with development. Through this, institutions can
be explained as any formal management set up and design to emulate behavior, function, and regulation

According to North (1990), institution is any kind of constraints that man made to form action. This may relate
formal constraints like regulation, or informal constraints like practice, standard or label of behavior. While Hall (1986)
explained that, institutions as the formal regulation, conformity, operation, and standard operational practices that
constitution the relation of persons in different areas in the civil order and economy. Likewise, March and Olsen (1989),
stressed that the primary effect of institutions in political affair based from the reality that they are accumulation of
interconnected regulation and procedure that determine right actions in dealings of functions and situations.

The origin of this approach rested on the idea of organization and legitimacy, thus, in institutionalized position of
political agreement with party scheme, the regulation of elected competition, governing bureaucracies, legislative body,
judiciary system, and big institutionalized structure compose of the governmental social institutions, and public
Institutions necessary organization especially in political attribute. Institutionalism is an approach use in governing body
and social science. William Robson (1975) explained that this approach is institutional as it gathered focus on the
government involved in public administration, examined functions, structure, account and relations. It communicates how
they functioned and the level of strength they accomplished.

FORMAL AND INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS

Institutions can also be explained as any formal or informal management set up and design to emulate behavior,
function, and regulation that constraints to human actions

Formal Institutions are institutions that are officially established in one way or another. The government itself is
an example and other government agencies, the national and local government laws, rules, and regulations. Other
examples of formal institutions are business corporations, labor unions, and religious organizations
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 30 of 35
Informal Institutions are not officially established, but are commonly accepted throughout society like practices,
standard or label of behavior. These apply to all types of activity such as social, cultural, political, and economic. Some
examples are pamamanhikan for courtship and in arranged marriage; these informal institutions are tied with the social
norms, beliefs and practices of certain groups of people or society.

REMEMBER

• Institutionalism is an approach aligned to methods and approaches in political science that has significance in society, implied
as the regulations, orders and systems. This may relate formal constraints like regulation, or informal constraints like practice,
standard or label of behavior.
• Public Institutions are necessary organizations especially in political attribute. Thus, in institutionalized position of political
agreement with party scheme, the regulation of elected competition, governing bureaucracies, legislative body, judiciary system,
and big institutionalized structure compose of the governmental and the social institutions.
• Formal Institutions are officially established. The government itself is an example and other government agencies, the national
and local government laws, rules, and regulations.
• Informal Institutions are not officially established but commonly accepted throughout society like practices, standard or label of
behavior.

POST TEST
Directions: Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The following are some of the concepts and principles of institutions EXCEPT one:
a. Any informal constraints like practice, standard, or label of behavior.
b. Any formal management set up to emulate behavior, function, and regulation.
c. An approach concern with human behavior and action made based on rational choice.
d. An approach aligned to methods and approaches in political science that has significance in society, implied as the
regulations, orders and systems.

2. Which of the following describes formal institutions?


a. officially established b. not officially established
c. commonly accepted in a society d. part of practices and social norms

3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of informal institutions?


a. officially established b. not officially established,
c. commonly accepted in a society d. part of practices and social norms

4. Which of the following is an example of a formal institution?


a. Arranged Marriage b. Bayanihan c. Dowry To Heal As One Act d. Pamamanhikan

5. Which of the following is an example of an informal institution?


a. Anti-Terror Law b. Anti Cyber-Bullying Act c. Arranged Marriage d. Bayanihan To Heal As One Act

Answer Key
Pretest B 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B.5
Posttest C 1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C.5

INTRODUCTION
Lesson 2 : Feminism comprises various features associated to women’s place in the society in terms of
social, economic and political rights. These rights allow women be involved in society like in business and politics that
women get acknowledgment and empowerment in the society. Likewise, it applies to total facets of women's privileges.
Thus, men take pleasure in all the rights given to them by the society while women were given lesser status. With these
overall explanations, feminist theory originated and rose up the impression of inequality among men and women.

This lesson will help you understand the basic concepts and ideas of feminist theory and determine the
relationship between gender ideology and gender inequality. Further, you will interpret personal and social experiences
relating to feminist theory.

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 31 of 35


DISCUSSIONS
FEMINIST THEORY
Feminism primarily is a western notion. Women’s presence is perceived over men viewpoint. Consequently,
women are measured as inferior. Women were force to do their traditional duty like being housewives, and not given the
right to education and other legal rights. Deborah Madsen stated “Feminism stands for women status in society and
demands about gender consciousness and oppression.” The concerns of feminist theory are the description of gender that
bound and dominate women and the basis of women’s freedom from those constraints. Feminism emanates its existence
for the fight for women's right counter to the prejudice existing in the society. Feminism implicates two key facets of
rational obligation and political undertaking that brought justice for women and put an end to sexism in all kinds
The first wave of feminism highlighted many issues associated to women such as marriage, property rights, and
right to vote. The two foundations linked to this are the women's rights and women's suffrage. This contained matters such
as equal salaries for women, right to educational, right to vote and other legal rights like the institution of marriage. It also
focused on issues concerned to women like reproductive rights and sexuality. The first wave feminism stressed equal
opportunity for women in the society. Further, the first wave of feminism granted rights to suffrage for most women in the
early 20th century. Among these feminists who founded contemporary feminism were Elizabeth Robins, Dorothy
Richardson, Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf
The second wave of feminism began in 1960s. It stressed social, cultural, and political inequality to women in the
society. This wave in feminism revealed diverse scopes of feminism based on women practices and stand. It comprised
vigorous involvement of women economically ahead of World War II. This period was the beginning of women education
and women involvement on civil rights and radical issues attached to young women culture change. It made women aware
of sexual discrimination which led to resistance. Therefore, sexual liberation and reproduction rights of women became
fundamental issues
The third wave of feminism or Post-feminism also started in the 1960s and flourished in the 21st century. It
looked into the relation of language and gender; also tackled issues attached to discrimination of women in the publication
arena and covered the facet of multiculturalism and competition. It contested the dominating sort of white feminism has a
strong message concerning several conception of awareness in the society. It was a protest which happened in the 1980s
that lifted the issues like class, race, culture and sexuality that explicated numerous identities of women.
GENDER IDEOLOGY AND GENDER INEQUALITY
To the feminist normative view of “Gender Ideology”, conveys that women are viewed as inferior to men in a system of
society dominated by men. According to International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2001) gender ideology
described as masculine and feminine behaviors, and social roles. The normative meaning of gender ideology needs to have distinction
from biological “sex” association and behavioral “gender” orientation. These two concepts are understood differently based on the
meaning attached to it by the person.

On the other hand, “Gender Inequality” for feminism focuses on the rights and freedoms for women and girls of all ages in
the society. Feminist groups claimed that human rights they inherent is traditional bias in favor of men and boys. The concepts of
women’s rights is not only focused on marital, parental, and religious rights but also to enter to legal contracts, own property , right to
suffrage, be educated, hold public office, fair wages and equal work opportunities for women.

REMEMBER
• Feminism emanates its existence for the fight for women's right counter to the prejudice existing in the society. Feminism implicates two
key facets of rational obligation and political undertaking that brought justice for women and put an end to sexism in all kinds.
• The first wave of feminism stresses equal opportunity for women in the society. Further, the first wave of feminism granted rights to
suffrage for most women in the early 20th century.
• The second wave of feminism is the beginning of women education and women involvement on civil rights and radical issues attached to
young women culture change. It made women aware of sexual discrimination which leads to resistance.
• The third wave of feminism looked into the relation of language and gender; also tackled issues attached to discrimination of women in the
publication arena and covered the facet of multiculturalism and competition.
• To feminist normative view of “Gender Ideology” conveys that women are viewed as inferior to men in a system of society dominated by
men.
• Gender Inequality for feminism focuses on the rights and freedoms for women and girls of all ages in the society. Feminist groups
claimed that human rights they inherent is traditional bias in favor of men and boys.

POST TEST
Directions: Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The following are the reasons of the emergence of feminist movement. Which is not included?
a. Women are measured inferior to man.
b. Women are forced to do their traditional duty.
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES | Mrs. Maridel P. de Guia | Page 32 of 35
c. Women’s perceived dominant viewpoint in terms of politics.
d. Women are not given the right to education and other legal rights.

2. Social media was flooded with different issues about gender discrimination. What is the effect of these issues in our
society?
a. harmony in our society b. equilibrium in our society
c. class struggle in our society d. peace and order in our society

3. All of the following values will lessen the issues and problems with regards to gender discriminations. Which is NOT
included?
a. Kindness b. Prejudice c. Respect d. Tolerance
4. Which of the following is the greatest achievement and contribution of the first wave feminism?
a. Women were granted rights to suffrage
b. It made women aware of sexual discrimination
c. It contested the dominating sort of white feminism has a strong message concerning several conception of awareness in
the society.
d. The beginning of women education and women involvement on civil rights and radical issues attached to young women
culture change.

5. Which wave of feminist movement is the beginning of women education and women involvement on civil rights and
radical issues attached to young women culture change?
a. First Wave b. Second Wave c. Third Wave d. Fourth Wave
Pretest D 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B.5
Posttest C 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B.

References

Books
Abella, R. (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. Dela Cruz, A. R., Fadrigon, C., & Mendoza, D. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Delos Santos, D. L. (2017). Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. Sampa, E. (2017). Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. Tatel, C., Jr. (2016). Disciplines and
Ideas in the Social Sciences. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. Dela Cruz, A. R., Fadrigon, C., & Mendoza, D. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Tatel, C., Jr. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Ong, Jose et al, (2016), Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Philippines. Vibal Group, Inc. https://psa.gov.ph/population-and-housing

Prepared by: Checked and recommended by:

MARIDEL P. DE GUIA JENNIFER D. SOTELO


DISS 11 Teacher Principal

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