COI N S OF RO M A N E M P E RO R S .

No l
. .
— T ITUS . No 2. .
-H AD R I AN . N o 3 — C O N S TAN T I N E
. . .
 GO LGO T HA
A ND

THE H O LY S E P U L C H R E

BY T HE L AT E
41> Cb »

W
W
?
M A J O R -G E N E R A L S I R C . ILSON ,

R E
. .
,
LL D
. .

ED I T E D B Y

CO LO N E L SI R C . M WAT S O N
.
,
R E
. .
, C B
. .
,
M A
. .

P ublish e d by

T HE C O M M I T T E E O F T H E P A LE S T I N E E X PL O R AT I O N F U N D ,

38 , C O NDU I T S T R E ET , LO N D O N , W .

A ll r ig /
1M ros e / wed.
 H A R R lS O N A N D S O S , N
q
vruc s I N O R D IN A R Y To H I S M A J LS I Y, ‘

bI
'
‘
M A RTI N '

S L AN E, LO ND N
O , W . C .
 C ONTEN TS .

I N T R O D U C T O RY N OT E

C H AP TER I .

GOL G OT H A— T II E N A ME

C H A P TER I I .

WA S T H E RE A P U B LI C P L AC E OF EX EC UT I O N AT J E R US AL EM I N
TH E TI ME OF C HR I S T ?

C H AP TE R II I .

THE T O P O G R A PHY OF JER U S A LE M AT THE T IME OF T II E

C RUC I F I X I O N

C H A PT E R I V .

T II E P OS I T I O N OF G OL G OT H A— T H E B I B L E N A RR A T I V E

C H A PT E R V .

ON THE P OS I T I O N OFERT A I N P L A C E S M E N T I O N E D I N T H E
C

B I B L E N A RR A T I V E — GE T H S E M AN E — T H E H O U S E O F C A I A PH AS
— T H E H A LL O F T H E S AN HE D R I N — T H E P R E T O R IU M

C H A PTER V I .

T II E AR GU M E N TS I N F AV O U R OF T HE A U T HE N T I C I T Y OF THE

T RAD I T I O NAL S I T E S

C H A PT E R V I I .

T H E H I S TO RY OF J ER U S A L E M , A D
. . 33 — 3 26
N ote on th e C o i ns of f Elia

C H A P TE R V I I I .

T H E A TT I T U D E OF THE E A R L Y C HR I S T I AN S T OW ARDS G O LC OT I I A
AND THE T OM B
 IV

P A GE

C H AP T ER I X .

THE I D E N T I F I C A T I ON o r T H E T R AD I T I O NA L S I T ES WI T H
G oLG o T H A AND T H E T O M B I N TH E R E IG N OF C O N S T AN T I N E

C H A PTER X .

T HE O R I ES W I T H RE G AR D To T HE P OS I T I ON S or G O LG O T H A AND
THE T OM B

C H A P T ER X I .

THE A N C I E N T W A L LS or J ER U S AL E M
1 G e n e ral R e m ark s
. .

2 T he C ity W alls in A D 7 0
. . . .

3 T h e W a lls of th e R om an C am p
.
, A D
. . 7 0— 13 2 .

4 T h e “ a lls of [ Eli a C a p itoli na

.
f
.

AP PEN DI C ES

P A GE

A pp e n di x I .
—
Li s t of A uth ors an d A uth ori ti e s re f e rre d to

A p p e n di x I I — List of I m p ortan t Da t e s
.

1 . H is tori ca l D at e s .

2 . Dat e s of Earl y A uth ors arra n ge d C h ron o l og ic all y .

A pp e n di x I I I — E vide n c e of E arly C h risti an Write rs w ith re gard

.

t o t h e Orig i n of t h e P l a c e -n am e G ol goth a

A pp e n di x I V .
— E x t ra c ts f rom Gre e k an d Lati n W rit e rs l ti n g
re a

t o th e H istory of J e rus al e m , A D
. . 3 3 —3 26

A p p e n di x V . t c ts f rom G re e k an d La ti n W rite rs de sc rip

—E x ra

ti ve of t h e C i rc um s t a n c e s un de r w hi c h th e H ol
y S e p ul c h re

w as b rought t o Light

A p p e n di x V I .
— R e fe re n c e s t o t h e T om b an d C ros s b y E us e b i us
an d C y ril

A p pe n di x V I I .
—G e n e ra l G o rdo n s ’
V i e w s w ith re gard t o th e
P os iti o n of G o l g oth a

A p pe n di x VIII . Dr . R obi n s on
’
s V i e w s w it h re gard to th e
P os iti on of th e T hi rd W all of J e rus al e m
 I LLUS TR A TI O N S .

P A GE

Co i n s of th e R oman E mp e rors, T it us , H adri an , an d C onst an ti n e

F rontisp iec e
P ortra it of th e l ate M aj or-G e n e ral S ir C W . . W ils on K C , . . B .

P l at e I .
— M osai c in th e Aps e of t h e B asili c a of S . P ude n z ian a ,
R om e

P l at e II . ill s i de w ith cul ti vat e d t e rrac e s

-H
, e n d ng i in s c arp s
w ith roc k h e w n t om bs
-

P l at e I I I — T om bs w ith t e rrace s in f ron t

g de n
ar . No 1 . . N e ar
"
th e
“
T om b s of th e J udge s s al e m N o
J er u ,
. . 2 .
“
I II th e
V a ll e y of H i n n om

P l at e I V .
— N o 1 T h e M oun t
. . of O li ve s as se e n f rom J e rus al e m
th e Garde n of Ge ths em an e in f ore groun d . No 2 . . D av i d s ’

T o w e r prob ably th e sit e of th e P rae to ri um

P l at e V .
— N o 1 T h e B a rrack s
. . at th e n or th -w e st c orn e r of th e
H a ram ; p rob ably t h e s ite of A n ton i a Ec ce
'

N o 2 Th e . . .
“

H om o arch a re li c of H adri an s c ity of [ E lia

” ’

P lat e V I .
— Coi n s of R om an E m p e rors . N o 1 H ad rian
. . . No 2 . .

D iadum e n ian H ad ri an . No . 3 . . No . 4 A n ton i n us P i us

. .

NO . 5 M A ure li us an d V e rus
. .

P l at e V I L— C o in s of R om e an d J udae a . No . 1. C oi n of F i rs t
R e volt . No . 2 . C oi n in w h i c h ta x w as pa i d . No . 3 . C oi n
of S e c on d R e v olt . No . 4 C oi n
. of S e c o n d R e volt . No 5 . .

M e dal of V e s pas i an . No 6 . . C oi n of D om itian

P l at e V II I Grotto S k ul l
”
E1 E dh e m iy e h ; J e re m iah an d
“
’
s

H ill

P l at e I X .
—P a rt of th e M os a i c of M ad e b a, sh ow i ng th e w a lls ,

ga e t s , an d m ai n stre e ts of J e rus al e m
F ig u
re l .
—T om b s ton e f rom Gaza
Fi gure 2 .
— C o n of i P on ti us P il a t e , A D
. . 3 2— 33

F i gure 3 .
— C oi n of th e E m p e ror H a dri an , f oun de r of th e c ol on y
of ZElia

F i gure 4— C oi n
. of th e Em p eror An ton i n us P i us ,
w ith turre te d
bus t of th e c ity
F i gur e 5 — I n s c ri pti on
. f oun d at e a st e nd of C h urc h of H oly
S e pul c h re

F i gure 6 P l an of groun d J e re m ia h G ro tto

’
,
— n e ar s

F igure 7 S e c ti on th roug h J e re m iah G rotto an d the

’
— s
.

Q uarri e s
F igure 8 .
— P lan of the A n c i e n t W alls on th e n ort h e rn si de of

J e rus al e m

F i gure 9 .
— P l an sh ow i n g alt e rnati ve lin e s of th e se c on d w all
F i gure I O — C a m p . of th e T e n th Le gi on at J e rusa l e m

F igure 11 Ge n e ral G o rdon s sk e t c h S k ull H ill

’ ”
of
“
an d
“
.

c h urc h e s
F i gure l 2 .
— S k e tc h by G e n e ra l G ordon ill us t rati v e
,
of th e
re a l ti v e pos iti on of s ite s a t J e rus al e m

P l an of J e rusal e m At e nd o
f volume
F rom a P hotograp h by M ess rs 511m? !
. a nd F

M AJ C R -G E N ER A L S I R C H AR L E S W W I LS O N
.
,
F R S .
 I N TR O DU C TOR Y N O TE .

-
WH EN th e l at e M aj or -G e n e ral S ir C h arl e s Wils on w as e ngag e d
up on t h e Ord n anc e S urve y of J e rus al e m in 18 6 4— 5 h e m ad e a ,

pl an of th e C h urc h of t h e H ol y S e pulc h re an d t h e buildings

surr ounding i t w h i ch w as publis h e d on th e sc al e of 7 56 His
,
.

a tt e n t i on w as n at u rall a t t r a c t e d t o t h e q ue s t i o n of t h e v a lidit y
y
o f t h e t radi t i on a l si t e s of t h e Hol S e p ulc h re an d of G olg oth a
y ,

a n d h e c oll e c t e d in t h e e ars th at h av e e l aps e d sinc e t h e d at e of

, y
th e surv e y , a m ass of in for mat i on b e aring up on th is v e ry
i n t e re s ting subj e c t Muc h of th is in for mat i on w a s i n cl ud e d in a
.

”
s e ri e s of art icl e s e n ti t l e d G olgoth a a n d t h e H ol y S e pulc h r e
“
,

w h ic h S ir C Wils on c on tribu t e d t o th e Qua rterly S tatement of the

.

P a lestine E ap tom tion F und in t h e y e ars 1902 - 4 T h e s e art icl e s

.

h e d e cid e d t o r e publis h in b ook f orm s o a s t o r e nd e r t h e m m or e

,

e asil a cc e ssibl e t o th os e w h o w e r e in t e r e st e d in t h e s t ud y of th e
y
qu e s ti on He re c as t an d e x t e nd e d t h e origin al p ap e rs t h us
.
,

a d ding m u c h t o t h e ir v a l ue an d h ad c omm e nc e d pri n ting t h e

,

b ook w h e n at t a ck e d by t h e i lln e ss w h ic h t e rm in a t e d in h is m uc h
t o be l am e n t e d d e a th .

With th e p e rm issi o n of L ady Wils on th e E x e cu t iv e C om

,

m it t e e of t h e P al e s tin e E xpl or ati o n Fund d e cid e d t o c om pl e t e

th e public a t i on of th e w ork . I t is p ossibl e t h at h a d S ir ,

C Wils on liv e d h e m ig ht h av e a dd e d t o it fur th e r bu t ior t n

.
, ,

n at e l
y t h e M S w. a s n e arl
y c om pl e t e ,
an d n ot e s t h at h e h a d

pr e par e d e nabl e d i t t o be pu t in t h e f or m in w h ic h i t is b e li e v e d
h e in t e nd e d t o publis h i t . T h e C omm i tt e e f e e l li tt l e d oub t th a t
t h e b ook will pr ov e o f gr e at v alu e t o s t ud e n t s of t h e qu e s t i o n ,

a n d th e nu me r ous r e f e r e n c e s will b e of assis t anc e t o th os e w h o

wis h t o c onsult t h e origin al au th ori t i e s .

C . M WA TS ON
. .
 GOLGOTHA AND THE HOLY SEPULCHRE .

C HA P TE R I .

G OLGOTH A —
TH E N AME .

C H R I S T, cc ordi n g t o S t M at t h e w w as le d out f or crucifixion t o

a .
,

a pl a c e c a ll e d Golg oth a th a t is t o h pl ac e of a skull

s a t 1
y e , ,

M ark h as t h e pl ac e G olg oth a w h ic h is b e ing in t e rpr e te d th e

, , ,

pl ac e of a skull a n d J oh n th e pl a c e c all e d t h e pl a c e of a “
,

skull w h ic h is c all e d in He bre w G olgotha ; Luk e a Gr e ek

,
”
, ,

w ri t ing in G re e k f or G e n t il e re a d e rs h as si m pl y th e pl ac e ,
“

2
w h ic h is c all e d t h e skull
”
.

I t is cl e ar fr om th e ab ov e t h at C h ris t w as c rucifi e d at a
t h e sku
”
k n own sp o t wi th a dis t inctiv e n am e,
ll or th e pl ac e ,

o f a skull Wh at w as t h e origin of th is curi ous pl a c e -n am e ?

.
”

G olgoth a is t h e G re e k t ransli te r at i on ( th e s e c on d I b e i n g
3

d ropp e d out ) of t h e Aram aic G u lgztlta w hic h c or re sp onds t o t h e

’

He b re w Gulgdlet/t Th e Gr e e k e quiva l e nt of t h e He b re w w ord

.

is p m u ( kran ion ) t h e L at in c alm rto an d t h e E nglis h skull

’
x a o , , , , .

Th e Bibl e giv e s n o e xpl an at i on of t h e origi n of th e w ord an d ,

w e h a v e t o t rus t t o tr adi ti on an d t o t h e sp e cul a t i o ns of th os e

4
C h ris ti a n w ri t e rs w h o h av e re fe rr e d t o t h e subj e c t In .

1
A ll qi uot ation s f rom t h e B ib l e a re , un l e ss o th e r wi se st te d a ,
f rom t h e
R e vi s e d V e rs on .

2
E is 7 6 ml Ae y oy e vov P o Ayo OE
1 i Os i o n Ae yoy e uos k pa viou w
' ‘
os
( M att x x v ii
.
,

3 3) i 7 61rov, O ( f or ; y e Oe py nve vO/Ae voy , x pa uio u 7 61ros

évri l oA yoOE ( M ark x v, 22)
‘
'

e is 6V A e y dp e vov x pa y to u T CII OV ii Aé ye r a i EBpa

7
‘ ’ ' '
‘
'
r i (Jo
i I oA yoOE
‘
'
hn x ix ,

e w i 7 6V 7 61rov 7 6V x aA oé p c- vov x p a u iov ( Luk e x xiii ,

’

3
A c cordi n g t o N e s t l e ( Z e its c lt mf t de s D e uts c ke n P a lcis ttna Vere in s ,
'

x xv iii , . c orre ct f orm is p robably G ag alth a

p 40 ) t h e .

e p l ac e - G ol goth a is n ot f oun d ap p a e n tly in t h e w ritin g

4 Th n am e r
, , s

o f C l e m e nt I re n ae u I gnati us J usti n M arty or in th os e of an y G re e k

,
s, ,
r,

w ri te r b e f ore th e t i m e of O ri ge n ( A D 18 5 . .
 2

co nside ri n g t h e l at t e r it is n e c e ss ary t o b ear in mi nd th e r e l ative

o pp ort u n i t i e s p oss e ss e d by Gr e e k an d L at in au th ori t i e s fo r
a cq ui ring l o c a l in f orm a t i on S om e of t h e Gr e e k writ e rs w e re
.

b orn in P al e s tin e w h ilst o t h e rs liv e d in t h e c oun t ry for m any

,

y ea rs in cl os e c ont a c t w i th t h e p e opl e S e v e ral of t h e L at i n .

w ri te rs h ad n o l o c a l kn ow l e dg e a n d e xc e pti n g J e rom e a nd , ,

R ufi n us f e w of th e m re sid e d f or a n y l e n g th of ti m e in P a l e sti n e
, .

All owa nc e m us t als o be m ad e for th o s e s h a d e s of th ought an d

f e e ling w h ic h disti n guis h e d t h e G re e k f rom t h e R om an an d f o r ,

t h e di ffe re nc e s b e tw e e n e as t e rn a n d w e st e rn t e nd e nci e s a n d

sup e rstiti on s .

T h e r e are th re e t h e ori e s wit h re gard t o t h e origin of t h e

pl a c e n ame
1 . Tha t it w as derived f rom a
f A da m tra dition tha t the skull o

wa s p reserved in the p lac a — T h e e arli e st kn own G re e k wri te r t o

c o nn e c t Ad am wit h G olg o th a is Orig e n ( A D 18 5 w h o liv e d . .

in P al es ti n e f or 20 y e ars (A D 2 3 3
1
w as a p e rs on al f ri e nd of
. .

th e Bis h op of J e rus al e m a n d a s o und H e b re w sc h ol ar , Orige n .

s tate s th at th e re w as a H e b re w t radi t i on t o t h e e ff e ct th at Adam

2

w a s buri e d a t t h e P l a c e of a S kull A th an asius (A D 2 96 3 7 3 ) . . .

—

s ay s th a t C h ris t did n ot suffe r i n an y ot h e r pl a c e bu t in t h e “

,

P l a c e of a S kull whi c h t h e He bre w t e ac h e rs d e cl are w as Ada m s

’

”
se pulc h re 3
Ep ip h an ius ( A D 3 12
. w h o w as of He b re w . .

o ri in
g writ ,
e s t ha t O u r L ord J e sus C h ris t w a s c rucifi e d a t
“

G olgoth a in n o oth e r pl ac e t h a n t h at in wh ic h Ad am lay

,

buri e d 4 .
”
Ba sil of C ae sar e a (A D 3 29 giving th e Ad am . .

l e ge nd in a full e r f orm stat e s th a t i t w as a p re val e nt be li e f

,
“

”
h u
pre s e rv e d in t e C h c h by a
r n un wri tte n t radi ti on 5
th a t Ad am ,

w as buri e d a t t h e P l ac e of a S kull w h e re C h ris t w as c rucifi e d , .

O ri ge n h ad p re vi ous ly v is it ed Pa le ti s ne in A D . . 2 15 an d ci c r a A D
. . 2 26 .

2
A p p e n di x I II , 1 . .

3
A p pe n di x III 2 .
, .

4
A p p e n di x I II 3 .
, .

A p p e n di x III 4
5
T h e O p h y l c t B is h o p o f B ul gari a ci r c A D 107 0
.
, . a , , a . .
,

de s c r i be t h e b e l i e f as h av i n g co m e do w n
s f o m t h e H oly F ath e rs ( C o m r

men t y o n S t M a k x v ; M i gn e P trolog i G r aec

ar . r , c x x iii c ol
,
and a a, , . a

n e cc l e s ias tic al t aditi o n

as a
( C omm e n ta y n S t J oh x ix i bid c i v
r r o . n,
,
.
,
xx ,

c o l.
 3

3 47 — 40 7 ) b uri a l
’
C h ry s ost om ( A D c on n e cts Ad am s d ea t h an d
‘
. .

wit h th e P l a c e of S kull , an d do N on n us P an opolitan us

’
3. so

c irca A D B a sil of S e l e uci a ( Bis h o p A D an dw ho

( . . 38 5 . .

c a lls it a t ra diti o n of t h e Je w s 3
T h e t radi t i on is n ot m e n .

-
t ion e d by E us e bius ( A D 2 60 by C y ril of J e rus a l e m ( c trm . .
.

A D
. 3 15. or by t h e h ist ori ans of t h e fi f th c e n t ury
T h e odore t S oz om e n a n d S o cr a t e s
, ,
.

Th e re fe re n c e s t o t h e Ad am l e ge n d in L a t in w rit e rs a re
fe w I t app e ars in s om e v e rs e s d oub tfull y ascrib e d t o T e rtulli a n
.

4 a n d in a
( A D. 1 5 5 . a n d a pp e nd e d t o h is g e n uin e w orks ;

l e tt e r from C y pri an (Bis h op A D 248 ) t o P op e C orn e li us w h ic h

5
. .
,

is n ot a cc e pt e d as g e n uin e by Mign e A m b ro s e ( c irc a A D 3 40 3 97 ) . . .

—

w rit e s T h e re ( at G olg oth a) w as t h e s e pulc h re of Ad am a n d ,

a scrib e s a H e b re w origin t o th e t radi t i on

6
J e r om e (A D 3 46 — 420 ) . . .

giv e s th e l e ge nd wi th out c om me nt in th e l e t te r of P aul a a n d

Eus toc h ium t o M arc e ll a bu t e ls e w h e re h e c alls i t a sta g e ,
“

”
m i ra cl e an d p rop o s e s a di ff e re n t e xpl an at i o n
, of t h e w o rd
7
G olg ot h a T h e re is a n ot ic e of i t in t h e ( spuri ous ) six th s e rm o n
.

o f Aug u stin e ( A D 3 5 4
8
bu t n on e in the h is tory of R ufi n us
. .

( A D. 3 4 5 . A f t e r th e fifth c e n t u r
y t h e Ad am l e g e nd

a ppe ars t o h av e b e e n g re a tl y e nl arg e d if w e m ay j udge f r om ,

t h e c h ara ct e r it a ss um e s in th e wri tings of th e Ass ri a n Bis h op

y ,

M os es B ar C e pha ( t e n th c e n t u ry ) an d of th e Pat ri arc h of

9
,

Ale xa ndri a S aI d ibn Ba t rak or Euty c h ius (A D 8 7 6 1°

It
‘ '

, , . .

a pp ears in its m ost c om pl e t e fo rm in t h e Eth i o pic Book of

”
Adam 11
w h ic h b e a rs e vid e nt t r a c e s of h avi n g re a c h e d Aby ssini a
,

1
A pp e n di x III .
, 5 .
2
A pp e n di x III .
,
6 .

3
A pp en d ix III .
, 7 . See l A n astas i us S in e ita ( d A D
a so . . . H e r ze
m er o n, li b . vii ; p re s e rve d in Lati n o n ly ( M i gn e P t olog ia G ,
a r r ee ce l,
i
xxx x ,

c ols . 9 43
i x II I 8
A p p e nd .
, .

A p p e n di x III 9 i
5
.
, ,
.

A p p e n di x III 10 i 11
6
.
, , ,
.

p p e n di x I II 11 i ii iii
7 A .
, , , , .

A p p e n di x III 12
3
.

A p p e n di x III 13
9
.
, .

0 ‘
A p pe n di x III 14 .
, .

n
A G e rm n tra n l ati on w a s p ubl i sh e d in
a s A D . . 18 5 3 by D illm an n ( D o s
C h i s t li ch
r A d m bu h de s
e ll org e n la n de s
a c I
,
in
’
l
E w a d s J a h rbii e h e r de r

A 2
r za Egy pt T h is c uri o us d e v e l op m e n t is pu re l y Ori e n tal an d is
.

f o un d in t h e w orks of n o We s t e r n w ri t e r .

An e ss e n ti al p art of t h e l e ge n d app e ars t o h av e b e e n t hat t h e

t om b of Adam w as in th e c e n t re or n av e l Of t h e e ar th an d th is
p ositi on is a ssig n e d t o G olg oth a by w rit e rs w h o do n ot c onn e c t
t h a t pl ac e w i th Ad am T h us C y ril of J e rus al e m c alls it t h e .
“

v e ry c e n t re of th e e arth ; Didy m us Al e xa n d ri nus (A D 30 9

1 ”
. .

t h e c e n t re o f t h e univ e rs e
2
Victo ri n us of P oiti e rs th e ,
“

m iddl e of t h e w h ol e e art h ; S op h ron ius (c irc a A D 5 6 4

3
. .

th e n av e l of t h e e a rt h a n d A n d re a s C re t e n sis A r c h bis h op
(
“

”
O f C re t e A D t h e m iddl e of t h e e arth 5 “
, . . .

I t m ay n o w b e ask e d wh e th e r th is C h ris ti a n t r adi t i on or any ,

p art of it is of H e b re w origin ? I n t h e p e ri od p re c e di n g th e
,

C h risti an e ra w h e n t h e pl a i n n arrat iv e of t h e Bibl e h ad b e c om e

,

t oo si m pl e f or t h e t as te s of t h e age t h e liv e s of t h e t h re e g re a t ,

h e r oe s Adam Abrah am an d M os e s w e r e e l ab orat e l y e m b e l

, , , ,
“

lish e d with fi c t iti ous l e g e n ds Th e C h ris t i an s w h e n t h ey .

,

a cc e pt e d t h e s e J e w is h l e g e n ds e l ab orat e d t h e m wit h gr e at z e al , ,

a n d it is n o w of t e n i m p ossibl e t o dis t i n guis h wit h any c e r tain ty

b e t w e e n w h at is J e w is h an d w h a t is C h ris t i an Fiv e w orks on .
”

t h e li fe of Ad am h av e c om e d o w n t o us an d al th oug h t h e a re
y , ,

un que s ti on abl y of C h risti a n origin t h ey are n o l e ss c e rt ainly ,

b as e d up on J e wis h t radi t i on s of g re at e r a n t iqui ty A B ook of .

”
Ad am w h ic h h as un f or t un at e l y b e e n l o s t is r e fe rre d to in th e
, ,

Ta l m ud 6
B ut Ad am is di re ctl y c on n e c t e d w it h J e rus al e m by
.

t h e c e l e b ra te d J e wis h R a bbi M o s e s be n M ai m on or M ai m on id e s ,

c
B i blis h e n Wis s e n s c h af t vol v ; , . G o tti n ge n , A D . . and an Eng is l h
one , The B ook of A da m a n d E ve ,
by M a l an ,
in 18 8 2 .

1
C a te h et i c c alLe c tu res , x iii 28 M ign e P
, ,
a tr o lo
g i a G ree c e ,
xxx i ii ,

D e T r i n i ta te , lib 1 . M i gn e P t ol g i a
,
a r o G r ae m , x xx x , i c ol s . 3 2 3 -3 26 .

3
A pp e n di x III .
,
9,
4
A na cr e o t i c n a, xx, l ine 29 ; M i gn e , P a tr olog i a G r ee c a , l xxx v ii ,

c ol O ra t i o v
D e F es to S a n c t i C r uc is , i bi d , c ol
, . .

I n E x a lta t i on e S a n c t i Gr a c ia, ( O ra i o x i) M i gn e , P a tr olog i a G r aec a , II . t

x cii i, c ol . l
S e e a s o J e rom e , i n E z e k v , 5 M gn e , P a tro log ia L a t in a , . i
x x v, c o l 5 2 ; H i lari us , i n M a t t x x xi ii ; M i gn e , P a t r olog ia L a tin a , ix ,
. .

c ol s.
G
Th e A po s toli c C on s titut i on s ( vi , 16 ) m e n t ion c h a l B ook o f
an a
p o ry p
A dam ( M i gn e ,
P a tr olog ia G r ee c a , i , c ol
. a n d E i h an i a s ( A dve r s u
p p s
 6

the
“
st on e of fou n d a ti on or area sheteyah in th e T e m pl e a s th e , ,

c e ntre or n ucl e us from w h ic h th e w orld w a s f ound e d 1

.

I t would th us app e ar c e rt ain t h at H e b re w traditi on c onn e c te d

t h e firs t m an wi th J e rus al e m t h e c e n tre of t h e e ar th a n d th at , ,

m o re t h a n a h un dre d y e ar s b e for e C o ns t a ntin e b uil t his c h urc h e s

in t h e H oly C i ty 2 th e re w as a tra di ti on cur re n t am on gst th e
,

C h risti ans of P a l e s t i n e t h at Ad a m h ad b e e n buri e d at G olg oth a ,

t h e c e n t re of t h e e art h T o th is t r a di t i on a H e b re w origin w as
.

a sc rib e d b O rig e n a n d A th an a sius an d a l th oug h w e c a nn o t

y , ,

t rac e i t b ack t o J e wis h s ourc e s it is e x tre m e ly p robabl e th a t th e ,

l e g e nd w as of p re -C h ris t i an d ate I t m ay p e rh aps b e a ssig n e d .

t o th e p e ri od a llud e d t o a b ov e w h e n J e wis h th oug ht w as s o

, ,

muc h e ngage d wi th t h e p a st Th e t ra di t i on as giv e n by Orig e n .

, ,

d oe s n ot s e e m t o b e on e th a t th e e arly J e wis h or G e n t i le
C h risti a ns w ould be lik e l y t o inv e nt a n d n o J e w w ould h a v e ,

o rigin ate d i t af t e r t h e C rucifixi on O n t h e oth e r h and if t h e .

,

t radi ti on w as of p re—C hristi an d ate i t is qui t e c onc e iva bl e th at ,

t h e R abbis w ri ting af t e r t h e C rucifi x i on a n d t h e d e s truc t i o n o f

,

Je rus al e m m ay h av e b e e n le d by m otive s th a t n e e d n ot be
, ,

sp e cifi e d t o t ran s fe r Ad am s l as t re sti n g pl a c e t o He b ron w h e re

,
’
-
,

t he P a tri arc h s w e re buri e d H ow e v e r absurd t h e Ad am .

t ra di ti on 3 m ay a pp e ar t o us a t th e pre s e n t day th e re c an be n o ,

d oubt w i th r e g ard t o its g e n e r a l a cc e pta n c e in i t s sim pl e st form , ,

by t h e C h risti an w ri te rs of t h e fi rst S ix c e n t uri e s 4 C y ril of .

J e rus al e m w h o s ay s t h a t G olg oth a w as s o n am e d b e c aus e

,
5

C h ris t t h e He ad of t h e C h urc h s uffe r e d th e re an d J e rom e

, , , ,

Dr . C h ap li n, in Q u r te r ly
a S ta t e me n t f
o th e P a le s ti n e E x p lor a ti o n
F un d , 18 7 6 , p 23 . .

2
A f te r t h e b uildi n g of th e ch urc h e s m os t of th e H e b re w tradi tion s
att c h e d to M ou t M o ia h w e e tr n fe rre d t o t h e N w J e us al e m
a n r r The a s e r .
”

A d m l e ge n d h a a diff e re n t o i gi n
a s r .

3
Th e tradi ti on is p e p e t ua te d by th e k ull o f te n cc m p anie d by c ro ss
r s ,
a o

h on e s w h ic h is se e b e n e ath th e c r s s o ru ifi x e an d in p ict ure s of t h

, n o , n c e s, e

C ruc ifi xi n o .

T h e G re e k d L ati C h urc h e s s ti l l h ol d th e t diti n th t A da m o

an n ra o a , r

at l e a st hi s h e ad w as b uri e d at G o l oth T h i v i w i h e l d by Quare s mi us

, g s a . e s ,

B aron ius M a s sius L ori us T o n ie llus J e re m

, , y T a lo
y n G W,
ill i ams an d
r ,
r, .
,

oth e rs.

5
A p p e ndi x III 16 .
, .
w h os e vi e w s are discuss e d in t h e n e x t s e c t i on are t h e only ,

wri te rs of i mp or ta nc e w h o e xpl ai n t h e w ord wi th ou t c on n e c t i n g

it w i th th e t raditi on .

That Golgotha was so c a lled bec aus e it was the p ublic p lac e of
2 .

exec ution, and a bounded with the skulls of exe c uted c rimina ls — T h e s e
skulls a cc or di ng t o s om e aut h oriti e s lay a b out unburi e d an d
, , , ,

ac c ordi ng t o o th e rs w e r e h idd e n from vie w in an a dj oi n in g ,

roc k h e w n to m b
~
into wh ic h th e h e ads and b odi e s of t h ose
,

w h o w e r e e x e c ut e d w e re c a s t 1
.

I n th e w orks of Gr e e k a u th ors th e re is n o indica ti on of a ny

be lie f or traditi on th a t G ol goth a w as a publi c pl a c e of e x e c u
ti on Th e id ea app e ars t o h av e o rigin a t e d wit h J e rom e w h o
.
,

wri te s O utsid e t h e city an d w ith out th e ga te th e re are pl ac e s

w h e re in t h e h e a ds of c o nd e m n e d cri m in als a re cut off a n d ,

w hic h h a ve ob tain e d t h e n am e of C alvary — t h at is of t h e ,

oe h eade d F r om t h is it is e vid e nt th a t C alv ary d oe s

n ot m e a n t h e s e p u l c h re of th e fi rs t m an but t h e pl a c e of t h e ,

”
be h e ad e d 2
J e rom e s vi e w w as a d opt e d by th e V e n e rabl e Be de
.
’ 3

( A D. 7 3 0 ) a n d
. o th e r L a ti n w rit e rs T h e f ull e r e xpl a n a ti o n of .

t h e pl a c e n am e is giv e n by N ic o l aus de L y r a
- b e c aus e t ha t
pl ac e w as f ull of t h e h e ads of t h e d e a d w h o h ad b e e n de c api
4 b
”
ta te d th e re sinc e m al e fa c t o s r w e re p u is h e d a t h e sp o t
,
n t ; a n d y
Eras mus b e c ause t h ey c as t th e re t h e h eads of t h os e w h o w e re
”
e x e cut e d
5
I n t h e s am e s e n se J e re m y Tay l or ( A D 16 13— 6 7 )
. . .

w rite s t h e c h arn e l h ous e o f t h e ci ty

,
“
an d t h e pl ac e o f ,

A c c ordi n g to t h e T a l m ud o f J e rus al e m , S a nh e dri n vi, 9 , 10 ( w ri tte n a bo ut

A D
. . t h e S an h e drin p o s s e s se d t w o p ubl ic b ur ia l -p l ac e s — o n e f o r th os e
de c a p itate d o r s tran gl e d, t h e o th e r f o r th os e s to n e d o r burn e d W h e n th e .

fl e s h h ad di s ap p e are d, th e bon e s w e re re m o ve d t o t h e f a m i ly tom b ( L e .

T a lmud dc J erus a le m , l t by M S ch w b P i s A D vol x , . tr an s a e d . a , ar , . .

2
A p p e di x III 11 i ii S e e h o w e ve
n t h e l e tte to M c e lla ( Ap p e n di x r, r ar

I II 11 i ) I n w h ic h J e o m e ap p e t acc e p t th e A d m l e g n d Th e q
, ,
.
.
,

.
, , ,
r uain t a rs o a e .

i de a of T h e odo i u ( i c A D th t C l va y w as o ca l l d be c au e m
s s c r a . . a a r s e s en

h ad th e ir h e ad s h ave d th e e ( i lli d tv b t u h o m i e ) n e ed o n l y b e
s r c ec a a an r n s ,

me n ti on e d ( D e T a S a ct T t vo l ii )
'
P l ti P i lg i m e rr n a a es ne r s ex s , . .

3
A pp di III 17 en x .
, .

0 » M tt x xvii 3 3 Q uote d b y B y na e us D e mo te J ew C h ri t i
a .
,
.
, r s ,

v l iii
o .
p 2 6 4 ( A m ste rdam A D
, .
,
. .

i’ I bid .
 8

ex e cuti on a n d F ull e r b e c aus e m e n s b on e s w e re sc atte re d

”
,
1
,
“ ’

th e re ab out s (but se e p
2
Gr oti us an d Vos sius fi on th e oth e r
”
.
‘

h and c on sid e r th at t h e sp ot w as n ot c all e d G olgoth a b e c aus e

,

skulls w e re l e f t ly i n g ab out sinc e th at w as c ontrary t o R om an ,

a n d J e wis h c ust om but f rom t h e f a c t t h at it w as th e public pl a c e ,

t hi s w as als o th e O pi n i on of L uth e r 4
of e x e cu ti on .

I n m ore re c e n t t i m e s th e e xpla n at i on h a s b e e n ad op t e d ,

e it h e r f ull or p a rti a ll y s o m e ti m e s a s an a l t e rn at iv e by s e v e ra l
y , ,

w rit e rs T h us Ple s s in g re m arks

.
5
B y th is n am e ( G olgoth a ) ,
“

”
t h e E v a ng e lists m e a n t h e pl a c e of e x e c ut i on a t J e rus a l e m ,

a n d S e pp h olds a si m il ar vi e w L angl ois c onside rs t h at

6 7 .

G olgoth a w as th e pl a c e w h e re c ri m i n als w e r e crucifi e d o r “

,

t h e gr e at J e wis h c e m e t e ry of J e rus al e m ; an d Warr e n ”

s ugg e s t s
8
th at i t m ay h av e b e e n t h e pl ac e of public e x e c u “

ti on w h e re b odi e s w e re a ll ow e d t o be d e v oure d by bi rds a n d

,

b e asts & c ( G e n x 1 19 2 Ki n gs ix 35 H e rod iii

, . . an d , , .
,

t h us h av e a cquire d th is n am e .

Th e argum e n t s u rg e d by t h e adv o c at e s of t h is e xpl an a ti on

are — T h at th e re w e r e in t h e t i m e of C h ris t a s t h e re a re at ,

p s t c e t in fix e d sp ots for t e e x e c uti on of c ri m in a s ; t h a t

r e e n r a , h l 9

t h e se pl a c e s w e re k n ow n by sp e ci al n am e s e g S es tei tium or ,
. .
,
'

S c a les Gemon icc a t R om e a n d ( u ) i T h ss l 10

th at
’

p f c orc s n , e a
y ; ,
xo a

L if e f
o C h r is t , x v, 30 (H e be r s i tion o f th e W ork s of J e rem y T ay l o
’
ed r,

iii, 2 60 ; (
f p . . 3 7 4, a hi ll of de ath n d de ad b o e s p oll ute d an d i m p u e
a n , r
2
P isg a h -S ig h t P a le s t in e , p 3 44
o
f ,
( L on d . .
,
A D . .

3
B yn ae us , D e M o r t e J e s u C h ri s t i .

M e y e r ( C o mm e n ta ry M a tt x x vn
on .
,
wh o a so l ci te s as su
pp or e rs t
of thi s vi e w — F i it z s c h e , S tra us s , fl h oluc k , an d F rie dh e b .

5
Ue be i G olg ot/za m ed C h r is t i ( H alls , A O . .

6
G o l gath a lb t h e i s t d H o c h ge ric ht
“ ”
se s s as ; J e r us a le m un d da s H ei lig e
L a n d, i ,
428 ( A . D . See l
a so M i s li n , L e s S a i n t s -L i m a , ii ,
25 ( P ari s ,

A D

q
. .

7 Un ch a
’

p it re i n e di t de la ues t io n des L ie ux -S a in ts ( P ar s , A D i . .

8
l i
A s a n a te rn a t ve v e w , H as n g s D i ti o na ry o t / wB i ble , A rt
’

f i
G o go ti l th c . a .

9
t c
F o r in s a n e , t h e M a m e r n e s h a d s u a
p a e on t h e P o m p e a n ch ti
l c i Wa y
o ut ide th i r ci ty ( M e
s e s s na i ) d t h e R om an o n e f r t h e c rucifi i on o f s l a ves
an s o

l ow e t c l a about R om n m i l e s f om t h e Es q
, x

a n d m al e f a c to r o f t h e s s ss, ui l i a r ne

G ate ( T ci t us A a ls v ,
n na ,
x ,

S ste rt i um f ro m mi t t iu th at i an d a h l f
( mi l e s f ro m
1 °
e tw , se s er s, s, o a

t h e ci ty ) ; dp zE c m ( Al e xan de r d A lc x an dro D i s G e ni les lib iii

x a ,
or s e , e a .
, ,
 9

th e re m ust
h av e b e e n suc h a pl a c e at J e rus al e m ; an d th a t its
n am e w as G olg o th a .

T h e obj e c t i ons t o th e e xpl an ati on are z— Th a t as t h e si n gul

n ot t h e plur al is a l w a s us e d in th e Bibl e n ar ra tiv e t h pl c
y , e a e
”
O f a skull ( h pl c sk ulls
'

p w v n otx a t o e a e O f “

”
or si m pl as in Luk e h skull n
( ) h m
’ '
“
y t e
,
m p m u t e
, a e x a o —

c ould n ot h av e re fe rre d t o a c oll e cti o n of skulls t h a t d e c apit a

ti on th oug h it w as a Ro ma n f orm of punis h m e n t an d m ay h av e
, ,

p re vail e d a m ongst th e J e ws und e r R om an rul e w as n ot a ,

c om m on J e wis h cus t om an d t h a t t h e n am e wh ic h p ossibly , ,

e is te d b e f ore t h e R om a n occ upa t i on f P a l e s t in e c ould n o t

x o ,

h ave b e e n d e rive d from t h e sk ulls of d e c api t at e d p e rs ons ; t h a t

sinc e in a cc ordanc e wi th J e wis h law ( D e ut xxi
, th e Je w s .
,

buri e d th os e w h o h ad b e e n put t o d e at h on t h e e v e n i n g of t h e
day of t h e i r e x e cuti on a n d c rucifi e d J e wis h c ri m i nals w e re
,

a ll ow e d b uri a l und e r t h e R om a n s l t h e unb uri e d d e a d or t h e i r ,

skulls c ould n ot h av e b e e n l y ing ab out th at a fi x e d public pl a c e

of e x e c ut i on a cc o rdi n g t o We st e r n id e a s
,
is unkn o wn in t h e ,

E ast an d t h at if suc h a pl ac e e xist e d at J e r us al e m an d w as

, ,

kn own as G olg oth a t h e n am e w ould p rob abl y h av e b ee n a t ta c h e d

,

t o pl a c e s of a si m il ar n at ure in o t h e r p art s of P a l e s t in e th e re —

is h owe v e r n o k n ow n inst an c e of s uc h us e of t h e n am e 3
t h at
“

, , ,

if t h e w ords in J oh n xix 41 M att xxvii are t o b e ta k e n

, ,
.
,

li te rall y t h e e xpl an ati on involv e s t h e al m ost inc onc e ivabl e

,

t h e ory t h at t h e gard e n of J os e p h of A ri m ath e a w as t h e public

pl a c e of e x e cu t i on or i mm e di at e ly a dj oi n e d it an d th at J os e p h ,

d e lib e ra t e l y m ad e a n e w t om b for h i m s e l f a t or v e ry n e ar a , ,

sp ot w h ic h e v e ry J e w m us t h av e r e g ard e d wi th a b h orr e n c e as
c a
p 5
.
p 9 2 )
, ra
. v e n o r c roa w t e
,
rm p ob a b ly b orro w e d fro m t h
,
a un bu i d r e r e

bo di e on w h ic h t h e b i ds f d
s r e .

M att x vii 5 3 J oh n x ix
. x ,
T h i s w a s ap p a re n tl y o m i tte d i n e x c e p
,

t ion al ci rc um s t n c e s ( J o s e p h us W r s iv 5

q
a ,
a , , ,

2
Th e s a m e ob j e c t i n a p p l i e w i th e ua l if n o t gr e ate
o f o rc e t o t h e
s ,
r,

s ugge s ti o ns of L an gl oi s a n d B o ve t ( V y g e n T ,
S i n t p 196 3 rd c d o a e e r re a e, .
, .
,

P ari s A D ,
. th a t th e n a m e w a app l i d to o r co n n e cte d w ith
. s e , ,
a

c e m e te ry o f r ck -h e w n t om bs o .

3
N o w in t h e p l a c e ( 3 m3 6mg) w h e e h e w a s c uci fi e d w a a ga rde n
“
11 7 r r s

a nd i t h e garde n a n e w to m b
n an d M tth e w sa y s th t J o se p h l i d t h a a a e

body in h is o w n n e w t om b
“ ”
.
 10

th t p h il l gic ll h vi t h at G olg o t h a m ea ns
l
1m c lean o a t e e w
; a o ,y ,

pla c e of e x e cuti on is in adm issibl e .

Th e e xpl an at i on of t e pl c e n a me in c ide n t ally rais e s t h e

h -
'

qu e sti on of t h e e xis te nc o e r n o n -e
xis t e nc e of a public pl ac e of
e x e cu t i o n at J e rus al e m T h is p oint is discuss e d in t h e n e xt
.

c ha p te r It w ill be suffici e n t h e re t o a dm i t t h at t h e P la c e of
.

S t oni n g or B e th h a-S e k e l ah m ay p ossibly h av e b e e n a fix e d

, ,

spo t in l ate Je wis h t e M a cc ab aean an d p ost-M acc ab aean t i m es

,
. .
, ,

a n d t h a t if S t e p h e n su ffe re d m art rd om a t t h e P l a c e of S ton ing

, y ,

t ha t sp o t w as a cc ordi n g t o a t r aditi on at l e a st a s old as t h e

,

fi f th c e n t ury ou t side t h e D am ascus G a te

,
T h e r e is h ow e v e r .
, ,

n o e vid e nc e o f a n
y k i nd t o s h o w th a t t h e B e th h a -
S e k e l ah w as

c a ll e d G olg o th a or th at i t w as t h e pl ac e a t w h ic h t h e R om a ns
?
,

e x e cu t e d c ri m i n als e i th e r b crucifixi n r b d e c pi t a ti on A
y o o y a .

c onsid e rati on of R om a n cus t om l e ads t o t h e b e li e f t h a t cr ucifixi o n

a t a J e w is h pl a c e of e x e c uti on if th e r e w e re on e w as a p o ssibl e , ,

but n ot a pr ob abl e o ccurr e nc e Au th oriti e s w h o a cc e p t th e vi e w

.

th a t G olgoth a w as a p ublic pl a c e of e x e c ut i on a re n ot alway s

a gr ee d w it h r e gard t o its id e n t i t wi th h e J e wis h P l ac e of
“
y t

For ins t an c e H ild e b rand r e gardi ng t h e t w o pl a c e s

”
S to n ing .
, ,

as id e n t ic al l oc ate s t h e sc e n e of S t e p h e n s m arty rd om at th e ’ “
,

”
pl ac e of a skull 3
C o nd e r b e li e v e s th at C h ris t w as crucifi e d
.

a t t h e B e t h h a S e k e l ah
- 4 Warre n on t h e oth e r h and wri t e s :
.
5
, ,

I t ( G olg o th a) w as p rob abl y dis tinc t from t h e pl ac e of s ton i n g ,

b e c aus e a t t h is ti m e t h e J e wis h S an h e d ri n th oug h i t c ould ,

c ond e m n c ould n ot put t o d e at h w it h out th e in te rv e n ti on of t h e

,

”
Ro ma n G ov e rn or .

B ec ause Golgotha , in some f as hion or other, resembled a huma n

3 .

euth— T h is is t h e e xpl an ati o n w h ic h fi n ds m ost f a v o ur at t h e

sl

It is , o r , q
th e h an d uite c on c e iv bl e th at J os e p h m ay h ave o w n e d
on th e a

the
gro un d in w h ic h t h e s up po d to m b f Ad m w a i tua te d d havese o a s s ,
an

sel e cte d a p lac e in it f o h is o w n e p ulc h re r s .

2
T h e re is n o p p ar n t co nn e ti o b tw e e n
a th e p l a c e o f a s k ul l o
e c n e
“
r

th e k ull s n d t h e i fl ic t i o
, a of t h de ath p e n lty by s t ni g
n n e a o n .

Q ui e x t urb m duc t us ad lm ri l c um J oac h im u H ilde bran dus

”
ra e ca / ce o . s ,

D e P re e ibus c e te r um
C h r is ti a n orum , p 17 , 10 ( A D . . .

H a n dbook t o t h e B ible , 4t h c d , 18 8 7 , p p 3 5 5 , 3 5 6 . . .

’
t c
H as in gs D i t io na ry of th e B i ble , A rt G o go a . l th .
 11

p re se n t day bu t th e r e are di ff e r e nc e s of Opini on wit h re gard t o

t h e n at ur e of t h e r e s e m bl a nc e A l arge m aj ori ty of write rs .

c onsid e r G olgoth a t o h av e b e e n e ith e r a r ou n d e d kn oll or und e r ,

f ea tur e of b ar e ro ck or a h ill o ck wit h skull s h ap e d t op ; an d

, ,
-

as s oci ate wi th it th e id e a of h e ig ht pr om i n e nc e an d w id e , ,

visibili ty T h us J e r e my T ay l or wri t e s :
.
l
C alvary a p lac e “
,

difficul t in t h e a sc e n t e m in e n t an d ap t f or th e public ati on of ,

”
s h am e a h ill of d e a t h a n d d e ad b on e s p ollu te d a n d i m pu re
, ; ,

F ull e r th a t i t w a s so c all e d
, E i th e r from t h e fas h i on th e re of “
,

b e c aus e th at h ill w as r ound e d up in th e f orm of a m an s h e ad 2 ’

a n d Warr e n F rom t h e app e ar anc e of t h e pl ac e i t s e lf f rom its

“
, ,

ro und an d skull lik e c on t our t h e H e br e w w ord G olg o t h a b e ing-

,

F is h e r H ow e
”
a ppli e d t o t h e sk ull f rom i t s ro und e d f or m 3
.

c onsid e rs
4 th at G olgot ha w as th e c ro wn of an is ol a te d skull “

” ”
s h ap e d h ill wi th a skull-lik e f ro n t or fac e a n d e m i n e ntl y
,
“
,
“

”
co n spicuous ; B ove t s ay s t h at it w as A s m all kn oll or
5 “
,

summ it lik e th os e s e e n in l arg e num b e rs t o t h e n orth of

,

J e rusa l e m I t w a s n o d oubt a b ar e r o ck s uc h as th o s e
.
,

Hanan writ e s th at G olgoth a c orr e sp onds

”
k olls usu ally are
n 6
.
,

i t s e e m s t o our w ord c ha umont an d pr oba bl y d e sign at e d a k n oll

, ,

”
e rtre den u
7
o f b ar e r o ck
( d ) h vi n g t h e f or m of a b ald h ead
’

t e a .

Th e n ius r e m arks th at I t m ay h av e h ad its n am e fr om its

,
“

lik e n es s t o a skull an d h e ci t e s as an al ogi e s t h e tu m uli in

T h e ssal y c all e d Cynoc ep ha lce ( Liv xxxiii t h e h ill c all e d

q
.
, ,

E bp zi h o latus c lau us n e ar S y ra cus e ( Th uc y d vii 2 ; L iv

s, ,
.
, ,
.

xxv ,an d t h e Oc h s e nk opf a p e ak of t h e Fic hte lg e birg e ,

.

tion of t h e w ork o f J e re my Tay l or i ii p 3 7 4 3

H e be r
’
s e di s , , . .

3
H as t in g D i c ti r
y f o t h s
’
e B i bl o b e c u e me n
on a b on es w e e e r, a s s r

s catte e d th e e ab outs F ull e r ( P i y h — n h t of P le t e P 3 44)

r r
”
s a a s in ,

H astin gs D i c tio ol goth a

’ ”
A G
“
y of th B i ble rt na r e ,
. .

Th T u S it of C lv y ( N e w Y o k A D
e r e e a ar r ,
. .

Of t h e S p e ak e
5
t h e B i bl N w T s t me n t v l i
’
. C o mm t y r s en a r on e, e e a , o .
,

p .1 90 o n M,
tt x
“
x vi i 3 3 — A m oun d s l o i n
a p g . on a ll s i de uffi,
ci e n tl y
“
s, s

h i gh to be s e e n f rom s om e di t n ce s a .
”

6
Voy ag e en T e rr e S a i n t e , p 19 6 . .

7 Vi e de J es us , l 6 th c -
d,p 429 . . .

3
G olg oth a , i
t e ,
in I llge n
’
s Z e its c h ri/t
"

f ur die h is tor is he
‘

c The oloy i e ,
v o l x ii
.
, t
P ar 4, p p 1—3 4 ( A . . D .
 12

A si mil ar vi e w is t ak e n by M ey e r w h o c om p ar e s th e G e r m an ,

use of t h e w ords kopf sc he itel an d stirn 1

G uth e maint ains th at
, ,
.

t h e n am e w as d e riv e d f rom a kn oll or b e tt e r s t ill a n und e r , , ,

fe at ure wi th a p roj ec t i n g cli ff of r ound e d f or m w h ic h re m ind e d ,

t h os e w h o l o ok e d at it of a skull His vi e w is th a t t h e n atu ral .

f e at u re w as t h e origin of t h e pl ac e -n am e an d th a t J e wis h f anc y

d e cl are d th e gr ot e sque skull t o be t h at of Ad am an d pl a c e d ,

t h e t om b of t h e fi rs t m an b e n e at h it ?
G e n e ral G ord on c on
s ide re d t h e re s e m bl a nc e t o a sk ull t o c onsis t in t h e f orm of t h e

groun d as r e pr e s e n t e d by a c on t our on t h e O rd n anc e S urv ey

,

P l an of J e rusale m 3 .

4
Th e e xpl an ati on is c on sid e re d un s atis fa c t ory by Al fo rd ,

M omm e rt an d oth e rs
5
, .

T h e re is n o indic at i on in t h e Bibl e th at G o lg oth a w as sk ull

lik e in f orm o r t h at C h rist w a s c rucifi e d on a kn o ll a h ill o ck
, , ,

or a h ill Th e n arr at iv e d oe s i n d e e d i m pl y t h a t t h e cr ucifixi o n

.

w as visibl e t o m an sp e ct at ors ; bu t th is w ould h a v e b e e n t h e

y
c a se if t h e c ro ss e s h ad b e e n e re c t e d in on e of t h e v all e y s th a t
e n cl os e o r i n t e rs e ct t h e J e rus a l e m pl at e au a n d t h e look e rs o n ,
-

h ad st ood o n its sl op e s Th e f e atur e s of t h e g ro un d n e ar t h e

.

city are in f ac t suc h t h a t e l e v ati on is n ot n e c e ss ary f or

, ,

visibility 6 .

N o e arl y G re e k o r L ati n w rit e r s ugg e s t s re s e m bl anc e t o a

‘

sk ull as an e xpl an a t i on of t h e pl ac e n am e a n d with t h e e x c e p -

,

ti on of C y ril of J e rus al e m a n d Gr e g ory N azia nze n n o G re e k ,

w ri t e r c on n e cts G olg ot h a w it h t h e id e a of h e ig h t o r al t itud e .

C o mme n ta ry on JI at t . x x vn ,
3 . A cc ordi n g to M e y e r, t h e w ri te rs
C alo vius , R e l a n d, B e n ge l ,
P aulus , L u k e , c de W e e , E w a d, B le e k , V o k m a r ,
tt l l
Ke i m , and W e i s s t ra c e t he n am e t o t h e s h ap e of th e h ill S e e al o B an dt
. s r ,

c
D ie E va ng e lis h e G e s h i h te , p 16 8 ; a n d Artsc c G ol gath a i S c h e nk e l
”
. . n ,

i h
B i be l L e x i k o n , an d R e m , H a n drvbr te r buc h de s bi bli ch n A lt tum
s e er s .

3
H a uck , R e a le n c y klop ze d ie f iir p r o te s t a n t is ch T h loy ie A rt G r b
e eo , . a

das h e ili g e ,
”
3 rd ed
.
(A . D .

3
O n th e 1
95 5
5 c l
s a e
p l an of 18 6 4— 5 ; see Qu a r te r l
y S ta teme n t, 188 5 ,
p 78
.
; 190 1, pp 4 0 2 40 3
.
, , an d A p p e n di x V I I .

4
T h e G re e k T e s ta me n t , v ol . i , p 29 2 ,. on M att . x x vu, 33 .

G olg oth a un d da s h e ilig e G r a b in J er us a le m ( L e i p zi g ,

A D . .

6
S ee t he t ct f o m A m b o e ( A p p e ndi x III 10 ii )
e x ra r r s .
, , ,
“
The p l cea of

th e c ros s was e i th e i t h e m i d t th at i t m i ght b s e e n of all

r n s , e , &c .
 14

R ufi n us 345 410) m e n ti ons th e ro c k of G olg otha

“
( A D . .
—
.

( Golgotha na ru
p );
es s e e a ls o Euc h e rius ( c irc a 1 A D . . Th e
m oun t is un k n own t o T e rt ulli an , Am br o s e ,
”
“
Augus t i n e an d
but in th e six th c e n tu ry G olg ot h a is re fe rre d t o as a m ount
( M ons
) in t h e B re viarius
3
( ci c
r a A D an d b
y T h e o d o sius ‘
. . .

B e d e an d Willib ald in t h e e ighth c e n tury re v e r t t o t h e e arli e r

, ,

” ”
f orm G olg ot h a an d th e pl a c e of a skull bu t in t h e ni n t h
,
“
,

c e n t ury M oun t C alvar y re app e ars in t h e pilg ri mag e of B e rn ard

“

I n l at e r ti m e s t h e e xpr e ssi on is -v e r f r qu tl
( A D
. .
y e e n
y
us e d by L a ti n a ut h ors f rom w h os e wri t i n gs i t h as p a ss e d int o
,

t h e l a n gu ag e s of t h e We s t I t w o uld al m ost app e ar t ha t t h e

.

We s te rn ty p e of m ind re qui re d a m ate ri a l e l e va t i on of G olgo th a

t o c om pl e t e t h e spi ri t ual id e a of l ooking up t o th e R e d e e m e r

up on t h e C ross an d t o e n sur e wid e visibility

,
A t any ra te th e .
,

id e a of h e ig ht in c onn e c t i on wit h t h e C rucifixion h as b ee n s o

p e rsis te nt in t h e We s te rn m ind t hat in L atin tran sl at i ons f rom
”
t h e G re e k h pl a c e of a sk ull is f t n r e nd e re d
’ '
“
p w v ,
x t
a e o r o rro s , o e

M ons Ca lvaries M ou n t C alv ary ,

6
a n d in t h e C a lv a ri e s of R oman

C at h olic c o un tri e s t h e cr oss s ta nds on an e mi n e n c e r e a c h e d by a

Via Dolorosa m ark e d by th e st at i ons of t h e C r o ss 7 S o to o in .
, ,

ou r ow n c ount ry t h e w ords of a p opul ar h y m n

,

T h e e is a g e e n h i l l f a aw ay out i de a ci ty w a ll
r r r ,
s

t ea c h e v e ry c h ild t o b e li e ve th a t C h ris t suffe re d on t h e t op of a

”
h ill . Th e origi n of t h e t e rm M ount C alvary m ay pe rh a ps “

be s ought in th e is ol ati on of t h e rock of th e C r o ss w hic h as w e , ,

H is tori a E c c le si a ti c a , ix , 6 . J uve n c us us e s t h e ex
p re s s on i th e fi e d l
m e d G o l goth a iv, M i gn e ,
”
na
( Eva ng e li na? H is tori es , lib . P a tr olog ia L a t ina ,
x ix , c ol .

2 3
P a les ti n e P i lg r ims T e x t s ,
’ ’
vo l 11
. . P a le s ti n e P i lg rims T e x ts , vo l 11 . .

4
D e T e rra S a n c ta , ii . Th e a cce p te d re ad n g i is lo cus C a lva r ies , as in
b ut MSS M ons Ca lvar ia
’
P a les ti n e P i lg r inn s Te x ts , vo l . 11, so m e o ld . re ad

( T obl e r an d M olin ie r I t ine r a H i e r os o ly mi t a n a , pp 6 3 ,

, .

5
P a les ti n e P ilg r i ms T e x ts , vol
’
. iii .

6
A lso lo cum sa c ri M an tis G o lg o th a , f or b r é wo s 7 0 5 «byte s l oA yoOE
i ‘
'
. E ve n
in th e las t En gl i h e diti on of S o om
s E l i ti l H i t y p l i z en s
’
cc es a ca s or x ar o v s

trans l ate d M oun t C alvary ( W c e an d S h afi N i c e d P t N i c e F tha c

’
, en an os en a e rs ,

vo l ii ) .

T he se W ay s f th e C ros w e e in t oduc e d by th e F ran ci c an s in t h

“
o s r r s e

M i ddl e A ge s f o th o e w h o w e re un b l e to m ak e a p i l gri m a ge to t h e H olv

,
r s a

Lan d .
P LAT E I .
 15

s ha ll s ee l ate r o n f orme d part of t h e d e sig n of C onstanti ne s

,
’

arc h it e ct I n t h e v e ry i n t e re s t i n g m os aic in t h e tribun e of t he

.

Ba silic a of S P ude n zia n a a t R om e w h ic h is supp os e d t o da t e

.
,

f rom th e f ourt h c e n tu ry a nd t o r e p re s e nt C ons ta nti n e s c h urc h e s

’
1
,

a t J e rus a l e m a n d 0 11 t h e M o unt of Oliv e s

, t h e c ro ss is re p re ,

s e n t e d as st a n di n g 0 11 a li t tl e h ill th a t c orre sp onds e xa ctly t o t h e

Moniic ulus Golgotha of t h e B ord e a ux Pilgri m I f t h is f orm w e re .

orig in all y giv e n t o t h e ro ck

2
t h e id e a t h a t its r oun d e d t op w as ,

skull-like w ould app e a l st ron gl y t o t h e mat e ri alis tic t e n d e n cy of

t h e We s t e rn m i n d .

O n s e ve ra l t om bst on e s of t h e six th c e n t u r
y f o und by ,

M C l e r m ont G ann e au in P a l e sti n e t he c ross stands up on a

.
-
,

t h re e-l ob e d or tre foil b as e w h ic h in a nci e nt art e g Assyri an , , , . .

, ,

is th e s y m b o l f or a h ill or m ount ai n M C l e rm on t-G an n ea u .

,

f rom w h os e Arc h aeol ogic a l R e s ea rc h e s t h e illus t ra t i on ( Fig 1) is

“
.

tak e n re gards t he sy m b ol as e vide n c e th at p opul ar b e li e f in ve ry

3
,

earl y ti m e s b e ga n t o re gard G olg ot h a a s a n e m in e nc e M oun t

”
C alva ry Th e b a s e s e e m s h ow e v e r t o be a c onv e n t i o n al re p re
.
, ,

”
sc uta ti on of t h e r o ck of t h e c ross wh ic h p ossibly fi rst c am e
“
,

1
c h urc h is s up p os e d to o cc up y t h e s ite of th e h o us e of P ude ns in
Th e ,

w h ic h S t P aul l o dge d . T h e t w o daughte r of P ude n w e re c o n ve ted b y

. s s r

S t P aul an d f ro m o n e o f th e m t h e c h urc h de ri ve s it s n a m e
.
, Th e m o s ai c .

e s e n t C h ri s t e n th ron e d a n d b l e s i n
r w i th t h e ri ht h an d B e i d H im
re
p s
g g , s e s .

are 8 8 P e te r an d P au l in th e c t o f b e i n g c ro w n d by t h e t w o daugh t e r o t
'
'

.
, a e s

P ud n e a n d o th e r fi ure s
s, I n th e b ack roun d are t h e c ro s s o n its ro ck
g g .
,

e m bl e m o f t h e E van ge l t s a n d bui l di n s w h ic h w ill be m o e f ully n otic e d

s is r
g ,

late r .T h e c h urc h is s ai d t o h a ve b e e n re s to e d by P o p S i rici u ( A D r e s . .

an d th e m o sa ic s th o ugh o f te n re p a ir e d t o date f ro m t h e f o ur th
, ,

c e n tu y or to h ave b e e n c op i e d f om othe rs of th at d te ( M urray H nd b k

r ,
r a ,
a oo

to R om e ) .

3
th o i ti e s be lie ve th at t h e M oun t C al vary of th e p e n t d
M an y au r re s av

i a a tifi ci al co st ruc t i on a d th i s w a s p e rh ap s t h e vi e w o f Q ua e m iu
s n r n ,
n , , r s s,

if w e m ay j udge f rom h is i n te rp re tati o of G re gory N a ian ze n

’

(A D n z s . .

3 2 5—3 9 1) C h i tu P ti e ns ( Ap p n di III M y o w n e x am i ation of t h

‘

r s s a e x . n e
,

s pot h a le d m e t o be l i e ve th at t h e M ou t i n a t ura l ro ck so m e w h t
”
‘
s n s , a

al t e re d f ro m it s o ri i a l f o rm b t h vi ci i tu d w h ic h i t h a s un de
g y s e n
go e s s r ne

an d t h e va ri ou r e c o truct i n o f t h e c h u c h
s ns Th e m s aic ap p e ars a t fi r t
o s r . o ,
s

s i ght t o con fi m t h e i de a of ti fi cia l c o truc ti on ; but t h e h o i o ta l li

, r ar ns r z n n es

a re
p obab l y i n te de d t o re p e s e t t h e th i n b e ds of l i m e to n e
r n r n s .

3
P l ti e F u d M e mo i
a es A ch ae olog i c l R
n n ch i P le t i 1 3 3 7
rs , r a es e a r es n a s ne

ii 40 7 40 9 410 416 and t h e a cc om p a y in g w oodcut s

, , , , , n .
 16

i n t o us e in t h e fi f t h c e ntury w h e n t h e atti tud e of th e C h u rc h in

,

J e rus al e m t o w ards h o ly pl ac e s an d sy mb olis m in a rt w as t o

“
,
”
,

t h e l ea st s m p at h e tic Th e s m b o l is s o sugge stiv e of a

sa
y ,y y .

h ill an d th e upp e r l ob e is s o sk ull like in form th at t h e w h ol e

,
-
,

f
c ould n ot fail t o s t re n gt h e n th e “ ost e rn th e ory th at G olg oth a
w as a h ill wit h a sk ull -s h a p e d s umm it .

F M} . 1
. T o n n s r on s FR O M G AZ A .

I t h as b e e n u rg e d in s upp ort of t h e vi e w tha t G olg oth a

,

de rive d its n am e f rom its skull -like app e ara nc e th at pl ac e -n am e s ,

o f a si mil ar n at ure o ccur in t h e Bibl e a n d J o s e p h us e g the ,

. .
,

s h ould e r G e n xlviii 2 2 cf J os h xv 8 xviii

.
, ,
th e
. .
, , ,

n av e l app are n t ly f or a p ass in Judge s ix 3 7 an d Gamal a f rom

, , , , ,

t h e h um p of a c am e l in J o s e p h us, P lac e -n am e s t ak e n from .

l

f anci e d r e s e mbl a nc e t o p arts of t h e h u m an b ody a re kn own in

a ll l a nguag e s but th e re is n o e vid e nc e th a t an p h sic a l f e a t ure
, y y
w as c a ll e d “
t h e skull 1
or t h e pl ac e of a skull
“
f rom i t s lik e ,

R l-J um e ij m e h , the l i ttl e k ulls a s m all vi llage on a h ill -top in

s ,

N o th e rn P a l e s ti n e h a s b e e n ci te d E n c c lo c G o l goth a
r
, ( y p di B i bli A rt ae a a
,
.

a s a n i ns tan c e of a
p l a c e n am e an al o o us to G ol oth a
-
g g T h e ori in of t h e n am e
g .
 17

n e ss t o a h uman sk ull in He bre w or in a ny o f t he c o gn a te, ,

l an guage s I t m ay be a dde d th a t t h e t h i n be ds of h ard s ilic e ous

.

c h alk or li m e s t on e w h ic h f orm t h e upp e r s urfa c e of t h e

, ,

J e rus al e m pla t e au do n ot w e a t h e r i n o bare ro cky kn olls of

,
t

skull lik e f orm an d app e aranc e s uc h a s a re s ome t i m e s t o be s e e n

-
,

in pl a c e s w h e re th e s oft e r roc k c om e s t o t h e su rfac e On th e .

s m all pl at e a u t h e k n olls onl y assu m e a r ound e d form wh e n

c ove re d with s oil or rubbis h T h e re is n o fe at u re w h ic h c an be .

c om pare d w it h th e S c h n e e k opp e in th e R i e s e n ge bi rge th e ,

S c h n e e k op f in t h e T h iiringe r Wa ld or t h e T ete de N ore n ea r , ,

M ars e ill e s cit e d by B ran dt as sk ull sh ap e d h ills re s e m bling

,
1 -

G olgoth a I f an y r e s e m bl anc e t o a skull e xis t e d at G olg oth a it

.

m us t h av e b e e n t o a p rofil e as sugg e st e d by G ut h e ( se e p .

T h e n at ura l c o n cl usi on f rom t h e ab ov e discus si on s e e ms t o be

th at G olgoth a d e riv e d its n am e f rom a l o c a l l e g e nd w h ic h c on s
.

us e t e d it wit h a sk ull p ossibl y th a t of Ad am as a ll t h e e arly

,
2
,

C h ris t i a n Fa t h e rs w h o m e n ti on t h e subj e c t a ss e rt An d t h a t t h e .

”
t h e ori e s w h ic h ide nti fy t h e pl ac e of a skull wit h a public“
.

pl a c e of e x e cuti on or wit h a sp ot w h e th e r on an e m in e nc e or
, , .

n ot w h ic h r e s e m bl e d a skull a re of l a te r gr ow t h an d p roba bl
, y , .

of We s t e rn origi n O n e i n t e re s ti n g bu t ve ry obscur e qu e s t i on
.
,

t h e p ossibl e c on n e c t i on b e t w e e n G olg o t h a an d t he n am e E lia ,

Cap itolina of Had ri an s n e w city is discuss e d in C h ap t e r I X

’
, , .

is n ot kn o wn b ut th e re is n o re e m bl an c e be t w e e n t h e h i ll an d l i ttl e s k ull s
,
s .

P robab ly a s i n t h e c a
,
o f R a m t h l h i ( J udge s x v
se t h e hill of t h e
a o
e ,

e p lace -n am e is de ri ve d f o m s o m e i n cide n t o r l e ge n d c on
”
ja w -
b o ne t,
h r

n e c te d w i t h t h e s p ot H lp re c h t m e n t i on s a v i lla ge an d p art of a m o un d
. i , ,

a t t h e s o ut h e n d of th e r ui n s o f B aby l on c a ll e d J mj uma m e an i n g S k ull ,

a , ,

C a l vary b ut n o e p l n ati on o f t h e p la c -n am e i s give n ( E p lora t ions

”
x a e x
,

i n B ible L a n ds , pp 3 0, 16 5, n . .

1
D ie E va ng e li s c li e G e s h i kt e c c .

2
InQ u t ly S t t me nt 190 1 p 40 3 D r S c hi ck s ugg ts that
a r er a e , ,
.
, . es th e
sk ul l w a th at of G ol i ath b ro ught to J e rusal e m by David ( 1 S am x vii
s , .
,

bur i e d th e e by h im an d f oun d g i n w h e n N e h e m i ah re b ui lt t h e w a ll s
r ,
a a .
 18

C HAP T E R II .

WA S T H ER E A P U B LI C P LA C E or EX E C U TI O N AT J ER U S ALEM
IN TH E TIM E or C H R IST ?

TH E vi e w t h a t t h e re w as a public pl a c e of e xe c ut i on at J e rus al e m
is s upp ort e d by n o di re ct e vid e nc e But m an y w rit e rs h av e .

a cc e p t e d it a s b e i n g I n th e ir opi n i o n in a cc ord a nc e wit h J e w is h

, ,

a n d R om a n cus t om an d s ome re marks s e e m n e c e ssary up on

,

Wh at is a t p re s e n t kn o w n of th e ci rc um st an c e s c onn e ct e d wit h
c api tal p un is h m e n t am on gst t h e J e ws a n d R om an s .

1 J ewish Cap ita l P unishmen t

.
— Acc ordi n g t o t h e Tal m ud , 1

f our m e th ods of c api ta l p un is h m e n t w e re s anc t i on e d by J e wis h

law — st on i n g b urni n g d e c a pi t at i on a n d s t rangli n g ( S an hedrin
, , ,

vii ,
Of t h e s e it is on l y n e c e ss ary t o t ak e t h e fi rst an d t h i rd
i n t o c onsid e rat i on .

T h e p e nal ty of dec ap itation or d e ath by t h e s w ord is n o t , ,

sa n cti on e d di re ctl y by t h e Divi n e c om m an d I ts i n di re ct s ancti o n .

is d e duc e d f rom a c om p a ris on of th e w ords in E x xxi 20 h e .

, ,
“

”
s h all s ure l y be p unis h e d wi th t h os e in Le v xxvi 25 an d I , . .
,
“

wi ll bri n g a s w ord up on y ou th at s h all e x e c ut e t h e v e n g e an c e of

”
th e c ov e n a nt (S an hedrin vii Th e i n stan c e s of e x e c uti on by,

s word or spe ar re c ord e d in t h e Bibl e are due e ith e r t o Divi n e

di re c ti on ( E x xxxii t o i n divid ua l a cti on
.
, p rom pt e d by ,

Divin e i m p uls e (N um xxv 7 8 1 S a m x v 3 3 ; 1 Ki n gs xix l)

.
, , .
, ,

o r t o a n o rd e r f rom t h e Ki n g o r p e rs o n s in a ut h orit N n e of
2
o
y .

t h e s e nt e n c e s app e ar t o h av e b e e n c arri e d out a t a p ublic pl a c e

o f e x e c uti o n .

L e Ta lm ud de J er us a le m, tra l te d by M S c h w ab
v ol x , . S a n b e d ri n , ns a . .

2
J udg ix , 5 ; 1 S am . ii 18 19 ; 2 S am 1 15 iv 2 ; 1 Ki g ii 2 5 3 4
xx , , .
, , ,
n s , ,

2 Ki n gs x, 7, x xi, 4; 2 Ki n g i 16 —2 0 ; 2 C h x iii 15 ; J e r
s x , x vi 23 ; . x ,
. x ,

M att . x iv , 10 .
 20

c ip it at ion d t o in L uk e iv
may b e if t h e i n t e n t i on of
re fe rre ,
‘

t h e J e w s w as t o st on e J e s us Wh e n t h e a cc us e d h ad b e e n foun d .

guilty an d s e n t e n c e d by t h e S an h e d ri n a s tag e or sc aff old of ,

w ood } w h ic h c ould be s e t up a t an y c o n v e n i e n t sp o t a n d th r o wn
2
,

aw a a f t e r us e lik e t h e gibb e t up o n w h ic h t h e b od y w as e xp os e d
y ,

af t e r d e ath w a s p e rh aps us e d t h e sp o t b e c o m i n g f or t h e ti m e t h e
, ,

B e th h a S e k e l ah T h e b odi e s of t h os e st on e d for bl asph e my or

- .

idol atry w e re e xp os e d aft e r d e at h on a re m o vabl e gibb e t but w e re ,

t ak e n d o wn w h e n nigh t c om m e n c e d an d bu ri e d wi th out h on our

in a c om m on b uri al pl ac e w h ic h b e l ong e d t o t h e S an h e d ri n- 3
.

T h e re is n o th i n g in t h e Bibl e or J o s e p h us t o s ugg e s t t h a t
c o nd e mn e d p e rs ons w e re s t on e d at a sp ot s e t ap art for t h e
pur p os e P l ac e s of p ublic e x e cu t i on a cc ord ing t o We s t e rn id e as
.
, ,

c ust om ary in th e E ast 4 Th e

are n ot an d n e v e r h av e b e e n
, , .

us ual p ra c t ic e h as b e e n an d is t o e x e c ut e i m p ort an t cri m i n als at , ,

pl ac e s wh e re t h e g re at e s t i m pre ssi on w ould be m ad e on the

p e opl e an d in th e c a s e of obsc ure c ri m i n als t o all ow t h e s oldi e rs ,

o r o t h er s in c h arg e t o c ar ry out t h e s e n te n c e s w h e re t h e y
,

pl e as e d It is h ow e v e r a p ossibl e i n fe re n c e f rom t h e fa c t t h a t
.
, ,

t h e S an h e d rin o wn e d a b uri al pl a c e f or e x e c ut e d c ri m i n als - .

( S a nhedrin vi th a t t h e B e t h h a-S e k e l ah w h e th e r a cli ff or a

, ,

sc aff old w as n ot far f rom t h e s e p ulc h re Ass um ing t h at t h is w as

,
.

t h e c as e t h e re is n oth i n g in t h e T a l m ud t o s h ow t h e di re c t i o n of
,

t h e pl a c e of st oning wit h re gard t o t h e city T h e r e is i t is tru e a

,
.
, ,

traditi on at l e a s t as old as t h e fi f t h c e nt ury A D w h ic h pl ac e s

,
. .
,

“
A n d le d h im un to th e brow of th e h i ll w h e re o n th e i ci ty r w as b ui lt ,

th t th e y m ight t h o w h im do w n h e dlo g
a r a n .

2
Th i w ap p a
s tly th e v i e w t ke n by M u k w h o w i te
as , re n ,
S e l on l a n ,
r s, a

lo i t ra di t i on ll e ( M i k e h 4m p rt i e S g h d i sc na ch 4 ,
e
o l n oait le
a ,
n e r n, .
,
n a

p ti
a e n t du h u t d u n é c h af
a a u d é l e vé
’
d e de u x h a ute ur d h o m m e e t p ui s o n s
’

l ac u ill it de p i e r e s
’
c e a ( P l e t i p 2 1 4br S o l a o S sM e n de l oh n
ne , .
,
n . a s . s ,

in J w i h E cy c l p di
e s A rt
n C ap i t al P u i sh m e n t
o ae a, T h e co vic t h vi n g
. n n a

be e n p l ce d o p l at f orm t w ic h i h e i ght
”
a n a e s .

3
S h d i vi 6 7 9
an e J o e p h u A n t iv 8
r n , , ,
6 f iv 8 s 24 w h e re s, .
, ,
c .
, , ,

th e b ody o f re b e ll i o u c h i l d i
a t o be e x po d s o t h u g up s se , n n .

R ie hm H dw o t bu h d
,
an bi bli l A lt rt um
r er A rt
c G o l goth
es sc i en e s, . a .

F llma
y e ra
e pp e s t o gr a
o t o o f r w h
are n h s y s th at in J e u al e m an d t h e
a e a r s

w h ol e E t th re as e ve r w ea d is n o t n o w
n
p u b l ic p
as ,l a c e o f e e c uti o n
n ,
a x

a cc o di n
r to W e te n i de ( G sm m e lt W e rk e i p
g r as e s a/ e , ,
.
th e sc e n e of S te ph e n s m arty rd om on th e n ort h sid e o f t h e cit y 1
’
,

o utsid e t h e D am ascus G ate T h e re is als o a l o c al t ra diti o n .

c urre nt am ongst th e J e rusal e m J e w s of S p anis h origi n w hi c h 2

,

’
id e ntifi e s t h e B e t h h a S e k e l ah with e l E d e m ye or J e re miah s
— h i h 3 -
,

Gro tt o an d t h e k n oll b e n e a t h wh ic h i t li e s B ut a n oth e r l oc a l

, .

4
t raditi o n pl a c e s t h e sp ot t o th e w e s t o f t h e city n e ar t h e ,

C onv e n t of t h e C r oss How fa r t h e l o c a l tr a diti on s a re t rust .

wor thy it is i m p ossibl e t o s ay but p rob abl y n ot m uc h re li an c e ,

c a n be pl a c e d up o n e it h e r of t h e m .

R o m a n C p ita l
a P u n m
ish e tn — Th e qu e sti o n w h e t h e r t h e
R om ans h a d a p ublic pl a c e of e x e c uti on at J e rus al e m a n d if s o , , ,

w h e th e r i t w a s id e n t ic al wi t h t h e B e t h h a S e k e l ah is e qu all y -
,

obsc u re Wit h re gard t o dec ap itation J e rom e w rit e s

. O utsid e ,

t h e cit y a n d wit h out t h e g at e

,
t h e re a re pl a c e s w h e re i n th e ,

h e ads of c on d e m n e d c ri m i n a ls are c ut off an d w h ic h h av e obtai n e d ,

”
th e n a m e o f C alv ary th at is of t h e b e h e ad e d a s if t h e re
— 5
,

1
I n th e or i g i n al
ti n ve rs ion of th e s tory of th dis c ove y
G re e k of t h e La e r

o f t h e r e l ics o f S t S t e p h e n i t 18 s ai d th t t h e m art y r s b ody l y f o a n i ght

’
.
,
a a r

a n d a day o n th e op g l o f t h e t o wn o n t h e
e ide by w h ic h w e go t o t h e
x a s

Ke d ar M C l e mon t-G an e u c o s i d r th e op y l t o be t h e h e p s of
.
”
. r n a n e s e x a a

re f u se o u t i de t h e ci ty d t h e Ke d
s t o be s o m e u k o w n p l c , an e r ar n n a e n a

J e us le m ( R e c u i l d A k l g i e O i t l 19 00 p A di ff e t vi e w is
’ ’

r a e rc eo o r en a s, er n

by P L ag a g in t h e R vu B ibliq
.
,

t ak en . r ue 19 00 p 142 I t m ay b
n e e m rk e d e e , , . . e r a

th t th e Da m a cu G at e p e s e nts t h e p o i tio n o f th e w ll o f H d i n n d
a s s e r r s a a r a ,
a

th at th e t di t i o m y h v e f e e d o i gi all y t o t h e ga te i t h e e co d w all
ra n a a e r rr r n n s n

of J o p h us w h ic h l
se
y om e di ta c
,
t o th s ut h a s s n e e o .

2
T he c e tor o f th e e J e w s o l y t t l d a t J u l e m i t h e 15 th
an s s s n se e er sa n

ce t u y n d th e re i o ll us io t o th i tr di ti o of a l i d te th n t h e
n r ,
a s n a n e r a n e r er a a

l as t h l f f th e l lth c t u y J e w h w e
a o
t
l i ve d t J us ale m c e nt u ie s
en r . s, o ve r , a er r

b f o e t h e e p ul i o f m S p i d m of th e m a f w y rs go p o e ss e d a n , an so

h e e di t y f re e h ol d p o pe r y i t h e o th - t q
e r x s n ro e e ea a ss

r ar ua rt e r of t h e ci ty w h ich th ey
r t n n r e as

al le o th e m o m th e i r re m ot e a n c e t o s
g d h a d c o m e do
e t f wn
( C h ap l i n r s r ,

Q u t ly S t t m t 18 8 9 pp 10
ar er a e en , ,
.
,

A b bo t D a i e l ( A D 1 106 —7 ) d c i b e ( ix ) th i p la c e a s
3
n . a fl t ro ck
.

y es r s s a

m ou t i w h h p l i t up a t t h e t i m e o f C h i t c uci fi i on ; t h e p la c is ’
n a n 1c s r s s r x e

c ll d G h e
a e W h th e t h n m e w o i gi ll y l-E dbe mig h
e nna . e
g i n r e a as r na c e ,
as ve

by M j r c d din o t h e re t is un c e ta i n T h v ll e y t o
”
e l H i d m ig h
-
, r e e e e ,
n ,
r . e a

th e h a d o f S t A s ra vi e ( is c on e c te d b y
’
th e a t i c , e e p a ge
e . n ne n se n

M us l e m s w i t h de ath a n d t h la s t j udgm e t ( P i lg i m g f th R u si A bbo t e n r a e o e s an

D a n ie l, P a le s tin e P i lg r i ms 1 iv)
’
T e s ts , \ 0 . .

( Q ua r t e rly
4 H an a ue r S t a t e me n t, 18 8 1, p age s 3 18 ,
5
Ap pe n d ix II I .
,
11, iii .
 22

w e re in h is day s e v e ra l pl a c e s of e x e c uti on e ac h of w h ic h w as
, , ,

c all e d C alvary Th is is n o e vid e n c e agai n s t t h e vi e w t h a t in t h e

.
,

fi rst c e n tury A D t h e re w as a fix e d pl a c e of e x e c uti on but it is . .

, ,

s ugge stiv e of R om an c ustom .

Cru c ifixion in on e f orm or a n ot h e r w a s w id e l

y sp
,
re a d in t h e ,

a nci e n t w o rld From t h e P h oe nici a ns i t s e e m s t o h a v e p a ss e d t o

.

t h e G re e ks a n d R o m a n s a n d t h e l att e r i n t ro d uc e d it int o t h e ,

P rovi n c e s f or t h e p un is h m e n t at fi rs t of sl a v e s h ig h way m e n , , , ,

re b e ls & c T h e J e ws h ung up or e xp os e d t h e b odi e s of c ri m i n als

, .

af t e r d e a t h but c rucifixi o n as a f orm of c a pi t a l p un is h m e n t w a s

un k n o w n t o t h e J e w is h p e na l la w 1
Th e R om an s cr ucifi e d .

c ri m i n als outsid e th e city or c am p T h e y us ually s e l e c t e d for .

suc h e x e c uti on s t h e sid e of a f re que n t e d road or p a th w ay ; b ut

th e y of t e n c arri e d t h e m o ut in a c on spic uous pl a c e lik e t h e
C am p us Mart in s at a sp o t s e t a p art f or t h e p urp os e lik e t h e ,

S e ste rti um ( s e e p at t h e pl ac e w h e re t h e c ri m e w a s .

c om m itt e d or oc c asi on ally on a h ill ,

3
But t h e s o ldi e rs w e re .

fre que n t l y all o w e d t o c arry out t h e s e n t e n c e of c rucifixi on w h e re

th e y pl e a s e d At J e rus al e m F l orus h a d J e w s of e que stri an ran k
.
,

c rucifi e d in h is p re s e n c e w h ilst s e at e d on t h e bema in f ron t of

H e rod s p al a c e 4 a n d V arus s e e m s t o h a v e c rucifi e d J e w s a t a n
’

y
1
c rucifi i n f 8 00 J e w w i th i t h w all s o f J e u ale m b y A l e a d
Th e x o o s, n e r s ,
x n er

J an n u ( J o e p h u W s i 4
se s e em
s t o h av b e e n an e c p ti on al
s, ar t , , ,
s s e x e ac

of b b i ty It h b e n ugge t d ( S m ith s D i c t i on a y f th B ibl A rt ’

ar ar . as e s s e r o e e, .

“
C uci fi i o n
r th at in N um
x v 4; D e nt i 2 2 ; J o s h v iii 2 9 ; an d . xx , . xx , .
,

oth e in t h e O ld T e t m e n t h n gi g i m p l i e c uci fi i on ; b ut ”
r as s a es s a a
p g , n s r x

th i i d ubtf ul It p b bl y i dic t s t h e h n gin g e p os ure f th e b o dy

s s o . ro a n a e a , or x o

up o n gi b b t f te d th
a m k f i gn o m i n y
e a S uc h e p o u e w
r ea ,
as a ar o . x s r as

a
pp n t ly n ot un c m m o n
a re m on g t; t h E gyp t i n ( G e n l o th P h il i a s e a s . x ,
e s

t i ne (2 S m
s i n d th
a J w ( 2 S m iv 12 ;
. xx i 6
, M in ute a e e s a . . xx , ,

de t i l w i th r g d t o t h e J w i h m o d o f
a s e
po u e
ar f t r d t h in l t e s e ex s r a e ea a er

t i m s e gi ve n in th T lm ud
e ar e a .

2
Th uth ri t i f o t h e R o m n c us to m w i th r g d t
e a o u ifi io n
es r a e ar o ei c x a re

give n in S m ith D i c ti n y f th B ible D i c ti

’
s
y f G k d R m o r o e o na r re e an o an

q
a o

A n t iq
,

u ti a d D i c ti A t i ui ti i H t i g D ic t i
’
i
y f C h i ti
es , n o na r o r s an n es n as n s on

y f t h B ibl n d in t h
g lop di a B ibl c A t C uci
”
ar o e E e C
a e rrc c ae i a, r s . ro s s , r

P un i h m
”
fi xi n nd
”
o , a t s en s .

3
T h p c tic e m t o h v b n i m i l t o th a t w h ic h p e v il e d in th i
e ra se e s a e ee s ar r a s

count y w h n f l on w gi bb t d by t h o d ide
r , e e on c o n p ic uo u p t
s e re e e e r a s , or a s s s o ,

s p c t c le m ( cf Th t h e b l ck g i bb t g l m b i de t h “
as ei t a s n e rr ore . e re a e oo s es e

G l d m i th D phu W ii 14 9
”
t d Vi ll g ) 4
w y a , o s J ,
es e r e a e . os e s, ars , , ,
.
 23

c on v e ni e n t spo t a s h e m arc h e d t h roug h t h e c oun t ry 1 I n .

o rdi n a ry c a s e s t h e b od y w a s l e f t up on t h e c ro ss u n til it h ad
p e ris h e d th roug h th e a c ti on of rain or s un o r h ad be e n ,

d e voure d by bi rds an d b e as t s S e p ulture w a s us uall y forbidd e n .

,

but ,
n u n f h
in c o s e q e c e o t e J e is h la w w 2
an e xc e pti o n w as ,

mad e in f a v our of t h e J e w s 3
.

Th e c on cl usi o n s e e m s t o be t h a t wit h our p re s e n t k n o w l e dg e , ,

it is imp ossibl e t o s ay w h e t h e r t h e re w as or w as n ot a public

'

, ,

pl a c e of e x e c uti on at Je rus al e m e i th e r b e fore or af t e r t h e R oman

o c c up a ti o n T h e re is n o e vid e n c e th at t h e R om a n s d uri n g t h e i r
.
,
.

oc c u p ati on of t h e city e x e cut e d c ri m i n als at a p ublic pl a c e of

,

e x e cuti o n I t w ould h ave b e e n c on t ra ry t o th e i r us ua l p rac t ic e

.

t o do s o T h e re is n o e vid e nc e of a n y va l ue t h a t t h e J e w is
.

h
pla c e of st on i n g w as a fix e d sp ot t h e re is on ly a b are p ossibili ty
t hat it m ay h av e b e e n s o in M a cc ab aea n an d p os t-M a cc ab aea n
ti m e s T h e vi e w t h a t t h e re w as a J e w is h p ublic pl ac e of
.

e x e c uti on a t J e rus a l e m in t h e fi rst c e n t ury A D an d t h a t d uri n g . .

,

t h e R om an oc c up ati o n it w a s t h e pl a c e a t w h ic h c ri m i n a ls w e r e

c rucifi e d o r d e c apit at e d is n ot s upp ort e d by a ny e vi de n c e di re ct

o r i n di re ct .

J o s e p us , A h nt .
,
xv ii ,
10 , 10 .

2
De nt . x x i, 2 2 , 23 .

3
M att . x xv ii ,
58 ; Jo h n x ix , 38 ; f
i . J o se p h us , Wa rs ,
iv, 5 , 2 .
 C HA P T E R III .

TH E T O P OG R A P H Y or J ER U S ALEM AT T HE TI M E or THE

C R U C I FI X ION .

THE vid e n c e avail abl e f or t h e d e t e rm in ati on of t h e p ositi on of

e

G olgot h a c an n o t be a d e quat e l y di sc uss e d wi th out s om e k n o w

l e dge oi th e t op ogra p h y of Je rus a l e m a t t h e ti m e of th e
C rucifixi on .

T h e a n ci e n t city w as b uilt at t h e e n d of a w e ll de fi n e d spu r -

,

w h ic h stre t c h i n g s ou th ward f or ab ou t 1% m il e s from t h e sw e lling

, , ,

g rou n d th a t s e para t e s t h e w ate rs of t h e D e ad S e a f rom th os e of

t h e M e dit e r ran ean li e s b e t w e e n t h e v a ll e y o f Hin n om
,
l
a n d th a t ,

of t h e Kid ron s e e pl a n o f J e rus al e m

( ) T h e l a tt e r k n o w n a ls o a s .
,

t h e v all e y of J e h os h ap h at runs e ast w ard f rom its s ourc e f or 1g

, , ,

m il e s an d th e n c h a n gi n g di re c t i on t o t h e s out h s h arpl y s e p ara t e s

, , ,

t h e l ong h ig h ridg e of Oliv e t f rom t h e l ow e r g round up on w h ic h t h e

city stan ds Th e vall ey of H in n om af te r f oll owing a s outh e rly

.
,

c ours e for 1} mil e s t urns e as tw a rd a n d m e e ts t h e v all e y of th e

, ,

Kid ro n b e l ow t h e s ou th e a s t c orn e r of th e city Th e e n cl os e d

- .

sp a c e m ay be d e sc rib e d as a s m all rocky pl ate au of ab out ,

a c re s w h ic h f alls g ra d ua ll t o w ar ds t h e s o u t h e ast an d t e rm i n a t e s -
, y
in a b rupt sl op e s Th e e n cl osing v all ey s a t fi rst li tt l e m ore t h a n
.
,

s h all ow d e p re ssi on s in t h e g roun d b e c om e as t h e y app roac h t h e , ,

ci ty li m its d e e p ro cky ravi n e s a n d t h e i r p oi n t of j u n c ti o n is

, , ,

6 7 2 f e e t b e l o w t h e g ro un d in w h ic h th e y ris e T h us w h ilst t o .
,

t h e n o rt h t h e re is n o m a t e ri al di ffe re n c e b e tw e e n t h e g e n e ra l
,

l e ve l of t h e p la te au outsid e t h e w a lls a n d th a t of t h e h ig h e st
pa rts o f th e city w it h i n th e m th e ravi n e s on t h e oth e r t h re e sid e s
,

f a ll s o rapidl y a n d are s o t re n c h lik e in c h ara ct e r t h a t th e y l e av e

,
-
,

The na m e s in c o m m on us e h v a e be e n t fo
ado p e d r t h e p urp o s e s of thi s

p a p e r, w t i h o ut re f e re n ce to qo
ue s t i n s of ide n t ifi c t io n a .
 25

up on t h e b e h old e r t h e i m p re ssi on of a ditc h a t th e foot of a

f ort re ss 1
.

T h e s ur fac e of t h e pl at e au is b rok e n by t w o s h o rt e r rav in e s

w h ic h ris e t o t h e n ort h of th e ci ty walls T h e m ore i m p ortan t .
,

t h e Ty rop oe on runs s out h w ard t o j oin t h e Kid ron a t S il oam and

, ,

divid e s th e l ow e r p orti on of th e pl at e au into t w o sp urs of un e qual

siz e Th e w e st e rn is h ig h an d b road b acke d bu t its c on ti n uity is
.
-
,

broke n by a s h ort ravin e t h at f alls abruptl y e ast w ard f rom t h e

2

vici n ity of t h e J affa G ate an d j oi n s t h e Ty rop oeon ab out ,

7 00 y ards ab ov e S il oam T h is ravin e f orm e d a n at ural ditc h t o .

t h e first or old w all an d n e ar i t s h e ad s t o od H e r od s p al a c e w h ic h

’
, ,

wi th i t s th re e g re at t ow e rs form e d th e ac rop olis of th e Upp e r ,

C ity of J os e p h us From on e of t h e t o w e rs Hip p ic us th e w a ll

.
, ,

ran e a s t w ard al on g t h e s out h sid e of t h e r avi n e t o t h e X stus

y , ,

an d t h e re j oini n g t h e C ouncil Ho us e ( n e ar a on pl an ) e nd e d .
,

at t h e w e s t e rn p orti c o of t h e T e m pl e 3
.

T h e e ast e rn a n d l ow e r sp ur M ou n t M ori ah is f or t h e m ost , ,

p art a n arrow ridg e of ro ck an d up on i t o n c e st ood t h e T e m pl e ,

an d th e C as t l e of An t o ni a I n t h re e pl a c e s at l e ast ( I) c an d d) .
, ,

its c re st li n e is n ow b rok e n by ro ck -h e w n di tc h e s an d at on e sp ot , ,

in t h e n ort h w e s t c orn e r of t h e H aram e s h S h e rif a l arg e p orti o n

- -
,

of t h e ridg e h a s b e e n q uarri e d a w ay O n e o f t h e ditc h e s ( b) .

s e p arat e s J e re m iah s G rott o f rom t h e m od e rn city w all ; ’

a n ot h e r 0) li e s b e n e a t h t h e st re e t t h a t l e ads t o S t t e phe n s
’

( S .

G at e ; an d t h e th i rd (cl) is n e ar th e n orth w e st c orn e r of th e -

pl atf orm up on w h ic h t h e D om e of th e R o ck stan ds Th e out e r .

ditc h (b) is p rob abl y l at e r t h a n t h e ti me of th e C ruc ifi x ion th e 4

,

o th e r t w o are c e rt ai n l e arli e r
y .

”
Th e s e c o n d o f t h e s m a ll ravi n e s ris e s in t h e e ast e rn h al f of

t h e pl a t e au a n d run n i n g th roug h t h e n o rt h e a st c orn e r o f th e

, ,
-

1
F or f u ll e r de ta i l s o f t h e t o p ogra p y , h se e S mi th ’
s D i c ti o n a ry f
o th e B i ble ,
”
J e r us a le m , 2 ud c d .
, p 1 5 8 5 i
.f .

2
I hc l le d th i P a l c e R avi n e on t h e p l a n
a ve a s a ,
f ro m t h e p ro x m y i it of

H e r d s p la c e
’
o a .

3
J o se p h us W v 4 § 2,
a rs , , , .

4
S e C h ap t
e X p 113 er .
,
. .

5
C all e d S t A n n e s R avin e on t h e p l n
’
. a .
 26

Haram h e ri f f alls i n t o t h e Kid ron a s h ort distan c e t o t h e

e s h -S ,
‘

n ort h of t h e G o ld e n G a t e I n it lie t w o an c ie n t p ools an d on

.
,

its e as t e rn sid e n ow stan ds t h e C h urc h of S t An n e . .

T h os e p orti o n s of t h e ravi n e s w h ic h lie w it h i n t h e city w a lls

a re s o fill e d w it h dé b m s t h a t n e it h e r t h e i r c h ara ct e r n or t h e ir t rue
'

c ours e c a n n o w be disti nguis h e d : t h e ir b e ds lie in pl ac e s from

8 0 fe e t t o 12 5 f e e t b e n e at h t h e su rf a c e of t o-day E ve n t h e .

ro ck
y sid e s of t h e Kid ro n an d H i nn om v a ll e y s a b ov e w h ic h ,

t h e w a lls of t h e cit y ris e p re s e n t t h e app e aran c e of st e e p c on

,

t in uous sl o p e s b rok e n o n l y by a fe w t e rrac e d g a rd e n s

,
O rigin all y .

t h e a sp e ct of t h e groun d m ust h av e b e e n v e r di ff e re n t At
y .

J e rusa l e m t h e li m e st on e h ills c on sist in a sc e n di n g orde r of b e ds

, ,

o f pi n k a n d w h it e i n d u ra t e d c h a lk o f a th ick s t r at um of s of t
, ,

e a sil -w o rk e d st on e m k t h i b ds h d ddis h d
y ( e le e
) o f n e , o f a r r e a n

g re y st on e ( misse) a n d of s of t wh it e lim e st on e wit h bands of

,

Hi n t s an d f ossils T h e st ra ta h a v e a s o ut h e a st e rl y dip an d t h e
‘
-
,
.

h a rd be ds of mi su se w h ic h f orm t h e s urfa c e of t h e pl a t e a u p a s s
, ,

e a stw a rd b e n e a t h t h e s of t w h it e li m e st on e s o f t h e M oun t of

Oliv e s B e fore t h e city w as b uilt t h e s e st ra t a m ust h a v e f orm e d

.

g re a t st e ps on th e h ill sid e a n d t h e i r e dge s m ust h av e stood out

-
,

lik e artifici al w alls e n cl osi n g th e h ills F rom t h e h ard n e ss of .

t h e ro ck t h e re c ould h a v e b e e n n o g re a t a cc um ul a ti o n of d e t rit us ,

a n d t h e g e n e ra l a sp e ct of t h e sit e c ould n ot h a ve b e e n v e ry

un lik e t h a t of m a n y sp ots in th e rugg e d c oun try of J ud ae a .

H ow far th e origi n a l f e at ure s of t h e g roun d h a d b e e n m odifi e d

by t h e ti m e of t h e C rucifixi on it is di ffi c ult t o say but t h e re ,

c a n b e littl e d o ubt th a t t h e ravi n e s w e re th e n de e a n d ro cky

p ,

a n d t h at t h e t e rra c e -form a ti on w as w e ll m a rk e d w it h i n a n d
wit h out t h e w a lls B e y on d t h e li m its of th e ci ty t h e t e rra c e s
.

w e re p ro b a bl pl a nt e d w it h fig oliv e a n d vi n e ; a n d t h e s m a ll
y , ,

c li ff s
, or sc arps in w h i c h t h e li m e st o n e b e ds t e rm i n at e d w e re
, ,

utilis e d fo r th e c o n st ructi on o f ro ck-h e w n t om bs D e e pl y -c ut .

ra vi n e s wit h t e rra c e d sid e s a re c om m on in t h e li m e st on e

, ,

f orm a ti o n of C e n tra l a n d S outh e rn P a l e sti n e a n d in ma n y ,

pl a c e s t h e c on j un cti on of c ultiva t e d t e rra c e a n d sc arp w it h

ro c k-h e w n t om bs m a still b s I fitti n g a sit e of th is
y e e e n n .
natu re t o t h e re qui re m e n ts o f a c apital ci ty wi t h i t s publi c ,

buildi n gs its st re e ts its op e n pl a c e s a nd i ts forti fi c a ti on s it w a s

, , , ,

o bvi ousl n e c e ss ar t o o bt a i n a c e rt ai n n um b e r of l e v e l sp a c e s
y y ,

o r pl a t form s T h is w a s d o n e p artl y by qua rry i n g aw ay l a rg e

.

m a ss e s of ro ck an d p a rtly by c on st ruc t i n g ma ssiv e f ou n da ti o n s

o f h e w n st on e I n n e arl y e v e ry qu art e r of t h e city e xc av a ti on s
.

b ri n g t o lig h t is ol at e d ro ck sc arps a n d f ragm e n ts of s olid m a s on ry

-

t ha t in m an y c a s e s are due t o t h e s e ro ck cl e a ran c e s an d sub

, ,
-

structure s or t o s m all qu a rri e s w h e n c e b uildi n g m ate ri a l h as

,

b e e n o b t ai n e d I n n o i n stanc e is t h e a ge of t h e s e re m ai n s
.

c e rt ai n and , wit h out e xt e nsiv e e x c ava t i o n it is e x tre m e ly

, ,

h a z ard ous t o bas e a t h e ory w it h re g ard t o t h e c ours e of t h e

a n ci e n t w a lls o n t h e a ss um pti o n t h a t a n t w o is o l a t e d rui n s a re
y
c o n n e ct e d .

Acc o di g to J os e p h us J e rus al e m w he n b e si e g e d by T it us
r n l
, , ,

w as d e fe n d e d on t h e n ort h by t h re e w a lls an d on a ll o t h e r sid e s ,

by o n e T h e out e r o r i/i in l w a ll o n t h e n o rt h w a s b uil t af t e r

.
, , ,

t h e C rucifixi o n by Ag ripp a (A D 41 an d n e e d n o t b e c o n
. .

s ide re d h e re N e arl y all a ut h oriti e s agre e t h a t t h e old e st o r

.
,

first w a ll ra n e as t w ard from t h e citad e l by t h e J a fi a G a te t o

'

a p oi n t in t h e w e s t w a ll of t h e H aram e s h S h e rif a t or n e ar -

Wils on s A rc h T h e c ours e of t h e sec on d w all w h ic h is still

’
.
,

unc e rt ai n is disc uss e d in C h apt e r X I

,
O utsid e th e first a nd .

s ec ond w alls t h e e a st e rn an d w e st e rn spu rs w e re o c c upi e d by

t e rrac e d gard e n s an d a fe w vill a s ; in t h e vall e y s th e re w e re

l arg e re s e rv oi rs w it h c ond ui t s w h ic h c a rri e d th e i r w at e r t o t h e
,

city a n d t h e re are s om e slig h t i n dic ati on s th at t h e r ocky sid e s

,

of S t A n n e s ravi n e b e n e a t h t h e n ort h e a st c orn e r of t h e Haram

’
-
.
,

e s h S h e rif
-
w e re h on e y c om b e d w it h ro ck h e w n t o m bs
,
- I n sid e - .

t h e w a lls H e ro d s p a l a c e a n d g ard e n s sp re ad ov e r t h e groun d

’

n ow c o v e re d b t h e c it a d e l a t t h e J a ff a G a t e a n d t h e A rm e ni an
y
gard e n s t o th e s outh t h e c a stl e of A n to n i a st ood a t t h e n ort h
w e s t a n gl e o f t h e H a ram e s h S h e rif a n d t h e p a l a c e of Ag ripp a
-

— t h e old A s m o me a n p a l a c e o cc upi e d a fi n e sit e o n t h e w e st e rn

, ,

sp ur faci n g t h e Wa ili n g P la c e of t h e J e ws
,
.

Wa rs , v, 4
, 2 .
 28

It m ay be i n fe rre d f rom t h e k n ow n t e n d e ncy of m ai n roads

,

t o pre s e rv e th e i r origin al dire c t io n durin g m an y

'

a n d st re e t s

c e n turi e s an d th rough p e ri ods of gre a t c h ange a s w e ll as from

,
1
,

t h e m a rk e d ch ara c t e r of t h e t op ogr ap h ic al f e ature s th a t t h e ,

p ri n cip al app roac h e s t o J e r us al e m an d s e v e r al of t h e st re e ts , ,

foll ow v e ry cl os e l y t h e lin e s of th os e w h ic h e xis t e d in t h e t i m e

o f C h rist an d probabl y a t an e arli e r dat e
, , ,
T h us t h e gr e a t .

h igh w ay from th e n ort h app e ars on r e a c h ing th e T om bs o f ,

”
t h e Ki n gs t o h av e b ran c h e d o ff as t h e m od e rn road d oe s in
, , ,

t h e di e c ti ons
r e r T h e eas tern b ra nc h
.
2
f oll o w ing t h e di re c ti on ,

o f t h e S t An n e s ra vi n e re a c h e d t h e c astl e of An t oni a an d t h e
’
,
.

T e m pl e w it h out l eavi n g t h e e a st e rn spur Th e w estern b ran c h .

a v oid e d t h e T ro oe on V a ll e n d k e e pi n g t o t h e h ig h e r ground
y p y a , ,

e n t e r e d t h e cit y n e ar H e ro d s p a l a c e
’
of t h e w e st e rn sp ur p rob abl
y ,
.

T h e c entra l br a n c h ran s out h w ard t o t h e T y rop oeon Vall ey o r ,

p e rh aps f oll ow e d t h e w e st e r n roa d t o t h e h e ad of th a t va ll e y

( 3 on pl a n
) a n d th e n , t urn e d d o wn it t o t h e D a m a scus G a t e .

At a p oi n t s out h of th is g a t e t h e road app e ars t o h ave fork e d

on e arm ( f f f o n pl an n o w r e p re s e n t e d b h e st re e t c l-Wad
—
) y
,
t ,

f oll ow e d t h e w e st sid e o f t h e Ty rop oe on t o t h e P oo l of S il oa m ,

w h e re it l e f t t h e cit an d w e n t o n t o t h e wild e r n e ss of J ud ah
y
t h e ot h e r arm (9 g g) k e e pi n g t o a h ig h e r l e v e l ra n n e arl y due
, ,

s out h t h rough t h e cit y a l ong a li n e still w e ll m ark e d a n d pass e d

, ,

o ut b
y a g a t e in t h e s out h w a ll t o t h e V a ll e
y o f H i nn o m T h is .

m ust h av e b e e n al w ay s on e of t h e p ri n cip a l st re e ts of t h e city

3
,

a n d o n it t h e re m us t h a v e b e e n a f or ti fi e d g at e w a in e a c h of
y
t h e t h re e w a lls .

F rom t h e J o rd a n V a lle y on t h e e a st o n e roa d c ross e d t h e ,

ridg e o f Oliv e t a n d a n o th e r f oll o w e d b C h rist o n a m e m orabl e

, y ,

o cc a si o n w oun d ro un d t h e s h o uld e r of t h e s a m e h ill

, Th e .

1
N ow he re is th i s m o re c le ly
ar see n th an in L on don . In ex c avat i on s at

J e rus al e m th e
h ou e s of o ld t r t h ve be e f o un d s e ve ral f e t be e ath
s an s ee a n e n

t h e u f c e in x a c t ly t h e s am e l i
s r a , e th o e o f t h m od s t e et ne as s e ern r .

2
T h r dse d t e ts w h ic h
oa an up p o e d t o f ollo w t h di e ct i on o f
s re a re s s e r

tho i t h e t i m e f C h i t e h o w n on t h e p lan b y r d dot t d l i e

se n o r s ar s e e n s.
3
Thi tre e t a d th t f ll o w i g th e di e c ti on of e l w ad are re pre s e n te d
s s n a o n r o

i t h e M d ba m o a ic a h avi g c o lo
n a e sde d s i de s
s S e e P l te I X
n nna . a .
 29

a pp roa c h to t h e city s e e m s t o h a ve b e e n up S t A n n e s ravi ne .

’
,

but t h e re w as d oub t l e ss a p a t h w ay wit h s te ps l e a d in g di re ctly

, ,

a cr oss t h e Kidr on t o t h e T e m pl e p re ci n c t s 1
T h e r oads f rom .

H e b ron B e th l e h e m a n d t h e w e st e rn dist ric t s app e ar t o h a ve

, ,

e n t e re d t h e ci ty by a g a t e w ay n e a r t h e J a ffa G a t e f rom w hic h a , ,

s t re e t (It It) ran di re c t ly t o t h e T e mpl e p re cin cts n e ar Wils o n s ’

Arc h 2
. T h e re m ay a ls o h av e b e e n p ost e rn s in th e w e s t w all ,

givi n g a cc e ss t o p ath s w h ic h le d t o t h e v a ll e y of H inn om .

T h e p ri n cip a l s t re e t s runni n g n o rth a n d s outh we re c o n

, ,

ne c te d b cr oss st re e ts f rm i n g bl cks n su w h ic h r
y o o
( i lae
) , w e e

i n t e rs e ct e d by n arrow wi n di n g l an e s
.
3
T h e t w o m ai n st re e ts .

w h ic h c ross e a c h o th e r a l m o st a t rig ht an gl e s p rob abl y h ad a

, ,

c e n t ra l r oad w ay for c h ari ots c am e ls & c an d on e it h e r sid e a , , .

, , ,

trottoir f or f oot p ass e n g e rs wit h c ol onn ad e s si m il ar t o t h os e of ,

t h e p rincip a l s t re e ts of D am a sc us S am ari a G ada ra & c Oth e r , , , .

st re e t s p ossibly r e p re s e n t i n g t h os e of p re C h risti a n d ate are

,
-
,

th a t (i i) run n i n g fr om t h e citad e l t o t he S i o n G a te wh ic h , ,

pe rh aps skir te d t h e gard e ns of He rod s pal ac e ; th a t (k

,
’

c onn e c ting i t a n d g g ; an d t w o str e e t s ( l an d m) w h ic h m ay ,

h av e le d w e s t w ard f r om t h e T e m pl e pr e cinc t s t o th e city T h e re .

s e e m s als o t o h av e b e e n a road (n n ) ru n n i n g e as t an d w e st ,

w h ic h af t e r th e third wall w as built m ay h av e c on n e c t e d th e

, ,

c a stl e of A n ton i a wit h th e t owe r P s ep h in us Wh e th e r t h e s e .

”
s t re e ts c ross e d t h e Ty rop oeon an d P al a c e r avin e s by bridg e s “

4 m
or c a us e w ay s is u n k n ow n M os t of t h e b az a s r a rke t pl ac e s
.
5
, ,

an d i m p o rt an t p ublic a n d p riv a t e b uildi n gs i n cid e n tall y me n ,

t ion e d by J os e p h us m us t h a v e b e e n in e xist e n c e in t h e t i m e of
,

C h ris t an d t h e g re a t T e m pl e built by H e rod w as t h e n in i t s f ull

,

I n B y z an tin e m e s a fl g ti i ht o f ste p s le d do wn f rom th e G ol de n G ate to

a b ri dge ove r t h e K dro n , w e n i h c e th e re w a a p ath to t h e s C h ur c h of t h e
A s c e n s i on .

2
Th e an ci e nt stre e t w as ,
p robably , w i th i n t h e l in e of t h e fi rs t w ll a .

3
J o s ep us , A n t h ,
xiv , 16 , 2; Wa rs ,
ii, 14, 9 ; v, 8, 1 vi , 6, 3 .

M akin g ll o wan ce f o t h e di ff e n t te p o gr ap hi c al con di ti o t h e s tre e ts

a r re ns, and

n arro w l an e s c oul d n ot ha ve b e e n ve y unlike th os e o f P om p e ii r .

Wa rs , v, 8, 1.

5
Wa rs ,
i, 13 , § 5 ; ii ,
14, § 9 , 19 , § 4; v, 4, § 1 .
 30

C HA P T ER IV .

T H E P O S ITI O N or G O LGOTH A .
- T H E B I B LE N A R R A T I V E .

T HE pri n cip a l s ou rc e s of i n fo rmati on avail abl e for th e d e t e r

m i n at i on of t h e sit e of G olg ot h a a re th e Bibl e ; w ri t i n gs of
e a rli e r d a t e t h a n t h e o ffi ci a l re c ov e ry of G olgot h a during the
re ig n of C on s t an t i n e t h e w orks of E us e bius C y ril of J e rus al e m , ,

a n d E i h a n ius w h o m ust h av e kn ow n t h e ci rc um s ta nc e s und e r

p p ,

w h ic h t h e sit e w as re c ove re d t h e h is tori e s of R ufi n us Sulpici us ,

S e v e rus S oc ra t e s S oz om e n Th e odore t T h e op h an e s an d ot h e rs ,
, , , , ,

w h o w e re c om pil e rs a n d re c ord e d t h e t ra diti on s cu rre n t at t h e

,

ti m e s th e y w rot e l e tt e rs s e r m ons t re at is e s of th e C h urc h , ,

F a t h e rs t h e m on og ra p h of Al e x and e r M on ac h us ( six th c e n t ury ) ,

De I n ne ntzon e Crn eis a n d e arly t raditi on s an d l e g e n ds

'

Th e Bibl e n arra t iv e of th e C rucifixi on an d of th e e v e n t s w h ic h ,

p re c e d e d i t c on ta ins un fortun at e ly n o d e fi n i t e in form a ti on w ith

, , ,

re gard t o t h e p ositi on of G olg oth a or of t h e pl a c e s c on n e ct e d ,

w it h t h e tria l a n d c on d e m n a ti on of C h rist .

Af t e r th e L ast S upp e r C h rist a nd h is discipl e s l e f t t h e city

, ,

a n d c rossi n g t h e b rook
1
Kid ron w e n t t o t h e M oun t of Olive s t o , ,

a pl ot of g rou n d or g a rd e n c a ll e d G e t h s e m a n e Th e sp ot w a s
2
, , .

o n e t o w h ic h J e s us of t e n re s o rt e d wit h h is di scipl e s a n d it w a s ,

c on s e q ue n tl y w e ll k n ow n t o J ud a s w h o b e tray e d him 3
L uk e ,

w h o d o e s n ot m e n ti on G e th s e m a n e s ay s 4 th at J e s us w e n t a s , ,

his c ust om w as u n t o t h e M oun t of Oliv e s a n d th at w h e n h e

, ,

w as a t t h e pl a c e h e b ad e h is discipl e s p ray .

Rev i se d V e rs io n ,
M a rgi n , or r a vin e , G re e k , w i n te r -tor r e n t .

2
S ee C h a
pt e r V .

M att . xxv i ,
30 , 3 6 ; M ark x iv, 2 6, 3 2 ; J o h n xv iii ,
1, 2 , 26 .

L uk e xx ii
, 39, 40 .
 31

F rom G e th s e m a n e C h rist w as t ak e n in t h e first pl a c e to , ,

An na s t h e h igh p ri e s t by righ t w h o aft e r in formal inqui ry s e nt

, , , ,

him b oun d t o C a i ap h a s th e a c t ua l h ig h p ri e st An n a s ha vi n g ,
—

b e e n d e p os e d A t t h e h o us e of C ai ap h a s p ossibl y h is offi ci al
.
1
,

re sid e n c e w h e re t h e sc rib e s an d e ld e rs w e re a ss e m bl e d a p re
, ,

li m i ary i v e s t igat i o w s h e ld a d e arl y t h e n e xt m orn ing

n n n a n 2
, , ,

C h rist w as le d a w ay t o t h e pl a c e w h e re t h e S an h e d ri n usuall y
3

h e ld its sitti n gs a n d b roug ht b e fore t h e f ull Ass e m bl y of t h e

,

c h i e f p ri e s t s sc rib e s a n d e ld e rs of t h e p e opl e 4 I m m e di a t e ly
, , .

af te r h is c o n d e m n a ti on w h ils t it w as still e a rl C h rist w a s t ak e n

y , ,

t o t h e P rae t oriu m ( p a l a c e ) an d h an d e d o v e r t o P il a t e 5
t ha t h e ,

m ight be p ut t o d e ath by t h e R om an p ow e r .

I t is still un c e rtain w h e th e r t h e P rae t ori um of t h e G ospe ls 6

w a s H e rod s p a l a c e on t h e w e st e rn sp ur o r t h e C astl e of An t on i a
’

t o t h e n ort h of t h e T e m pl e T h e f orm e r w a s al m ost c e r ta inl y .

, ,

t h e us ua l re sid e nc e of P il a t e w h e n at J e rus a l e m w h ilst t h e l atte r ,

w as at on c e t h e h e adqua rt e rs o f t h e R o m a n garris on 7 a n d t h e ,

p ris o n in w h i c h i m p ortant c ri m i n als w e re c on fi n e d I t is p ossibl e .

that P il at e w e nt t o t h e C astl e of A n t on i a an d e ve n p a ss e d th e ,

n igh t t h e re d uri n g t h e c ritic a l d ay s of th e fe a st ; bu t it is

,

e qua ll y p e rm issibl e t o s upp o s e t h a t C h ris t h avi n g b e e n t ri e d an d ,

c ond e m n e d a t H e rod s p a l a c e w a s t ak e n in t h e fi rs t pl a c e t o t h e
’
,

Ant on i a a n d t h at a f te r a fe w m om e n t s d e l ay h e w a s le d out
,
’
,

t h e n c e t o c rucifixi on w i th t h e robb e rs w h o s uffe re d w i th him .

T h e off e n c e for w h ic h C h rist w a s t ri e d an d c on d e m n e d by

P il at e w as p olitic al — s e diti on ag ai n st C ae sa r 8
Th e J e w s ab a n .

doni n g t h e i r fi rst c h arge of bl a sp h e m y a cc us e d him of t re a s o n ,

.

S e e C h ap t er V .

2
Lu k e xx ii ,
66 , at da w n .

3
l
P o s s i b y t h e C o un ci l H o us e m e n tio ne d by J os e p us h ( Wa rs , v, 4 ,

See h t
C ap e r V .

4 M tt a xxv i 57 , x xv ii 1 M a rk x iv, 53, x v, 1 Lu ke x xi i , 5 4, 6 6

.
, , ; ; ;
Io li
n xvii i , 13 , 2 4 .

5
M tt ii 2 ; M rk v 1 ; L uk e x iii 1 ; J h n x viii 2 8
a . xxv ,
a x ,
x ,
o ,
.

S e e C h ap te V
6
r .

7 J e p h us
os W v 5 § 8 ,
a rs , , , .

Luk x xi ii 2 ; M tt x vii 11 M a k v 2 o t lic C o

8
e , f A p tit
a n ti s. x , r x ,
o . s o ns on ,

v 14 M an y J e w s w e e c uci fi d f o th i o ff n c e by F l oru ( J ose p h us

, . r r e r s e s ,

W ii
a rs , an d b y V
,
us ( J o e p h us A n t x vii 10 10 ) ar s ,
.
, , ,
 32

Th e tri al w h e th e r it t ook pl a c e a t H e r od s p a la c e o r a t t h e
,
’

An t oni a w as in a cc orda n c e wit h R o ma n c ust om public P il at e

, , ,
‘

.
,

p rob ably h a d h is j udgm e n t s e at

,
1
e re cte d in t h e op e n a ir
“

in f ron t of t h e P rae t o ri um as h is succ e ss or F l orus did s om e , , ,

r s la t e r A g re a t c ro wd h ad a ss e m bl e d w h ils t t h e t ri a l w as
2
e a
y .

p ro c e e di n g a n d app are n tl y foll ow e d C h ris t w h e n h e w as s e n t t o

3
,

4
He ro d A n tip a s w h o w a s th e n re sidi n g
,
a t t h e As m n
o ae a n l c
Pa a e 5
.

C h ris t h a ving b e e n c ond e m n e d by t h e R om an G ov e rn or ,

w a s s e n t e nc e d t o be c ruc ifie d I f h e h ad b e e n s e n t e n c e d t o .

d e a t h by th e S an h e dri n a cc ordi n g t o t h e M os aic law h e w ould , ,

h av e b e e n s ton ed ( s e e p but t h e G re at Ass e m bly h aving .

,

l o s t t h e p owe r of c apita l p unis h m e n t J e w is h m e t h ods of ,

e x e c ut i on h ad b e e n re pl a c e d by R om an C rucifi x i on w as th e .

pu n ish m e n t re s e rv e d by t h e R om ans f or t h os e t o w h om t h e
h on our of d e at h by t h e sw ord w as n ot gran t e d ; an d C h ris t w as
t reat e d lik e ordi nary h ig h w ay m e n robb e rs sl av e s an d p e rs ons , , ,

guilty of s e di t i on H is c rucifixi on w a s an ac t of t h e R om an .

G ov e rn m e n t Acc ordi n g t o c om m on c us t om e x e c uti on f oll owe d

.
,

quickly up on c on d e m n at i on H e w as h and e d ov e r t o a d e ta c h .

m e n t of R om an s oldi e rs c om m and e d by a c e n t u ri on an d le d , ,

a w ay wit h tw o r obb e r s 6
t o G o lg o th a t o b e c ru c ifi e d 7
, .

I t h as b e e n s ugg e st e d th at P il at e c h os e G olgoth a for t h e

8 “

1
S e e p 22 . .

3
J o se p us , h Wa rs ,
ii, 14, § 8 .

3
Th i s se em s to be th e m e an in g of M att . x x v n, 17 ,
“
W h e n th e re fore
th ey g th
w e re d t ge th e r
a e re o .
”

4
L uk e iii 7 11 f A c t iv 2 7 Son o f H e ro d th e G e t an d
xx , ,
c . s , . r a

M alth c e call e d H ro d t h e T e trarc h in th e N e w T e ta m e t

a ,
e s n .

3
T h e p al c w a ituate d t o th e i ght of th e s tre e t l e adi g f o m H e rod s ’
a e s s r n r

p laace to th T em l
p e e.

Th e robbe s (A y m l) c ruci fi e d w i th C h ri s t w re b i g ds f e e bo ote

3
r a or e r an ,
r rs ,

outl a w a d m us t
s, o t b e co f o un de d w i th th i ve s ( Aév
n n — s o in J o h n x 8
n e n rr a t , , ,
“
thi v a d ro bbe r
e es n kém K An i) T h us J o se p h u c ll s H e e ki s
s, x ai . dre . s a z a ,

w h o w as s ub due d by H e o d t h e G re t a n d E le a r a ch -
r ro b be r a ,
za ,
r s

( x y
é p h i t Wa r ii 4 1 13 2 ) a d th o e w i th th e m an d w i th S im
era ,
x s, , , ,
n s on ,

rob b rs (W
e ii 4 2 13 I n t h e B i bl e t h e w o d is a pp l i e d t o
a rs , , , ,
r

B r bb
a a
( J o h x vi ii
as n ,
7 M att x x vii 3 1—3 3 k
M uk iii ; J oh n i
a r x v 2 0 —22 L e x 2 6 —3 3 x x x
.
; ;, , , ,

16 —18 .

3
C an on M c C ol] , in Qu a r t er ly S t a te me n t, 190 1, p . 2 .
 34

w as n ear a f r e qu e n t e d th orough fare l e adi n g from on e of th e

city gat e s t o t h e c oun try an d w as visibl e fro
1
m afar
2 a nd ,
“
,
”

p re s um ably f rom s om e pl a c e wh e n c e t h e c h i e f p ri e s t s scribe s , ,

a n d e ld e rs c ould l ook on an d r e vil e wi th ou t t h e risk of incurri n g , ,

c e re m oni al de fi le m e n t 3
I n t h e pl a c e ( u p) w h h
’ '

m e re e w. as e ro

c rucifi e d th e re w as a g ard e n ( x fiw ) an d in t h e gard e n a n e w os

”
t om b wh e re i n w a s n e v e r m an y e t l aid t h a t b e l on ge d to Jos e p h
, ,

4 T h is m ay m e an th at t h e gard e n w as a c om
of Ari math e a .

para tiv e ly s mall e n cl osure wi th i n t h e li m its or ar e a of t h e pla c e

5

( 6 76 m )7 c a ll e d G olg ot h a
? .

Th e Bibl e n arrativ e it will b e s e e n giv e s n o in dic ati on of t h e , ,

dire ction of G olg oth a wi th r e gard t o t h e ci ty or wi th r e fe re nc e

6
,

t o a ny f ea t ur e c on n e c t e d wi th it It d oe s n ot me n t i o n t he .

p osi ti on of t h e gat e by w h ic h C h rist p a ss e d out of t h e ci ty or

7
,

t h e n am e of t h e pla c e t o w h ic h t h e f re qu e n te d th or oug h far e le d .

It s tate s i t is t rue th at t h e sp ot w as nig h t o t h e ci ty and

, , ,
”

”
visibl e f r om afar but th e s e st at e m e n t s are n ot c onclusiv e ,

”
e vid e nc e of p osi t i on sinc e t h e w ords nig h an d afar
“
,

3
M att . x x vu, 39 ; M ark x v, 2 1, 29 Luk e xx iii ,
26 .

3
M att . x x vii, 5 5 ; M ark x v, 40 ; Luk e iii xx , 49 .

M att ii 41 M ark J o h n x viii

'

3
. x xv ,
x v, 31 ,
28 .

M att . xx vii , 60 ; M ark x v, 46 ; Luk e x x iii , 53 ; J o hn xix , 41 .

5
An en c los e d garde n ( n friros x e e w néy os ) is m e n ti o n e d in th e S on g of

So lom on ( iv ,
l th a is use d by o me e arly w rite r to
Th e w ord G o go s s

de n ote th e a c tua l s p ot w h e re t h e c ro s e s w e e e re ct e d a n d a l arge r are s r ,

a

rou d th t s o t i n c l udi t h l a c e w h e e t h e c ros s e s w e re f oun d

n
p a
g e
p ,
n r .

3
T h e re m ay b e h o w e ve a n i n di c t i o n of p o s i t ion in H e b x i ii 11 12
,
r, a .
, , .

F or th e b o di of th o e b e t w h os e b l oo d is b ro ught i n to th e h ol y p l ace
es s as s

by th e h i gh p ie st a f si re b u n e d w ith out th e c am p
‘ ‘

n
fi e r g o r a s a o rzn n, r .

W h e e f o J u al o th t h e m i ght an c ti f y th e p e op l e th rough h is o w n
r re es s, s , a s

b l oo d uff e e d w ith out t h e gate

,
s r T h e l at e B i s h o p G ob at o f J e ru a l e m . s

h e l d th t th i w as th c a se a d m a i t i n e d th at as th e si off e i g in t h e
a s e , n n a n r n

T e m p l e w a l i o n t h e n orth s i de o f t h e al ta r s o C h i t t h e A n tityp e w as
s s a n ,
r s , ,

cruci fi e d n orth o f th e am e l ta w h e n h e s uff e re d w i th out th e gate

s a r, .

7 Wh e th e r P a ul h d a a t ic ul a at e i h i m i d is un c e t i A t

q
n r n r a n.
y p g a r n s

R om e co de m n e d c ri m in a l s l e f t t h e ci ty b y t h e E ui l in e G ate an d a t
,
n s ,

A th e n by t h e C h o i a G at e
s A cc o rdi g t o a m e di aeval t adi t i on C h ri st
ar n n . n r , ,

be a i g h i c os s p
r n e d o ut b
s r
y t h e P o t
, J u d i
asse ri r a a a.

3
J o h n u e th e s m e w o rd t o de fi n e t h e e l ti ve p os i ti on s of th e tom b
s s a r a

a n d th e c ro ( xix 42) of C h ri t w h e w al ki g o n th e l ak e a d t h e b oat

ss , s ,
n n ,
n

( vi 19) an d of B e th any an d J e rus al e m ( x i

, I n A ct s th e M oun t o f ,
 35

as us e d in t h e N e w T e sta m e nt ,
pp ear to h a v e n o a

v e ry de fini t e m eani n g It h as be e n sugge s t e d th a t t h e t ran s fe r

2 .

of th e c ro ss t o S i m on at o r just o utsid e t h e cit g a t e

3
m ay
y , ,

i ndicat e th at G olg oth a w as n ot n e ar at h an d ; b ut th is is n o t

v e ry appare nt Th e tran s fe r of t h e c ro ss w as u n usu al but it
.
,

m ay w e ll be supp os e d th a t th e L ord af te r all h is s uffe ri n gs , ,

m e n t al an d p h y sic al s a n k b e n e ath t h e b urd e n 4 an d t h a t t h e

, ,

s oldi e rs i m p a ti e n t of d e l ay i m p re ss e d a man c om i n g f rom t h e

, , ,

opp o si t e di re c t i on w h o m e t t h e p ro c e ssi on as i t l e f t t h e city

, .

O r th e t ra ns f e r m ay h av e be e n due t o h um a n e c o n sid e ra t i o n s o n
t h e p art o f t h e c e ntu ri o n .

It w ould app e ar t h e n t h at t h e only c e rta i n fa cts to be , ,

gath e re d from t h e Bibl e n arra tive are : th a t C h ris t w as c rucifi e d

ou t sid e t he ci t y an d in a cc ord a nc e w i th R om a n c ust om cl o s e t o
, , ,

a public th oroug h fare ; a n d t h a t in t h e pl a c e w h e re h e w as

crucifi e d th e r e w as a gard e n w h ic h c ontain e d a n e w r o ck h e w n -

m
to b 5
.G olgoth a w as e vid e ntly s o w e ll k n own t hat i t w a s n ot
n e c e ss ar
y t o d e fi n e its p ositi o n m ore p re cis e l
y T h e g a rd e n w as .

m ost pr obabl y a ro ck t e rra c e ( s e e p 2 6 ) pl ant e d wi th f ruit t re e s - .

,

suc h as t h e olive fig a n d vi n e o r w i th t r e e s t h at gav e a g ra te ful

, , ,

s h ad e ; th e e n tran c e t o t h e t om b w ould n atura lly be in th e

O l i ve s is sa id to be ni
g h t o J e r usa le m ( Ac ts i , an d Ly dda t o J op p a
( Ac t s ix , Se e a sol L uk e x ix , 11 ; J oh n iii, 2 3 ; vi, 2 3 ; x i, 5 4;

A c ts x x vii 8 Th e w ord ap p a to b e us e d as a p l e on asm l ike n d

, . e rs ,
ar ey .

1
A l a te G e e k w o d a n d w e ll -k n o w n p l e on s m
r r It is us e d t o de fi n e t h a . e

re l at i ve i t i f P t d C h ri s t o n t h e w a f ro m G e th s e m a n e to t h e
p os o n s o e e r a n y
H o us e of C a i ap h as ( M att vi 5 8 M a k x iv 5 4; L uk e x x i i 5 4) of C h ri t
. xx ,
r , ,
s

an d t h fi g t e e ( M ar k x i
e r o f t h e P h ari e e n d th e p ub li can in th e
,
s a

T e m p l e ( Luk e x viii an d o f D i ve s a n d L a z arus ( L uk e x vi

,
S ee ,

al o M
s k v 6 ; viii 3
ar , , .

3
G a ut i e in Q u r t e ly S t t e me n t 190 2 p 7 8
r, a r a , , . .

3
T hi is t h e us ual e x p l n at i o n of t h e e x p re s i o n
s a th e y ca m e o ut
a s s

( M tt x vii 3 2) b ut t h e w o d m y re f e r t o th e d p a rt u e o f th p r
a . x ,
r s a e r e o

c e ss i on f ro m th e P raeto i um r .

4T l
h e a n g uage o f M k th i -
x v 22 ey b r n g h im ar ( i i
p p w f b )
, ,
xa « ovo a ir v ,

li te lly t o G o l goth s e e m s t o i m p ly th i
”
ra b e ar hi m ,
a, s .

5
Th e grave o f J e s us C h ri t n d G ol goth a lay n e a e ac h oth e r o r
“
s a r , ,

r
p p o e rl y t h e , g ar de n w ith t h e g ra ve w h ic h b e l o n ge d t o J ose p h of A ri m ath e ,
a,

t h e J e w i s h C un ci ll or w a s i tua te d at t h e p l a c e ca ll e d G ol goth ( G uth e

”
o s a .
,
,

in H auck R e le n y k lop adie A rt

’
G rab d s
‘

s a e .
,
a
,
 36

v e r tic al fa c e or e dge of t h e n e x t h igh e r-l y ing te rra c e an d up on

th is h igh e r t e rra c e th e c ross e s m ay h av e b e e n e r e c te d . Th e
t op og rap h ic al fe atu re s of G olgoth a w e r e pr ob ably n ot un lik e
, ,

th os e r e p re s e n te d in th e a cc om p any ing ill us t r ati ons . I n th e

f ore-g roun d of e ac h is t h e t op or fl oor of a r ock-t e rra c e — t h e
gard e n ( 5 m ) —up on w h ic h I n on e ins tan c e wh e at or b a rl ey
x 7 s
, ,

h as b e e n grown ; an d in t h e b a ck-gr ound of e a c h is t h e v e rt ic a l

f ac e or e dg e of t h e n e x t h igh e r-l y ing t e rr a c e wi th t h e m outh s
of s e v e ral r o ck h e wn t om bs
- . It m ay be r e m ark e d th at a famil y
t om b in a gard e n is m e n ti on e d in c onn e c ti on wi th t h e buri als of
M an ass e h an d Amon .
 PLATE I II .

TOMB S WI TH T ER R AC E G A R DE N S IN F RON T .

N o 1 — N E AR
. . THE T oma s on T H E J UD G ES , J ER U S AL E M .

No 2
. . IN ra n VAL L E Y or H I NN O M .
 37

C HAPT E R V .

ON TH E P OS ITION OF C ER TA N I P L AC E S M E NTI O N ED IN TH E

BIB LE N A R R ATIVE G ETH S EM AN E TH E HO U S E or

C A IA P HA S — T H E HA LL O F T H E S A N H ED R I N — T H E P R ZE
TO R I U M .

TH E vid e nc e avail abl e f or th e inde n t ifi c ation of t h e pl ac e s

e

m e n t i on e d in t h e Bibl e n arrativ e is un f or tun at e l y in n o c as e , ,

c on cl usiv e B ut s om e s ta te m e n t wi th r e ga rd t o i t s e e m s a
.

n e c e ss ary pre li m i n ary t o a discussi on of t h e p osi t i on of G olgo th a .

G ET HS EMA N E is c all e d by M at th e w ( xxvi an d M a rk ,

(
”
xiv pl c m ccu t l in R e vis e d V e rsi on
“
a a e o r o r e a ra e as
, ,y , ,

m argin n d by J oh n
an e ncl o s e d pi e c e of ground
(p )
1
,
“
l u a o

( xviii 1) a
, g a rd e n o r o
“
r c h ard ,
”
L u k e ( xx ii 4 0 ) us e s ,

”
th e in d e fini te te rm t h e pl a c e
“
t o sig n i fy t h e sp ot w h e re

wh at h e n arrate s o cc urre d N O d e sc rip t ive d e t ails are giv e n in .

”
t h e Bibl e bu t t h e H e b re w n a m e
, an O il p re ss an d t h e e xp re s , ,

si ons w e n t in an d w e n t out ( i axe u an d é f fit v J oh n

“ “
e a e ,

xviii 1 4) s e e m t o i n di c at e t h at t h e pl a c e w as o n e of t h os e
, ,

t e rrac e s pl an t e d w i th O liv e t re e s w h ic h f or m suc h a m ark e d ,

f e at ure of t h e sc e n e ry in t h e h ill c ou n tr y O f Jud ae a From t h e .

f ou rth c e n tury p ossibl y f rom t h e d at e of t h e E m pr e ss H e l e n a s

’

visi t t o J e rus a l e m in A D 3 2 6 G e th s e m an e h as b e e n s h own

, . .
,

a t t h e f oot of t h e M ou n t of Oliv e s P roxi m ity t o th e Kid ron .

may p e r h aps b e i n f e rre d f rom J oh n xviii 1 2 a n d is c onsid e re d , , ,

by S an e y
t l a n d O t h e rs t o b e a n arg um e n t in fav our of th e
3

l
tra sl ate d p rc e l of g oun d in J oh n i 5 fi e l d
T h e w o rd xwp fov is n a r x,

( c
a ll e d A k e l dam a ) in A c t s i 18 19 ; l a n d ( o f A n n i a s
) i A c
,
ts v 3 8 ;,
“
a n , ,

a d
n l an d in t h e p l ural in A cts iv 3 4
“
s,
”
, ,
.

3
T h e s am e w ord i us e d b y J o h n ( xix 41) f or th e g rde in t h e p l a c e
s ,
a n

w h e e C h i t w a c uci fi e d a n d b urie d
r r s s r .

p 45 5
3
S i na i a nd P a les t i n e , . .
 38

tra diti on al sit e B ut a c om p aris on of t h e s t at e m e n t s in Luk e

xxi 3 7 an d x x n 3 9 h as le d s om e aut h oriti e s t o b e li e v e th at th e
, , , ,

gard e n w a s h igh e r up t h e m oun t T h is vi e w d e riv e s s om e s up .

p ort f rom t h e e arl y t raditi on th a t C h rist t aug h t t h e Ap ostl e s in

a c av e n e a r t h e s u m m i t Of t h e M ount of Oliv e s Th us E us e bi us 1
.

m e n t i on s a c av e n e ar t h e t op of t h e h ill w h e re J e s us pr ay e d
, , ,

a n d th is ma b e th e sa c re d c a v e o v e r w h ic h C o n st antin e built
y
a c h urc h
2
but h e si m ply d e sc rib e s G e th s e m an e as an e ncl os e d
”
pi e c e of g round at t h e M oun t of Oliv e s w h e re th e fait h ful us e d
t o p ray 3
Th e B ord e aux P ilg ri m (A D 3 33) s a w
. a st on e a t t h e . .

pl a c e (app a re n tl y n e ar th e traditi on al G e t h s e man e ) w h e r e J uda s

I s c ari ot b e t ray e d C h rist a n d af t e rw ards a sc e nd e d to th e,
“

M ount of Olive s w h e r e b e fore t h e P a ssi on t h e L ord t aug ht h is

, , ,

4
discipl e s Cy ril app are n tl y disti n guis h e s b e t w e e n G e th s em an e
.
,

”
wh e re t h e b e t ray al h app e n e d an d t h e M oun t Of Olive s on , ,

w h ic h t h e y w e re t h a t n ig h t p ray i n g S t Sy lvi a (A D c irc a 38 5 ) . . . .

s e e m s t o c onn e ct th e c av e in w h ic h t h e L ord t aught t h e

”
Ap ostl e s with th e C h urc h of th e Asc e n si on 5
Euc h e rius ( c irc a .

A D 4
. .40) m e n t i on s t w o c h urc h e s on t h e M oun t — on e at t h e
pl a c e of t h e Asc e nsi on t h e oth e r w h e re C h ris t t alk e d t o h is ,

discipl e s 6
T h e fi rst t o disti n ctly s tat e t h at G e th s e ma n e w as
.

7 ”
“
at the f oot of t h e M oun t of Oliv e s is J e r om e T h e g e n e ra l .

c on cl usi on is t h a t a lt h oug h t h e auth e n ticity Of t h e t radi ti on al

,

sit e c a n n ot be p rove d i t is n ot i m p ossibl e or i mp rob abl e ,

.

TH E HO U S E O F C A I A P H A s 8
w it h its un c o v e r e d c our ty ard 9
,

a n d its p orc h
10
cl os e d by a d oor or g a t e w as p e rh aps th e offi ci al
,
11
,

A p p e n dix I V .
, 8, 1 11 .
2
A pp e n di x V .
,
1, x x.
3
L a garde , O nom a s t i c a Sa cr a
2
,

C a te c h e ti e a l L e t ur e s , c x iii ,
38 .

5
P a le s t i n e P i lg r im s
’
T e x ts , vol . i.

3
P a le s ti ne P i lg r i ms
’
T e x ts , vo l . ii .

7 O n om a s t ic a S a cr a 3
,
130 23 .

3
mild; In M a tt . xx v i ,
3 , 58 ; M ark x iv , 5 4; J o hn x vi ii ,
15 ; a n d als o: in
L uk e xx ii , 54.

2
Ma tt . x x vi , 69 ; M ark x iv, 66 L uk e x xn , 55 .

‘0
uh um, M att i 7 1, o r w poa t xw v, M a rk x iv, 68 It is un c e r tain
'

r . x xv ,
.

w h e th e r t h e w ord us e d by M a rk re f e rs t o a f ore c o ur or to a p orc t h .

Gripe , J o hn x viii , 16 ; cf t h e ga te o f t h e p orc of M a ry s ous e , A c

.
’
h h t
s x u,
13 , 14 .
 39

r e sid e nc e of th e
h igh p ri e s t I t w as pr obably n ot far distan t .

f rom t h e T e m pl e an d th e h all in w h ic h t h e Sa n h e drin s a t ; a nd

i t may h av e b e e n t h e s am e pl ac e as t h e h ous e ( im ) of An ani as a
,

t h e h ig h p ri e st w h ic h w as si tua t e d a pp a re n t l y n ear t h e
, , ,

As m on aean p al a c e an d w as d e st roy e d by th e insu rg e nts d uring

,

t h e t um ul t th at c omm e n c e d t h e w ar wi th R om e l .

I n t h e h ouse s of th e w e althy th e p ublic an d privat e a par t

m e n t s w e r e built r o und a p av e d c our t an d t h is w as e n t e re d f rom ,

t h e s tr e e t th roug h a p o rc h or p a ss ag e w h ic h w as cl os e d b a
y , ,

h e a vy d oor a n d h a d a r oom on on e sid e for th e p orte r an d

,

a t te n d a nts I n s om e i n s tanc e s t h e h ous e s h ad a for e c ourt an d

.

an i nn e r c ourt a n d t h is a pp e ars t o h a v e b e e n t h e
, c as e in
th at of C ai aph a s It m ay be i n f e rre d f rom a c om paris on of
.
,

M att xxvi 5 7— 7 5 ; M ark xiv 5 3 6 8 Luke xxii 5 4— 6 1 ; Joh n

.
, ,
—
,

xviii 12— 2 7 th at C a i ap h as a nd Anna s liv e d in th e sam e h ous e

, , ,

in w h ic h b oth d oub tl e ss h ad th e i r ow n s e p arate ap artm e n ts

, , .

TH E HA LL OF TH E S A N H E DR I N
G re a t .
—
T h e S an h e d rin , or

C ouncil a t J e usal e m c onsist e d of 7 0 m e m b e rs c h i e f p ri e s t s

r ,
— 2

sc rib e s an d e ld e rs wi th t h e h ig h p ri e st as pre sid e n t Und e r

, , .

t h e R om ans it c ould t ry i m p ort an t c as e s a n d p a ss s e nt e nc e s of ,

d eath but th e y w e re n ot v alid until c on firm e d by t h e R om an

3
,

4
pr o c ura t or Th e G reat C ou n cil origi n a ll y s at on ordin ary
.
,

day s in a s t on e h all ( lishka th ha Gazith) in t h e i n n e r c ourt on

,
5 -
,

t h e s out h sid e of t h e T e m pl e an d on S a bb a t h s a n d fe s tiv a ls in

th e T e m pl s
e y n ag og u e — in t h e ehel b e t w e e n t h e ou te r c ourt a n d
t h e c ourt O f t h e w om e n 6
But 40 y e ars b e fore t h e d e s t ructi on .

of J e rus a l e m or m ore p rob abl y w h e n A rc h e l aus w as d e p os e d

, , , ,

J os e p h us, Wa rs ,
II , 17 , 6 .

2
Th e c h ie f
i n c l ude d th o e wh o h ad h e l d th e Office of hi gh p rie s t
i
p r e s ts s

a n d h a d b e e n de os e d a n d in fl ue n t i a l m e m bers o f t h e f am i l i e s f rom w h i c h
p ,

t h e h igh p ri e s ts w e re s l e c te d e .

3
M a tt v 2 2 .
, .

J o hn x vi ii 3 1 J os e p h us A n t x x 9
, 1 , .
, , , .

3
A cc ordin g t o th e T a lm ud o f B a by l on Yom th e h all w as in th e f orm ,
a,

o f a la ge b asili ca
r H e re a l o n e a cc ordi ng t o t h e o ld law s e n te n c e of de at h
.
, ,

c o ul d be p ron ou n ce d .

5
M ai mo n ide s S a nh e d in 3 ,
r , .
 40

an d th e
first R om an g ov e rn or w as app oint e d (A D 7 t h e right . .

to inflic t c api t a l p un is h m e n t w as wit h d raw n an d t h e S an h e d rin ,

” ”
t ran s fe rre d i t s si tti n gs t o th e s h e ds or trad e h alls 1
Th e se ,
.

”
“
h alls or m ark e t in w h ic h p e opl e b oug ht a n d s old an d
,
“
, ,

”
wh e re th e tabl e s of t h e m on e y c h an g e rs ( M a tt xxi 12 ;
“ - .
,

M ark xi 15 ; L uke xix 45 ) p robably st ood m ust h av e b e e n

, , ,

in t h e ou te r c our t or p re ci n cts of t h e Te m pl e And th at ,

.

p art of th e m in w h ic h th e S an h e d rin s at w as p e rh aps t h e

s am e pl a c e a s t h e C oun cil H ous e (fi vh j) w h ic h a cc ording “ ”
o i
, ,

t o J o s e p h us lay b e t w e e n t h e X y stus an d t h e w e s t e rn p or t ic o
,

C ouncil H ous e
”
o f t h e T e m pl e
?
T he m us t f rom t h e n at ur e “
,

Of t h e g round h av e b e e n o n t h e T e m pl e M oun t a nd e ith e r

, ,

wi th in th e T e mpl e p re cinc t s or p artl y wit h in t h e m an d p art ly , ,

on t h e bridge w h ic h c on n e c t e d th e T e m pl e wit h t h e X y s t us
3
,

n e ar Wils on s A rc h (see pl an ) Th e vi e w th at t h e S a n h e dri n w as

’

sit ting in t h e C ou n cil H ous e w h e n C h ris t w a s b rought b e for e

“

i t s e e m s h ow e ve r t o c onflict with th e s tat e m e n t in M att xxvii 5

, , ,
.
, ,

w h ic h app ar e n t l y indic at e s th oug h n ot c e rtainl y th at w h e n , ,

Jud as c ast d ow n t h e pi e c e s of silv e r th e m e m b e rs of t h e ,

1
T a m ud l Of B aby lo n, A boda Z a ra 8 , b 8 ; et .
,
f . e on s e di t i n t a be r n is ,
L ight fo ot i M tt 3 p 370
,
n a . x x vi
d Tim e of J e s u , ,
. . E de rs h e im ( L if e an s s ,

B k iii c h v) i de n ti fi e s t h e
.
,
h a ll s o r T e m p l e M a ke t w ith th e B a zfirs
. r

m e n tio e d in R ab bi n ical w rit i g a d lo c ate s th e m

”
o f t h e s on s o f A n a n s n n s, n

in a p art o f t h e T e m p l e C o urt H e ugge t s th at t h S n h d i t in . s s e a e r n sa

“

th p i vate loc a le attac h e d t o th e e ve y b az a

e r a d th at th e re t h e s r rs , n

c on de m at i on of C h ri s t m ay h ave b e e n p l an e d if n ot a ctu lly p ro

n
“
n a
”
n oun c e d .

2
T he fi rs t w a ll t
e x e n de d t o th e X y tus s ,
and th e n j oi i g th e C o un ci l . n n

H o us e , t r p ort ico o f t h e T e m ple ( J os e p h us W s v

”
e n de d a t t he w e s e n ,
ar ,
.

4 2 A S c h ii r re m ark ( H is t o y of th e J w i h P e op l
, . s re i p s r e s e, , .

E g n t h e C oun ci l H o u e m u t h ave b e e n on t h e T e m p l M o un t as
. s s e ,

th e re w s n oth i n g be t w e n th e T e m p l e an d th e Xy t u b ut a b i dge It
a e s s r .

c o ul d n t h ve b e e in t h e up p e city f o r th e R om an s de troy e d th e
o a n r ,
s

B u
ok w fip ( B uAfi) be fore th e y to ok th a t p art o f t h e ci ty ( W
e= i ov o vi 6 ars, , ,

S h ii e r a g ue th t li l l tk h -G a i tl m e
c r r th at t h e h ll w as so
s a s i ea a z i an s a

n a m e d be u e it w n e r t h e X stu
c a
y s a d n o t b e c u e i t w as b ui lt o f
as a s, n a s

w rought s to e s w h ic h w o ul d h dl y b e
n c h ar cte ri tic f e t ure
, ar a a s a .

3
W ii 16 Th is w s e of t h e p ri n ci p l a p pro ac h e to t h e
'

3 a rs , , , . a on a s

T e m p l e a d t h e p o i n t t w h ic h i t e t e re d W ul d b e a con ve i e n t p l ac e f or
,
n a n o n

t h e m on e y- c h an g &c e rs , .
 41

S an h edr in we r e in t h e naos or s anctuary an d no t in t he ,

1
,

o ut e r c ou rt s or pr e cinc t s .

Th e P R ZETO R I U M w a s origi n a ll y th e t e nt of th e P rae t or in a

R om an c am p bu t t h e w ord w as a ft e r w ards appli e d to th e O ffici a l
,

r e side n c e of t h e G ov e rn or or P rocurat or of a R oman provi nc e ;

a n d in t h e N e w T e s tam e nt i t d e n ot e s t h e O ffici a l r e sid e nc e of t h e
, ,

R om a n G ov e rn or in J e rus al e m Am on gs t t h e R om an s i t w as cus .

t om ary for th e g ov e rn o rs of pr ovi n c e s t o appr opri at e t o t h e i r ow n

use t h e pal ac e s in w h ic h t h e kings an d p rinc e s h ad f orm e rl y dw e lt .

T h us in S icily t h e P r opr ae t or liv e d in t h e c as tl e or pa l a c e O f

Hi e ro ; C ae s ar e a t h e P roc urat or occupi e d He r od s
’
2
an d a t

P r ae t orium 3 ( Pal a c e ) It is i m p ossibl e t o b e li e v e th at P ila te

.
,

w h e n s tay ing at Je rusal e m f or t h e tran s acti on Of public busi n e ss ,

did n ot foll ow th e usu al cus t om an d s e l e ct as h is re sid e nc e t h e ,

magnific e n t pal ac e th a t H e rod h ad built f or h i m s e l f in th e Upp e r

C i ty 4
It would h av e b e e n d e r og at ory t o t h e di g n ity Of an
.

O ffi ci al of h is ra nk t o liv e in a buildi n g O f l e ss i m p or tanc e an d ,

h is n e gl e c t t o o cc upy i t w ould h av e b e e n re gard e d in an O ri e n t al

c ount ry as a S ign of w e ak n e ss His o cc up at i on of t h e p al ac e is .

i m pli e d by th e s tat e m e nt th a t h e i n s ul t e d th e J e w s by h an ging

insc ib d s h i e l ds in i t ; by t h e ci rcum s tan c e s a tt e n di n g t h e
r e 5

t um ul t w h ic h f oll ow e d h is applic at i on of th e C orb an t o th e

c ns t r c ti on O f an a qu e duc t ; a n d by t h e p re s e nc e of h is w i fe
o u 6
,

w h o w ould n ot h av e l odg e d in t h e A n t oni a w h ic h w as i n f e ri or ,

a s a re sid e nc e a n d w a s t h e h e a dqu art e rs O f

,
t h e l e gi o n t h a t

1
T h e w o rd ( ) n a os
pp l i e d o th e
va t s
t c t ual T e m pl e
,
i n th i
us ually a a ,
s

c as e e vi de n tly in c l ude s t h e i n e r c o ur t w h ic h i ge n e rally co s i de e d to n s n r

h ave f orm e d p art of t h e h i o o r T e m p l e w i th it s co u t P os s i b ly na o er n, r s . s

m ay ot a ccu ate ly re p e e n t th e o ri gi n l A ram a ic o f M atth e w

n r r s a .

2
C ic e ro O r t i i V r e m II v 12 30
,
a o n e r , .
, , ,
.

3
A c t x x i ii 3 5 x x v 2 3
s , , , .

1
J o ephu A nt v 9 3 ; W rs i 21 l v 4 4
‘
s s, ,
x , ,
a , , , , , , .

5
B mk f P h i l o L g ti d C ium 38
‘
£ f s Hp bs
1) re c ov a e oi s , , e a o a a ,
.

J os e p h u A t x iii 3 2 ; W s ii 9 4 K y buh l h s s h o w n
5
s, n v ar , . re en a
, , , , ,

( Z e i t h seif ft ii
r d ie N u t s t rm t li c k e W ei l f t
es e 19 02 pp 15 fl a ) th at en s se n s e za , , .
”

t h e t um ult c o ul d o n l y h ave o cc urre d i f on t o f H rod p l ac e ; an d

’
n r e s a

a s P i late w as s e ate d o t h e b ma w h e h e g ve t h e i gn a l to h is s ol di e r
n e n a s s

w h ic h c a us e d th e di t urb a c e i t is a f i r i f e re n c e th t h e was l i v i g in t h e
s n ,
a n a n

p al ac e at th e t i me .
 42

garris on e d J e rus ale m It m ay a ls o be re m ark e d t h at th e .

1

An toni a is c all e d t h e b arra cks R e vis e d V e rsi on

“
,

c as t l e a n d n ot t h e P r ae t oriu m in t h e o nl p a ss ag e s in t h e
y ,

Bibl e th at allud e t o it a n d t h a t t h e re is n o c e rt ain i n s tanc e O f

2

t h e applic at i on of t h e w ord p rae t ori um t o a c am p or b arra cks 3 .

I f t h e An t oni a w as t h e P rae t ori um it is di ffi cul t t o e xpl a i n J oh n ,

xviii 2 8 As a c rowd w a s n ot a ll ow e d t o e n t e r t h e c as t l e th e re
, .
,

c ould h av e b e e n n o fe ar of c e re m on i al de file m e n t P ossibl y t h e .

3 4 s h uld t sl t d
e xpr e ssi on ) ) b
’
m i l
“ 6 e 7p u p v o e ra n a e a r ly 7r a ¢7 ¢o

”
t h e p al ac e w h ic h is th e P rae t oriu m A t a l at e r d a t e .
‘

s ius F l orus
’

( A D
. 6 6 ).G e s P il at e s succ e ss or c e r t ainl
y o cc u pi e d , ,

He rod s p al a c e 5
’
an d s e t up h is j udg m e nt s e a t be ma fl i p
, ( j
“
) i n ,
a

f ront of it an d t ook h is s e at t h e re on
,
T h e n t h e c h i e f p ri e sts an d .

p e rs on s of infl ue nc e c am e up an d s t ood b e f ore t h e

”
j udg m e nt s e at 5
F rom t h is in t e r e sting p ass ag e i t w ould appe ar
.

t h at t h e re w as an Op e n sp a c e in f ront of t h e pa l ac e p ossibly ,

a dj oi n i n g or op e ning o n t o t h e upp e r ag or a Of J os e p h us “ ”
, ,

w h e r e t h e g o v e rn or s at t o a d m i n ist e r justic e P robabl y t h e .

bema w a s usuall y s e t up o n t h e s am e sp ot an d if t h e p al a c e w as
7
,

t h e P rae t ori um th a t sp o t m ay h a ve b e e n a s m a ll r ais e d pl a tf orm

, ,

wit h a t e ss e ll at e d or m osai c p a v e m e n t w h ic h w as c all e d in ,

A ram aic Gabbatlia a n d in G re e k Lithostroton ,

.

Alth oug h t h e e vid e n c e in fav our of t h e id e n t ific a ti on of t h e

P rae t o rium w it h H e ro d s p al a c e is v e ry str on g it m ust n ot be
’
,

f org ott e n t h a t a t ra diti on a t l e a st a s O ld a s t h e f ourt h c e n tury , ,

”
pl ac e s t he h ous e or P rae t ori um of P il a te t o t h e e a st of t h e
“

C h u rc h of t h e Holy S e p ulc h re .

1
Wa rs ,
v, 5, 8 ci
'

. A nt ,
x v, 11, 47 , .

A cts x x i, 3 4, 3 7 xx ii ,
24 i ii 10 16
xx , , ,
32 .

3
S ee th e ar
gum en t of B i s h op L i ghtf oot in Ep is t le to t h e P h i lip p ia ns 2 ,
P~ ”g
‘
Mk ar x v, 16 . J os ep h us ( Wa rs ,
v, 4, 5 4) call s H e rod s p ala ce
’

Ba e tk s w s c alm) , a n d t h e p ala c e of t h e E m p e ror is a n a t ») ( I re n ae us in

"

)
7 f o r;

E us e b ius , H i s tori a E cc les i a s ti c a , v, 2 0 ,

5
T h e p al a c e w a s o cc up i e d b y Bab i n n a duri n g t h e ri s i n g w he n A r c h e la n s
w as E th n arc h ( W a rs , ii , 3, 2 ;
-
A nt .
,
xv ii ,
10 ,
3
Wa rs ,
ii, 14, 8 .

7 On one cca i on P i l ate

o s h ad th e be ma p l ac e d in th e gre at t i um
s ad at

J e rusa le m ( W s ii 9 ar , , ,
 P L ATE V .

N o 1 — 1 I 1E B ARRA C K S
. .
’ ‘
AT T HE N ORT H W E ST C OR N E R
- OF T HE H A RAM ;
P R O BAB L Y THE S I T E or A N T O N I A.

No —T H E E C C E H OM O A R E LI C H ADR I A N CITY
’
. 2 .
“
AR CI I ; or S or fE LI A .
 44

t h e An t oni a an d On th e oth e r h and it is p ossibl e

t h e Te m pl e .
1
,

th at C h ris t aft e r t h e t ri al an d j udg m e n t at H e rod s p alac e w as

,
’
,

h and e d ov e r t o th e s oldi e rs for e x e cu ti on ; a n d t h at in t h e first ,

pl ac e th e c e n t uri on le d him t h r oug h t h e stre e t s t o t h e Ant oni a

, ,

a n d th e n af t e r re c e lvm g t h e t w o r obb e rs f ro m t h e c omm a nd an t

, ,

pa sse d on t o G olg oth a .

Wi th our pr e s e n t k n owl e dg e t h e c onclusi on m us t be th at t h e ,

p osi t i on of t h e P r aet ori um of t h e G osp e ls c ann ot be c e rt ainly

a sc e r t ai n e d An id e n t ific at i on wi th H e r od s p al a c e is supp or ted
.
’

by Al ford Ede rsh e im E wa ld F iirre r Grimm

, , G uth e K e im
, , , , ,

Kre y e nb u hl S c h ii re r S e pp S pi e ss T obl e r Wi n e r & c ; w h ilst

, , , , , , .

t h e An t oni a is pr e fe r re d by C a spari C l e rm on t G a n n e au Krafl t ,

-
, ,

Mu h l au S w e t e T isc h e nd orf We iss We s t c ott & c

, , , , , .

J os e p h us , Wa rs ,
v i, 1, § 8 ; 3, § 2 . S om e w r ite rs ide n tifv th is p ave d

s
p ace w ith t h e L i t/zos lr oto n of t h e G os p e ls .
 45

C HA PT E R VI .

TH E A R G UM E NTS IN FAVO U R or T H E A UTH ENTIC ITY or T H E

T R AD IT I O N A L S ITES .

TH E abs e nc e of any d e finite s tat e m e nt in t h e Bibl e wi th re ga rd

t o t h e p o siti on of G o lg oth a h as le d t o m uc h curi ous sp e cula ti o n

sinc e A D 17 3 8 w h e n Jon as K or t e vig orousl y a tt ack e d th e aut h e n

. .
,

tic ity of t h e tr adi t i o n al si te an d g av e wide r cu rre n c y to d oub ts

,

t hat h ad p re vi ously b e e n e xpre ss e d Th e sc e n e of t h e C rucifi xion

.

h as b e e n pl a c e d n or th s out h e a s t a n d w e st of t h e city ; bu t t h e
, , ,

m ore i m p or tan t au th ori t i e s are n ow ag re e d t h at i t m us t h av e

be e n s ome sp ot (out sid e t h e second wall of J os e p h us ) w h ic h w as ,

si tuat e d on t h e s mall pl at e au th at li e s b e tw e e n th e Kidron and

H innom vall e y s Acc ording t o t ra di ti on t h e gr ound up on w h ic h
.
,

C onstan t in e buil t h is gr e a t c h urc h e s fulfils th e s e c onditi ons

1
,

an d i t is n e c e ss ar in t h e first pl a c e t o c onsid e r c ar e full an d

y , , y
i mp artially e v e ry th ing th a t m ay be advan c e d in fav our of or
ag ainst t h e a u th e n t icit y o f t h is tr adi ti on Was t h e offi ci al .

re c o v e r o f G lg th a b as e d up o n an c e r t ain t ra diti o n 2 I s th e r e
y o o y
a n th ing in t h e f orm of t h e gr ound w h ic h is n
y
with t h e Bibl e n arrat iv e ? Was th e t r adi ti on a l si te ou tsid e th e
s ec ond w all ? T h e s e are s om e of t h e qu e sti o ns w h ic h aris e f or
c onside r at i on .

Th e adv o c at e s of t h e vi e w t h at t h e t w o t radi ti on a l sit e s n o w

s h own as G olgotha an d th e H oly S e p ulc h r e are au th e n tic s uppo rt ,

2
th e ir Opini on by th e f oll owing argum e nts
1 .It is obvi ous f r om t h e Bibl e n arrativ e t h at t h e p ositi on s of
G olg oth a an d t h e T om b w e r e kn own t o th e fri e nds an d e n e m i e s
It is un n e ce s sary to di s c uss t h e th e ory of F e rgusson th at th e c h urch e s

w e re on t h e e a ste rn h ill f o r th e y are c l ea rl y s h o w n on t h e w e ste rn in t h e

,

M ade b a m o saic ( s e e P l t e I X ) a .

2
Th e stat e m e n t h as be e n com p i l e d f ro m th e w ork of C ha te aubrian d s ,

W illi am s M om m e rt an d oth e r w rite rs

, ,
.
 46

of J e sus w h o w e r e at J e rus ale m at t h e ti m e of t h e C rucifixi on ,

a n d it is c e r tain t h a t m an of t h os e p e rs ons w e a liv e w h e n

y re
'
,

t e n y e ars l at e r H e ro d Ag ripp a (A D 41 4
, 3 ) built t h e third or . .
-

o ut e r w a ll of d e f e n c e on t h e n o rt h sid e of t h e cit
y .

2 T h e c on s t ruc ti on of Ag ripp a s w all b rough t t h e t w o sit e s

’
.

w i th i n t h e li m its of t h e w a ll e d city but a s t h e J e w s re g ard e d , ,

t om bs as uncl e an n o h o us e s w e re buil t a b o v e th e m
1
,
M or e ov e r .
,

t h e e xis t e nc e of b uildings in suc h cl o s e p roxi m i ty t o t h e sec on d

w al l w ould h av e b e e n p re judici a l t o i t s d e f e n c e a n d th e i r e re c t i on ,

w ould n ot h ave b e e n p e r m i t t e d T h e h oly pl a c e s t h us r e m ain e d

.

bare an d un occ upi e d an d c ould n ot h av e b e e n forg ot t e n b e fore

,

t h e city w as b e si e g e d by T i t us .

3 I n ob e di e nc e t o t h e w arning of J e s us t h e m e m b e rs of t h e
.
2
,

C h ris t i a n c omm u n i ty fl e d f rom J e rus al e m ( c irca A D 6 7 — 6 8 ) . .

be for e th e si e g e c omm e nc e d an d e stablis h e d th e m s e lve s at P e ll a

, .

Wh e n Ti tus w h os e d e s tructi on of t h e ci ty w as n ot c om pl e t e l e ft
, ,

f or R om e m ost of t h e C h ris t i a ns re turn e d an d s e ttl e d down

, ,

a m on gs t t h e ruins af t e r h a vi n g b e e n a bs e n t th re e o r f our e ars

, y .

S i n c e t h e a l titud e of t h e h ol y pl a c e s w as slight ly g re a t e r th an
th at of t h e gr ou n d up on w h ic h t h e sec ond w all s t ood— an d th e ir
dis t anc e f rom t h e t h i rd w a ll w as appr e ci abl e — th e y c ould n ot
h av e be e n m at e ri a lly al te re d in appe aran c e duri n g t h e p ro gre ss of
t h e si e g e . E v e n supp o si n g t h a t t h e y h ad b e e n c ov e r e d by on e of
t h e m ounds o f t h e b e si e g e rs t h e si t e s w ould n ot h a v e b e e n l os t
,
.

T h e C h risti an s du ring t h e i r s h ort abs e nc e c ould n ot h a ve c om

p le t e ly f o rg o tt e n t h e e x ac t p o siti o ns o f pl ac e s s o i n t i m a t e l
y
c on n e c te d wit h th e d e a th buri al an d re s urre cti on of C h rist
, ,
.

M an y of th e m m e n an d w om e n h ad p ass e d t h e i r live s at
, ,

J e rus a l e m ; s om e h ad p robabl y w itn e ss e d t h e C rucifixi on ; an d

a c ou
’
o ne a t l e a st
( S i m e on s on of C lo a s
, p s i n of t h e L ord s
) , ,

su fl e re d m arty rd om i n t h e re ig n of T raj an (c irc a A D 10 8 ) at t h e

‘

. .

re p ut e d a e of 120 e ars F urt h e r t h e un a lt e re d n a tu re of t h e

g y .
,

gr oun d af t e r th e si e g e is i n dic a te d by t h e ci rc um st an c e that

Ha d ri an w h e n h e e re ct e d a T e m pl e of V e n us on th e sp ot ( c irc a
,

1
l th be i g th e
G o go a n re
p ut e d t om b of A da m .

2
Ma tt x x i v 15 16
.
, ,
.
 47

A D
. .
c arri e d out n o d e m oliti on and re m ov e d no rubbis h
135 — 13 6 ) , ,

but w as oblige d t o fill up h oll o w s a n d obtain a l e ve l pla tfor m ,

by bri n gi n g t h e n e c e ss a ry m at e ri al f ro m a dista nc e .

4 N ot h ing is kn own t o h av e o cc urre d du ring t h e in te rval t h at

.

e l aps e d b e t w e e n t h e r e t urn f rom P e ll a a n d th e supp re ssi on of t h e

re v olt of t h e J e w s in t h e r e ig n of Had ri an w h ic h w ould j u sti fy ,

t h e b e li e f t h a t all t ra c e of t h e h ol pl c s h d b n bli t r t d
y a e a e e o e a e ,

or t h a t t h e C h risti a n s w h os e nu m b e rs w e re s t e adil inc re asing

, y ,

h ad f orgot t e n t h e i r p osi t i on S i m e on s on of C 10 p as a c on t e m
.
, ,

p o r ar
y o f t h e d e a t h a n d re s urre cti on of J e sus w h o succ e e d e d ,

t h e Ap o stl e Jam e s a s Bis h o p of J e rus a l e m liv e d t o t h e fi rst ,

de c ad e of t h e s e c on d c e n tury an d h e w as follow e d by t hi rte e n

,

Bis h ops of He br e w origin w h o w ould n ot h a v e a ll ow e d a kn ow

,

l e dg e of t h e p ositi on of t h e h oly pla c e s t o die out .

5 T h e t radit ion w it h r e ga rd t o th e p osi t i ons of G olg o t h a

'

a n d t h e T om b w a s th us c onti n u o us f r om t h e dat e of t h e C ruci

fi xion t o t h e t i m e w h e n Ha d ri an found e d t h e R om an c ol on y of
[ E lia o n t h e ruins of J e rus al e m a n d a t e m pl e of Ve nus w as
,

buil t ab ove t h e S e p ulc h re of C h ris t B y t h e e r e c ti on of th e

.

te m pl e — an ac t of p rofan at i on w h ic h in its e l f s h ow s t h a t th e
t w o pla c e s w e r e th e n h on oure d by C h ris ti ans — t h e h oly pl ac e s

we re c om pl e t e ly c on c e al e d but th e i r p osi ti on w as d e fi n ite ly

,

m ark e d f or all ti m e an d th e y w e re pr e s e rv e d from inj ury

, .

6 A f t e r t h e f ound ati on of j Elia t h e city w as visi te d by

.
,

pilgri m s from all p art s of th e w orld an d it b e c a me a m att e r of ,

c om m on kn owl e dge t h at t h e h ol y pl a c e s lay b e n e ath t h e p ave d

pla tfor m up on wh ic h th e t e m pl e of V e nus st ood Wh e n t h e re .
, .

for e C on s tan ti n e d e cid e d t o r e c ov e r t h e site s a n d b uild c h urc h e s

, ,

in th e i r h on ou r i t w as on ly n e c e ssary t o d e m olis h t h e t e m pl e a n d
,

cl e ar a w ay t h e mad e groun d b e n e ath it E us e bi us a c onte m .

,

o r xp ss s s u p is e a t t h e r e c ov e ry of t h e si te s in his
p a r
y e r
,e e n o r r

a cc oun t of t h e ci rc um st a nc e : hi s re m ark
1
t h at c on trary to all “

e x p e ct at i on ,the v e n e rabl e a n d h all owe d m onum e n t of Our

“

L ord s R e s urr e cti on w as re n d e re d visibl e by t h e cl e aranc e o f t h e

’ ”

s upe rinc um be n t s oil is a n atu ra l e xp re ssi on of as tonis h m e nt at

,

1
A p p e n di x V .
,
I .
,
iv .
 48

th e p re s e rv at i on of t h e T om b d uring s o many y e ars an d h a s n o ,

re f e re n c e t o a m ir acul ous disc ov e r P ara ll e l c as e s in m od e rn

y .

t i m e s are th e disc ov e ri e s of Dr S c h li e m ann at T r oy an d of

.
,

M r Ar th u r E van s in C re t e b oth of w h ic h m ay be d e scrib e d a s

.
,

b e ing c on trary t o all e xp e c tat i on .

”

It will be obs e rv e d th at t h e ab ov e argu me n t s inv olv e t h e

a ssu m p t i on th at G olgo t h a an d th e T om b w e r e obj e c ts of
re v e re nc e or a t l ea s t o f int e re s t t o t h e C h ris t i ans f r om t h e d at e
, ,

of t h e R e s urr e c t i on t o t h e t i m e of C onst an t in e ; th a t t h e tra

di t i on w it h re gard t o th e i r p osi ti on w as c on t in uous th r ough ou t

th at p e ri od ; an d th at t h e ground n ow o ccupi e d by t h e C h urc h
of t h e H ol y S e p ulc h r e w as outsid e t h e sec ond w all T h is .

ass um p t i on r ais e s th re e qu e s t i ons e ac h of w h ic h r e qu

,
i re s
s e p arat e disc ussi on — th e p ossibili ty or oth e rwise of a c on tinu ous
, ,

t r a di ti on ; th e atti t ud e of th e e arly C h ris ti ans t owards th e h oly

plac e s ; a n d t h e c ours e of t h e sec ond wall The l a s t qu e s t i on i s
.

i n t h e m ain t op og rap h ic a l an d a rc h aeol ogic al t h e firs t t w o are f or

,

t h e m os t p ar t h is t oric al an d i t is n e c e s sar y t o inquir e w h at lig ht

is th rown up on th e m by t h e h is t or y of Je rusa l e m an d i t s C h urc h

during th e p e ri od A D 3 3— 326 so far as i t is kn own
. .
, .
 49

C H A PTE R V II .

HIS TO R Y OF J ER U S A LEM A D . . 3 3 3 26 .

A T th e ti m e of t h e C rucifixi on
( Jud ae a w A D
as . . 29 or 3 3)
g ov e rn e d by a R om an offici a l of e que s t ri an ran k s ty l e d proe u ,

ra t or l w h o re sid e d a t C ae s ar e a
, an d w as t o a c e rtai n ,e xt e n t

sub ordin at e to th e I m p e ri al L e ga t e of S y ri a T h e gov e rn or .

w a s inv e st e d w it h t h e m ili t ary c om m and an d a c orps of auxiliary ,

t roops r ais e d from t h e n on J e wis h i n h abitan t s of P al e stin e

,
-

t h e J e w s b e i n g e x e m p t e d f rom m ilit ary s e rvic e — w a s pl a c e d a t

h is disp os al for th e m ainte n an c e of ord e r He w as a ls o th e .

supr e me judici al auth ori ty a n d d e cid e d m att e rs of li fe a n d

,

d e at h e xc e pt in t h e c as e of R om an citiz e n s w h o c ould app e a l

, ,

FI G 2 . .
— Com s or P O N T I U S P 1L A T E , A D . . 3 2-3 3 .

to t h e e m pe ror d m i n is tra ti o n of t h e civil law w as to a

. Th e a

g re at e xte nt l e f t in th e h ands of t h e S an h e d rin an d th is w a s

als o t h e c as e wit h t h e c ri m in a l law e xc e pting th a t d e ath ,

s e nte nc e s re qui re d t h e c on fi rmati on of th e p roc ura tor T he .

Je wis h w ors h ip w as t ol e ra t e d ; gre at d e f e re n c e w as paid t o th e

re ligi ous O pi n i ons an d pr e j u dic e s of t h e J e w s ; th e w ors h ip of
t h e e m p e ro r w a s n e v e r e nf orc e d a n d th e c opp e r c oi n s st ruck by

th e p ro cu rat ors b ore on l y t h e n am e of t h e e m p e ror a n d in o fi e n

'

siv e e m bl e m s 2 Th e C h risti ans w e re re ga rde d origin a ll y by th e

.

R om an offici a ls as a J e wis h s e c t an d t o a c e rt ain e xte n t t h e y , , ,

1
F or li s t of t h e P ro urac to A pp e n di x I V 1

q
a rs , s e e .
, .

2
M adde n , T b c C oi ns of th e J e ws , C a ign art dc S a ul cy , N um is ma ti ue
de la T err e S a in ts .
 50

be n e fit e d by t h e fre e d om gr ant e d t o th e J e wis h r e ligi on Un t il .

t h e re ig n of N e ro 1 th e i r p e rs e c ut ors w e r e t h e J ew s an d n ot t h e ,

R om ans A t J e rus al e m o n e of t h e re sults of t h e R om an p olicy

.

w as t o th r ow grea t p ow e r i n t o t h e h ands of t h e S add uc e e s or

h ig h e r cl e rgy a t t h e h e a d of w h om w as th e h ig h pri e stl y fam ily

,
-

o f A n a n us Th is p ow e r w as oft e n ab us e d an d w h e n a s in th e
.
, ,

re ign of C a ligul a th e a d m i n is t ra tiv e s e rvic e s w e r e d e m ora lis e d

, ,

it w as us e d t o p e rs e cute t h e C h ris t i ans I t w as app ar en t ly at .

suc h a p e ri od th at S t e p h e n w a s m arty re d (A D 3 7 or an d

m
. .

t h at p e rs e cut i on d rov e m an y C h ris ti ans fro J e rus al e m .

I n A D 41 He rod Agripp a w as a pp oi n te d by th e E m p e r or
. .
,

C l a udius ki n g of t h e te rrit ory ov e r w h ic h H e rod th e G re a t h ad

re ign e d a n d t h e f orc e of a uxili ari e s w a s t rans f e rre d t o h im
,
,

H e rod w h o obs e rv e d t h e J e wis h re ligi on s tric t l y an d e nd e av our e d

, ,

in e ve ry w ay to c oncili at e t h e J e ws w as n at u rall y h ostil e t o t h e ,

C h ris t i ans bu t i t w a s o nl y t owards t h e cl os e of h is r e ig n t hat

,

h e b e c am e a vi ol e n t p e rs e cu t or E arl y in A D 44 h e kill e d . . .

J am e s th e s on of Z e b e d e e wi th t h e s w ord a n d i m p ris on e d
, , ,

P e te r 2
S h ortl y af t e rw ards h e di e d at C ae sa re a
. D uring h is .

re ig n t h e third o r o u t e r w all of d e fe nc e w as c omm e nc e d It s

3
.

c ours e is n ot c e rtai n l y kn own bu t t h e re c an be n o d oub t th at ,

t h e t r adi t i on al sit e s of G o lg o th a a n d th e T om b w e re e ncl os e d

by i t T h e s e si t e s e vid e n tl y f or m e d p a r t of a n anci e n t J e wis h

.

ce m e t e ry an d th e re is e v e ry r e a s on t o b e li e v e th at in vi e w of
, ,

t h e stat e of J e wis h fe e li n g at t h a t p e ri od t h e y w e re n ot o cc upie d ,

by buildi n gs .

O n t h e d e ath of H e rod t h e g ov e rn m e n t w a s r e su m e d by
R om e a n d C usp ius F adus w as app oi n t e d p rocur at or
, H e w as .

f oll owe d by a s ucc e ssi on of go v e rn ors w h os e m al ad m i n istrati on -

an d cru e lt g a v e ris e t o t h e dis ord e rs a n d p opul ar t um ults th a t

y
c ul mi na te d in th e w ar wi th R om e an d th e d e st ructi on of J e ru
Th e p e rs e c u o n of N e ro w as o c a ti l la nd tra ns i e t It did n ot e xte n d to
n .

Pa l tes i ne T h e C ri s i an s at R om e
. h t w e re a cc u e d of i c e n di ari s m
s an d n ,

p un i he d
s f or th e ir h atre d of m an ki n d ( di um g n eris h um i T a cit us
o e an , ,

A n n a ls , x v, 38
2
Ac t s xii , 1—4 .

3
J os e p h us , Wa rs ,
v, 4, 2 . S e e C h ap te r XI .
 52

first w all , an d M ount M ori ah an d in t h e

th os e w h ic h lay on

Ty rop oe on Va ll e y w e re t h e sc e n e of m uc h s t r ee t figh ti n g a n d
, ,

m ust h av e b e e n p ra ctic all y d e stroy e d d uri n g t h e p rogre ss of t h e

”
S i e ge .B ut t h e Upp e r C i ty on t h e w e st e rn spur w as n ot
“
, ,

c arri e d by ass ault Th e J e w s w e re s e iz e d wit h a p anic w h e n a

.

br e a c h w as m ad e in t h e w e st wall n e ar H e rod s p al ac e an d ,
’
,

fl e d f rom t h e w all an d f rom t h e t ow e rs T h e R om an s e n t e re d

'

with out s t riki n g a bl ow an d th ough t h e pl a c e w as s a ck e d an d ,

fi re d by t h e s oldi e rs m any h ous e s m us t h av e re m ai n e d i n ta ct

1
,
.

Th e m ilit ary r e qui re m e n ts of t h e R om an g arris on n e c e ssi t at e d

s om e d e m oli t i on ; but t h e re is n o e vid e n c e th at a pl oug h w a s
p a ss e d ove r t h e ruins or t h at T i tus e v e r in t e nd e d th at t h e ,

city s h ould n e v e r be re buil t J os e p h us w ould c e rtai n ly h av e .

.

m e n ti on e d suc h a n a c t o f e x augu ra t i on if i t h ad tak e n pl a c e .

Af t e r t h e c aptur e of th e c api tal Jud aea b e cam e an in de p e n ,

d e n t p rovi n c e w h ic h w as o ccupi e d by t h e c e l e br at e d T e n t h
‘

L e gi on F re te n s is an d a b ody of auxiliary t roops of for e ign

,
2
,
“

o rigin d ra wn in p art f rom t h e fa rt h e st l a nds of t h e w e s t

,
Th e .

p ro vinc e w as r e tain e d by V e spa si an as a p rivate p oss e ssi on ,

a n d i t s re v e nu e w a s p a id t o h is p riv p urs e ; u l a nds in th e

3
y b t

vicinity of J e rusal e m w e re g rant e d to th e Te n th L e gi on Th e .

c omm an d e r of th e l e gion w h o w as usu ally of p rae t orian r ank , ,

w as a ls o t h e g ov e rn or o f t h e pr ovi n c e a n d re sid e d as t h e , ,

proc ura t ors h ad d on e a t C ae s ar e a 4 Th e l e gi on or th e bulk of , ,

.

it w as quar t e re d in t h e Upp e r C ity an d u n til th e re ign of

,
“
, ,

Ha d ri a n J e rus al e m w as n e it h e r a c ol on y n or a munic ip ium b ut

, ,

a R oman l e gi on ar f ort re ss or c a m p w i th n o p o w e r t o s t rik e

y ,

c oins Duri n g th is p e ri od (A D 7 0— 132) t h e re w as n o a t t e m p t

. . .

1
War s , vi, 8, 4 5 ,
. S e ve ra l p ub l ic b uildin gs w e re de s t roy ed be f o e r

th e i
s e e,
g e g
. .
, th e h o us e o f A n an i a s , an d th e p l c
a a es of A gri p p a a n d
B e re n ik e ( Wa rs ii , , 17 ,
1
‘

Th e T e n th L e gi o n , w i th so m e bo o m of c ava l ry an d c oh o ts of in f a ntry
r

( Wa rs vii 1 , , ,

3
Wa rs vu , , 6, 6 .

1
War s vii , ,
10 , l . ly a f w o f th e gove r o s e k ow n
Th e n am e s o f on e n r ar n

( A p p e n di x I V .
,
T h i p o s i ti on m ay b e c m p r d w i h th at f t h e offi c e s
e r o a e t o r

w ho are G ove rn o rs d C omm an de rs -i -C h i e f at G i b r ltar M al t a a d

an n a , ,
n

B e rm uda .
 53

at r e c onstructi on an d no l arg e buildings w e re e r e ct e d Be y ond

, .

t h e l e v e ll e d gr ound in t h e i mm e di at e vicini t o f t h e C m p “
y a

t h e w alls o f t h e f or tific a ti ons of t h e p al a c e s a n d of t h e h ouse s , ,

lay as th e y h ad b e e n l e f t by T itus 1 A fe w h e aps of rui n s may .

h av e b e c om e ov e rg row n w it h rank v e ge tati on ; but th e re w as

n o t h ing to p re v e n t a p e rs on w h o h ad kn own t h e cit b e f r e
y o

t h e S i e g e f ro m re c og n ising an p artic ul a r sp o t or st re e t w it h i n
y
t h e w alls T h e p hy sic a l fe a ture s und e r w e n t n o c h ang e
. but h e re
a n d th e r e th e m
y a
y h av e b e e n c onc e al e d by t h e de bris of th e city .

Th e C am p
”
or l e gi o n ary f o rt re ss w as p rot e ct e d o n t h e
“
, ,

n or th an d w e st by H e rod s t ovve rs an d p orti on s of t h e first wall ’ '

b ut of i t s li m its on t h e s o ut h an d e ast a n d of its d e fe nc e s on ,

t h os e sid e s n oth ing is kn ow n wi th c e rtai n ty 2 T h e garris on

, .

m ust h a v e c onsis t e d a t fi rs t of t h e w h o l e o r of t h e g re at e r
p r t of t h e T e n t h L e gi on w it h a due prop orti on of auxili ari e s
a 3
, ,

f orm i n g t og e t h e r a f orc e of a b out or me n B y the .

sid e of t h is forc e but living apart f rom it in s e p arat e qua rt e rs

,

( c anaba
) t h e r e, m ust h a v e b e e n a l a rg e m is c e ll a n e ous p o pul a ti o n ,

p ossibl y am ounti n g t o or w h ic h c o nsist e d of c a m p

f oll ow e rs m e rc h ants s m all t ra d e rs an d o th e rs w h o w e re a tt ra ct e d

, ,

by t h e p re s e n c e o f a l arg e p e rm an e n t g arris on T h e t ota l .

m ilita ry an d civil p op ul a ti on a f e w y e ars af t e r t h e si e g e w ould

th us be from to T h e q uart e r of t h e city i n h abit e d
by t h e l a tt e r is un kn ow n b ut it w as p ro b abl y t h e r e gi on of t h e
,

bazars an d t h at p art of t h e Upp e r C i ty w h ic h w as n ot “

o cc upi e d b t h e l e gi on ar f rt 4
re ss — a b roa d sp a c e b e i ng l e ft
y y o

1
So J e rom e w ri te s , Th e i
ru n s o f th e ci ty to od f o
s r t
fif y y e a rs , un i th e tl
t mei of th e E m p e ro r H a dr i an ( Ep i s to la a d b a r da n um , M i n e , P a tr o log i a
g
L a ti n a , xx ii ,
c ol .

2
T he si ze of th e C am p an d it s p os i ti on in th e c it v a re d i c us
s se d in
C h a pte r X1 .

3
M an y t aces
r of th e Te n th Le gio n h ave b e e n f o un d at J e rus a le m
( Qu a rt e r l
y S ta te me n t , 18 7 1, p 10 3 . 18 8 5 , p 13 3 ; . 18 8 6 , p p 2 1- 24 7 2 ,
. .

1
‘
ce n t e cavati on h ave h o w n th t
Re x th p ti
s s te rn a th e s o u e rn o r on o f t h e w es

s
p u r w as th ick l y p p
o ul a t e d in R m a n t i m e a n d t h e fi n d i n c l ude b ick w i th
o s, s r s

th e s ta mp o f t h e T e n th L e gio n ( R e vu B i bli q ue 190 2 p 27 4fi 2) P i bly e os s

q
. .
, ,

t h i m ay in di c ate o n e
s ua te o cc up i d by th e ci vi l p op ul ti o n
r r S al o e a . ee s

ti l e of T e nth L e gi on f oun d o n th e e a te rn l op e of t h am e s p ur ( Q u rter ly s s e s a

S ta te me nt, 18 9 1, p .
 54

b e tw e e n t h e fortific ati ons of th e C am p an d t h e n e are s t h ous e s .

Af t e r t h e c om pl e t e s uppre ssi on of t h e re b e lli on t h e J e ws w e re

n ot unki n dl t r e a te d p o ssibl o wing t o t h e f a c t t h t Jud c h d
y y , a a a a

b e c om e I m p e ri al p rop e rty an d t o t h e r e l ati ons b e t w e e n Ti t us

a n d Be re n ik e N O att e m pt w as m ad e t o i n te rfe re wi th t h e gr e a t
.

Ra bbi n ic a l sc h ool at J am n i a an d n o e di c t w as issu e d f orbidding ,

J e w s t o visi t o r re sid e in J e rusal e m Acc or di ng t o B asn age 1

.
,

fam ili e s of t h e t rib e s of J ud ah an d B e n j am in w e re l e f t in

J e r us al e m an d s e ttl e d t h e re t o s e rv e t h e R om an g ar ris on I n
, .

all p rob abili t t h os e p ov e rt st rick e n J e ws w h o h a d n ot b e e n -

y y
d e p orte d or s old by Titus an d t h os e w h o h ad n ot c om pr om is e d ,

t h e m s e lv e s by t aki n g p art in t h e w ar w e r e all ow e d t o dw e ll

2
,

in t h e un o c c upi e d p art s of t h e city And h e re t oo am idst .

, ,

s oldi e rs an d civili an s drawn from all p art s of t h e k n ow n w orld ,

th e C h ris t i an s m ay h av e s e ttl e d d ow n on t h e i r r e turn f r om P e ll a ,

m aki n g m an y c onv e rts an d w ors h ippi n g in a s m all b u i ldin g 3

w h ic h in h appi e r ti m e s w a s t o b e c om e t h e M ot h e r C h urc h of
S i on th e m o t h e r of all t h e c h urc h e s
,
“
.

”
I n th e C am p its e l f s o l ong as it re main e d a l e gi on ary
“
,

f ort re ss t h e re c ould h av e b e e n n o c h urc h s y n ag ogue or t e m pl e

, , . .

T h e fa ct of t h e re turn f rom P e ll a is u n d oub t e d 4

t h e d at e is ,

unkn o w n Dr R obi n s o n f oll owi n g M u

. . ii t e r
5
pl ac e s i t af t e r t h e
, ,

supp re ssi on of t h e re v olt in Had ri a n s re ig n an d t h e foun d ati on ’

,

of f Elia
“
R e n an c onsid e rs it m o st p rob abl e t h at p art of t h e
.

c h urc h re t urn e d aft e r t h e c om pl e t e pac ifi c ation of J udaea ( c irc a 7

1
H is toi re de s J uif s , v ii, 9 , 11 11, 3 .

2
P o s s i bl y all de vo ut J e w s c am e to m o urn ov e r t h e ruin s of th e T e m p l e
an d ci ty , p urc h a s i n g l i b e rty to do s o f ro m t h e s o l di e rs T h e n um b e rs a n d .

ro s e ri t o f t h e J e w s w h e n th e re b e lli o n b rok e o ut un de r H a dri a n , s om e

p p y
i ty
s x
y l at e
e a rs h o w s th at th e
y
r, s c o ul d n o t h ve b e e n g e at ly o pp ed a r re s s .

3
A cc o di n g t o E p ip h an ius ( A p p e n di x I V 9 i ) th e
r w as ch u ch .
, , ,
re a r

o n M ou t S i o n i H dri n ti m e o th e p ot w h e re th e D i ci p l e s p a took o f
n a an s
’
, n s s r

t h e S up p e ft t h e A c e s i on
r a er s n .

4
Th e o l y di t i ct n fe c e to th e re turn i th at by E p ip h an iu
s n re re n s s

( A p p e di I V 9 ii )
n x .
, , .

M ii t e T i J w i h W i R ob i s o n
’
5
n r, u d le T j e d H d i
s ar n er ra an a n a r a n, n n s

B i bli th c S c
o e 18 43 p 44
a a 8 ra , , . .

6 B ibli c l R c h i P l t i i p 3 7 1 e di ti on o f 18 56
a e s ea r es n a es ne
, ,
.
,
.

7 D R ob i n o
r .
( B i bli c l R e s c h
n i P l t i e i 3 6a7 ) c h a ct e ris e s
s ea r es n a es n , ,
ar

th i s vi e w w h e n adva c e d by C h ate a ub i a d ( I ti r i d P ri s i J e s t m
,
n r n ne
’

a re e a c ra a e ,
 55

A D
. . b ut th at th e
d at e may p ossibl y h ave b e e n as l a te as
A D
. 122 w h e n a cc ordi n g t o him Hadri an d e cid e d t o r e buil d
.
, , ,

J e rus al e m a s r Elia
Z 1
Th e e arli e r d ate w ould s e e m t h e m o r e
.

p rob abl e an d t h e m ore n atural T h e re w as n oth i n g in t he .

p oli tic al c on di ti on of t h e c ount ry t o p re v e n t th e r e turn an d th e ,

C h risti ans w ould h ardl y h av e n e gl e ct e d suc h a fav ou rabl e fi e ld

for m issi on ary e nt e rp ris e as t h at p re s e nt e d by th e c am p an d its
e ntou rage An e arl y re t u rn may p e rh aps be in fe rr e d fr om t h e
.

s tat e m en t of E us e bi us w i th r e g ard to t h e e l e cti o n of S i m e on ,

s e c ond Bis h op of J e r us al e m in s ucc e ssi on t o Jam e s 2

Assum i n g ,
.

th at a s m all C h ris ti a n c om m unity w ith S i m e on as Bish op , ,

s e ttl e d d own am ids t th e rui n s of th e city ab out A D 7 2— 7 5 t h e . .

,

a bs e nc e w o uld h v
a e b ee n a t m o st s e v e n e ars —
a p e ri o d fa r t o o
y
s h or t t o bl ot out all re me m branc e of th e p ositi on s of G olg ot h a
an d t h e T om b E v e n s upp osing th a t t h e J e rus al e m C h urc h did
.

n ot e xi st as a b ody until A D 12 2 i t is i m p ossibl e t o b e li e v e th a t

, ,
. .
,

t h e ci ty w a s n e v e r visi t e d b e t w e e n A D 7 2 an d A D 122 by in . . . .

dividua l C h risti an s w h o w e re w e ll acquain te d wi th t h e h ol y pl ac e s ,

an d full c ap abl e h ad t h e y s o wis h e d of i m p arti n g th e i r k n owl e dg e

y , ,

to ot h e rs an d so p e rp e t ua ting t h e traditi on
,
T h e quotati on of .

E us e bius f rom H e ge s ip p us th a t th e m on u m e nt ( ; mflt ) o f

3 “ ”
i r
q
J am e s still re m ains by t h e T e m pl e i m pli e s a kn ow l e dg e of
“
,

J e rus al e m af t e r t h e si e ge by th e C h risti ans O n t h e w h ol e it .

,

s e e m s t o be a fair c on clusi on t h a t t h e ci rc um s ta n c e s c on ne cte d

wi th t h e si e g e an d with t h e re sid e nc e of t h e C h risti ans at P e ll a
w e re n ot suc h as w ould h av e re nde re d a c on ti n uous t raditi o n
w i th r e g ard t o G olg oth a a n d t h e T om b i m p ossibl e e ith e r ,

am ongs t t h e J e ws or t h e C h ris ti an s .

I nt o du
r c t i o n
p 12 4 P a r
,
i s A D
.
a n th
,
i n
g m o e n o l e s th a
,
n a.
m e r
. s o r r s e

fi gm e n t of i m agi n at i on b ut h e b i n g f w a d n o e vi de n c in s up po rt f r s or r e o

h is ow n th e o y n o r is an y s up p l i e d by B i s h op M ii t e r
r ,
n .

1
L es Eva ng i le s p p ,
. 3 9, 5 6 .

2
A p p e n di x [V .
,
8, i ii Th e da te of S i m e on
’
s a cc e s s on i is n ow he re

s tate d tl
E us e b i u l c t h e cc i a f te th e ca p t u e o f a es a e ss o n r r
.
pp y p s a a re n

J e us ale m ; L igh t f o t
r d th th i k th t i t
ta t o o k p l
an c e i m mo
e d i t l
e rsy on n a a a
e

th e d a th of J m e befo e t h i e a n d R e a n a d o th e u p p o e t h t n n rs s s a
e a e g ; s, r s e

S i m e o w s l e cte d af t e r th e re t u f om P e ll a
n a e rn r .

3
A p p e di x I V 8 i n .
, , .
 56

Af t e r t h e c ap t ur e o f J e rus al e m e v e ry J e w o ve r 20 y e ars of
a e w h o wis h e d t o re ta in h is re ligi o n w as c om p e ll ed t o ay t o t h e
g p
te m pl e of Jupi t e r C ap it olinus at R om e t h e ta x of t w o d rac h m ae
( h al f a S h e k e l
) w h ic h f o rm e rl y,
h ad b e e n p a id t o t h e T e m pl e

of t h e L ord 1
T h e a n n ua l c o ll e c t i on of th is t ax r e n d e re d
.
,

i n tol e rabl e by t h e c oins b e ari n g t h e h e ad of t h e e m p e r or w it h , ,

w h ic h it w as p aid m us t h ave k e pt a liv e a d e e p f e e ling of re s e n t

,

m e n t a m ongst t h e J e ws U n d e r D om iti an t h e t ax w as c oll e c t e d

.

wi t h gr e a t h ars h n e ss a n d C h ris ti an s of J e wis h origi n s uffe r e d ,

e quall wit h t h J w s 2
S m ll vi ti n p ssibl in t h
y e e o e a e a o o
y .e ,

m e th od of c oll e cti on w as g ran t e d by N e rva 3 but t h e c ou n try , ,

s e e m s t o h av e r e m ai n e d in an un s e tt l e d s tat e th r oug h out th e

re ig n of T ra j an A fe w m i n or ou t bre aks w e re s upp re s s e d an d
.
,
,

ord e r w as c om pl e t el
4
re s t ore d in t h e fi rst e ar O f Had ri an
y y ,

A D 117
. . T h e J e w s subs e qu e n t l y r e m ain e d qui e t w ai t i n g f or
.
,

a n opp ort unit

y u n t il A D 13 2 w h e n th e
, y br ok e ou t in ope n
. .
,

r e v olt u n d e r t h e l e ad e rs h ip of B ar K oziba ( Cozeba) or B ar 5

K ok ha ( Coc hc ba) .

Acc ordi n g t o Di on C a ssi us th e c aus e of th e re b e lli on w a s

6
,

Had ri an s d e cisi on t o re b uild J e rusal e m as a h e a t h e n city a n d

’
,

t o e re c t a t e m pl e of J upit e r C ap it olin us on t h e si t e of t h e J e wis h

T e m pl e S p a rt ian us on t h e ot h e r h an d giv e s as th e r e a s on
.
7
,

t h e issu e o f H ad ri a n s e dict f orbiddi n g t h e p ra ctic e of ci rc um

1
A p p e n di x I V .
,
4 , i; J o s e p h us ,
W a rs ,
vii, 6 ; f
o . M att . xv ii ,
24 .

2
T h e de ci s ive t w a s ci cum ci s i on
tes r ,
an d, in c ase s of doub t, C h i ti an r s s

of J e w ish o rigin w e re p ub l ic l e am i x ned tribun al

b e f o re a ( S ue to iu n s,
y
i n D om i t ia num , T h e t ax w a s p orb bal y p i d i d
ae n a i i P l VI I
n r , . .
,
F ig 2 . .

3
T he c l e m n cy e of N e rva w as a
pp a e n tl r
y c o m m e m ora te d b y c oi n a

b e a ri n g t h e l e ge n d F I S C I I VDA I C I C A L VM NI A S U B L A T A ( R e i n a ch ,

J e w i s h C o i n s , P l VI I . .
,
I) .

4 Th e fi na l ac t a
p p e ars to h ave be e n t h e c ap t u e r of Ly dda by Lus ius
Q ui e tus f oll o w e d by
, gre a t s aug e r of t h e J e w s
a l ht .

5
Th e n ame l c
p rob a b y om e s f rom t h e o w n o f C t he ib z , or C h o ze b a ; t
af e r

B ar Ko z ib a
’
s l
th i t w as i te rp e t d a
f a i ure o of
an d de a n r e s s n a lie .
”
Th e
a m e B r Kok b w h ic h p p ar i C h i ti i te h as
”
n a s on o f t ar a, a s ,
a e s n r s an wr rs ,

re fe e n c e to B alaa m s p ro p h cy in N um x i v J e w is h
’
r 17 F or e . x ,
. th e
t di tio s e J w i h E y lop di Art B ar R okb
ra ns, e e s nc c ce a, . a.
6
A p p e n dix I V . , 4, ii .

7 A pp e n dix I V . 5
, .
 57

r isi on — an e dict w h ic h a ppli e d t o n on-J e wis h as w e ll as to

J e w is h p opl
e e E us e bius say s th a t t h e c ol ony w as e stablis h ed
1
.

a f te r t h e s upp re ssi o n of t h e i n s ur re c t i o n T h is s ta te m e nt m ay .

be re c on cil e d wit h th at of Di on C as sius by supp os i n g t h a t t he

foundi n g of t h e c ol on y w as i n t e rr upt e d by th e r e v o lt and c om ,

p le t e d af t e r its s upp re ssi o n H a d ri an w a s a g re a t build e r a n d .

re st ore r o f c iti e s : h e h ad s e e n t h e ruins of J e rusal e m an d ,

t h e re st orat i o n o f t h e old c apit al of t h e J e w s t o its f orm e r

m ag n ific e nc e m ay w e ll h av e app e al e d to h is i magi n ati on .

P o ssibl y t oo h e m ay h a v e c on sid e r e d t h e f ound ati on of a

, ,

c ol on y in a st rong p osi t i on in Judae a a wis e p re c auti on in vi e w -

-
o i t h e st at e o f J e wis h f e e li n g w h ic h m us t h av e b e e n w e ll k n ow n
‘

t o him I t w ould s e e m t h e n t h at t h e r e volt w as due to a

.
, ,

c om bi nati on of ci rc um s tan c e s — t h e an nual i rrit ati on p rod uc e d

by t h e c oll e c t i on of t h e t e m pl e t ax t h e e dict f o rbiddi n g circu m ,

c is ion an d t h e d e cisi on
,
3
t o re build J e rus al e m a s a h e a t h e n city ,

w i th its p ri n c ip a l t e m pl e o n t h e S p o t o n c e h all ow e d by t h e

T e m pl e of J e h o vah .

Th e in s urge n t J e ws a ni m at e d by t h e b e li e f t h a t t h e M e ssi ah ,

h ad app e are d in t h e p e rs o n of B ar K ozib a 1

a t fi rst carri e d ‘

e v e r th i n g b e f ore t h e m J e rus al e m w a s t ak e n a n d 5 0 fo rtifi e d

“
y .
,

pl ac e s an d 95 5 op e n t owns an d vill ag e s app e ar t o h a ve fall e n

1
A p p e n di x I V .
,
8, x.

T h e gro w of t h e iv p o p u ath
io n c il l t at J e r usal e m m ay h a ve bee n so gre a t
as to h ave be o m e dan ge ro us c .

3
P robab y in l A D . . 130 , w he n H a dri a n v s i i te d S y ri a ( pp
A e n di x I V .
,

R e n an g i ve s A 122 th e d te of t h e vis it
q
. D . as a .

1‘
T h e de s truct i on o f th e T e m ple a d c o s e u t c e sation o f th ,
n n en s e

s a cri fi c e f re s h stre n gth t o t h e M e

av i ic h o e
p f t h e J w s w h ose ss an o e
g
e s, ,

a s ira t i
p s pon
artl y p,
o l i tic l w e re of uffi ci e n t i m p ort n c e to a ttra c t t h e
,
s a a

n o t ic e o f t h e e m p e rors A cc o rdi g t o H ge ipp us ( Ap p e di x I V 8

. n e s n .
, ,

V e s p s ia a Do m i t i an a d T raj a n a tte m p te d t o e x tirp t th e oy al rac e

n, n a e r

by h unti n g do w n an d e e c ut in g ll J e w s o f t h e H ou e of D vi d x It i a s a . s

n ot p ro ve d th at B ar Ko i ba p ro c l i m e d h i m e l f t h e M e i h b ut Ra bb i
z a s ss a ,

A ki b id of h im
a sa T hi is t h Ki g M e i ah ,
“
n d t h e p eo p l e c e rtain l y
s e n ss ,
a

b e li e ve d h im t o b e s o w h e n th e y a n o in t e d an d c o w n e d h im k in g a t B e th r r e .

A ll t h e J w s i P al e s t i
e an d p nob b l y a ll t h e S a m ritne ,s ( J w i h r a a an e s

E y lOp di
nc c A t
ae B r R ok b a
a, rj oi e d h im th C h ri t ian h e ld loof
. a n e s s a .

5
T h i i e vi de n t f ro m t h
s s re c a p t ure o f th e ci ty a nd f ro m t h e co ins e ,

t h ough J e w i h w ri te rs a e s i le t
s r n .
 58

i n t o th e ir h ands C oins w e re an d an a t t e m pt w as m a d e
.
1

t o re build t h e T e m pl e 3
Li t tl e is k n own of t h e i n cide n ts c on ’

n e c t e d w it h th e p rog re ss of t h e w ar J e wis h t raditi on re l at e s .

that th e R omans f ought 5 2 b attl e s n ot a lw ay s w it h s ucc e ss 4

.
,

T h e c apture of J e r us al e m by t h e J e w s an d i t s r e c ap t ure by t h e
'

R om ans alt h oug h b o t h s e e m c e rta i n a re n ow h e re d e sc rib e d

, ,
.

Tin e ius R ufus t h e g o v e rn or an d M arc e ll us th e g ov e rn or of

5
, , ,

Sy ri a w h o w as s e n t t o h is assist anc e w e re un abl e t o que ll t h e

, ,

rising a n d it w a s n ot until t h e arriva l of S e v e rus from B rita i n

, ,

in A D 135 th at t h e w ar w as br oug h t t o a cl os e by th e c ap ture

. .
,

of B e th e r ( B illir
) a f t e r it h a d l a s t e d t h re e an d a h al f
y e ars ,
.

T h e d a t e of th e r e c a pt ure of J e rus a l e m is unc e rtai n but t h e

6
,

city w ould app e ar from th e c oins t o h a v e b e e n in t h e h an ds of , ,

t h e J e w s for m ore t h an a y e ar T h e t e rm in ati on of t h e w ar .

1
A p p e n di x I V .
,
4 iv ,
.

2
M a dde n ( Th e Coi ns o
f th e J e ws , L on d .
,
18 8 1, pp . 23 4
de s c ri be s c oi n s of V e s p a s i an , D om i ti an , an d T raj an , w h ic h are s up e r

t uck
s r on th e ob ve rs e w ith th e n am e S i mo n an d s om e de v ice su ch
as a w re a th ,
a cl uste r g p of t e tras t l e t e m l e or m ore
ra
y e s, a
p p ro babl y t h e ,

S toa B c
a s i li a , &c .
,
a d o
n t h e re v r e w i th t h
n l e ge d th d li ve nce f
e s e n ,
e e ra o

J er us a le m h e re . T ar e al o c o i n s of Ve
s
p a s i an a d T j a n w h ic h are s up e r s n ra .

s tr uck w i t h t h e l e d c dy h l c I a l S e e al s o
g en se
fon t d iv ea rf o e e e ra n e o sr e

C ign ar t de S aul cy N umi m ti q

.
,

a u de l T e e S i t e , s a e a rr a n .

Th e t te m p t t o re b uil d t h e T e m p l e m ay b e i n f e e d f rom C hry s ostom

3
a rr ,

t h e P as c ha l C h o ic l G C e dre us a d N ic e p h C llis t us cf J e o m e
r n e, . n ,
n . a , . r ,

A p p e n di x I V 11 iii A cc ordi n g t o J e w i s h t radi tion H adri an gra n te d th e

.
, , .
,

J e w s p e rm i s i o t e bui l d th e
s T e m p l e but w ith d e w it a f t e w ork h a d
n o r r r

be e n c o m m e n c e d in co n s e q
, ,

ue c e of th e re p re s e t t i on s o f t h e S a m ri ta n s
,
n n a a .

4
Th e R om m i e s c e ta i l y e p e ri e n c e d di a s t rs a d m i s h ap
an ar and r n x s e n s,

o n e o f th e s e m a h a ve b n t h e l o s o f J e rus a l e m T h T e n th L e gi o ee or s e n,
y .

a
p a t r
o f i t w h ic h w a ,at J e r u l e m e a l y in t h e thi rd c t u y w h
s e n l ) i o n sa r en r ,

C ass i us w ro te m ay h av b e e , te m p orari l y w i th d a wn f r s e rvic e e as t e f n r o o

J o da
r i n, t h e l te ly -f rm e d p ov i n c e of A rab i a
n a d t h e w e ak e n e d g r i on
o r ,
an a r s

r u h ed be fo e th e
s w a s ti m e f or t h e co c e n tra ti o n o f t ro op s
r re n .

5
C all e d T i mmi n s R uf us by Sy n c e l lus T y n iu R uf us ( Ch o ic les ) T i m us s r n ,

R uf u ( i D s i ) an d T i tus A n n i n R ufu ( i Z a ch viii ) by J e ro m e ; a d

n an. x , a s n . n

T urn us R uf us an d T y ran nus R ufu by t h e R b bi s ( A p p e di x I V s a n

T h e f ct o f t h e r c p t u e o f J e u al e m is s ta t e d b y A p p i an an d
5
a e a r r s

th e Sa m rit n B oo k o f J o h u
a a It m y l o be i n f e re d f rom E u e b us s a . a a s r s i

( A pp e n di I V xC h ry s o t om ( A pp e n di x I V
.
, J e r m e ( A p p e di I V s .
,
o n x .
,

t h e P c h l C h ro n ic l e ( A pp e n di I V
as a &c x .
, .
 60

c is io n , an d
l y grad ua ll y th at all a tt e m pt to c o n form
it
1
w as on

t o t h e M o s ai c Law w as ab a nd on e d Th e a li e n at i onf rom Jud ais m .

b e c am e c om pl e t e w h e n B a r K oziba w as o pe n l y re c e iv e d as t h e
M e ssi ah T h e C h risti an s w h o w e re e age rl y e xp e cti n g th e s e c ond
.
,

c om i n g of C h ris t c ould n ot lis t e n t o t h e cl ai m s of a n ot h e r

,

( e art h l
y ) M e ssi ah an d c ould t ak e n o p art in a m ov e m e n t of
,

w h ic h t h e M e ssi a nic c h ara ct e r w as s o p ro n oun c e d T h e y w e re .

c ons e que n tly p e rs e c ut e d w i t h p e c uli ar vi ol e n c e b v t h e insurg e nt

Je w s ?
D uri n g th e p e ri od A D 7 34 35 th e re app e ars to h ave . .

b e e n n o form al law f orbiddi n g C h risti anity an d n o e xp re ss e dict ,

ord e ri n g its s upp re ssi on C h ris t i ani ty w as h ow e v e r a re ligio .

, ,

illic ila and ,th os e w h o a v ow e d t h e m s e lve s C h ris ti ans w e r e

”
“
t re at e d lik e brigan ds c augh t in t h e ac t 3
Und e r D om i ti an .
,

t h e C h ris ti ans a t J e rus a l e m e sp e ci a lly t h o s e w h o h ad b e e n c ir ,

cu m c is e d w e r e n o d oubt h ara ss e d an d p e rs e cut e d ;

,
4
but th ey
a f t e r w ards d e riv e d b e n e fit f rom t h e m ild e r p o lic of N e rv a a n d
y
T raj an a n d t h e ir at t it ud e t o w ards th e i n surg e nt J e w s m us t h a v e
,

p rod uc e d a fav ourabl e i m pr e ssi on up on t h e l oc a l g ov e rn ors an d

re l a x e d t h e i r s e v e rit Th e o nl e v e n t t h a t n e e d b e n o tic e d is
y y .

t h e m a rty rd om o f S i m e o n w h o w as p ut t o d e a th b e c aus e as a , ,

re l a ti on o f C h rist h e w a s re g ard e d as a d e sc e ndan t of D avid

,

a n d on e o f t h e ro a l r a c e
5
y .

I t w o uld app e ar f rom t h e ab ov e t h at n o th i n g o c cu rre d p ri or

t o t h e re b e lli o n t h a t w ould re n d e r t h e t ra ns m issi o n of a t raditi o n ,

brough t b ack f rom P e lla i mp ossibl e an d it c an n ot be s uppos e d ,

th a t e v e ry C h risti an w h e th e r of J e w is h or G e ntil e d e sc e n t w h o
, ,

1
T he re see ms no re as on t o doub t th e su cce ss ion of J udato -C h ri ti a s n

b i h op s
s as
gi ve n by E us e b i us on th e au th o i tyr
“
of wr itin g s
”
( Ap p e di n x

IV .
, 8 , ix ) .

2
A p p e n di x I V .
, 7 11, 17,
. B as n a ge ( H is toire de s J uif s , x i, p . 3 6 1)
c on s i de rs th t t h e h e th e n s uff e
a a re d a s we l l
h i sti s I as th e C r an . n th e J e w i sh

E nc y c lop azdia , A rt . B a r Kokb a ,

”
i t is m i t i d th t t h e C h ri ti
a n a ne a s an s w e re
n ot co m p ul so ri ly ci rc um ci s e d n a o r ,
a d th t th y w e r n o t t tu d
e e r e .

3
R a m s ay C h u c h i n t h e R om n E mp i e p 20 9 fi
'

, r a r , . .

w s c oll e cte d f o m all un ci c um ci e d J e w s n d M ill m a n h a

4
T he t ax a r r s , a s

w e ll s ugges te d ( H i to y f C h r i ti a n i ty ii c h 4 th a t t h e C h ri t i an s s uff e re d
s
) r o s , , . s

m o e th n t h e un be li e ve s f rom t h e m e u e tak e n t o c oll e c t t h e te m p l e

r a r as r s

ta x (s e e p .

A p p e n di x I V , 8 , . v iii .
 61

kn e w the
p osi t ions of G olg oth a an d t h e Tomb pe ris h e d during ,

th e re v olt N or is it pr ob abl e th a t a ny e xisti ng traditi o n w a s

.

b rok e n by t h e a cti on of Had ri a n 1

I t m ay be t ru e a s sugge ste d .
,

by Willi am s th a t t h e E m p e ro r re ga rd e d t h e J e rus a l e m C h u rc h
2
,

as a n off s h oo t of t h e S y n ag ogu e a n d t h a t its m e m b e rs s h a r e d ,

th e lot o f t h e J e w s But it is e quall y tru e th a t t h e G e n til e

.

C h risti an s w e re n ot banis h e d fr om E li a f or it h a d l o ng b e e n ,

kn ow n t ha t th e y w e re n ot a Je w ish s e ct .

Had ri an on t h e supp re ssi o n of t h e re b e lli on w a s abl e t o

, ,

c ar ry out h is p roj e ct of re b uildin g J e rus al e m ; a n d in A D 136 . .

,

t h e y e ar in w h ic h h e c e l e b rate d h is c ic enna lia 3

t h e n e w ci ty ,

w as d e dic at e d t o J upit e r C ap it olinus an d m ad e a R oma n c ol on y ,

4
und e r t h e ti tl e Colonia E lia Cap itolina T h e siz e of t h e city is .

FI G 3 . .
-
C on zs o r H A D R I A N , F O U N DE R o r r un Ce t o x x .

un k n own but it w as p robabl y s urroun d e d by a wall wh ic h

,
5

e xclud e d t h e s out h e rn p orti o n of th e w e s t e rn spu r an d incl ud e d ,

t h e t radi ti o n al sit e s of G olg ot h a a n d t h e T om b Had ri a n .

ad orn e d th e n e w c ol o n y wit h m ag n ific e nt b uildings fo r w h ic h ,

m uc h of t h e m at e ri al w as o b tai n e d from t h e rui n s of t h e Te mpl e ,

pa l ac e s & c,
6
.

U n ge r ( Die B a ute n Cons ta n ti n

’
s,
pp 2.0 ,
as s um n i g th t th e re
a w as

a tradi tion w i th re gard t o th e p o s i t o n of G ol goth a in t h e ti m e o f H dria n

i a
,

c o s i de r th t it m ay al m o t be re garde d a c e rta i n tha t so m e o f t h e

n s a s s

i n h ab i tants re m ai n e d w h o kn e w w h e r C hri t w as c ruci fi e d d b urie d e s an .

2
T h e H oly C i ty i p 2 15 , ,
. .

3
T h e tw e n tie th y e r of his re i gn O n th e s e f e s ti val s w hi c h p re vi o us ly
a .
,

h ad on ly be n c e l e brate d by A ugu tu a n d Tra j an i t w as c us to m ry to

e s s ,
a

i l c
b u d or de di a e n e t w ci t i e s o r t o r e n a m e o ld o e s
-
,
n .

E l i a f rom E lius H d i an us an d C p it oli a i n h o our of t h e god to

,
a r ,
a n ,
n

w h om t h e c ity w as de dic ate d .

5
F o r t h e ci ty an d it w a ll s e e C h ap X I s ,
. .

6
A p p e n di x I V 8 x iii .
, ,
.
 62

On t h e site onc e o cc upi e d by t h e Te m pl e of J eh ovah th e

E m p e ror e re ct e d a t e m pl e of J upi te r C ap it olin us wh ic h app e ars , ,

f ro m I m p e ri a l c oi n s s truck at J e rus al e m t o h av e b e e n si mil ar ,

in plan an d arrang e m e n t t o t h e t e m pl e of Jupi te r C ap itolin us

as re s t ore d by D om iti a n s e e n ot e on C oins p
a t R om e , ( , .

T h e r e w e re th r e e ce llce an d of th e s e t h e c e nt ral on e w as o ccupi e d ,

by a s tatu e of Jupit e r w h o w as re gard e d as t h e guardian ,

d e ity of t h e city I n t h e c e llce t o t h e rig h t an d l ef t w e r e

.

statue s of J un o an d Mi n e rva ; an d th e re w e re a ls o in t h e ,

t e m pl e pre cincts s tatu e s of t h e foun d e r of th e city

,
1
A m on gst .

o th e r buildi n gs a ttribute d t o Had ri an are t h e t w o De m os ia t h e ,

th e a tre th e T rikam e ron t h e T e tran y m p h on th e Dode kapy lon

, , , ,

f orm e rl y c all e d An ab th oi ( e
a m t h s t e ps an d t h e K odr a 2 “
.

On t h e gate w h ic h le d to Be th l e h e m w as sculptur e d a be ar ,

t h e fi f th in ra n k of t h e s igm a militaria of t h e R om an ar m nd
y a ,

probabl y c onn e c t e d wit h t h e T e nt h L e gi on w h ic h h ad l ong b e e n ,

qu ar t e r e d in th e adj oi n ing c am p 3
.

T h e c ons t itu t i on of ZElia w as th at of a R om an c ol on y ; an d

t h e city w a s divid e d in t o s e v e n qu art e rs e a c h h aving its h e ad ,

m an J e ws w e r e e xcl ud e d by stri nge nt laws

. T h ey we re .

f orbidd e n t o e n te r und e r p a in of d e ath G uards w e re stat i on e d .

t o pr e v e n t th e i r e n tr an c e an d t h e y w e r e n ot a ll owe d e v e n t o ,

4
a z e up on t h e ci ty f rom a dis t ant h e igh t P a g ans a n d C h ris t i ans
g .

1
App e n di x I V .
,
4 : T h e B orde aux l
P i gri m m e n on s t w o s a ue s of ti tt
H adri an ii 9 a s tat
J e rom e , i n I s t ue of J up i e r an d on e of H a dri an ; an d
q
.
, , ,

i M tt x xiv 15 an e ue stria n s t atue of t h e E m p e ror ( A p p e n di x I V ] 1 ix )

q
n a .
, , .
, , .

P o s s ibl y th e re w a a s t tue in t h e te m p l e an d an e ue s trian s t at ue i t h e

s a ,
n

re ci n ct A n in c rip t i on in t h e
s s o uth w al l of
s t h e H a dm e s h S h e lf r - r
p .

rob ab ly b e lo n ge d t o a s t tue o f A n t onin u P iu in th te m p l e p re ci nct

a s s e s
p .

p p e n di x I V 2 4
2 A .
, .

3
B l i s an d D icki e f oun d a til e w ith t h e s t m p of th e T e n th L e gion an d
s a ,

a b e ar ( E c va ti xt J ru l m P l
a o ns a v ii ) S e e C l rm on t -G a nn u ( T ois
e sa e , . xx . e ea r

I n c rip ti n d l X m L eg i o F t nsi ; H us t S t G e g e ; E tud s

s o s e a ‘ ‘
n re e s or e . or s e

d A h o l g i O i e n t le i 9 0 f or t h e b e ar o f t h e T e n th L gi o n
’
’
rc e o e r a , , ,
e .

4 A
p p e ndi I V 6 7 8 I I 12 13 17 x .
, T h e p ohi b i t i on w hi c h p obab ly
, , , , , ,
. r ,
r

a
pp l i e d to ci rc um ci s e d C h ri t i a a s w e l l s to J w w s t i l l in fo ce
s rl
y ns a e s, a s r ea

in t h e f ou th c e nt ury r It do e ot a p p t o h ve b e n e l
. e d un t i l t h e
s n e ar a e r ax

e i n o f C o n stan t i n e ( B orde au P i l i m u i u h e op h a n i a
r
g g s ) E s e b i n h is T x r . s

de c ri b e t h e p e op l e of J e u al e m a be i n g n ot J e w s b ut
s s f ore i gn e rs a n d
r s s .
“

d c e n da n ts of an oth e r ce ( A p p e n di x I V 8 x iv)
es r a .
, ,
.
 63

l
a on e w e r e all ow e d to re sid e in t h e city a nd th e magn ificen c e ,

o f t h e c ol on y w as of a n e ss e n t i a ll pa g a n c h ara c te r T h c h i ef
y e .

re ligi o us w ors h ip w as th a t of J upit e r C a it o lin u s But B cc h u

p a s .
,

S e rapis V e n us or Ast a rte t h e Di osc uri and t h e l oc al Ty c h e or

, , , , ,

ci ty godde ss are r e p re s e n t e d on th e c o in s 1 of th e city and a

, ,

FI G 4 —CO IN
. or A N T O N I NU S P i us , w rr n T un a s rs n B c sr o r T H E C IT Y .

t e m pl e m ay h av e b e e n d e dic a t e d t o on e or m ore of th e s e d e iti e s

by Had ri an or s om e l a t e r e m p e ror O n t h e ground n ow occ upi e d .

by t h e C h urc h of t h e Hol y S e p ulc h re s t ood on e s uc h te m pl e ,

wit h re gard t o w h ic h th e re app e ar t o h ave b e e n tw o distinct

tr aditi ons — on e G re e k t h e oth e r L atin T h e fi rst is t ha t
, .

unkn own p e rs ons e r e ct e d a t e m pl e of Aph rodit e a b ov e t h e

T om b of C h ris t ; t h e s e c ond t h at Had ri an s e t up ( w h e t h e r in
a t e m pl e or n o t is n ot dir e ctl y st at e d ) a st a t ue of V e nus o n

t h e sp o t w h e re C h ris t s uff e re d a n d a st a t ue o f J upi te r ab ov e ,

t h e Tom b .

T h e Gr eek tradition is in g e n e ra l agre e m e nt w it h t h e sta te

m e nt of E us e bius ( A D 2 6 0 3 3 9) t h e o n l y w rit e r o n th e s ubj e ct
. .
- —

w h o c ould h a v e s e e n t h e T e mpl e b e fore it w as d e m o l is h e d t o

m ak e r oom f or C on s t an ti n e s c h urc h e s I n h is Lif e of Cons ta n tine 9

’
.

Eus e bius s ay s th a t c e rt ai n u n g odl y a n d i m pi ous pe rs on s

c ov e r e d up th e Tom b a nd b uilt o n a pave d fl oor ab ov e it ,
a ,
“

gl oom y s h ri n e t o Ap h rodit e t h i n king th a t t h e y w ould th e r e by

”
,

S ozom e n (A D 3 7 5 45 0 ) sta te s th a t t he
3
c on c e al t h e t ruth .
—
. .

T om b a n d G olgoth a w e re c ov e re d up by p aga ns w h o h ad forme rly

p e rs e cu te d th e C h urc h a nd th a t th e w h ol e pl a c e w a s e n cl os e d by
,

1
Th e coin s ran ge f rom A D . . 13 6 to t h e re i gn of Va l e ri an , A D . . 2 60 .

2
A p p e n dix V .
, 1, ii .

3
A p p e n dix V .
,
2, i.
 64

a wall an dpav e d Th e pagans e re ct e d a t e m pl e t o Ap h r odit e

.
“
,

”
an d s e t u a li tt l e i m ag e so t h at t h o s e w h o w en t t o w ors h i
“
p , p
C h ris t w ould app e ar t o bow t h e kn e e t o Ap h rodit e S o c ra te s .

( 7 ) r l t s th at t h os e w h o h a t e d C h risti ani t v d
1
A. D . 3 9 e a e .

y c o e re

t h e t om b wi th e art h on w h ic h t h e y b uilt a t e m pl e of Ap hrodi t e

,

wi th h e r i mag e I n t h e l at e r traditi on of Al e xan d e r Mon ac h us 2

.
,

w h o wr ot e in t h e six th c e n t ury t h e h o ly pl a c e s w e re c o ve re d ,

up by th e J e ws an d th e t e mpl e an d statut e of Ap h rodit e w e re

,

t h e w ork of id ol a t e rs o f l a t e r d a t e .

Th e Latin tradition re sts up on t h e auth ority of w rit e rs w h o ,

a lt h oug h s om e of th e m m ay h av e c on v e rs e d wi th old m e n
w h o h ad s e e n t h e t e m pl e w h e n y o ung h ad n o p e rs on al kn ow ,

l e dge oi t h e h ol y pl ac e s b e fore t h e i r is ol a ti on from t h e

“
,

surroun ding r ock by C ons tan t in e s arc h i t e ct S o far th e n as ’

.
, ,

t h ey c on tr adic t E us e bius th e y c ann ot be giv e n th e p re fe re n c e

, .

R ufi nus (A D 3 4 . .5 w h o d oe s n ot m e nti o n a t e m pl e s ay s 3
,

t h at an i m ag e of V e nus h ad b e e n s e t up by t h e anci e nt p e rs e
e u t e rs on t h e sp ot w h e re C h rist h ad h u n g up on t h e C ross s o th a t ,

if an y C h ris ti an c am e t o w ors h ip C h ris t h e m ight app e ar t o be ,

w ors h ippi n g V e n us J e r o m e ( A D 3 4 6 420 ) w rit e s c irc a 3 95 t h at

— 4
. .
.
, ,

f r om t h e t i m e of Had ri an t o t h e re ign of C on s tantin e th e r e

s tood a s tatue of J upi t e r in t h e pl a c e of th e R e s urre c ti on ,

an d on e of V e n us in m arbl e o n t h e ro ck of t h e C r oss
, ,
w h ic h ,

w a s w ors h ipp e d by t h e p e opl e Th e ins tiga t ors of t h e p e rs e .

c ut ion th ough t th a t th e y w ould t ak e a w ay our fait h in t h e

R e s urr e c t i on an d th e C ro ss if th e y de fi le d th e h ol y pl a c e s with
id ols P aulin us o f N ol a (A D 35 3 w ri t i n g t o S e v e r us
”
. . .
,

a H ad ri an
5 th t i m agi n i n g t h at h e c ould kill th e C h ris ti an
s ay s ,
“

f ait h by d e faci n g t h e pl ac e c o n s e cr at e d an i m ag e of Jupit e r o n

,

S ulpici us S e v e rus (A D 3 63 420 )

”
t h e sit e of t h e P a ssi on . . .
-

s tat e s 0 th t i
a m ag e s of d e m on s w e re s e t up b oth in t h e t e m pl e “

”
a n d in th e pl ac e w h e re t h e L ord s uffe re d A m bros e (A D . . .

34 0 3 9 7 ) s ay s
— 7 in a d o ubtf ul p a ss ag e t h a t C h ris t s uffe re d in
, ,

1
A pp endi V 3 i x .
, ,
4
. A pp e di V 13 i n x .
, ,
.

2
A p p e n di x V 5 .
,
. A pp e d V 14 i 5
n ix .
, , .

A p p e n di x V 12
1
.
,
.
6
A p p e di I V 12 n n x .
, , .

7 A e n di V 10 x
pp .
 65

t he Ve n e rari a m t h e pl ac e w h e re t h e s tatu e of V e nus w as

s e t up
) .

T he c onflic t ing st at e m e n t s of th e G re e k an d L at i n w ri te rs
m ay p e r h aps be r e c oncil e d by suppo sing th at d uring t h e e arl y
, ,

part of C ons tantin e s r e ign th e t radi ti on al si t e s of G olgotha a nd

’

t h e T om b w e re cov e r e d an d h idd e n f ro m vi e w b a n arti fici a l

y
pl at for m up on w h ic h i mme di at e l y ab ov e th e Tomb st oo d a
, , ,

m
t pl e
e o f V e nus ( Ap h r odi te ) c on tai n ing s tatue s of t h at godd e ss
1

a n d o f Jupi t e r Z
( e us ) T h at in t h e l a t te r part of t h e re ign
.
,

’
C ons tanti n e s arc h i t e c t w h o cu t aw ay th e r ock t o obt ain a l e ve l
,

pl at for m for t h e ch urc h e s l e f t t h e t w o h ol y pl a c es standing

,
“ ”

'

up f r om t h e fl oor as s e p arat e mass e s of li me s t o n e A nd t h at .

in af t e r y e ars w h e n t h e siz e a nd i n t e rn al ar rang e me n t of t h e

,

t e m pl e h ad b e e n forg ot t e n th is is ol ati on g av e ris e t o th e th e ory

,

t h at e ac h h oly pl ac e h ad b e e n in te n ti on ally de file d by th e e r e cti on

up on i t of a n i mag e of a h e ath e n d e ity 2
I t m ay pe r h aps be .
, ,

in fe rr e d fr om t h e disc re panc y b e t w e e n J erome an d P aulinus

,

wi th r e gard to th e s tatu e on t h e ro ck of t h e C ross th at th e r e ,

w a s n o v e ry d e fi n it e t r a diti on w h e n th e y w ro t e .

T h e s tate m e nts r e sp e c t ing th e origin of t h e t e m pl e c ann o t be

”
re c on cil e d T h e e xp re ssi on s gl oomy s h ri ne
.
3
an d
“
im pi ous
”
p e rs ons us e d by E us e bius c onv e y e d t he i mpr e ssi on t h a t h e i s
, ,

d e scribi n g a s mall t e m pl e an d n ot a building e re ct e d by I m p e rial

,

c ommand Wh e n E us e bius wrot e n o on e w ould h a ve v e nt u

. r ed
t o c al l on e of t h e e mp e r ors a n i m pi ous p e rs on On t h e oth e r .

h an d t h e s tat e m e nt t h a t t h e m at e ri al f or t h e subst ructure s w as

,

obt a in e d f rom s om e pl ac e ou t sid e t h e city a n d th at t h e

s h ri n e st ood on a p av e d pl atfor m d oe s n o t supp ort t h e vie w th a t ,

l
I se e n o r eason to doub t
cc ura cy o f th e G re e k and Latin wri te rs
th e a

w i th re gard t o t h e de i ty I n a Ro m a n c ol o n y
. te m p le o f V e n us w o ul d be
a

m o e n at ura l th an on e de di c ate d t o A s tarte an d E us e b iu w oul d p rob abl y

r ,
s

h a ve m e nti on e d th e S yri an go dde s s if t h e b uildi n g h a d be e n e re c ted in h e r

h on o ur T h e c o in s be a ri n g a s up p o s e d re pre se nt ti on of a te mp le o f A s ta rt
. a e

ar e no
p roof th at th a t p a rt ic ula t e m p l e s tood above t h
r T o m b e .

2
T h o ri gi n a l f o rm o f t h e g oun d a n d t h e di tan c e ap rt of G ol goth a
e r , s a

a n d t h e T om b s e e m t o e x cl u
,
de t h e th e o ry th a t th e y w e re in c l ud d in o n e e

t e m p l e a n d th a t e a c h h a d it
, p e ci al s t at ue in th at te m p l e
s s .

xe ; S oc rate s a n d S o o m e n use t h usua l w o rd v

'
3
ami : fl u
n o s z e a os .
 66

th e buildin g w as insignifi c an t Hadrian w h os e n am e is m e n

.
,

t ion e d in c onn e c t i o n wi th t h e h oly pl a c e s by n o G re e k

“

w rit e r is firs t in troduc e d by J erom e an d Paulinus w h o w rot e

, ,

s ix ty t o s e ve n ty y e ars af te r t h e te m pl e h ad b e e n d e molis h e d .

T h e r e is n o pr oof th at h e buil t t h e t e m pl e of Ve n us ; th a t h e
e r e c t e d an y te m pl e a t a pl a c e k n o wn in h is t i m e as G olg o th a
-

or th at h e i n t e nd e d t o build on e a b ov e t h e t om b of C h ris t .

It is v e ry un lik e l y th at Hadri an w h o h ad c onfirm e d a n d e x

,

’
t e nd e d Tr aj an s p olicy of l e ni e ncy t ow ards th e C h ris t i ans an d ,

w h o m us t h av e kn own h ow th e y h ad b ee n p e rs e cu t e d by th e

J e ws for n ot ta king p ar t in t h e re v ol t w ould h av e in te n t i on ally

,

insult e d th e m by building a t e m pl e a b ov e t h e T om b or by ,

s e tting up s ta t u e s ab ov e th e T om b a n d on th e si t e of t h e
P a ssi on On th e o th e r h and i t w ould be n ot al toge th e r unlik e
.
,

t h e i ronic al spiri t of t h e E m p e r or t o e x t e nd c on te m p t uous

t ol e rati on t o th os e h e c onsid e re d wr e t c h e d fan at ics an d at th e ,

s ame t i me t o c ov e r up th e ir h ol y pl a c e s as a s or t of s arc as t ic
j est .
1 It mus t als o b e r e m e m b e r e d th at Hadri a n z e al ously
p atr onis e d th e G ree c e -R om an r e ligi ous ri te s ; a n d th at in e re c t ,

ing t e m pl e s in th e Ori e ntal pr ovinc e s of t h e e m pir e h is purp os e ‘

w a s th at th e y s h ould ac t a s c ons t an t r e m ind e rs of th e c u lt of

R om e an d of t h e c onn e xi on b e t w e e n t h e pr o vi n c e s an d th e
,

me t r op olis Th e E m p e ror buil t t h e gr e a t t e m pl e of V e nus

.

at th e c api tal an d t e m pl e s of Ve nus at oth e r pl a c e s ;

,

a n d i t is n ot unr e a s on abl e t o supp os e th at h e buil t on e at

J e rusal e m in a ddi ti on t o t h e t em pl e of Jupi te r C ap it olin us
p T h disc v f f r gm nt f i n sc rip t i on in
( s e e . e o e r
y o a a e o a n

t w o lin e s in t h e R ussi an p rop e r ty at th e E as t e n d of t h e

,

pr e s e n t C hurc h of t h e Hol y S e pulc h re p e rh aps l e nds s om e ,

supp or t t o th is vi e w ( se e Fig .

Th e inscrip t i on h as b e e n a ttribu te d t o Ha d ri an an d m ay ,

h av e b e e n c onn e c t e d wit h th e te mpl e I f h e did build a

.

1
D r S an day w rit e s
. cr ed S ite of ti le G osp e l p 7 4)
( S a s s, . It doe s
n ot follo w th at th e re w a s an y i n te n t i on al p ro f an ati o n of a s i t e k n o w n t o b e

h e l d sacre d I f th e bui ldi n g o f th e p a gan te mp le date s as it p rob b ly do e s

.
,
a ,

f rom t h e re i gn o f H adri an R om a n a ni m osity w as th e n di re cte d n ot aga i n s t

,

t h e C hristi an s but agai n st th e J e w s

”
.
 68

L i ttl is kn own of th e h is tory of ZElia duri n g t h e l

”

p e ri od A D 13 6- 32 6 Wi th t h e found at i on of the n ew ci ty th e
. . .

Je rusalemC h urc h l os t i t s disti n c t iv e Judaeo-C h ris ti an c h ar ac t e r .

T h e r e b e lli on of t h e fals e M e ssi ah h ad br ok e n t h e cl os e

r e l at i ons th a t e xis t e d b e t w e e n th e C h u rc h an d th e S y n agogue ,

an d on t h e t e rm in ati on of t h e w ar p oli t ic a l n e c e ssi t dic ta t e d

, y ,

t h e e l e c t i on of a G e n t il e bis h op Und e r M arcus an d h is G e n t il e .

succ e ss ors t h e C h urc h fe ll m or e an d m or e und e r th e influe nc e

,

of Gr e e k th oug ht an d s e n ti m e n t T h e br e a c h wi th Jud ais m

'

s oon b e c am e c om pl e t e a n d t h e C h urc h e v e ntually brand e d as ,

h e r e tics th os e J udae o C hrist ian s suc h as t h e N az ar e n e s or ~

,

E bi oni t e s w h o h e ld t o t h e law an d re j e c t e d P aul as an

,

e x p on e n t of C h risti anity S o g re at w as th e r e vulsi on in f e e ling .

,

t h at th e pl a c e up on w h ic h t h e Te m pl e of J e h ov ah h ad s t ood

w as in c ours e of t i m e r e g ard e d a s a ccurs e d an d p rof an e

, , .

Th e C h ris ti ans n o d oub t suffe r e d during t h e s ev e r al p e rs e c u

t i ons bu t th ey do n ot app e ar t o h av e b e e n sp e ci ally m ol e s t e d
, .

T h e l ong t e nur e of t h e J e rus al e m bis h op ric by N arms s us (A D . .

190 t h e f ou n d at i on by h is succ e ss or Al e x and e r ( A D ,

2 13 of a libr a ry w h ic h w as e xt an t in t h e t i m e of E us e bius

t h e c oll e c ti on of b ooks a n d m anusc rip t s f or m e d by O rig e n a t

C ae s ar e a (A D 2 3 1— 2 53 ) a n d th e pilgri mag e of a l ad y m e n t i on e d
. .

by C y pri an 3 indic at e th at
,
in J udae a an d in zE lia th e C h urc h , , ,

gr e w an d pr osp ere d in spi t e of p e rs e c ut i on N o th ing o ccurr e d .

t h at w ould h av e le d C h ris t i ans w ho kn e w t h e p osi t i ons of

G olg oth a an d th e Tomb t o f org e t th e m .

I n Je wish tr adi ti on h ow e v e r t h e r e m ay h av e b ee n a br e ak , ,
.

E xc e pt p ossibly duri n g t h e l at e r y e ars of t h e re ign of S e p t im ius

, ,

S e v e rus (A D 193 . t h e ord e r f orbiddi n g J e ws t o appr oa c h

.

Th e n am e c om p l e te ly sup p l a nte d J e ru al e m th at a G ove rn o

JE lia so s ,
r

o f P a l e s ti n in t h e re i g n o f D i o cl e tian is
e, i d to h ave as k e d w h at city t h ,
sa e

latte r w i M u i us i n h i H i s to y
(
as E us e b us T h e ty r o
f P a le t
,
i ne x i
) E s e
ar b s s , . s r

c all s t h e ci ty E l i a an d i h i L if e f C n t ti ne J e us al e m F or som e
,
n s o o s an r .

y e ar s a f t e r C o n ta n t i n e re i n t h e t w o n m e
g s
’
w e e us d t o e th e r
s g a s r e .

2
H i t o ici E cc le s i ti c
s r vi 2 0 M
( g i n as P t o log i
a, G r c
,
xx .
c ol e
,
a r a ee a, ,
.

A l e x an de w as b i sh op c oadj utor un ti l t h e de ath o f N arci ss

r

3
E p is tola 7 5 M
( g i n e ,
P t i olog ic L
. t i n a iii c o l ,
a
'
t a , , .
 69

t he city w as s t rictl y e nf orc ed and t h e r e w as n o re l axati on until ,

t he r e ign of C on sta ntin e During t h e l ong pe ri od of 190 y ears

.

t he J e ws m ay w e ll h av e f org ott e n th e e x a c t o siti ns of p lac e s

p o

that w e r e of n o spe ci a l in t e r e s t t o t h e m a lth oug h pos sibly a , , ,

g e n e ral id e a of t h e dir e cti o n in w h ic h th e y lay ma y h av e .

su rviv e d .

T h e bri e f e pit om e of t h e h is tory of J e rusal e m wh ic h h as

be e n give n ab ov e s t r ongly sugge s t s t h e c onclusi on t h at if
‘

G olg oth a an d t h e T om b w e re r e gard e d by th e ea rly C h ris tian s

”
as
“
h oly pl ac e s or a s of any sp e ci al i m po r tanc e th e C h urc h
, ,

w ould h av e e xpe ri e nc e d n o diffic ul ty in p re s e rving a knowl e dge

o f t h e ir positi o ns un t il th e w e re offi ci a ll re c o v e r e d b ord e r of
y y y
C ons ta ntin e l
\Vh e th e r t h e a t titud e of t h e e arly C h ris t ians
.

t owards th os e pl a c e s w as suc h as to e nc ourage t h e b e li e f t ha t th e

kn owl e dge w as p re s e rv e d is ano th e r qu e sti on It is a ls o appar e n t
, .

’
t h at un til t h e foundat i on of xElia in A D 136 n oth ing occurr e d
, . .
,

t o br e ak t h e c ontinui ty of an y J e wis h t ra diti on c onn e c te d wit h

G olgoth a .

N OT E ON T H E C OI N S O F LE L I A f
.

T h e b ro n z e c oi n s of f Elia s upp l y c e rtai n i n formation w hic h

de ma n ds a s h ort n oti c e Th e l ong se rie s c omm e n c es w i t h H adri an
.
,

a n d e n ds w ith V a l e ri a n ( A D 13 6 an d so m e of t h e m os t i n te re stin g
. .

ty pe s are re p roduc e d h e re .

1 ( F ig 3 p
. .
-A c oi n of H adri a n
, . R e v C O L AE L K A P I T . . . . .
,

a n d in t h e ex erg u e C ON D A c ol on ist dri vi n g t w o o x e n t o t h e ri ght

.
,

be hin d th e ma sta n dard fi x e d in t h e groun d T hi s c oi n re pre se n ts .

2 “

t h e f o un da ti on of th e co l o n y — a c o l on ist dra win g t h e f urrow to ma rk

t h e li mits o f t h e f ut ure e n c l os ure an d n ot as s ome w rite rs h ave s up
”3
, ,

p o se d t h e e xa ug u
,
ra ti on of t h e Te mpl e a n d its p re c in c ts by passin
g
a pl o u g h ov e r t h e ru i n s T h e sam e ty pe is f o und in a c oi n of M arc us
.

Aure li us "
1 h e re w as n o y a wnin g brea c h in th e hi tory of t h e C hris tian C h urc h
T s

o f J e rusa l e m b e tw e e n it fi rs t f o un di n
g an d t h e t i me o f C o n tan ti n e Th e
‘

s s .

t wo bre ak s w e re P e ll a an d th e outb re ak in H adri an re i gn ( S c ’

a nda S re d
y s .
,
a

S ites o f t h e G osp e ls .

M adde n Th e C o bra of p 24
2
,
t he Je we , . 9, N o 1 . .

3
R e i nach , J e w is h C o i ns , p 60 . .

4 M adde n , T h e C o ins of th e J e ws , p 2 57 , N o 2 . . .
 70

2 .
( P l V I , N.o c oi n of H a dri an R e v C OL A EL an d in .
-A . . . .
,

t h e ex erg ue C A P J upite r s e ate d in a disty l e t e mpl e a n d on e ith e r

.
,

s ide of h im a stan di n
g fi gure h o l di ng a sp e ar T his c oi n re p re s e n t s 1 “
.

t h e th re e di vi n iti e s — J upit e r J un o a n d M i n e r va w h o w e re w orshi p pe d , , ,

in t h e t e m p l e of J up it e r C a p it olin us at R ome an d E li a ”
A c oi n of .

t h e s am e t y p e w as st ruck in t h e re ig n of D iadum e n ia n ( A D 217 . .

T h e ty p e m ay b e c om pare d w ith t h e m e dals an d c oi n s r e pre s e n ti ng

t h e t e m pl e of J upit e r C ap itolin us a t R om e Th e t e m pl e re b uilt by .

V e sp asia n ap p e ars f rom a b ron z e m e dal o f th at E m p e ror ( P l V I I , .

,

No . t o h ave b e e n h e x a sty l e w it h th re e c e llae in w hi c h w e re fi g ure s , ,

of M i n e rva J up ite r s e ate d on his th ron e a n d J un o

, B ut aft e r its ,
.
,

de st ruc ti on by fi re in t h e re ig n of T it us it s e e m s t o h a ve b e e n re b uilt ,

a n d c om pl e te d b
y D om iti an a s a te t rasty l e t e m pl e w ith th re e ce lla e
!
,

( P l V I I Fig
. L e ge n d C A P I T a n d in t h e c a mp us R E S TI T T h e
, . , .
, ,
.

t e m pl e e re ct e d by H adrian at E lia w as possi bly b uilt on th e sam e

p l a n as th a t a t R om e .

3 (P l V I N o — A c oi n of H a dri an R ee C ON D a n d in t h e
. .
,
. . .
.
,
'

ex erg ue CO A E C AP
,
A c ro w n e d fi gure st an di n g in a h e x as ty l e
. . .

t e m pl e h ol di ng a h e ad in th e right h a nd an d a s c e ptre in t h e l e ft
,
.

T h e ri ght f oot re sti ng up on a ro ck or bl ock of st on e Th e fi gure h as ,

.
5

b e e n id e n ti fi e d e rron e ously w ith Astart e b y D e S aul cy an d o th e rs ;

, ,

b ut it re pre s e n t s ap pare n tly t h e c ity T y c h e h ol di n g t h e b ust or h e ad

, ,

o f t h e re i n i n E m e ror an d re s ti ng on a s c e ptre Th e ro ck h as
g g p ,
.
,

p e rh a ps re f e re n c e t o t h e sit e of t h e c it v
,
T h e l e g e n d C ON D sh ow s . .

th a t th e c oi n m ust h ave b e e n struck s oon af te r N o 1 . .

4 ( Pl V I N o
. .
-A c oin of A n ton i nus P i us
,
R ea th e c ity . .
,

T y c h e ; s am e ty p e as N o 3 b ut stan di n g in a t e tr a sty l e t e m pl e In .
,
.

t h e ex erg ue C A C C oi n s of s i m il ar ty p e w e re st ruck duri ng t h e

'

6
. . .

re i n s of M A ure li u s a n d V e rus P e s c e n n ius N i g e r S e p ti m us S e v e rus

g .
, , ,

D iadum e n ian an d E lagaba l us ,

.
’

5 ( F ig 4 p
.
— A c oi n of A n t on i n us P i us
.
,
Rev 0 0 A E CAP
. . .
, . . .

A t urre t e d b ust of t h e c ity .

8

6 ( P l V I N — A c oi n of M A ure li us an d V e rus R ev
'

. o .
, . . . .

C OL C A P a n d in t h e ex e rg ue A E L J upite r se a te d i n a te t ras tyle

'

. . .
,

t e mpl e .
9

1
M adde n , Th e C oi ns of t h e J e ws , p 2 50, N o 3
. . .

2
R e in a c h , J e w is h Co in s , p 60 . .

3
M adde n , T h e C oi ns of t he J e w s , p 2 6 5 , N O 1 . . .

4
F or de tai l s , s e e D on a l ds on s A r ch ite ct ura N um is ma ti c a , p 6 ff
’
. .

5
M adde n , T h e C oi ns of th e J e ws , p 2 49, N o 2 . . .

I bid , p 2 5 5 , N o 13
. . . .

N 4
l

‘
I bi d .
, pp 2 60 , o ; 2 6 6 , N o 2 ; 2 69, N o 12
. . . . .

m I bid .
, p 25 3 , N o 5
. . .

9
I bid .
, p 2 5 9 ,
N o 3
. . .
 P LAT It \ I
'
.

No I — C O IN
. . or H AD R I AN .

2 .
—C o rn D I AD U M E N I A N .

No 3. .
— CO I N or H ADR I AN .

No . 4
.
—COI N or A x rox m us P I U S .

N o 55 — C o m
. . or M . A n na m us AND Van e s .
 P LA T E VI I .

No . l .
— COI N or Fm sr a m '
r
. N o 4— C O I
. . N or SEC O N D R E VO LT .
 72

C HA P TE R V III .

TH E ATTITUD E OF TH E EAR LY C H R IS TIAN S T OW AR D S

r
G OLGOTHA A N D TH E T OM B .

TH E discussi on of th is p oi nt is b e s e t wi th difficul ti e s Th e r e is .

n e t in t h e w orks o f a n
'

wri t e r pri r t o t h e a e of C o nsta n t in e so

y o
g ,

far as I a m a w ar e th e fain te st s h ad ow of a h in t th at t h e e arly

,

C h ris t i ans h e ld t h e pl ac e s of t h e C rucifixi on and B uri al in an y

sp e ci al hon our t h at t h ey Offer e d p ray e rs t o G od at th e m or that
, ,

t h ey e v e n kn e w w h e r e th ey w e r e si t uat e d T h is sil e nc e w h ic h .
,

h as Op e n ed a wid e fi e ld for spe c ulat i on is s ugge s t iv e bu t n ot , ,

c onclusiv e At on e e xtrem e is th e vi e w of C hat e aub riand t h at

.
1
,

t h e Ho ly S e pulc h r e w as h o n our e d und e r t h e nam e Mart/ 7 1011

.
,
,
,

f rOm th e v e ry bir th of C h ris t i ani ty as a witn e ss or t e s t i m on y O f

'

"

t h e Re surr e c t i on ; a n d a t t h e o th e r t h e opini o n Of th os e w h o
, ,

b e li e v e th at t o t h e e arly C h ris t i a ns t h e ris e n L ord w as e v e ry

t h ing an d t h e T om b n o th ing B e t w e e n t h e t
. w o e x t r e m e s l ie s
t h e sugg e sti on 2
th at alt h ough th e re w as n o spe ci al cul t of th e
, _

H ol y S epulc h re in t h e fi rs t c e n t uri e s of C h ris t i anity i t m ay w e ll ,

h av e h appe n e d th at th e Sm all C h ris ti a n c omm unity of J erus al e m ,

w h ic h w as a t e n mi ty with an d h ate d by t h e w h ol e w orld ,

pr e se rv e d th e m em ory of pl ac e s r ound w h ic h all th e i r h op e s of

t h e f ulfil m e n t of pr op h e c y w e re ga th e r e d I n wh ic h dire c t i on .

dOe s pr ob abili ty lie ? T h e fi rs t C h ris ti ans w e r e J e ws an d th is ,

qu e s ti on m ust be c o nsid e r e d from th e J udae o-C hristi an rath e r

t h an f rom th e H e ll e nic or L atin p oi n t of vi e w .

L itt l e is kn own of th e ri te s a nd c ust om s Of t h e J e w s c on

n e c t e d wit h t h e bu ri a l of t h e d e ad ; bu t i t is at l e a s t c e rt ai n t h a t

1
I t tne ra ire de P a ris a J er us a le m “
I ntroduction
Un am h e i lig e n Gra bs
’

ge r,
D i e B a ute n C o n s ta n t m s de s G ros s e n z lt

l h e il i ge G rab, da s
n H an c k
’ ’
J e r us a le m, pp . 20 , 2 1 . See a so G uth e , “
i ,
s

R ea le n c y k lop aedie — E ve n i f th e fi rs t C h ris ti an s as sp i ritual f ollo w e rs O f

: ,

C h i s t a t t a c h e d n o i m p o rta c e t o t h e s c e n e of th e R e s urre c t io n it w oul d h ave

r ,
n ,

b e e n c o t rary t o h um a n n at ure an d c us to m t o h ave fo rgotte n it

n .
 73

e ve ry J e w a ttac h e d grea t i mpor ta nc e to buria l in t he famil y

t om b ; 1 a nd th is s u gge s ts t h e b e li e f th at the dis cipl es and frie nds
o f J es us did n ot i n te nd t h e s e pu .
lc h r e Of Jose ph t o be His
e m
p r n nt r s t ing pl ac e Th e body w as pl ac e d in it ? be c aus e
a e e - .

t h e y w e r e pr e ss e d for t i me — th e S abbath w as nigh a nd th e ,

t omb w as cl os e at h and Acc ordi ng to J oh n ( xix 3 9 40) th e .

, ,

body wh e n take n d own f rom t h e C ro ss w as boun d in lin e n

, ,
“

c l oth e s w it h t h e spic e s a s t h e cus tom O f t h e J e w s is to bur

”
y ; ,

a n d t h e pr e par a ti o n f o r buri al th ough h u rri e d w as app ar e n tly , ,

o m
c pl te e 3
M atth e w M ark and L uk e s ta te th at th e body w as
.
, ,

wrapp e d by Jos e p h in a lin e n sh e e t bu t me nti on n o spic e s All , .

f our E va ng e lists d e scrib e th e visi t of t h e w om e n to t h e S e pulc h r e

on t he firs t S und a
y m orning M a rk Sa s th at
y w h e n t h e S a bb at h
”
w as p as t t h e w om e n bough t spic e s t h at th ey mi ght c ome an d
; L uk e s ta te s t h at af t e r t h e e n
”
a n oi n t h im tom b me nt th e y , ,

”
“
r e turn e d an d pr e pare d spic e s a nd O in t me n ts a n d t h at on t h e ,

fi rst day th e y c am e un to t h e t omb bringing th e spic e s whi c h ,

”
t h e y h a d p re pare d M at th e w an d J oh n do n ot allud e to t h e .

spic e s 4 T h e b ody w as app ar e ntl y l aid o n t h e r ock he wn b e nc h

.
-

w h ic h surro und e d t h e an te c h am b e r i t w as c e r ta inl y n ot plac e d

- 5

in a l oc ul us .

h e re w as a com m o b l i e f th at if a J e w w i h e d to b e re un ited with

T n e s

h is f am ily in S h e ol h e m u t b e b uri e d in t h e f m ily se p ul c h re

,
E ve n t h e s a .

b on e s O f an e x e c ute d c ri mi l w e re re m ove d f rom t h e co mm on t o mb to t h e na

fam i ly vault w h e n t h e de c om p s i t ion O f t h e body w as com p l e te o

.
.

P os i b ly J o e p h in be ggi g t h e body f ro m P i l ate an d p l ac ing it i h i

s s ,
n n s

o wn ra ve in t e n de d to s ve i t f rom t h e i n dign i ty of b u ria l in t h e c o m m on

a
g ,

tomb an d to m ark h i p rof oun d f e e ling O f re spe ct for J e s us ( of G e n

,
s . .

x xii i 6 ; 2 C h x x i v
, .
,

F or w hat is k n o w n of J e wi h b uri l c us to m an d th e ir p pl ic tion to

3

q
s a s, a a

ue s t ion of C h i st s b uri al s e c a rt ic l e s by B e nde r i J e w i h Q u rt e ly

’
the r ,
n s a r

R e vi w vol e 6 a nd 7 ,
a t ic l e o n A n o i t m e nt
s . B urial T om b De ad r s n , ,
s, ,

M o urni n g C us t om s &c in S m ith D ic tio n y of th B ibl H astings

’ ’

,
.
. s ar e e

D i t iona ry of th e B ible E cy c l p di B iblic a J wis h E n y lop dia an d

c n o e a e c c ze

R e vue B i bli ue , 190 2 , p p 5 6 7 , 5 6 8 q . .

4
M att x x vii , 5 9 ; x xviii , 1 M a rk
. x v, 46 ; x vi, 1 ; Luke x xii i , 53 ; x x iv, 1;
Jo hn x ix , 3 9, 40 ; xx, 1 .

5
S uc h
t c h am be rs are c omm on in th e rock -h w n to mb O f
an e - e s Pa l es tin e
,

a d a cco rdin g t o C y ri l ( Ap pe ndi x V

. n 16 iii) t h e t radi t i o nal H oly .
, ,
S e pul c hre
h ad one wh ic h w as ut a way w h e n th e c h urc h w as b uilt
i
,
c .
 74

Th e
usual e xpl an ati ons of th e visi t of th e w om e n a re th at ,

th e y in t e nd e d t o c ompl e t e t h e burial by an oin t in g th e b ody an d

cl oth ing i t in th e usual g rav e cl oth e s or th a t t h e y si m pl y d e sir e d -
,

t o spr e ad spic e s ov e r t h e b ody t o c oun t e rac t th e e ffe c t of dec om

p osi ti on b e fore t he b ody w a s pl ac e d in a l ocul us The an oin t .

m e n t of a l a c e rat e d b ody w h ic h h ad l ain in t h e t om b th ir ty -six

h ours — a p e ri od suffi ci e n t for incipi e n t d e c om p osi t i on ( cf Joh n .

xi , is m os t unlik e ly an d is opp os e d t o t h e lit tle th at is ,

kn own of J e wis h s e nti m e n t and cus tom Th e oth e r e xpl an at i on .

is l e ss op e n t o O bj e c t i on ; bu t i t s e e m s at l e as t as pr ob abl e th at
t h e m ot iv e of t h e w om e n w as t h e p re para ti on of t h e b ody for

r e m oval on a bi e r ( p Luk e vii 14) t o a fam ily t omb e i th e r

ao o g,
’

, ,

at B e th a n
y B e th l e h e m o r o,n t h e sl op e s o f t h e M oun t o f ,Oliv e s .

”
T h e firs t C h ris t ians h ad all th ings in c ommon an d
“
as ,
“

m an y as w e re p oss e ss ors of l an ds or h ous e s s old th e m an d ,

br oug ht th e p ric e s of th e th ings th a t w e r e s old an d l aid th e m at ,

’ ”
t h e Ap o s t l e s f e e t 1
Jos e p h of Ari math e a w as a s e cr e t discipl e
.

of C h ris t 2 an d a cc ording t o t raditi on h e w as on e of th os e w h o

, , ,

w e n t out as a m issi on ary t o th e G e n til e s T h e re is n o r e as on t o .

s upp os e th at h e a c t e d di ffe re n tly t o oth e r C h ris t i ans an d it is ,

p rob abl e if n ot c e rtain th at lik e J os e p h s ur n am e d B arn ab as

, ,
3
, , ,

h e s old h is pr op e r ty includi n g t h e gard e n an d t omb f or t h e , ,

b e n e fit of th e c omm on purs e .

Visi t s t o family t ombs w e re n ot unc ommon am ongs t the

J e w s T h e y w e r e a t ribu te t o t h e me m ory of th os e m e m b e rs
.

of t h e f am il y buri e d in t h e s e pulc h r e an d W e re not un c onn e c t e d ,

wit h curr e n t b e li e fs r e sp e c t ing t h e d e ad Bu t a visi t by a J e w . ,

or by a J udse o-C h risti an t o a n e m p ty t om b f or t h e purp os e of ,

pray e r is al mos t inc on c e ivabl e in t h e e arly d ay s of C h ris ti anity

,

Ap ar t fr om th is i t w as th e ge n e ral b e li e f amon gst th e first

, .

1
ts 11 44 45 ; iv 3 4 3 5 ; f v 1—11
Ac , , , ,
c .
, .

9
J o h n x ix 3 8 , .

3
T h e s p e ci al m e nti on of B arnab s is p e rh ap due to th e f a c t th at h e a ,
s, ,

w a s af te rw ards a c ompa n i on of P a ul B l e ss i n g ( U b G olg th a a d C h is ti . e er o n r

G ra b p p 45 —46 ) di c us e s at l e ngth t h e a ct i o n of J o e p h w i th reg rd t o t h e

,
. s s s a

T om b H is co n c l u i n is th at if J os e p h b came a tea c h e h e m ust h ave so l d

. s o e r,

h is p rop e ty a n d w ith it t h e rock -h e wn grave

r ,
.
 76

the r e c ons t ruc t e d c h urc h at J e rus al e m s anc t i on e d pray e rs at th e

”
T om b or an y th ing in t h e f or m of a c ult of
, h ol y pl ac e s At “
.

t ha t e arly p e ri od t h e spiri t uali ty of C h ris t i ani ty h ad n ot s o

c ompl e t e ly e xp e nd e d its f orc e as t o r e nd e r suc h a n a c t pr ob abl e

o r e v e n p ossibl e 1
,

It c ann ot be d e ni e d h ow e ve r th at t h e r e t urn fr om P e lla w as

, ,

a n o cc a s i o n w h ic h m ig h t re a s on abl giv e ris e t o visi t s t o t h o s e

y
’
l a c e s w h ic h w e r e c on n e c t e d wi th t h e l a s t da s of C h ris t s li f e at
p y
J e rus al e m S uc h visi t s due at firs t pe rh aps t o curi osi ty t o a
.
, , , ,

de sir e t o se e w h e t h e r t h e op e r ati ons of th e gr e at si e g e h ad a lt e r e d

t h e a pp e ar a nc e o f th e l oc ali t i e s may in l at e r y e ars h av e b e e n ,

suppl e m e n t e d by p ray e rs an d th e s e si m pl e a c t s m ay h av e ,

gra du ally d e v e l op e d int o a c ul t of G olg ot h a an d t h e T omb .

T h e r e is h ow e ve r no e viden c e
, h x as

t h at s ugges tedl t ook pl ac e 3 an d th e re is n ot h in g i n th e sc an ty

h
; _

r e c ords t h e C ouncil of N ic aea (A D 3 25 ) t o . .

sugg e s t its p rob abili ty .

A m ore r e as on abl e supp osi ti on is t h at t h e C h ris t ians re s or te d

t o t h e M oun t of Oliv e s w h e r e Ch rist t augh t h is dis cipl e s a n d , ,

w h e nc e He asc e nd e d in t o h e av e n ; an d t h e r e are s om e gr ounds

f or b e li e ving t h at t h is w a s th e c as e E us e bi us in a pass ag e of .
,

gr eat in t e re s t wri tt e n b e for e A D 3 25 say s th at p e opl e c am e

2
,
. .
,

f r om all p ar t s of th e ear th t o t h e H ol y C ity t o h e ar t h e s t ory ,

“

t o w ors h ip on t h e M oun t o f Oliv e s ov e r

’7
o f J e rus al e m an d
“
, ,

a gains t J e rus al e m w h it h e r t h e gl or o f t h e L ord r e m ov e d its e l f

, y ,

l e aving t h e e arli e r ci ty I t is t rue t h at t h e h istori an d e scrib e s

.

w h at o ccurr e d in h is ow n ti m e ; but w ors h ip o n Olive t w as

e vid e n t l y of e arli e r origin
3
B e s ide th e w ay of t h e wild e rn e ss
.
,

E n c y k lop er di e cle r Wis s e ns e h af te n a nd K a ns f e , A rt . J ude n -C h ri ste n

W i ll i am s ’
l7 o Oi ly , i , pp 2 17 - 22 4
. .

1
As th o se who k n ow n C h ri st in h um an f o rm di e d an d I] is di vi nity
h ad ,

m ore an d m o re fi ll e d t h e th oughts of m e n a c ult of t h e To m b s ee m s l e s and ,

s

l e s s p o s s i bl e .

A p p e n dix I V .
, 8, x 11 .

3 A cc ordin g t o E us e b i us , t li sh e d i t in th e p l a c e of t h e e a thly
G od e s ab ,
r

J e rusa l e m a d of t h e s e rvi c e s w h ic h us e d t o b e h e l d th e re a f t e r th e
n ,

de s truction o f J e r u ale m A p p e n di I V 8 x ii
”
s . x .
, , .
 77

at t h e t op of the
sc e n t of the m oun t th e r e appears t o h ave be e n
a ,

a s anctu ar
y w h e r e G o
,d w
“
a s w o rs h ipp e d ;
1
pr obabl y t he sa me
spo t t o w h ic h E z e ki e l saw t h e off e nd e d G od of I sr ae l re move
from t h e T e m pl e m oun t 2 T he w ors h ip d e scrib e d b E us e bi us .

y ,

h owe v e r m ay hav e gr own out of t h e visit s w h ic h w e r e al most

,

c e r tainly paid t o t h e moun t by t h e C h risti ans w ho re turn ed from

P e ll a . T h e r e is n o f e a t ur e n e ar J e rus al e m t o w hic h a re si de nt
would m or e n at u ra lly r e s ort t o n ot e th e c h an ge s th at h ad tak e n
pl a c e during h is t e m p orary abs e nc e or t o po in t out to a fri e n d ,

t h e si t e c onn e ct e d wit h t h e h ist oric J e sus Th e city e xp os e d t o .

,

vi e w in all i t s d e tails li e s at t h e f e e t of t h e sp e c tator I s it n ot

, .

a ls o a f ai r in fe r e nc e f rom th e abs e nc e of a ny a llusi on t o t h e

,

T om b by E us e bius th a t t h e pl ac e of C h rist s buri al w as no t

,
’

kn own w h e n h e w rot e or at any r ate th at it w as n ot a h ol y , , ,

“

pl a c e
I t is m o s t i m p robabl e t h at visi t s t o or a ny cult of t h e T omb , ,

origin at e d with t h e e arl G e n t il e C h ris t i an s Th w h l spi i t

y e o e r .

’
of P aul s t e a c h i n g is o pp os e d t o t h e vi e w th a t t h e a tt a c h e d an
y y
i m p ortanc e t o m at e ri al obj e c t s c on n e ct e d wit h t he li fe o f C h rist .

It is of th e R is e n L ord t h at Paul sp e aks r ath e r th an of t h e ,

h is toric J e sus T h e C h ris t of t h e E pistl e s is n o t an e arth ly

.
“

”
bu t a h e av e n ly figur e T o t h e e arl y C h risti ans i t w as n ot of
.

pr e ssing i m p ort anc e t o be a cqu ain te d wit h t h e lif e of J e sus on

“

t h e e arth th e i r th ough ts w e re fix e d on t h e h e av e n ly C hrist ,

in w h os e c ar e e r th e e arth ly app e ara nc e o f C h ris t w as a m e re

”
tra nsit ory t h oug h a n i mp or t an t e pis od e
,
3 T h e y b e li e v e d t h a t
,

t h e En d of t h e w orld an d t h e Kingd om of h e av e n w e re a t h an d
, , ,

a n d th e i r m inds w e re s e t on th ings th a t are ab o v e n ot o n t h e ,

t hings t h at are up on t h e e arth 4 E v e n t h e e arth ly J e rus al e m .

”

2 S am . x v, 30 , 3 2 .

9
E ze k x i, l iii
P rof G Adam S m in ith -
E w e s ( tor, 190 5 , p 8 9
. 23 ; x , 1 . . . . .

3
i
M e n z e s Th e E a r lie s t G osp e l, p p 6—9 , w e re t h e a
,
ude o f t h e e a r y . h tt i t l
C h i ti
r s a n s is w e l
p ut S e e a s o l
H a rna ,
. H is t or
y f
o D og m a l
, pp 8 2 -8 7 ck . .

4 t i
B ove t ak e s a diff e re n t v e w t
is rue th t c h
a su i t
w as t h e p o n o f It
v i e w of S t P ul a n d doub t l e
. a o f th e o th e r A p o st le
,
B ut ne w o ul d
ss s o

de c e i ve o n s e l f i f o n e tt i but e d t h e
e m e p i ritual i ty to t h e m a ss e s w h ic h
a r sa s ,

f ro m P e nte c o t o n w ard c o m p os e d t h e C h ri s ti a n C h urc h

s s . O n e m i ght .

w i th m uc h m o e r e a s on s up p o e th at t h e J e w i s h C h ri t i a n s o f J e rusa l e m
r s s
 78

h ad give n pl ac e in th e i r i m agin at i ons t o th at blis sful king d om

, ,

of w h ic h it is w ri tt e n J e rus a l e m w h ic h is ab ove is f r ee w h ic h
,
“
,

is t h e m oth e r of us all .

l\lo r e c ord of a pilgri m age t o J e rus al e m d uri n g t h e fi rs t th re e

_
c e n turies by any C h ris ti an fr om t h e We s t h as surviv e d ; but
a cc ord ing t o E us e bi us M e li t o of S ardis (w h o di e d ab ou t A D 18 0)
, . .

V isi t e d t h e E as t an d r e ac h e d t h e pl ac e w h e r e t h e G osp e l w as
,
“

”
p rocl ai m e d an d t h e G osp e l h is t ory w as a c t e d out 5 an d 1

Al e x and e r a C appad oci an bis h op w h o s ucc e e d e d N arcissus as

, ,

Bis h op of J e rus al e m visi te d t h e Hol y C ity c irca A D 2 12 ,

in . .
,
“

c ons e qu e nc e of a vow an d for th e s ak e of i n for m ati on in re gard ,

t o i t s pl a c e s 2
O rige n w e n t t o J e rusal e m th e J ord an Vall ey
.
”
, ,

an d S id on ( A D 2 2 6 .p ar t l y
. a t l e as t t o inv e stiga t e t h e , , ,

foo et s t ps o f J e s us a n d o f h is discipl e s an d o f t h e p rop h e t s 3

.

F irm ilian w h il e on a visit t o P a l e s t in e visit e d O rig e n f or th e “

'

, ,

p urp os e of th e h oly pl a c e s a n d in t h e t i m e of E us e bius

pilgri m s V isit e d Je rus al e m t o h e a r t h e s t ory of th e ci ty an d t o ,

w ors h ip on th e M oun t of Oliv e s ( se e p Th e Cave of the .

N ativity at B e th l e h e m is r e fe rr e d t o by Orig e n an d E us e bi us
5
,

allud e s
6
t o t h e c av e o n Oliv e t n e ar w h ic h C h ris t t aug ht h is

discipl e s Th e si t e of th e h ous e at w h ic h th e Ap os t l e s m e t afte r

.

t h e Asc e nsi on a pp e ars als o t o h av e b e e n kn own an d t o h av e ,

b e e n occ upi e d by a c h urc h w h ic h acc ording to a f ourth c e n tury ,

-

t r adi ti on e xis t e d in th e re ign of Hadri an 7 N o oth e r s acr e d

, .

l oc ali t i e s are m e n t i on e d T h e abs e nc e of any a llusion t o G olg oth a .

or t h e T om b in pa ss ag e s suc h a s th e ab ov e w h ic h m igh t
, ,

n at urall y b e e xp e ct e d t o c on tain s om e r e fe r e nc e t o th e m is most ,

l
a re a d
y a ttac h e d a
p ar c u ar i n ti l te t p e rh ap s e ve n
re s , an e x a gge ra e d t
i m p ortan c e ,
to t h e s ac re d p ac e s in l th e i r m idst ( Voy g ”
a e en T erra S a i n ts ,
3 rd c d .
p p 19 3 ,
, .

H is toria E cc le s i a s t i cal , iv, 2 6 , 14 .

2
I bid .
, v i, 11, 2 .

O ri ge n , on J oh n vi, 2 4; ( M i gn e ,
P a tr olog ia G rae ca , x iv, c ol .

4
J e rom e , de Vir is I llm tr i bus , 5 4 .

5
C o n tra C e ls um, i ,
5 1; M i gn e , P a tr olog ia G raac a , x i, c ol . 7 56 .

0
A p p e n di x I V .
, 8, x ii .

7 A p p e n di x I V , 9 , . T i s m ay w e i h
ave b e e n t h e c as e if t h e
. ll h h ouse w as
on th e w e s te rn s ur o u s ide t h e
p i m s o f tth e R om an C am
p ( se e pl it .
 80

C HA P TER IX .

T HE I DENTI FI C ATI ON or TH E TR A DI TI ON AL S ITES w i TH

G OLGOTH A AN D TH E T OM B IN TH E R EIGN or C ON
S TA N TI N E .

TH E nly c on t em p orary a cc ou nt of t h e disc ov e ry of G olg oth a an d

o

t h e T om b an d of t h e e r e c t i on of c h urc h e s in th eir h on our is t h at

'

, ,

giv e n by E us e bius in h is Lif e of Constan tine 1

Th e 0
L i fe h as .
“ ”
,

s om e wh at unj us t l y , b e e n c all e d a t rav e s ty of h is t ory fi It s

li te rary s ty l e s o di ffe r e nt from t h e si m pl e p ros e of t h e E c c le
,

siastic al H i s tory i t s ex agg e r at e d pr ais e of th e E m

, p e ror an d i t s ,

f re qu e n t at trib t i on o Divi ne in spirat i on t o h is a c t i ons cr e at e

“

u f 2
,

a n ot un n at ur al pr e j udic e in t h e m i n d of t h e r e ad e r Bu t its .
.

a u th or w a s n o d e lib e r at e f alsifi e r His obj e ct s e e m s t o h av e .

b e e n t o wri t e a p an e gy ric r a th e r th an a s ob e r hist ory A f te r .

e ars of su ff e ri n g h e h a d s e e n h is r e ligi on t riu m p h an t an d h e

y ,

w r ot e wit h p oe t ic e n th usi a s m of t h e s ov e r e ign w h o h ad w roug h t

1
A pp e n di x V , 1 . .

2
C om m e n ta tors h ave a ttac h e d ttribution o f
un due I m p o rtan ce to thi s a

D i vin e i sp irati on n T h e re w as a w i de s p re ad t e n de n c y am on gst t h e e arl y

.

C h ri st i an as th e re is in P al e stin e at t h e p e e nt day to s e e in e ve y th i n g
s, r s ,
r

t h e h nd of G od ; a n d t h e w ords of E us e b i us w oul d h ave b e e n c on i de re d

a s

o n l y n atu a l at t h e t i m e w h e n th e y w e e w ri tt n
r C on stan t i e la i d t h e r e . n

e ve rl ti g f oun dat i on s of C on stan t i n op le

as n in ob e die c e t o th e c om m an d n s

f G od ( C od x T h e odos ia us lib x iii t it v le g B i s h op A l e an de r is

”
o e n ,
.
,
.
, . x

aid t o h ve j ourn e y e d f ro m C a p p do ci a t o J e rus l e m by D i vi n e di re ct i on “

s a a a

( E u se b i u H i t ori a E
s, l
se i s ti v i 11 ec i t w a s by G o d s h e lp th t
s a ca , , ,
’
a ,

a ccordi g t o S ozom e n ( A p p e n di x V
n a d S o c rat e ( A pp e n di x V .
, n s .
,

H e l e a di c ove e d t h e T om b of C h ri st ;
n s r d w h e n J u ti n i a w as b uil di g an s n n

t h e C h u c h o f t h e V i rgi n at J e ru al e m G od p oi t e d o ut in t h e n e a e t “
n r s

s uit ab l e f or t h e q
r s ,

m ou tai n s a b e d o f s to e
n nuarry in g o f l rge c ol um s th t a n a

i t w a i m p o ible t o b ri n g f rom a di stan c e ( P roc op i us D e E defi iis v 6 ;

s ss ,
e , .

P le t i e P i lg r im s T e x t vol ii )
’
a s n s, . .
 81

such a marve ll ous c h ange C a n a ny on e r e ga rd his e xub e ra n t

.

l angu ag e a s a c ri me ? I s h e t h e o nl y c ourt p re la tc w h o has

writt e n f ulsome prais e of a m on arc h w h os e c onduct w as no t
a b ov e r e pr oac h ? C onsta ntin e w a s n ot a p e rfe ct C h risti an but ,

n e ith e r w as h e a C a ligul a a N e ro or a C ommodus and h e w a s , , ,

infinit e ly s up e ri or t o m any o f h is succ e ss ors w h o r e ig n e d

c e n tu ri e s af t e r C h risti anity h ad b e c ome th e r e ligion of t h e
S ta te .

E us e bi us f rom h is re l a ti ons wit h t h e I m pe ri al C ourt a n d as

, ,

M e trop olit an of th e J e rus al e m S e e w as in a p ositi on t o obtain ,

a cc ur a t e i n f orm a ti on a n d m aking a ll ow a nc e f or his e xt rav aga n t

, ,

l anguag e w h at h e s ay s with re gard t o t h e ord e rs of t he E m p e ro r

, ,

a n d t o t h e ste ps t ak e n t o c arr t h e m out is d e s e rving o f t h e

y ,

cl os e st a t te nti on His m ea ning is s om e ti m e s obscur e but h is

.
,

h on e s t y an d si n c e ri ty a re appar e n t w hilst t h e g e n e ral fre e d om ,

of h is writings f r om t h e fabl e s an d p rodigi e s t h a t dis figur e l a t e r

c h urc h h ist ori e s are re mark abl e Th e s tate m e nts wh ic h h e m ak e s

wi th re g ard t o th e h ol y pl ac e s an d t o th e c h urc h e s e re ct e d in
“
,

t h e i r h on ou r are n ot alway s cl e ar but s om e of th e di fficul ti e s

, ,

dis app e ar w h e n it is r e m e mb e r e d t h at t h e Life of Cons ta n tine w a s

w rit te n a f t e r t h e C ro ss h a d b e e n f ound 1 a nd t h a t t h e E m pe ro r ,

buil t t w o disti n ct c h urc h e s— th e An ast asis an d t h e M ar ty ri e n or ,

B asilic a of th e C ross T h e re is n o a cc oun t of th e finding of t h e

.

C ro ss by an e y e -wi t n e ss ? but its disc ov e ry w h e n or s oo n af te r , ,

G olgoth a an d t h e Tom b w e r e l aid b ar e by e xc ava tion is at te s te d

by th e l e t t e r of C y ril of J e rusa l e m writt e n in May A D 35 1 to , , . .
,

t h e E m p e r or C ons ta n t ius 3 an d by t h e allusi ons w h ic h E us e bius

,

Th e Th e op h a n ia and T he P ra is e of C o n s t a n t in e , w e re a sol w r te n it
afte r t h e dis co ve ry .

9
E use b i us a void s all dir e c t c h m a rk e d
re f e re n c e t o t h e C ro s s in su a

m nn e
a a
r, to s i m p ly
dis ap p ro va l o f t h e cir c um t n c conn e ct ed wi th it s a es s

di s c o ve ry T o h im th e R e s urre ct i on w s o f i nfi ni t e l y gre ate i m po rt n c e

. a r a

t h an t h e i n s trum e n t s o f t h e P as i o s n .

I n t h e re i gn of y our f ath e C o n s ta n ti n e th e be love d o f H e ave n f

“
r , ,
o

h ap p y m e m ory th e sal utary w ood o f th e Cro s w a di s c o ve e d at J rus a l e m

,
s s r e ,

t h e D ivin e O n e h i n g p rmitt e d h im w h o duly ought a fte r ri ghte o u n e s

av e ,
s s s ,

t o di s c ove r t h e H o ly P l ac e s w h ic h h ad h e re tof o r ,
be e n h idde n a w ay e

( A d C on t n t in m iii ; M i gn e P trolog i G rs a x xx iii col s

s a a , ,
a a ec , , .
 82

a pp ar e n t l y mak e s t o t h e C r oss Th e t w o c h urc h e s are re f e rr e d .

1

t o by E us e bius a n d are distinc t l y m e n t i on e d by S t S il v ,

i a an d .

o th e rs
2
T h e y s t oo d n ot f ar f rom e ac h o t h e r on a p a v e d pl at
.
,

"

f o r m : on e th e An a st asis or C h urc h of th e R e surr e c t i on c on

, , ,
’
V
t ain e d w i th in i t s w alls th e re p ut e d T om b of C h ris t ; t h e oth e r ,

t h e Marty rion or C h ur c h of t h e C r oss s t ood a b ov e t h e sp o t

, ,

w h e r e t h e cr o ss e s w e r e f ound I n th e Op e n air b e tw e e n th e
“

.
,

t w o c h urc h e s bu t a lit t l e t o t h e s ou th of th e i r c omm on ax is

, ,

t h e r o ck up o n w h ic h i t w as b e li e v e d th at t h e C r oss h ad st ood

ro s e s om e fi f t e e n f e e t a b ov e th e l e v e l of t h e pl at f orm .

It m us t a ls o be r e m e m b e re d th at t h e h is t ory of th e h oly “

”
pl a c e s as t old by E us e bius a l th oug h it is h appil y f r e e f r om th e
, ,

f a bul ous l e g e nds w h ic h disfigu re d t h e a cc oun t s of l at e r y e ars is ,

inc om pl e te T h e re is n o i n dic at i on of t h e m otiv e oth e r t h an

.
,

Divi n e inspi rati on w h ic h le d C ons tan tin e t o ins ti tute a s earc h ,

f or G olgo th a a n d t h e T om b ; t h e disc ov e ry of t h e C ross is n ot

m enti on e d ; th e l e tt e r of C onst antin e t o Mac arius is app are n t l y a
re pl t o a c omm unic a t i on t h a t h as n ot b e e n p re s e rv e d an d on e
y
”
e xpr e ssi o n in i t t h e p re s e n t w o nd e r s e e m s t o i m pl y a pr e vi ous
, ,

”
“
w o nde r t h e n at u re of w h ic h is l e f t t o th e i m agin ati on
,
.

Wh e th e r in form ati on on th e s e p oi n t s w as give n by E us e bius in

1
Th e e x p re ss o n s i th e t ok e n of t h e m os t h ol y P a s s i on , th e
“
as s ura n ce
of th e S av i ou r s
’
P a s s io n ( A pp e n di x V .
,
1, vi ) ; th e
“
tr op y h of io ur
t h e S av
'
s

v ic tory o ve r de ath ( A p p e n dix V .

,
1, ix , x x, x xi ) an d t h e C h urc h sa c re d
t o th e y i g nsa a el uta
o pp os e d t
r t h e v i e w th at th e fin di n g of th e C o
s r o r ss

is a l e ge n d w h ic h gre w up af te t h e c h ur c h w a s b uilt
”
“
( G uth e rG rab , ,

das h e i l i ge in H uck s R l k l S A n di x V I
’

, g p d i a e e pp e e a e ne o ao e . .

2
E u e b i us A p p e n di x V 1
s x i)
,
I n he P i l g i m a ge t o t h e H oly
.
, ,
xx, x . r r

P l ac e i i l i c ll as i l ic a h
’ “
l S S h b
”
( P l
s ti e P ilg r i m a T x ts es v o )
n t v a s t e e t e
,
.
,
. a s

r e at h urc h b ui lt by C o n stan t i n e w h ic h is in G olgoth

c b e h i n d t h e C ros s an d a
g ,

t h e h oly c h urc h w h ic h is in G o lgo th w h ic h th e y c ll th M rtyr i um

“
a, a e a .

( S e e l o E u c h
a se i u O th H ly P l c es ;
r T h B
s, vi ry of J
n e ou l m T h eo a e re a er sa e

dosius T h T op og p hy of th H olg L n d ; A n ti oc h us M on h u A pp e n di
,
e ra e a ac s, x

V 6 ; an d T h e op h n e s A p p e n di V 8 ii )
.
,
S t S i lvi a l o ll ud s to o p e n
a , x .
, ,
. . a s a e

a ir s e rvic e s th t w e e h e l d b e f o an d b h in d t h e C o s w h ic h s too d o n
a r re e r s

th e ro ck of G ol goth ( s e e p Th e ro ck -h e w n b
a e of t h e c ol um n s o f
. as s

t h e A n a tas i w h ic h w e e vi s i b l e b e f o e t h e fi e o f 18 0 8 ( M a i t i I tor i
s s, r r r r ,
s a

de llo t t e p e n t d l it td d i G u l mm ) i n di c te t h e
s a r se e e c te n t to w hi c h
er sa e e ,
a ex

t h e ro ck w s c ut aw y t o bta i n a l e ve l p l tf orm i ol te th e tom b an d gi v

‘
a o a a ,
s a ,
e

p ro m i n e n c e t o th e ro ck o f G ol goth a .
 84

to d e sc rib e th e p re s e n t w o n d e r For th at t h e t ok e n of th a t
l on g ago bur i e d u n d e rgr ou
.

m ost h ol y P a ssi on 1
n d s h ould h av e
, ,

r e m ain e d unkn o w n for s o m an y y e ars t r ul y t ransc e n ds

a ll m arv e l I d e si re t h e n t h at y ou s h ould e sp e ci ally b e
c onvi n c e d t h a t of all t h ings i t is m ost m y c ar e h ow w e
m ay a d orn wi th spl e nd ou r of b uildings t h at s a c re d sp ot w h ic h ,

un d e r Divin e di re c t i on I re li e v e d a s i t w e re of t h e h e a vy , , ,

w e ig h t of f oul id ol w ors h ip — a pl ac e h ol y i n d e e d f r om t h e

b e gi n n i n g but w h ic h h as b e e n m ad e t o app e ar still m ore h oly

,

”
sinc e i t br ough t t o lig h t t h e a ssu ra nc e of t h e S avi our s P assi on 2 ’
.

I n s t ruc t i ons are th e n giv e n f or t h e c on st ruc ti on of a b asilica ;

F or it is j us t th a t th e pl a c e w h ic h is m ore w ond e rful th a n t h e
”
w h ol e w orld s h ould be w o th il y d e c
r o ra t d
e 3 .

Af t e r s ta t ing th at t h e i n s truc t i ons of C onst an ti n e we re

c arri e d out E us e bius w ri t e s ,
S o on t h e m onum e nt o f s alvat i o n “

its e lf w a s t h e N e w J e rus al e m bui lt ov e r agai n s t th e on e s o ,

f am ous of old Opp osit e t h is th e E m p e ror r e a re d wit h ,

ric h an d l avis h e xp e nditu re t h e t roph y of th e S avi our s vic tory ,

’

4 an d fi rs t of a ll h e a d orn e d t h e s a cr e d c a v e
o v e r d e ath ,

1
T h is is ev i de n tly t h e C ro s s . Th e t ok e n of t h e P as s i on is th e C ros s ,
n ot t h e T om b , an d th e t
p re s e n w on de r m ay b e it s dis c ove ry af t e r i h a d t
lain b ur i e d f o r l
n e ar y 300 y e ars , -t h e m p i e d p re vi ous w on der be i n g t h e i l
c
re o ve ry o f th e T om b in p e rf e c p re s e rva i on t t .

2
Th e m e an in g see ms to b e t h at in t h e E m p e ror s op i n ion , t h e T o m b ,
,
’

h oly a s i t w as in i ts e l f h a d be e n t ,
h l m ade s ill m ore o y by t h e di s co ve ry in
i
it s m m e di at e v ic i n i ty o f t h e C o s s — t h e tok e n o s s ura n c e o f t h e Sa vi our
r ,
r a ,
’
s

P as ion s .

3 It s e e m cl e a f om t h e p e vi o us o de to build a c h u c h round t h e
s r r r r r r

T om b an d f o m t h,
i m i l ari ty o f t h de c o t i ve d tail of th i s c h urc h t o
r e s e ra e s

th o e of th e b as ili ca th at w as ctually built ( A p p e n di x V 1 vii viii xii)

s a .
, , , , ,

th t th e E mp e or in te n de d to buil d in additi on to t h e c h urc h roun d t h e T o m b

a r , ,

a l c h r c h ab ove t h e t h ere t h e C ro s w a f oun d a p l a c e m “

g e ar u p o w s ore s s ,

w o n de rf ul th a n t h e w h o l e w o l d I f h o w e ve r t h e l e tte r re f e rs to o n e
”
r .
, ,

c hur ch only th e e p l an t i on m ay be th t t h E m p e ror ori gi n ally in te nde d

,
x a a e

to i n c l ude ll th e h oly p l c e in o e g e at c h urc h a n d th at h e fte w a d

a a s n r , a r r s

o ve d of a p l an f or e e cti g t w o c h ur c h e
r s ub m i tt e d t o h im b v hi s
r n s
a
pp
arc h i t e ct af t e s tudy of t h e gro u
r a nd .

4 T h i s e x re s i o
p i s p p a e n tl sy n p a
u
a p l i e d by E s e bi u r( A p p e dix V s n .

1 xx,
i) a n d C y i l to t h C o s ( s e e A p p
,
xx r di x e N e w J e usa l e m
r s en
“
r

m ay b c om p are d w i th t h e n am e o f t h e n e w c a p ita l o n t h e
”
e N e w R om e ,

B os p o u f te r w ards k n o w n a s C o sta ti n op l e
r s, a n n .
 85

wh ic h w as as i t w e re t h e c h i e f p ar t of t he w h ol e w ork
, , .

Eas t ward of th e c av e t h e b asilic a w a s e r e cte d an e x t r ao rdin a ry ,

”
w ork of grea t h e ight an d e xte nt I n a l at e r c h ap te r th e t wo .

c hurc h e s wi th th e i r adj uncts are appare ntl y c all e d a te mpl e

, , , ,
“
,
”

rais ed as a c onspicuous m onu me nt of th e Savi our s R e sur

“ ’

”
r e cti on .

Eus e bius it will be obs e rv ed w ri te s as if it w e re w e ll

, ,

kn own to e ve ry on e t h at th e Tomb lay b e n ea th t h e t e m pl e o f

Aph r odi te He e xpr e ss e s n o d oubt a s t o its auth enticity a nd
.
,

m a ke s n o a llusi o n t o a n e nqui ry by Mac arius or by an y ,

g ov e rnm e n t o ffici al with r egard to t h e sc e n e of t h e C ruci

,

fi x ion an d R e surr ecti on C onsta n tin e a cc ording to him is

.
, ,

”
inspir e d by C h rist t o m ak e t h e T om b a h oly pl ac e and “
,

a t o n c e iss u e s o rd e rs f o r t h e re m o va l o f t h e t e mpl e a n d i ts sub

struct ur e s Th e h ist ori an c e rtainl y s ay s th a t w h e n t h e cl ea r anc e

.
,

w as m ad e t h e T o m b w a s e xp o s e d t o v i e w c o n t ra rv t o a ll
“
,

e xp e ct a ti o n but t h is m ay on l y m e a n t h a t t h e re w a s a tr adi
”
ti on th at t h e s a c re d c ave h ad b e e n d e stroy e d or i nj ur e d
“
, ,

w h e n t h e t e m pl e w a s b uil t a n d t h a t t h o s e w h o sup e rin te n de d

,

t h e e xc a va ti o n w e re a st onis h e d t o find it p e rf e ctl y p re s e rv e d .

Th e e xp re ssi on m ay h e u n d e rst o od in t h e s e n s e in w h ic h it
m ig h t be appli e d t o t h e re m a rk abl e disc o v e ri e s of S c h li e ma n n .

Th e distinguis h e d arc h ae ol ogist k n e w w h e re t o e xc ava t e a n d ,

f ound t h e obj e c t s o f h is s e a rc h alth ough n o o n e e xp e ct e d h im t o

,

do so.

I s th is an accurate ac c oun t o f w h a t occurr e d o r is it a ,

c o mprom is e b e tw e e n t h e n e c e ss a ry a v oid an c e of an y th ing

lik e ly t o giv e offe nc e t o t h e I m pe ri a l fam il y a n d a st rong ,

d e sir e on t h e p a rt of th e h ist ori an t o disso c i at e h i ms e l f fr om

t h e st e ps t h a t w e r e t ak e n t o fi n d a nd id e n ti fy t h e C ross ?

T h e re is s om e re as o n fo r th i nki n g th a t t h e l a tte r m ay h av e
b e e n t h e c as e .

C onstan tin e w a s a ma n of i m pe ri o us t e mp e r w h o brook ed ,

n o r e sis tanc e t o h is will He w as s ucc e ss ful in all h is und e r

.

1
A p p e n di x V .
,
1, xvi .
 86

takings an d b e li e v e d t h at h is succ e ss w as due t o in t e rc ours e

,

wi th th e D e ity th roug h t h e m e dium of dr e am s an d visi on s

1
,
-
,

”
w h ic h w e r e t o h im w h at th e v oic e s w e r e t o t h e M aid o f “

O rl e ans His b e li e f i n a Divi n e v o c at ion s e e m s t o h av e b e e n

.

v e ry r e a l a n d i t w as e n c ourag e d r ath e r th an disc ou rage d by h is

,

C h ris ti a n a dvis e rs H e h ad s e en t he s ig n of t h e C ross in th e

.

sk 2 h a d pl a c e d i t up o n t h e st and ards of h is arm a n d up on t h e

y , y
s h i e lds of h is s eldie rs a 11d th r oug h it h ad g otte n a gr e at vi c tory
’

, , ,

an d t h e e m pir e o f t h e w orld His t raini n g h is m e t h ods o f .

,

th oug h t w e re th os e of th e We st an d un til h e c am e t o t h e Eas t ,

h e w as un d e r th e guid a nc e of We st e rn bis h ops an d w as ,

a cqu aint e d wi th wes t e rn C h ris t i a ni t

y a l o ne3
1H e h a d all t h e .
‘

m at e ri alis tic te n d e ncy of t h e L at i n an d m ore e sp e ci all y of t h e ,

R om an mind ; an d th is te n d e ncy w ould al m os t n atu r ally l e ad , ,

h im t o ord e r a s e arc h t o b e m a d e f or th e C ross 4 T h e vi e w .

,

s ugge s t e d by E u sebi us t h at t h e p ri m e m otiv e of t h e Divin e,

i n sp ir a t i on w as th e disc ov e ry an d d e c ora ti on of th e T omb m ust be ,

a cc e p t e d wi th r e s e rv e I t w a s th e C ross an d n ot th e T omb w h ic h
.

i n fl ue n c e d th e d e cisi o n of t h e E m p e r or a t c ritic al m om e n ts a n d ,

in t h e s al utary p ow e r of w h ic h h e fir m l y b e li e v e d 5
C an it b e .

supp o s e d th at in c on s e que n c e of a Divi ne i n spirati on i mm e di ate ly ,

i n sc rip ti on on th e tri um p h al a c h e re cte d by C on tan ti t o c o m

Th e r s ne

m e m ora te h is victo ry of t h e M ilvian b ridge de dica te d A D 315 h as t h ,

. .
,
e

w ords I tin c tu D i vi i t tis

ns W i te s all ude to h im a s be i n g divi e m onit m
n a . r r n

i ns ti c tu; a n d h e h i m l f in h is l e tte r t o M a c ri n e w ri te s th at h is a c t i o n
n se ,
a ,

w as due to D i vi e di re c t i on
n ( se e p .

9
Th e im p ort an c e attach e d to th is v i i on i in dic at e d by t h e l e ge nd s s

i s 3 49 f
1 017

3
r xa , q
s o f re ue n tl
y f u d o a n ci e t c o s s e o

It w as onl y af te h e b e c am e s ol e E m p e ror A D 3 2 3 th at h e w a
r
n n n r s .

s
, . .
,

brought i to cl os e c o n tac t w ith t h e C h ris t i an i ty o f t h e E s t

n a .

T h e s e arc h m ay h a e b e e n p artly due t o p ol i tica l m ot i ve s

v Th . e

E m p e ror m ay h ave th o ught th t t h e s ign o f t h e C ro h ad gi ve n h im

a as ss

v icto ry i t h e fi e l d o t h e C ro
n , si t l f if f o u d w oul d be a rall y in g p o i t
ss se ,
n ,
n

f or C h ris t i an s a d h e al t h e di e n i o n s in t h e C h urc h
,
n ss s .

O n a s t t u of h im e l f h l di g a p e r w hi c h t m i n ate d in a c ro
a e s ,
o n s a er ss,

e re c t e d b y t h e E m p e ro r t R o m e a n i s c r i p t i o p ocl ai me d t o a ll th at by
a ,
n n r

t h at s a l uta y s i gn h e h a d s ave d t h e ci ty a n d re to re d t h e
r e n ate a n d t h e ,
s s

R o man p e op l e t o th e i r a ci e n t di gn i ty an d s p l e n dour ( E us e bi us E c le
n ,
c

s i a s t ic a l H i s tory , ix , 9 ; L if e o f C o ns ta n tin e , i,
 88

Mac arius , h is r e turn t o J e r us al e m fr om N ic sea t o s e arc h out

on
,

t h e pl a c e of t h e h ol y R e sur re cti on an d G olg o t ha t h e pl a c e of

, ,

t h e S kull an d t h e lif e givi n g w o od of t h e

,
-
(
Th e L at i n t radi ti on of t h e f o urth an d fi f t h c e ntu ri e s is t h a t ,

He l e n a on h e r a rriva l at J e r us al e m m ad e inqui ry wi th r e gard t o

t h e pl a c e of t h e C r ucifixi on a n d th a t w h e n i t s situ ati o n w a s
,

p o i n t e d out t o h e r sh e h ad t h e sup e rinc um b e n t buildings an d

,

e a rt h r e m ov e d an d f oun d t h e th re e c ross e s
, T h e C r oss o f C h ris t .

w as th e n id e n t ifi e d wit h t h e aid of Mac arius 1 .

Assu m i n g th at th e obj e c t of C onstan tin e w as t o fi n d t h e ‘

C ro ss an d th a t t h e Bis h op of J e rus a l e m w as in s tr c t e d t o s e arc h

,
p
f o r i t t h e firs t s t e p w ould o bvi ousl y be t o re c ov e r G olg oth a an d
,

t h e T om b .I n n o o t h e r l oc ality c ould th e re h av e b e e n an y ,

c h an c e of succ e ss 2
Wa s t h e si t uat i on of th e t w o pl a c e s kn ow n
.

t o M ac arius ? A c on sid e rat i on of th e h is tory of Je ru sal e m an d

o f t h e e arl C rc h h as s ugg e st e d se e p 7 9 t h at t h e survival of
y h u ( ) .

an tr adi t i on wi th r e g ard t o t h e m t o t h e t i m e of C on s ta n t i n e is
y
i m p rob abl e b ut n ot i m p ossibl e E us e bi us d oe s n ot m e n ti on a
, .

t radi t i on but h e s ay s n oth i n g th at is i n c on sist e nt w it h a pr e vi ous

,

k n owl e dg e of t h e pl ac e an d h is n ar rativ e t ak e n by i t s e l f m ay
, , ,

p e rh aps b e h e ld t o supp ort t h e vi e w t h at t h e p osi t i on of th e

T om b w as k n own O n t h e ot h e r h a nd t h e i m p re ssi on p rod uc e d
.
,

by th e w orks of l a t e r w ri t e rs is t h at alt h oug h th e re m ay h av e ,

b e e n s om e r e c oll e cti on of G olg oth a a m ongst t h e i n h abi tan ts of

J e rus a l e m th e re w as n o c e rt ai n kn owl e dge of its e x a c t si tuati on
,
.

I t is t ru e t h a t th e s e l at e r w rit e rs w e re n ot e y e -wi tn e ss e s an d t h at ,

t h e y on ly re l at e w h a t h ad b e c om e k n own t o t h e m t h rough
t raditi on but th e y h ad a cc e ss t o t h e a rc h iv e s of th e C h u rc h an d
, ,

A p p e n di x V . 11, iii ; 12 , n
, The a cc oun t of t h e i de nti fi cati o n of t h
.
e

t rue C o s g i ve n
r s l th at auth o i e d by M ac arius It
by S e ve rus is p o s s ib y r s .

s t at e s th at t h e body o f a d a d m an on it e w ay t o t h e grave w a c arr i e d t o

,
s ,
s

t h e s p ot w h e e t h e c oss e s w e e f o un d an d th t w h e n re m ove d f ro m th e b i e r
r r r ,
a

a n d p l a c e d in c o n t a c t w i th t h e C ros s of C h ri t i t stoo d up ri ght T h s ,

. e

s t or th a t t h e th re e c ro s s e s w e re c arr i e d t th e o om o f a ick
o l dy r s a
y
s e e m s to be a n e x gge rat i o n o f t h e o ffi ci a l a cc o un t
a .

2
Th e c usto m o f th e J e w s w a t o bury t h e c s s u o n w h ic h a n y on e w as
p ro s

h an ge d w i th th e body ( Lightf oot H oras H e bree ic a: c l T lmudi on A cts

,
a s ts ,

vi ii
,
 89

t he ir sta te me nts e spec iall y t h ose w h ic h are c omm on to all m us t

, ,

h av e h ad som e f ound a t i on in fac t .

A mongs t G re e k w rit e rs S ocr ate s s ay s 1 th at He l e n a,

af t e r m uc h di fficult
”
re c o v e re d t h e T om b S o zom e n s ta t e s
, y .

”
th a t it w as n o e as y ma tt e r t o disc ov e r th e C r oss a n d t h e
“

T om b a n d t h a t a cc o rding t o s om e th e ir si t uat i on w as p ointe d

,

o ut t o th e E m p re ss by an Ori e n tal J e w w h o d e riv e d h is ,

kn o w l e dg e from fa mily d oc um e n t s bu t that t h e m or e pr oba bl e ,

”
vi e w w as t h a t G od r e v e al e d it by m e ans of signs an d d re am s
“
.

Al e x and e r Mon ac h us wri te s 3 th a t He l e n a up on h e r arriva l a t ,

J e rus a l e m c h arg e d Ma c a rius a n d h is s ufi ragan s t o s e arc h for t h e

'

C ro ss a nd t h a t b e ing at a l oss w h a t t o do th e y o ffe re d pray e rs

, ,

t o G o d an d w e re an s w e re d by a miracul ous re v e l ati on o f t h e

,

pl a c e t o t h e bis h op I n t h e l e tt e r of t h e E m p e ror Le o t o O ma r
.
‘
,

t h e sit e is s aid t o h av e b e e n discl o s e d by J e ws und e r t ortu re .

Acc ording t o R ufi n us t h e pl a c e of th e C rucifixi on w as p oin te d

3 '

o ut t o He l e n a by signs f rom h e av e n ; an d acc or din g t o

“ ”

S e v e us
r
G
t h e E m p re ss h a ving fi rst obtai ne d th e re quisit e
,

i n fo rm a ti on h ad th e sp ot cl e are d G re gory of T ou rs s ay s 7 t h at
, .

t h e C ro ss w as p oi n t e d o ut t o He l e n a by a J e w n am e d J uda .

I t will be c on v e ni e n t a t t h is p oi n t t o s um up t h e e vid e nc e for

a n d a gainst t h e e xist e nc e of a de finit e tr adi t i o n I n suppo rt o f .

t h e v i e w t h at th e h oly pla c e s w e re w e ll kn own t o t h e C h ris ti an

c o mm u n ity a t J e r us a l e m i t m ay be u rg e d th at during t h e t h re e
,

c e n t uri e s wh ic h foll ow e d th e i r re c ov e ry th e au th e n ticity of t h e

si te s w as n e v e r qu e sti on e d by J e w s or h e ath e n a nd th a t th e ,

C h risti ans w ould n ot h av e a cqui e sc e d in id e n t ific ati o n s w h ic h

t h e y kn e w t o be fals e E v e n Juli a n and th os e w h o t aunte d th e
.
,

C h risti a n s wit h w ors hipping t h e C ross a s an id ol s o far as is ,

kn ow n a cc e p t e d t h e i r rc c ove rv as g e nuin e and n o accusa ti on

,

A pp e n di x V .
,
3, i .
4 ix V
App e n d .
,
7
9
A pp e n d ix V 2 .
, , i .
5 12 n ix V
A p p e nd .
, , .

3
A p p e n di x V 5 .
, ,
iii .
0
1 1 iii A p p e ndi x V .
, , .

7 A e n di x V 15 T h l e d f t h di c v r o f t h C ro s b y J u da e s s
pp .
,
e
ge
. n o e s o e y
f o r H e l n a h as c om e do wn in S y ria c G re e k an d Lati n ve rs i o ns ; and
e , ,

N e stle c on s i de rs th at th e o ri gi n l H l n l e g nd w as in S y ri ac
a e e a e .
 90

w as broug h t against Mac arius of p e rp e trating a pi ous f r aud “ ” 3

du ring th e p e ri od w h e n a d e lib e rat e fraud if th e re w e r e on e , ,

w ould h ardly h av e e sc ap e d d e t e c t i on E us e bius wri t e s as if th e .

p osi t i on of th e T om b w e r e w e l l kn ow n or at an y r at e as if , , ,

t h e re w e r e n o di fficul ty in fi n di n g i t T h e G re e k an d L ati n .

w ri t ers of th e f our th fi fth an d six th c e n t uri e s m e nti on n o

, ,

m i racl e in c onn e cti o n w it h its re c ov e ry s uc h as th a t w h ic h ,

at t e nd e d t h e id e n tific at i on of th e t rue C r oss I f t h e sit e of t h e .

T om b h ad b e e n l os t or if th e re h ad b e e n a n y d oubt on t h e
,

s ubj e c t Cons tanti n e it h as b e e n argue d w ould h av e ord e re d

, , ,

a p re li m in a r inqui r an d s e arc h bu t of th is th e re is n o t ra c e in
y y ,

t h e wri t ings of E us e bius t h e onl y e y e wi t n e ss T h e s e l e c t i on o f

,
-
.

a n i n c o nv e n i e n t sit e on t h e sl op e of a ro ck h ill w h re e xt e nsiv e

y e ,

quarry i n g w ould be n e c e ss ary for th e e re c ti o n of a l arg e c h urc h ,

m us t h av e b e e n due t o t h e e xist e n c e of a t ra diti on 2

I f Ma c arius .

a n d h is s uff rag a ns h ad a ct e d up on m e re c apric e if th ey h ad ,

b e li e v e d t h a t G olgoth a w as a r ound e d h ill t e p or if th e E m p e ror -

,

h ad i n struct e d t h e m si m ply t o e re ct c h urc h e s in re m e m br an c e of

t h e P a ssi on an d t h e R e su rr e c ti on t h e y w ould h av e c h os e n a ,

c onspic uous sp ot suc h a s a kn oll wit h a c on v e n i e n tly si tu at e d

,

J e wis h s e pulc h re a n d n ot a t om b in an an ci e nt c e m e t e ry w ith i n

,

t h e w alls of Had ri an s ci ty I n all p ro b ability a ls o th e y w o uld

’
.
, ,

h av e l e f t t h e t om b i n ta c t an d m ad e a n e ffort t o pr e s e rve t h e
,

a pp e ara n c e of r e a lit i n st e a d of c utt i n g a w a t h e ro ck s o as t o

y , y
l e av e t h a t p orti on of t h e T om b onl y up on w h ic h th e b od y o f t h e
L ord h ad r e s t e d .

Th e s upp ort e rs of t h e opp osi t e vi e w m a i n t a in th at t h e re is n o

1 l or ( A i t C h is ti nity ii 27 7 ) i m p ute d l ibe rate f raud t

T ay nc en r a , ,
s e o

M a c e i a ; b ut i t i i m p os s ibl e to b l i e ve th at t h e b i s h op c o ul d h ve h d
r s s e a a a

c a ve h e w n out of t h e ock be n e ath a p g n sh i n

r n d th at t h e h e ath e a a r e, a n

w oul d h ave e nt e d t o t h e f ra ud
as s .

2
F i nl y a
’

gu m e t ( H i t o y of G
s ar n c i A p iii )
s th t t
r h e m i n ut e r gi s tra
ree e, , . a e

tio n of l n de d p op e rt y in th e R o m n E m p i a n d t h e p ro vin c e a nd t h
a r a re s, e

m ap s co n n e c te d w i th i t w o ul d h a ve e n b l e d M c riu t o i de nt i ty t h e ga rde n
,
a a a s

o f J os e p h m us t n o t b e p e s e d to o f ar
,
T h e c on dit i o n of J e rusa l e m be f o
r s . re

t h e i e ge by T i tu w a n ot s uc h s to f aci li tate t h e e e c ut i o n o f a c das tra l

s s s a x a

s urve y by t h e R om an s a n d all t h e city a ch i ve w e re de stroy e d durin g th

,
r s e

w ar . A l ate r s urve y wo ul d b e o f l ittl e v l ue f or p urp o s e s o f ide n tifi c at iom a

 92

t h e ory with r e gard t o t h e si t e of G olg ot h a af te r mor e c ar e ful

c onsid e r at i on th an h as b e e n giv e n t o t h e subj e c t by s om e m od e r n
th e oris t s an d i t is m ost unlik e ly th at any on e in th e f ourth
,

c e ntury w ould que s t i on an id e n t ifi c ati on a cc e pt e d by a bis h op

a n d h is suff rag ans T h e r e is e v e ry r e as o n t o b e li e v e t h a t Mac arius
.

a c t e d in g ood fa i th an d an att e m p t will b e m ad e l at e r t o disc ov e r

,

t h e re a s ons w h ic h le d h im t o fi x up on t h e t radi ti on al sit e s ; but

t h e f a ct t h a t t h e sc e n e of t h e T ran sfi gurat ion 1 an d t h e si t e s of ,

t h e b a ttl e in w h ic h D avid sl e w G o li ath an d of R e p h idi m 3 w e r e

2
, ,

w rongly id e n t ifi e d in t h e e arl y p ar t of t h e f ourt h c e n tury ,

s ugg e s t s t h e p o ssibilit t h a t t h e bis h op m a h av e m a d e a m is

y y
t ak e 4. It m ay be add e d th at t h e cu t ting aw ay of th e r o ck
r ou n d t h e t radi t i o n al T om b if i t did n ot aris e f rom t h e arc h it e ct s
’
,

wis h t o p rod uc e a c e rtai n e ffe ct m ay h a v e b e e n due t o a d e si re ,

t o oblit e rat e all t ra c e s of t h e origin al f e atu re s of t h e g ro un d .

Th e on l y p ossibl e c o nclusi on from a disc ussi on of t h e lit e rary ,

e vid e n c e s e e m s t o b e t h a t th e re is n o de cis iv e r e a s on f or pl a ci n g
,

G olg oth a an d th e T om b at t h e pl ac e s w h ic h w e re acc e p te d as

g e n uin e in t h e four th c e n tury an d th at th e r e is n o dis ti n ct ,

p ro o f t h at t h ey w e re n ot s o si t ua te d F ortun at e ly th e que sti on .

is p ur e l y arc h ae ol ogic al a n d its s ol uti on on e w ay or t h e oth e r

, , ,

doe s n ot a ffe c t a n y C h ris ti an dogm a or a rticl e of f ai th .

O n t h e supp ositi on th a t t h e re w as n o de fini t e t r aditi on w it h

re gard t o t h e p o siti o n of G olg ot h a c a n an re a s on h e s ugg e st e d
y ,

f or t h e s e l e c t i on of t h e p re s e nt si t e by Mac arius Z
‘

as R ob i n s o n c on t e n ds ( B i blic al R e s e a rc h e s 1 th at th e s i te w as f o r

go tte n .

T h e B o rde a ux P lgr m i i .

I bi d .

3
S t S i lvi a , P ilg r i mag e t o th e H o ly P la ce s
. .

4
R ob in s on a y s m uc l h t
s re s s ( B i bli ca l R e s e a r ch e s , i , 415 416) up o n th e
,

i de nti fi c ati on by E us e b i u o f t h um m i t o f t h e M oun t of O l i ve s t h e s c e n e

s e s as

o f t h e A c e n i on w h ic h h e p l a c e
s s ,
a t B e th an y B ut E us e b i u co n n e cts t h e
s . s

A s c e n s i on w i th th e s p ot w h e re C h ri t taught h is di ci p l e s ( A p p n dx I V 8
s s e .
,

x ii
),
a n d t h e w o ds h e l d th erm o ut un t i l th e y w e re ov
e g i t B e th a ny er a a ns

( L u k e x xi v c o m p ,
e d w i th A c t s i 12
ar th e n re t urn e d th e y f,
ro m ,
“

t h e m oun t c ll e d O l i ve t pp o e d t o t h e vie w th at C h ri t c e n de d
”
a e n ot o ,
ar s s as

f om so m e s p ot o n t h e M o un t o f O l i ve
r s .
 93

Allusi on h as lr ead y be e n mad e (s e e p 17 ) to t h e p os si bili ty o f

a .

s om e c on n e cti o n b e t w e e n G olgo th a a n d t he n ame zElia C a pito lin a .

Acc ordi n g t o a fa n ci ful e ty m ol o gy t h e w ord C apitoliu m is ,

d e rive d from t h e h e ad o r skull of a c e rt ain Olus or Tolns rap ed , ,

Oli regis w h ic h w as disc ov e re d w h e n t h e rock of t h e s umm it o f

,

t h e C a pi t olin e Hill a t R om e w as e xc av a t e d for t h e f oun dati o ns

1

of t h e t e m pl e of Jupit e r ; a n d t h e r e is a n a nci e n t l e g e nd t h a t

G olgot h a w as so c a ll e d f r om t h e skull of Ad am wh ic h w as ,

buri e d in a t om b b e n e at h t h e ro ck of t h e C ross T he t w o
“
.

words Cap itolium a n d Golgotha h av e t h e s ame m e ani n g a n d t h e ,

C apit olium w as re gard e d at R ome as G olgo th a w as a t J e rus al e m , ,

as th e c hi e f l c c n t re of t h e w o rld
p a e o r e .

On t h e C apit oli n e Hill a t R om e n e ar t he t e mpl e of M ars , ,

s t ood a t e mpl e of V e nus C a pit olin a an d a b ove t he assu m ed r o ck

of G o lg oth a r o s e a t e m pl e of V e nus or Ap h rodit e t h e S y ri a n , ,
.

As tart e A t R om e t h e godd e ss w as kn own as Ve nus Vic t rix t h e

.
,

give r o f vict ory t o l ov e rs an d R oman a rm i e s an d s he w as c all e d ,

a w ord f rom w h ic h Ca lc a ria

” ”
Ca lva ,
t h e b ald
“
,
C alvary is ,
“
,

d e riv e d On e of t h e c h i e f s e a ts of t h e w ors h ip of t h e O ri e nta l

.

Ap h rodi t e or Ast art e w a s G olgi ,

2—
t h e s am e w ord as G olg o t h a
,

in C y pr us I n building t he gr ea t t e m pl e of V e nus a n d Ro m e a t
.

t h e c apit al Ha dri a n id e nti fi e d t h e g odd e ss wi th t h e we ll be i ng o f

,
-

t h e S t a te T h e c rown e d godd e ss of t h e i m p e ria l c oins of f Elia

.

C apit olin a h as b e e n c all e d Astart e by De Sa ulcy M add e n a nd

3
, ,

l
Th e c onn e c ti o n of a h e ad or s k ull w i th a ci ty i n o t un co m mo n , ,
s ,

th at o f t h e h e ad of St J oh n th e B p ti st w ith S a mar i Damas c u a d . a a. s, n

E m e a C om p are al s o t h e l e ge n d c on e ct e d with t h e h e a d o f B e l Di o y o
s . s n s ,
n s s,

O rp h e us an d O i i s an d th e o ra c l e -givi g h e ad o f Ha rrAn
,
s r ,
n .

2
l Ay f P dA- f m d ( G o lgos ) t h so n o f A h ro di t a d
‘
I N
‘
s o y r p os e e n
'
o
y o ,
to , ,

A don i n d th e re ut e d f un de r o f t h e t ow n ; or a co rdi n g t
o S c o
s, a
p pp , e

( D as h i lig Le d i f
e o m t h
an e ro,
ck -c on e s ( H e b
,
G l
g lr .
, a a ,

w h ic h p l ay e d an i m p ort a n t p a t in t h ri te s c o n n e cte d w ith t h e w o rs hi p f r e o

t h e go dde s s w h o w a s c all e d y A yum fiv a T h r ui n o f t h e l rge te m p l e

‘

e s
'
o
'
a o ra . a

o f A h o di te o r A s ta rte in C y p ru
r s w e x c av a te d in 18 7 1 as
p , , ,
.

3
O th e c o i n s of H adri n A n ton i n us P ins an d th e ir s ucc e sso rs ( e
n a , s e

P l V I ) t h e godde s s is e p re s e nte d s ta n din g so m e ti m s al o n

.
,
r s o m tim ,
e e, e es

in a t e m p l e w i th a s c e p tre o r s p e ar in h e r l e f t h an d a h um n h e ad in h e r
, ,
a

o uts tr e t c h e d ri ght h an d an d w i th h e r ri ght f oot o n a h um an fi gure

,
The .

h e ad is s up p o e d by som e w ri te rs to b e th at of A doni an d th e h uma n

q
s s,

fi gur e to b e a ri ve r - g o d o r a van u i h ed J ew s .
 94

o th e rs but th is id e n t ific at i on is by n o m e ans c e r tain Th e ty pe

, .

o ccurs at c it i e s w h e re As ta rt e is i m p ossibl e a nd t h e figur e is ,

a pp ar e ntl
y t h e l o c a l T y c h e o r ci t y
-g odd e ss h olding in h e r h a nd
, ,

t h e h e ad or b us t of t h e r e igning E m pe r or 1
an d r e s t ing on a ,

s c e ptr e .

It m ay b e in fe rr e d f rom t h e e xpr e ssi ons a gl oomy sh ri n e of “

” ”
l ife l e ss id ols an d pr ofan e an d a ccurs e d a l tars us e d by
,
“
,

E us e bius t h at th e t e m pl e of Aph rodit e at J e rus al e m c on tain e d

2
,

s e v e ra l s tatu e s an d it h as b e e n s ugg e st e d ( s e e p 6 3) t h at on e of
, .

t h e m m ay h av e b e e n re pr e s e t a ti on o J up it e r
a n f 3 I s i t p o ssibl e .

t h a t w e h av e h e r e t h e C api t olium of ZElia C apit o lin a c on t aining ,

lik e th e C ap it olia of o th e r l arg e t ow ns of th e E m pi re

C ar th ag e ) a te m pl e of Jupit e r an d V e nus an d if s o c ould t h e
, , ,

le g e nd of t h e skull of Ad am a n d e v e n t h e n am e G olg oth a h ave , ,

h ad th e ir o rigi n in t h e J e rus a l e m C a pi t ol
Th e m a nn e r in w h i c h J e rom e c on n e c t s Jupi t e r a n d V e nus
w it h t h e T o m b a n d G o lg oth a (s e e p sugg e sts t h e ide a tha t .

t h e C a pit oliu m of ZElia w a s at G olg o t h a But th e s ta t e m e n t of .

Di on C a ssius ( s e e p t h at Hadri an buil t a t e m pl e of Jupi t e r

.

C ap it olin us on th e sit e of t h e T e m pl e of G od supp orte d as it ,

is by t h e r e f e re n c e of J e rom e t o a s ta tue of Jupi t e r in t h e

T e m pl e p re cincts i s s trong bu t n ot c onclusiv e e vid e n c e th at t h e
, ,

i
I
i n d bte d f o th i s ugge ti on t o D r B arclay V H e ad Ke e p e r of
am e r s s . .

C o i n s &c , t th B i ti s h M u e um w h o h
.
,
a r f e re d m e t o
e a c o in o f
r s ,
as e r

C re m n a in P i s i di a ( B i tis h M u um C t l g u p 2 18 an d on ) re ve rs e r se a a o e, . : ,

F O R T U N C O L C R E M N w i th th i s ty p e o f F ort u a c row n e d w i t h s c p tre

. . .
,
n ,
e

in l e f t an d h um an h e a d in o ut stre tc h e d ri ght h an d n d w i th ri ght f o ot on ,

a

upp e r p art f h um an fi gure A l o a c oin f E d D e ra ah ( E d e i) in ( th e

’
o s o r

q
.
,

P ro vi n c e ) A rab i ( D e S aul c y N um i m ti u de l T w e S i t p
a ,
s a e a e a n e, .

w h e re coin o f t h e sa m e ty p e b e ars t h e i n s crip tion A A PA H N w N

a ,

T YX H .

A p p e n di x V .
, 1, 11 .

3
S ep p s ug ge s s t (J erus a le m un d da s H e i lig e L a nd, i ,
42 1) th t t h e tatu
a s e

of J up i te r m e nt ion e d by J e rom e a d P aul i n us of N l w as n o a r e ally o e o f t h e n

E gy p t i an S e ap i w h o e h e d app e r o c oi o f A n ton i u an d h s s uc
s, s a ars n ns n s i

c e o
ss It w o uld ap p e ar f o m de dicato y i s c i p ti at th e S io G ate
rs . r a r n r on n

th t S rap i w as w or h i pp e d at J e usal e m i th re i g of T raj n w h i l t h e

a e s s .
r n e n a ,
e

c it w as t il l on l a R o ma
s c am T h t m l o f S e rap i s w as p rob bly a
y y p e e p n . e

out ide t h e so uth w l l of

s t h e ca m p an d n o t f r f m t h e S i on G at
a ,
a ro e .

( Q u r te ly S t te me t 18 95 p p 25 130 ; 18 9 6 p p 13 3
a r a n , ,
.
, , .
 96

c a s t l e of An t oni a w h ic h pr ot e c t e d t h e Te m pl e h aving b ee n
, ,

d e s t r oy e d Mac arius m ay h av e t ak e n i t f or gr an t e d th at th e ci tad e l

,

r e fe rr e d t o w as on th e w e s t e rn h ill On th is h ill t h e th r e e t owe rs

.

l e f t s tanding by T itus m ark e d t h e p ositi on of He r od s f ortifi e d ’

p al ac e ; an d t o t h e n orth of t h e t ow e rs lay a n anci e n t J e wis h

c e m e t e ry w h ic h p ossibl y includ e d amon gs t t h e r o ck-h e wn t om bs
,

t h e s e p ulc h re of J oh n t h e H ig h P ri e s t I n t h e midst of t h e
.

c e m e te ry an d p art l y c ove ring it s t ood a t e m pl e of V e nus M ay

, , .

n ot Mac arius in h is s e l e c t i on of th e p re s e n t si te h av e b e e n
, ,

i n fl ue nc e d in t h e abs e n c e of an y d e fini t e t raditi on p a rt l y by a n

, ,

un c e rta i n l e g e n d of J e wis h origin ( s e e p part ly by t he.

e xist e n c e of a n a nci e n t c e m e t e ry n or t h of t h e th re e to w e rs a n d ,

p artly by a fa nci e d c on n e c t i on b e twe e n G olgoth a an d G olgi ,

s ugg e s t e d by t h e t e m pl e ? Th e s olu t i on pr op os e d ab ove is

pu t forw ard w i th s om e h e si t a ti on a s an a l te rn ati ve t o t h e
p rob abl e vi e w t h at t h e Bis h op si m pl y m ad e a g ue ss at t h e sit e ,

a n d th a t h is id e n t ific a t i o n w as a cc e p t e d a t onc e an d wit h out ,

q ue s ti on by He br e w Gr e e k L ati n an d S y ri an C h ris ti ans

, , , , .

Th e h is t ory of t h e offici al id e n tific at i on of G olgoth a an d t h e

T om b is n ot f ull y kn o wn an d an a tt e m p t t o r e c on s t ruc t it is
,

p e rh aps h az ard ous B ut th e i mp ortanc e a ttac h e d by th e C h urc h

.

h is tori ans of t h e l a tt e r p ar t of th e f ourt h an d b e ginning of th e

fi f th c e n tury t o th e a c t i on of t h e E m pr e ss He l e n a an d to t h e ,

disc ov e ry of t h e C r oss s e e m s t o n e e d s om e e xpl an at i on Th e

, .

stat e m e n ts in t h e e arl y e ccl e si ast ic a l h istori e s m ust h ave h ad

s om e foun d ati on in fac t an d th e th e ory w h ic h s e em s b e s t to m e e t
,

t h e di ffic ul t i e s of t h e c as e m ay be s t at e d as f oll o ws

1 .Af t e r th e C oun cil of N ic ac a C on stan ti n e f or m otiv e s to

, ,

w h ic h a ll usi o n h a s a l re ady b e e n m ad e (s e e p c omm an d e d .

Mac a rius w h o w a s th e n re turni n g t o J e rus al e m t o s e arc h f or

, ,

t h e C ross of C h rist .

2 . Th e fi rst st e p w as t o find t h e pl ac e of th e C rucifixi on ,

n e ar w h ic h u n d e r ordi n ary ci rcu m s t a n c e s t h e C ross w ould h a v e

, ,

b e e n b uri e d or c ast a sid e Ma c arius af t e r c on s ul t ati on wit h

.
,

h is sufl raga n s an d af te r m aki n g i n qui ry amongs t t h e n ative

'

,
 97

C h ris t i ans an d J e ws c ame t o t h e c o ncl usi on t ha t G olgotha

, lay
b e ne a th th e t e mpl e of Aph r odi te .

3 .
h avin g b e e n i nforme d by Mac arius of t he
C ons ta n t in e ,
r e sult of t h is in ve s tigat i on s e n t his moth e r th e Em pr e ss He l e na, , ,

t o J e rus al e m wi th f ull po w e r t o d e molis h buildi n gs a nd mak e

th e n e c e ss ary s e arc h .

4 Th e E mpr e ss
. r i l a t J e rus a l e m e m pl oy e d
, on her a r va ,

l abo ur e rs an d s oldi e rs t o cl ear away t h e t e mpl e of Aph ro dite

a n d its subs t ruc t ur e s B y t h is m e ans a por t i on of t h e anci e n t
.

J e wis h c e me t e ry h it h e r to c onc e al e d f r om vie w w as unc o ve re d

, , ,

a n d a r o ck h e wn to mb l pr e p a r e d f or t h e r e c e pti on of a s ingl e
-
,

b ody w as id e n t ifi e d as th at in w h ic h t h e body of C hris t h ad

,

re st e d A sp ot o n th e t e rr ac e ab ov e ( se e p 3 6 ) w as at t h e
. .

s ame ti me assum ed t o be G olg oth a .

5 C onst an t in e on be ing in for m e d o f th e disc ove ry ord e re d

.
, ,

t h e e r e c t i on of a c h urc h w hic h s h o uld e ncl os e t h e T omb M ean .

~

ti me th e e xc avati ons w e r e c o n t inue d with un ab ate d vigour and ,

a t l a s t th e t h r e e cr o ss e s t h e n a ils a n d t h e t i tl e w h ic h h ad b e
, , ,

c om e s e p ar at e d fr om C h ris t s C r oss w e re fou n d Th e tru e C ross ’

,
.

w as th e n id e ntifi e d by i t s li fe giving prope rti e s -

.

6 Th e E m p e r or on h earing of t h e r e c ov e ry of th e C ross
.
, ,

w r ot e t h e l e tt e r pr e s e rv e d by E us e bius ?
in w h ic h Mac arius w as ,

di re cte d t o bui ld t w o c h urc h e s w it h l avis h m agnifi c e nc e .

7 Th e r ock w a s cu t away s o as t o is ol a te t h e T om b and

.

G olg ot h a an d t h e An as ta sis or C h urc h of th e Re s urr e c tion an d

, , ,

t h e M arty ri e n or G re a t C h u rc h of t h e C r oss w e r e b u ilt 3

, , .

The S ec ond Wa ll -Th e qu e s ti on w h e th e r t he si te of the

.

C h urc h of th e Hol y S e pulc h r e w as insid e o r outsid e t he sec ond

1
It h as b e e n sugge s e d t by C on de r ( Q uar te rly S ta te me n t, 1883 , p 7 2 ) .

th at t h e T om b w as an an ci n t
e M i th rae um , w h ic h w as re eo nse c ra te d by

M a c arius as th e l h re of C hrist B ut th e re se e m n o reaso n f or t he

Sep u c . s

s e l e c tion o f a M i t h ra ic or A don is iac c ave by M ac a riu w h e n th ere w e re o s s

ma n y to m bs c l ose at h an d N or doe s it s e e m lik e ly th t t h e build rs o f t h

. a e e

t e mp l e o f A p h ro di te w ould h ave t urne d a J e w is h to m b into a c ave of Adon i s .

A p p e n di V 1 vi vii
x .
, , , .

T h e th e ory state d above is t h at o f 0 10 8 ( Kre u: nd G ra b J e w

p a , .

S li gh t l
y m odi fie d .
 98

wall of
J os e p h us is on e th at c ann ot be answ e r e d at pr e s e n t wi th , ,

an y d e gr e e of c e rt ain t
y S o m e of t h e vi
. e ws w h ic h h av e b ee n

a dv anc e d w i th r e g ard t o t h e w a ll a re di scuss e d in C h ap X I It . .

will be suffici e n t t o s tat e h e r e that s o far as th e t op ogr aph ic al

f e at ure s are c onc e rn e d it m ay h av e e xclud e d or includ e d th e
,

ground up on w h ic h th e c h urc h st ands 1 Th e arc h aeol ogic a l .

e vid e nc e is e qu a ll uns a t is f a c tor T h e r e is n o su ffici e n t pr oof

y y .

th at th e m a ss e s of m as on ry w h ic h are supp os e d t o h av e f orm e d

p ar t of th e sec ond w all e v e r b e l ong e d t o i t I n s om e ins tan c e s .

t h e m as on ry is al m os t c e rtainl y of l at e r d at e .

A s tr ong argum e n t in fav our of th e opini on th at t h e si t e of

t h e c h urc h w as ou t sid e th e w all is i t s s e l e c t i on by Mac arius Th e .

s e arc h f or G olg oth a an d th e C r oss w a s ord e r e d by th e E m p e r or ,

an d i t m a b e r e g a rd e d a s a public w ork c arri e d ou t b t h e S ta te

y y .

S upp osing th at t h e r e m ains of th e w a ll w e r e th e n v isibl e is i t 2

,

at all lik e l th at t h e Bis h op an d h is a dvis e rs w o uld h av e

y
d e lib e rate ly pl a c e d G olgoth a insid e t h e wall w h e n e v e ry e duc at e d ,

C h ris t i a n kn e w th at C h ris t h ad suffe r e d Wi th ou t t h e gat e “

Would t h e h igh e r cl e rgy th r ough out th e E mpire w h o w e r e at ,

v ari anc e up on man y p oin t s h av e acc e p t e d wi th ou t p rote s t a si te

,

th at w as obvi ously i m p ossibl e ?

On th e oth e r h and i t may fai rly b e urge d th at J o s e p h us
, ,

w h o in h is d e sc rip t i on of t h e first an d third w alls m e nti ons pl ac e s

, ,

n ear t o or th r ough w hic h th ey p ass e d w ould al m os t c e r tai n ly

, ,

h av e r e fe rr e d t o G olgoth a in c onn e c t i on wit h th e sec ond wall if i t

1
Th e th at an y w al l e x cludin g th e c h ur c h m ust h ave h ad a f aulty
vie w

tra c e is h ardly corre ct T h e re ar e G re e k t o w n s in A si a M i nor w h e re th e

q
.

c ity w all s or p arts o f th e m re uite as badly trac e d a cc ordi n g to m o de rn

a

i de a s F o om e of th e ge n e ra l p in ci p l e s up o n w h ic h a ci e nt f o ti fi c at i on s
. r s r n r

w ere c on structe d s e e p 12 1 ,
. .

2
T h e c urious an d rath er ob s c ure re f e re n c e o f C y ril to t h e T om b se e m s
t o p l ac e i t n ear th e oute r w al l but w h e th e r t h e w all re f e rre d t o w as t h e
”

s e cond o t h i d w all o f J o s e p h us o
r r th e w all o f H a drian is un c e t a i n
,
r ,
r .

B ut w h e re is t h e rock w h ic h h as in it thi s c l e f t ( or c ave ) Lie s it i t h e l

n

m i ds t of th e ci ty o n e ar t h e w all s an d th e c ut sk irt s ; an d i i t in th e
,
r s

an c i e n t w alls o r in t h e out er w all s w h ic h w e re b ui lt af te rw ards

,
H e sa y s
th e n in th e C an t ic l e s ( ii I n th e c lef t of th e r oc k ea r th e oute w ll
”
.
n r a
,

( App e n dix V .
, 16 , iii) .
 100

N atura l F eatures f o the Ground

by the Churc h of the H oly c overed

u
S ep lc hre — I s t h e re a n y th ing in t h e n at ur e of t h e gr ound up on
.

w h ic h t h e c h urc h s ta nds w h ic h r e nd e rs i t an i mp ossibl e si t e f or

G olg oth a an d th e T om b ? Th e rock w as s o c ut away f or t h e

’
c ons t ruc t i on of C ons tan tin e s c h urc h e s an d i t is s o c ove re d wi th ,

r ubbis h an d buildi n gs in th e vicini ty of th e pr e s e n t c h urc h th at ,

t h e origi n al f orm of t h e gr ou n d c an n ot be a ccurat e l y asc e r t ain e d .

Origin all y th e h illsid e mus t h av e ris e n up in a s e ri e s of t e rra c e s

of g re at e r or l e ss h e ig ht a cc ordi n g t o t h e th ickn e ss of th e s t rata

an d th e r e app e ar t o be t r a c e s of t w o suc h t e rr ac e s in
( s e e p 26 ) .

t h e C h urc h of t h e H ol y S e pulc h r e an d i t s i mm e di at e vicinity .

T h e l e v e l of t h e upp e r t e rr a c e is m ark e d by t h e t op of th e r ock

o f G olg oth a an d i t s v e r t ic a l f a c e n ow cu t a w a e vid e n t l c on
, y y , ,

f ai n e d th e e n t r a nc e s t o s e v e ral t om bs 1 A m on gs t th e s e t ombs .
,

t h at kn own as th e T om b of N ic od e m us 2 an d t h at in th e
“
,
”

C op t ic C onv e nt 3 ”
n or th of t h e P ris on of C h ris t are g e nuin e
,
“
,

J e wis h t om bs of n ot l at e r d at e th an th e t i m e of C h rist Th e .

firs t w a s e n t e r e d on th e l e v e l of th e l ow e r t e rra c e an d a fe w ,
'

st e ps le d d own t o t h e s e c ond O th e r t om bs of w h ic h th e f orm.

,

c an n o l onge r b e t r a c e d w e re t h e p re s e n t H ol y S e pulc h r e an d
, ,

p ossibly th e Tom b of Adam an d th e P ris on of C h ris t 4 I n

“ “
.
”

t h e s am e t e rr ac e or in t h e on e ab ov e it w as pr ob ably t h e t om b
, ,

o f J oh n t h e H ig h P ri e s t w h ic h is m e nti on e d b J os e p h us in
, y
c onn e c t i on w i th th e si e ge by T i t us I n fron t of th e s e t ombs w as .

t h e l e v e l surf ac e of t h e l ow e r t e rra c e u t ilis e d as a gard e n 5 an d , ,

pr ob ably pl an t e d wi th s h rubs or t r e e s Th e v e rtic al fa c e of th i s .

t e rr a c e c an be s e e n in t h e h ous e s built against i t on th e w e s t sid e

of th e s t r e e t K h an e z-Z e i t S o far th e n as t h e form a n d n atur e
.

1
T e rrac es w ith
to m bs in th e ir vert ical f ace s m ay be s e e n in th e Vall ey
o f H i n o m an d e l s e w h e re n e ar J e ru al e m
n , (Pl s .

2
F or a de s c ri p tion of thi s t om b an d it s tom b c h am b e rs s e e P le ti e ,
a s n

F und M e moi rs , J e rus al e m V O L p p 3 19 3 29 an d Q ua ter ly S ta tem e t

, .
-
, r n ,

18 77 pp 7 6 8 4 128 — 13 2 ; C l e rm on t - G an n e au l A uth e ti m té da S t S ep ulcre

- ’ ‘ ’

, .
, ,
n .
,

18 7 7 .

3
Q ua rte r ly S ta teme nt 18 8 7 p p 154 155 , , .
, .

4
T h e se p l a ce s an d th e t w o t om b s m e ntion e d are all on th e s am e l e ve l .

5
T h e e x ist e n c e of th e garde n is atte ste d by C yril ( Ap p e n dix V 16 i i) .
, ,
.
 10 1

of th e
gr ound are c onc e rn e d t h e re is n o thing imposs i bl e in the
,

vi e w th at C h ris tz w as c rucifi ed on t h e s w im of t h e up e r te rra ce

p
an d b u m
( G o lg o t h a ) ri e d in a t o b in its v e r t ic a l f ac e A t om b in .

”
th is positi on would be in th e pl a c e G olg ot ha and its e n t ra nc e
“
,
”
in th e gard e n of th e l ow e r t e rra c e l
“
.

Th e form of t h e tomb of J os e p h of Ari math ea is unkn own ,

a n d v a ri ous at te m p t s h av e b e e n m ad e t o r e c onstruct it A .

di scussi on of t h e w h ol e subj e ct is un ne c e ss ary in th is pl ac e .

My ow n vi e w is t h a t J o s e ph s t om b w as a n o rdina ry r o ck-h e w n
’

s e pulc h re i n th e v e rtic al fa c e of a r ock t e rra c e wit h an e ntr a nc e , ,

O ip
t of t h e usua l for m a nd siz e
a
,
Th e s e pulc h r e probably
.

c onsist e d of an a n te -c h am b e r r ound w h ic h ran a low b e nc h of

2
,

t h e usua l ty p e an d of a t om b c h am be r in w h ic h t h e r e w as at th e
,
~

time o nl y on e gr av e 3
Th e a nt e -c h am b e r w as e n te red on t h e
.

l e ve l fr om t h e te r ra c e or gard e n outsid e and an ope nin g in one ,

o f i t s sid e s le d to th e t om b-c h am be r T h e r e is n oth ing in t h e

.

Bibl e t o s h ow w h e t h e r t h e e n t r anc e t o t h e T omb had a ve stibul e ,

”
h
”
o r w h e t h e r t e gr a v e w as a b e n c h g“
ra v e a n o v e n -s h ape d ,
“

gr av e (huh) or a ,
tr oug h gr a v e Th e pre se n t . Holy
pulc h r m h v b n it h r 4 T h b od y of C h ris t w as
Se e a
y a e e e e e e .

b b l a id o n t h e b e nc h of t h e an t e -c h am b e r u ntil t h e S a bba th
p ro a
y
w as ov e r T h e re is n o e vid e nc e t h a t t h e e ntra nc e to t h e T omb
.

w as s e cur e d by a c onc ea l e d r olli n g s ton e lik e t h a t at th e

5 T om bs

1
Th e s ug
ge s e t
ti on sh i p be tw ee n th e p la c e of crucifi xion an d th
d re la e

t o mb m ay b e se e n in t h e p h oto grap h s o f to m b s w ith te rrace - g arde n s o n

PI III
. A m an c ruci fi e d on t h e upp e r te rra ce coul d eas ily be b urie d in on
. e

o f th e to m b s b e n eath

It is not q
.

ui te c lear w h e th e r C y ril re f e rs ( A pp e n di x V 16 iii) .

, ,

to an a nte -c h am b e r o r t o a ve st i bul e w h e n h e w rite s th t t h e o ute r c ave

“
,
a

h ad be e n c ut aw ay to all o w o f t h e de co ra tio n s o f t h e H oly S e p ul c h re .

3 It m a e rh ap s be in f e rred f ro m t h e de sc ri p tion o f th e H oly Se p u lc h r

y p e

by E use b i us in th e T h eop ha ia ( A p pe n dix V 1 x xi ii ) th at th e re w as on ly

n .
, , ,

on e grave in th e traditi on al t om b .

S ee n ote on t h e T om b o f N ico de mu s ( Q ua rterly S t teme nt 187 7 a , ,

p p 12 8
.

5
A cc ordi n g t o Ke im , th e gre at s ton e o f th e G os pe l s w as s imp ly th e
J e wis h G ol al , w hi c h is o f te n m e ntion ed by t h e T a l m udi sts , a n t i ue »;
M
q
, u
c la ud t u l l u r e a T h e w o rds w o a -
x u w d o x vh lw aim -
w h im se d
a r g o a s p e p r o
.
, ,

by M att h e w , M ark , an d Luke do n ot n e c essa rily imp ly that t he t

s on e was
 1 02

of th eKings n e ar J e rusal em or by an y o th e r m e c h anic al

,

c on t rivanc e It w as pr obabl y cl os e d like m os t of th e r ock-h e wn

.
,

t ombs by a l arg e s t on e e i th e r c ar e fully dr e sse d an d fi tt ing in t o

, ,

a r e v e al or r oug h l y h e wn a n d r oll e d or pus h e d agains t t h e

,

d oor .

s hap e d l ike l arge c h e e se an d w as roll e d ba ck w ards an d f orw ards in a

a ,

groove ; an d S t J oh n s e x p re s si on a n d s e e th t h e s ton e tak e n a w ay f rom

’ “

q
.
.
,

t h e t om b ( J o h n x x i s ,
uit e a p p l ic ab l e to a ro ug hl y
-h e w n s ton e It is .

"
di ffi c ult to b e li ev e th at t h e G re e k w ord tran slate d k é p h a ro ck
“
in t h e, ,

S y ria c e dition o f th e T k e op k a m a ( App e n di x V 1 x ii i ) c oul d h ave b e e n

'

.
, ,
x

us e d by E us e b ius to de s cri b e a c h e e se - s h a e d roll in -

p g s ton e or th at C yr il
, ,

w oul d h ave h ad s uc h a s ton e in vie w w h en h e re f e rre d ( C a te ch e ti ca l

L e c t ure x iii 3 9 ) t o th e s ton e w h ic h w a s l aid on t h e door

”
s, ,
“
6 ém e i 5 ,
'
re e 7

e épa m s ) o C onde r obse rve s ( Quart r ly S t teme n t 188 3 pp 7 0 7 8 ) th at

. e a , ,
.
,

it is doubtf ul w h e th e r th e e x p re ss ion s in t h e G os p e l re f e r to a roll ing ston e ,

or t o th e te m ora ry c l os i n g of a n e w tom b by a l arge r ough m as s of s to n e

p .
 10 4

Th ed at e at wh ic h d oub t s wi th r e gard t o th e auth e n t ici ty of

the h oly pl ac e s fi rs t a r os e is unkn own Bu t s ome e xpl an at i on
“
.

of th e i r p osi t i on wi th i n t h e w alls s e e m s t o h av e b e e n c on sid e re d

n e c e ssary as e arl y as th e e ig h t h c e n tury Th e qu ain t s tat e m e n t .

o f Willib ald ( rc a A D 7 th a t C alv a r as f orm e rl u t sid

1
c i y w . .

y o e

J erusal e m bu t He l e n a w h e n sh e found th e C r oss arrange d

,
“
, ,

”
th at pl a c e s o as t o b e wi th in th e city r e ads lik e a r e pl y t o t h e ,

r e m arks of s om e d oub ti n g spi ri ts of h is age A s om e w h a t .

cl e ar e r a ppre ci at i on of th e si t uat i on is n ot ic e abl e in th e t we lf th ,

th i rt e e nth an d f our t e e nt h c e n t uri e s

, T h us S ae w ulf 3
( A D .
‘

. .

1102 Wilbra d vo Old e nb e rg (A D

n n 3 Jac o bus de . .

Vitria c o 4 a cqu e s de Vitry c irc a A D u u

( J B r c h a rd s de , . .

M on t e S i o n ( 5
A D Od ricus e For o J ulii (Frej us )
e . d .
6

a n d G uilie lm u s de B olde n s e le 7 m
( A. D .
( A D a in . .

ta in e d t h at H ad ri a n w h e n h e r e built J e rusale m gr e a tl y
’

, ,

e n l arg e d t h e ci ty a n d e ncl o s e d G olg oth a an d t h e Hol y S e pulc h re ,

w h ic h w e r e p re vi ously ou t sid e t h e walls .

T h e r e w ould app e ar t o h a v e b e e n f or s e v e ra l c e n t uri e s t w o

c onflic t ing vi e ws : on e th at t h e city h ad b e e n m ov e d f rom i t s
o rigin a l p osi t i o n t o t h e vi cinit y of t h e s e pulc h re t h e oth e r h e ld
8
,

by th os e w h o i m pi ousl y a ss e r t e d th at th e t omb h ad b e e n m ov e d
a n d n ot t h e ci ty ( Gre ts e r A D .
, . .

Acc ording t o Jacqu e s Le S aig e of D oua i (A D th e . .

r e pr e s e n tat iv e of th e Hol y S e pulc h re w h o w e n t wit h pilgri m s to

’
P a les ti n e P i lg r ims T ex ts , vol ii i . .

’
2
P i lg r imag e t o J e r us a le m P a les ti ne P ilg r ims T e x ts , vol. iv .

3
I t i ne ra ry t o th e H oly L a nd, ii, 6 .

4 T h e H i s tory J e r us a le m, 1x P a le s t in e P i lg r i ms
’
Te x ts , vol x i
f
o ; . .

5
D e s cri p ti on o
f th e H alg L a n d, ch . vi i i ,
J e rus al e m
”
P a le s t ine
vol x ii
’
P i lg r ims T ex ts , . .

6
L i ber de Te rra S a uc ta ,
. x v.

H odop ee ri c o n ad T e rra m S a nctum B olde n s e le adds th at th e se p ulch re .

w as n o t t h e rock - h e w n tom b in w h ic h th e body of C h rist h a d b e en l aid,

b ut w as c on struc t e d o f s ton e s c e m e n te d toge th e r .

8
B urc h ardus , l o . .
; see a sol L udol p h v on S uc h e m , D e s c r ip tion f
o tbe
H oly L a n d, x x x vii i ; P a le s ti n e P i lg ri ms T e x ts ,
’
vo l x 11, 98 ; an d G re t se r,
q
.

w h o uote s P o p e N i c h ol as I

q
.

9
Op r O
e a m n i a ,
vo l i D e S a n s
-ta C ruce , lib
.
°
. i ,
17 , De 10 0 0 in uo
D om in us c r uc ifi x us e s t .
 105

P a l e stin e
in sis te d ue n ous falloit av oir foy de s L i e ux -Sa in e ta
“
q
q ’
u on n ous mons t re roit ou se n e vollie sme e s tre te ls ue n e , , q
me de p alme
”
p ris s ie s .
l

Quare smius (A D llud e s to and r e fu te s th os e b e fogge d

. . a

o r s c omi dre ll
( y) w e s te rn h e r e tics ( nebulones Oc c identa l“ lm etic os ) '

w h o a rgu e d t h a t t h e t radi t i on al T om b c ould n ot be t h e tru e on e

b e ca us e ( 1) it w as insid e t h e w alls an d a l most in t he mi ddle of

t h e city ( ) J os e p h of Ari math e a would n ot h av e h e wn h is tomb
2
n e ar a pl a c e w h e r e cri m in als w e r e e xe cu te d a n d buri e d t m b
( )
3 a o

w e st of t h e Ho l S e pulc h r w as s h own as th a t of J os e p h and

y e ,

s h ould t h e r e f ore a cc o rdi n g t o t h e Bibl e be t h e pl a c e in w hi c h

, , ,

t h e b od y of J e sus w as l a id a n d 4 th e b odi e s of cri min als w e r e

( ) ,

t h rown into a c omm on t om b a n d for t h is th e t raditi on a l ,

s e pulc h r e w as n ot sui tabl e Mon c on y s (A D 16 47 ) writ e s th a t

3
. . .

C alva r y a cc ording t o t ra di t i on w as out sid e J e rusa l e m bu t t h at

, , ,

it w as di fficul t t o r e a lis e t h is sinc e th e pl a c e w as t h e n in t h e ,

c e n t r e of t h e ci ty wh ic h w as m uc h s m all e r than at t h e t i m e of
,

t h e C rucifi x i on .

I n t h e e ighte e n th c e ntury th e a uth e n t ici ty of t h e h oly

pl a c e s w as vigor ously at ta ck e d an d d e ni e d by Jon a s Kort e a t
,
“

’
b ooks e ll e r of Alton a w h o visi te d J e rus al e m in A D 17 38 K ort e s
, . . .

vi e w is s uccinc t l y d e scrib e d in th e titl e of one of t h e c h a p te rs of

his b ook On M oun t C alv ary w h ic h n ow li e s in t h e middle of
,
“
,

t h e t own a n d c ann ot t h e re fore b e t h e t ru e C alv ary He argue s .

t h at t he traditi on al G olg oth a is t oo n e ar t h e site of t h e Te mpl e ,

a n d sinc e t h e J e rusa l e m of He r od c ov e r e d a m uc h l arge r ar ea

,

t h an t he m od e rn town th at it must h ave b e e n insid e an d not ,

o utsid e t h e anci e nt city Th e r e j e c t i on of t h e t raditi on a l si te s

.

le d n at ually t o sp e cul a ti on wit h r e gard t o t h e tru e p osi t i on of

, ,

G olg oth a K ort e on h is pl an dre w t he fi rst wa ll of J ose p h us a

.
, ,

1
Voy ag e de J ac
q ues L e S a ig e , e d. D uth illcc ul, p 9 8
14
. .

2
E luc ida t io Ter rie S a nc ta )
,
li b 5 ,. c ap . .

3
J our na l de s Voy ag es , vol , p 30 7 ; s e e a s o J . i . l . N i c o l ai (A D. .

D e S ep uc H e braeor um , p 221 . .

4 J o n as t Kor e s R e ise h a c k de m w e tla nd G e lobte n

’
L a nds , 2 n d c d .
,

A D 17 4
. .3 Korte w as
. th e fi rs t to p ubli sh op e n ly a de cl aratio n th at th e site s
w e re n o t a uth e ntic .
 10 6

li tt l e n or th of th e C h urc h of th e Hol y S e pulc h r e an d pl ac e d ,

G olgoth a on t h e right b ank of th e Vall ey of Gi h on ( Va ll ey of “

H inn om ) on risi n g gr ound t o th e s ou th -e a s t of th e h oh e Brunn

,

( Birk e t M a m ill a
) bu t giv e s n o r e as on f or h is s e l e cti o n of th at
,

’
p osi t i on S inc e K or te s day G olg oth a h as b e e n l oc at e d n or th
.
,

s ou th e as t an d w e s t of t h e ci ty an d th e oris t s w h o h av e c on
, , ,

s ide re d t h e s e l e c t i on of t h e t r a di t i on al si t e t o h av e b e e n a
”
“
pi ous f r aud on th e p ar t of C ons tantin e s advi se rs h av e ’
,

c onvinc e d th e m s e lv e s th at t h e t ru e sc e n e of th e P a ssi on is s ome

l oc ali ty w h ic h a cc ords with th e ir ow n pr e c onc e iv e d ide as of
t h e sp ot .

T h e vi e w of K or t e w as s upp or te d wi th m uc h f uln e ss of
a r um e n t b P g ( a P r ot e s t an t cl e rgy m a n of
l e s sin 1 A D
g y . .

We rnig e rod e P le ssin g m ain tain e d th at t h e w e s t b e ing r e gard e d

.
,

by t h e J e ws a s h ol y an d w or th y of h on our C h ris t s uffe r e d on ,

t h e w e s t sid e of t h e ci ty 2 an d h is pl an s h ows G olg ot h a on t h e

,

e as t sid e of t h e Birk e t M am ill a wi th t h e H ol y S e pulc h r e a f e w ,

ards t o th e s ou th of i t R e n an c onsid e r e d th a t G olg oth a w a s

y .

n or th w e s t of t h e c ity an d th at i t mig ht h av e b e e n n e ar t h e
-
,
.

n orth-w e s t angl e of th e pr e s e nt w a ll or on th e h e ight s (buttes) ,

w h ic h c omm and t h e Vall e y of H inn om ab ov e th e Bi rk e t

M am ill a 3 .

C l ark e (A D 18 12) w as abl e t o find n oth ing in th e C h urc h of

. .

t h e Hol y S e pulc h r e th at c ould be r e c on cile d wi th th e h is t ory of “

H e c ould n ot b e li e ve th at
”
our S a vi our s buri a l
’
. in t h e “

c onst ruc ti on of a c h urc h t o c om me m orat e th e e xis t e n c e of t h e

T omb sh e ( He l e n a) w ould h av e l e ve ll e d an d cut away n ot onl y
4 ”
t h e S e pulc h r e i t s e l f bu t a ls o t h e w h ol e of M ou n t C alvary
, ,

1
Ue ber G olg othaa n d Ch ri s ti G r a b, H a lle ,
A D
. . 17 8 9 .

2
C on de r, on th e o th e r h an d h ol d th at t h e n o rth s i de is th e n atural s i de
,
s

f or t h e C ruc ifi x i on , s i n c e t h e J e w s r e ga rde d th i s a s t h e un bl e s s e d an d ill

om e n e d
3
qt
uar
Vic de J es us ;
er .

in th e 16 th e dit ion he adds :

“
ll l oi i bl e aus s i

q
,
s e ra s

de p e n s e r au m on tic ul e ui do m i n e la G rotte de J erem ic

’
.

4 E
D C l ark e , Tra ve ls , &c , vol ii, p p 5 5 2 —5 6 5
. . F e l i x F abri ( c ir c a
. . . .

A D . 148 3 ) m e n t i on s th at in h is day S a rac e n s a n d E aste rn C h ri st i a n s

.

p racti se d s upe rst iti o us Ob se rvan ce s b e n e ath a fi g tre e n e ar th e a n ci e n t .

C h urc h of S ion w h e re th e re is a gre at h e ap of s ton e s

,
T o th is s p ot S ara c e n .
 10 9

h ad found th e t ru e si te s of th e C rucifixi on a nd Re surr e c ti on On e .

of t h e first t o publis h h is vi e ws w as Ot t o Th e n iu s l (A D . .

’ ”
w h o id e n t ifi e d J e re miah s Gr ot to a n d th e h ill a bo ve it s ome
“
, ,

ti m e s c all e d S kull Hill wi th t h e T omb of C h ris t a nd G olgot h a

“
,
”
.

T h e bill is d e scrib e d as b e i n g r ound e d o n t h e n ort h w e s t a nd , ,

c as t bu t abrupt on t h e s outh a n d as h aving t h e fo rm of a skull

, ,

— w h e nc e i t mig ht be c all e d G o lg oth a Th e bill is outsid e a nd .

n e a r t h e t own n e ar a r oad w h ic h m us t h av e exis t e d in t h e t i me

of C h ris t ; an d i t h as in t h e v e r n x ix 4
y pl a c e ( J oh 1) a r ock ,

h e wn c av e rn w h ic h h as an e nt ranc e suc h as t h e Holy S e pulc h re

”
m us t h av e h ad Th e n ius b e li e ve d th at t h e t omb w as insid e
.

“
Jeremiah s Grott o bu t ha d b e e n quarri e d away wi th th e
’
,
”
,

e xc e p t i on of th e a c t ual pl a c e upo n w h ic h t h e b od w s l aid a n d

y a ,

”
t h at th is w as pr e s e rv e d in t h e c ouc h of J e r e mi ah Th e vi e w “
.

o f Th e n ius w as ad op t e d by T ristram in 18 5 8 an d by F iirre r in

9
,

18 6 5 ; bu t h e af t e rwards c h ang e d h is m ind an d advo c a te d t h e

’
cl ai m s of th e traditi on al si te 3
Th e k n oll ab ov e J e re miah s .
“

G rott o w as als o ide ntifi e d wit h G olgoth a by Fish e r Howe "

( A .D . w h o s e d e scrip t i o n of t h e pl a c e m a
y b e qu ot e d as

re pr e s e n t ing th e i m a in at iv e vie w of t h e p re s e n t da
g y
“
hil l is l e f t st e e p l y roun de d on its w e st n or th and e as t side s
Th e , , .

f o rm in g t h e b ac k an d s i de s of t h e lc ra n ion or s k ull Th e s k ull -li k e .

s

f ron t or f a c e on t h e s o uth si de is f orm e d by t h e dee p p e rp e ndi c ul a r

, ,

c uttin g an d re m oval of th e l e dge T o t he ob s e r ve r at a dis ta nc e t h e .

, ,

e e l e ss s o ck e t of t h e sk u l l w ul d b s u es te d a t o n c e by t h e y aw n i n g
y o e gg
c ave rn h e w n w ithin its fac e be n e ath t h e h ill
, ,
.
”

F is h e r How e main tai n s t h at th e pr e s e nt city wall marks t he

c ours e of the sec ond w all of J os e p h us ; t h a t p re vi o us t o t h e c on

1 “
G olgot h am et s an ctum S e p ulc h rum , &c .
,
in Z e its ch rif t fi lr die
H is tor is ch e T h e olog i vol x ii p t 4 pp 1-34 ( A D
e, .
, .
, . . .

L e t te r to th e Tim e s in Q u r t e rly S t t me n t
”
18 9 3 , p 8 4
‘
3 a a e . .
, ,

Wa nde ung e n durch P a las lina ( A D

r . . Art . G ol goth a in
S h e n k e l s B i be l L e x i/c on
’
.

4 T h e True S ite o C a lva r

f y ,
N e w York (A D . .

C on de r
5 k ( Q uarte ly S ta teme nt 188 1 p
re m a r s It is th e sk ull
r , ,
.

of a n an i m a lrath e r th an o f a h uman be i n g a n d I s h o ul d not lik e to bas e a n ,

argu m e n t on s o s l ight a re s e m bl an ce H e al s o ca ll s ( Q u rt e ly S t te me nt . a r a ,

18 9 3 p 7 1) t h e v i e w th at t h e h ill w i th it ca ve s re se m bl e s a s kull wit h

,
.
s
”
ey e -sock e ts p e rh ap s rath e r a f an c i f u
,
l i dea .
 1 10

s t ruc t i on of t h e sec ond w all th e e a s t e rn

spur (B e ze tha) w as a c on t in u ous ridge an d

t h at t h e wid e ope n cu tting s out h of J e re

’
m iah s Gr ot t o ( b e t w e e n A a n d B o n

pl an Fig 6 ) w as p art of t h e g e n e r al pl an
, .

o f f o rtific at i o c onn e c t e d wi th th at w all

n 1
.

Th e s ame sp ot c onsid e r e d p e rm issibl e ,

by R e n an (s e e p 10 6 n ot e w as s e l e c t e d
.
,

by C ond e r (A D 18 7 8 ) on acc ount of th e

2
. .

suitability of i t s p ositi on an d m ainly , , ,

on t h e g round th at i t w a s p oi n t e d out b
y
J e ws at J e rusal e m by th e n am e B e th “

h a S e k e l ah
-
th e P l a c e of S t oning
, ,

an d a cc ordi n g t o J e wis h tra di t i on

“
, ,

t h e anci e n t pl ac e of publ ic e x e c u
“
w as

t i on C ond e r id e n t ifi e s t h e t om b of
.

J os e p h wit h a r ock-h e wn s e pulc h r e ( N o 4 .

on pl an Fi a b ou t 200 y ards w e s t of
g , .

”
J e r e m i ah s Gr ott o Th e V i e w tha t
’
“ 3 .

C h ris t su ffe r e d on t h e h ill ab ov e J e re

”
m iah s G ro t t o w a s wid e ly a cc e p t e d in
’

thi s c oun try an d in A m e ric a w h e n i t

b e c am e k n own th at i t h ad r e c e iv e d th e
4
supp ort of t h e l at e G e n e ral G ordon

1
Th e gre a t w d i th
c utti n g an d its of th e
irr gul a f a c e on t h e n orth s ide ( b c d e f on
e r a

p l an F ,
ig 6 ) s h ow th at i t c an o n l y h ve b e e n
. a

c on n e cte d ve ry re m ote ly if a t all w ith th e , ,

a n ci e n t de f e n c e s o f t h e ci ty See Ch p XI . a . .

2
T e n t Work i n P l s ti ne i 3 7 2 —3 7 4 ( 18 7 8 )
q
a e

q
, ,

Q u rte rly S t teme nt 18 8 1 p p 200 s

a a P a le , ,
. . s

t i n e E xp lor tio n F un d M e m oi r a J e rusal e m s,

v0 1, .
pp 42 9 . s q
q . H a ndboo k to th e B i ble ,
p p 35 5 , 3 5 6
.

Q ua r terly S ta te me n t, 18 8 1, p p 20 3— 206 . .

l t t
4 G e n e ra G ordon ’ s ide n i fi c a i on is
p ar t of

h is th e o y th at t h e e as te rn
r p ur s or i dge of
r

M ori ah r e se mbl e d a h um an fi gu e
'
r . H is vi e w s
a re f ully s t at e d in A pp e n dix V I I .
 112

of th edi t c h D— D an d m arks in fac t th e origin al pr ol on gat i on

, ,

of th at di t c h th e n or th e rn sc arp a b c d e; f runs in a n
, , , , ,

irr e gul ar lin e an d c an only h av e b e e n c on n e c t e d v e ry r em ote ly

, ,

if a t all wi th t h e anci e n t d e fe nc e s of t h e ci ty
, Th e r e m ark abl e .

e xc a va t i on b e t w e e n t h e t w o sc arps h as m ad e t h e kn oll ab ov e

J e remiah s Gr ot t o ( s om e t i m e s c all e d S kull Hill

’
a pr om in e nt
“

f e at ure in t h e l andsc ap e f r om s om e p oin t s of vi e w an d h as giv e n ,

it an app e ar anc e of is ol ati on an d al t i t ud e t h at i t did n ot

o ri in ally p oss e ss It is t h e re fore i m p or t a n t t o d e t e r m in e t h e
g .

d at e an d n at ur e of th e gr e at r o ck-cutt ing an d th e p e ri od at w h ic h ,

t h e kn oll a ssu m e d its pr e s e n t a sp e c t T h e d ata f or t h e s olu t i o n .

of th is qu e s t i on are unf or t un at e l y f e w bu t th e a re n ot wit h ou t

y ,

a c e r t ain signifi c anc e I n th e s h or t t op og rap h ic al d e sc rip t i on o f

.

J e rus al e m ( C h ap allusi on w a s m ad e t o t h e Ea s t e rn h ill up o n

.

w h ic h t h e T e m pl e w as buil t an d t o i t s fl anking vall ey s t h e , ,

Ty rop oeon vall e y on t h e w e s t a n d th e S t Ann e s r avin e an d

’
.
,

Ki dr on v a ll e y on th e e as t ( s e e P l an of J e rus al em ) It is acr os s .

’
t h is spur b e t w e e n t h e Ty rop oeon an d S t An n e s ravin e s th at th e .

r ock h as b e e n e xc avat e d S outh of th e T e m pl e pr e cinc t s the .

E as t e rn h ill w as th ickl y c ov e r e d w it h h ous e s bu t n or th of th e ,

T e m pl e th e r e w as duri n g th e re ign of H e r od th e Gr e at n oth ing

, ,

e xc e p t p e rh aps s om e f e w suburb a n vill as b e y ond t h e C as t l e of

An t oni a T h is l att e r w a s s e p arat e d f rom th at p or ti on of th e

.

spur c all e d B e ze th a by a d e e p di t c h U n d e r t h e R om an .

g ov e rn ors w h o rul e d J e rus al e m a ft e r th e d e p osi t i on of A rc h ilaus ,

h ous e s w e r e buil t on an d ar ound B e ze th a an d th e suburb h ad ,

b e c om e s o l arg e an d p opul ous by A D 41 w h e n Agripp a b e c am e . .

,

king th a t it w as d e e me d n e c e ssa ry t o pr ote c t i t by a wall c all e d

,
-
,

th e th ird w all by J os eph us 1

.

T h e di t c h b e t w e e n t h e f or t r es s of An t oni a a n d B e z e th a is
r e pr e s e nt e d in p art at l e as t by th e r ock sc arps n orth an d s out h
, ,

of t h e s t re e t w h ic h p ass e s b e n e ath t h e B e es H om o arc h Th e

2
.

1
W a rs , v, 4 , 2 .

2
Th e s c a rp s a re i
v s ib le in t h e C h ur c h of the S i ste rs o f S ion , an d in t h e
t
S ou e rra i n s of th e C on ve n t of th e s am e orde r ( Q ua rte r ly S ta te me n t , 18 7 2 ,
4 ; P a le s ti/ne E xp lora tion F un d M e moi rs , J e rus al e m v ol um e
7 -5 1
pp .
, pp .

2 0 2-2 12 , 3 0 4—5
; G a nn e au,
A r c h a
e o lo
g ic a l R e s e a r c h e s ,
vo l i, pp
5 0-6 0 . . .
 113

wa ll of Agrip pa is d e scribe d by J os c ph us as running th rough o r 1

,

a cr oss t h e R oy a l C a v e s a n d is g e n e rall sup o s d t h v e c d

y p e o a
, rosse

t h e spu r at t h e p oi n t B ( se e Fig an d to ha v e bee n he r e a t .

,

l e as t id e tic l
,
n a in tr c e wit h t e m od e rn wall
a h 2
.

Be t wee n th e di t c h of th e An tonia an d t he n ort h wall o f

'

J e rusal e m th e re are th e re mains o f a rock-h e wn c onduit C E ( see

Fig . w h ic h at an e arl y pe ri od p robably th at of th e J e wis h
, ,

m on arc hy c arri e d w a t e r f r om a n unkn ow n s ourc e n ort h o f

,

t h e city a l on g t h e w e s t sid e of t h e ea s te r n h ill Th is c onduit .

,

w h ic h w as c a p a bl e of supply ing w a t e r t o t h e Te m pl e ar ea a nd t h e

l ow e r porti ons of M ou n t M oriah w as cu t in t w o w h e n t h e ditc h ,

o f t h e An t oni a w as e xc av a te d an d its c ontinuit w as a g ai n

y ,

br oke n by th e grea t w all of t h e e ncl osure of He r od s T e m pl e ’

,

w h ic h s e e m s t o h av e b e e n buil t a c ross it T h e re is s om e rea s o n .

t o s uppo s e th a t t h e c onduit c arri e d w a t e r a s far s ou th as t h e di t c h

of t h e Ant oni a af t e r t h e c om pl e t i on of th a t fo rt re ss
3
B ut it s .

uti lity in th is r e sp e ct a ppa re ntly c e as e d wh e n t h e ditc h of Agrippa s

’

4 T h is w ould s e e m t o in di ca te th at a t C a t
w all w as e xca vat e d .
,

l e as t th e re w as n o o pe n cu tti n g s om e te n or e l e ve n y ears aft e r

,

t h e cr u cifixi on w h e n Ag rippa built h is wall (A D 41

,
N ea r . .

C th e di t c h of t h is w all appe ars t o h av e be e n cu t d own almos t t o

t h e l e v e l of t h e D am as c us G a t e bu t in front of th e und e rgr ound ,

quarry w hic h stre tc h e s s outh w ard b e n e a t h t h e city f r om B it is

unf or t un a te l y c onc ea l e d by rubbish T h e ditc h w as proba bly .

Wa rs , v, 4 , 2 .

2
Th e hi s tory J e r us ale m d uri n g t h e p e ri o d
of 4to A D
. . 42 doe s n ot

se em to m e t o s up o rt t h e vie w th a t t h e e x t e n s io n
tow n be y ond t h e of the

q
p
se co nd w all h ad be n so gre at as to re u i re t h e e n c los ure o f th e l arge
e

a ddi ti on al are a b e tw ee th e s econ d an d th i rd w al ls h o w n on t h e p l a n s o f

n s

Ro b i n son a nd F e rguss o n o r e ve n as s ugge s te d as p o s s ibl e by W arre n an d

,

C on de r .

3
T hi s se em s to f o ll ow c tion s in t h
f rom t h e ch a rac te r of the e x a va e

dit c h th e t w i n po ol s an d t h e de e p e ni n g o f th e so uth e rn p ar t o f t h e c o n duit

, ,
.

Th e un k no w n so urc e w as p e rh a p s a p ool n e a r t h e h e ad o f t h e Ty ro pce o n

ra vin e Fo a des c ri p ti on o f t h e c o ndui t an d its re lati on to t h e di t c h e s se e
. r ,

Q ua rt ly S t te m nt 18 7 2 p p
er a e , , .

T h e c on dui t is di s ti n c tl y s e e n in t h e so uth s c a rp o f th e dit c h at C b ut ,

t h e ock of t h e n orth
r c arp h avi ng bee n ut aw ay be low t h e l e ve l o f t he
s c

con duit its f urth er course in th at di re ction c n not be trac e d

,
a .
 114

e xc avat e d b e f or e th e r e w as an y op e n cu t ting b e t w e e n A and B ,

but th e re is n o dir e c t e vid e nc e on th is p oin t : O rigin all y t he

cr e s t w as und oub t e dly c on tin uous fr om A t o B (s e e Fig .

S ir C Warr e n s h ows a s t e ad y f all of 20 f e e t f r om n or th t o s ou th 1

.
,

w h il e Dr S c h ick b e li e v e d th a t A an d B w e r e t w o kn olls wi th a
.

dip b e t we e n t h e m B oth f or m s are p ossibl e but th at ad op t e d by

.
,

Warr e n a pp e ars m ore pr ob abl e T h e s e c t i ons e xp os e d a t A an d

.

B s h ow cl e arl y t h e m an n e r in w h ic h t h e th in b e ds o f e x t re m e ly
h ard li m e s t on e antsse ov e rli e t h e th i ck s t r at u m of meltkc fi
,

Th e l att e r an e asil y w ork e d st on e w h ic h h ard e n s on e xp osu re t o

, ,

t h e air h as a lw ay s b e e n m uc h us e d f or buildi n g pu rp os e s
,
If w a . .

m ay j udg e f r om t h e und e rgroun d q uar ry b e l ow B w h ic h w as ,

al m o st c e rt ai l
n
y in u s e in t h e t i m e of t h e Je wis h m on arc hy t h e3
,

meltlc e w as w ork e d lik e a s e am of c oal an d t h e st on e s w e re d re ss e d

,

un d e r c o v e r in t h e qu arr y .

T h e in form ati on at p re s e n t av ail abl e wit h re gard t o t h e

q uarri e s an d e xc avati ons is n ot suffici e n t t o j us tify a p osi t iv e
s tat e m e n t bu t th e f oll owing Vi e w is s ugge s te d a s pr ob abl e
, .

Un t il th e r e ign of He r od building m at e ri al w as ob tai n e d f rom

t h e l ow e r me ltke b e d wi th ou t dis turbing t h e h ard e r st ra ta ab ov e ,

w h ic h t h us f or m e d a n atur al r oof t o t h e qu arri e s He r od c on .

ti n n e d th e sy s t e m of qu ar ry i n g an d d re ssing t h e st on e und e r
c ov e r but m ay h av e cu t away s om e of t h e upp e r s trat a on th e
,

e a st an d w e s t sid e s of t h e spur t o ob t ain e asi e r a cc e ss t o t h e

m eltke Agripp a (A D 41— 44) in e xc avati n g t h e dit c h of h is wall

. . .

br ok e th r ough t h e roof of th e qu arri e s an d th e n as t h e g round, ,

ros e in f ron t o f t h e w a ll h e cu t aw a , y t h e m isse b e ds t o t h e n ort h

t o pr e v e nt t h e cl os e a ppr oac h of an e n e m y Th e m at e ri a l th us
.

obt ai n e d w as us e d in t h e c ons t ruc t i on of h is w a ll a n d a t t h e ,

s am e t i m e t h e fron t of t h e s ou th e rn p orti on of th e q uar ry n ow ,

k n ow n a s t h e R oy al Qua r ri e s w as cl os e d up Th e op e n cut tin g

,
.

t h us f or m e d w as p rob ably wid e n e d w h e n Had ri an re b uil t th e

w alls an d furth e r incr e as e d du ring th e By z an ti n e p e ri od Th e
,
.

3
P a les t ine E xp lor a ti o n F un d M e m o irs , J e rus a le m vo lum e ,
P l te X II
a .

2
Q ua r t e r ly S ta te m e n t, 19 0 2, p 2 8 4 . .

3
G an n e a u, A r c h ae olog ica l R e s e a r ch es , vol. 1, p p 2 41—4
. 6 .
E V III .
 115

qu arrie s w e re us e d l ate r by th e C rusad e rs and the fl oo r w as ,

c e r tainl y d ee p e n ed o n t he w e s t sid e w h e n th e A s ne rie w as built .

I f th is vi e w is c orr e c t th e cr e s t of th e spur w as c on t inu ous at

,

t h e t i m e of t h e c rucifi xi on an d t h e kn oll ab ov e J e re miah s Gr otto

’
,

c ould n ot th e n h a v e h ad i t s pre s e nt is ol at e d appe aranc e I t is .

i m pr obabl e th at th e ope n cu tting as w e n ow s e e it w as earli e r

, ,

th an th e t i m e of t h e C rus ad e rs an d it m ay p ossibl y be la t e r
, .

N o t radi t i on of any k ind c onn e cts S kull Hill or t h e to m b “ ”

n e ar i t with t h e C rucifixi on or t h e R e surre c ti on Bu t th e sit e .

is on e th at app e als dir e ctl y t o t h e e y e s of t h os e w h o f r om infan cy

”
h ave h eard C alvary c all e d a m oun t an d t o t h e minds of th os e
“
,

t o w h om tra di t i o n is dist a s t e ful e sp e ci ally w h e n it r e l a te s to a

,

scrip t ural si te Th e argum e n t s urge d in fav our of th e sp ot may

.

be s ta t e d th us I ts e l e vat i on an d c on spicu ous p ositi on

.

( )
2 i t s r e s e m bl anc e t o a h u m a n skull ; ( )
3 its pr o xi m it y t o t h e

city an d to t h e gr e at r oad t o th e n or th ( 4) th e Je wis h traditi on

wh ic h id e n tifi e s i t wi th th e P l ac e of S t oni n g
“
( )
5 t h e t radi ti o n

r e l at ing t o th e m ar ty rd om of S te p h e n ; an d ( 6 ) th e e xis te nc e of
t om bs in t h e vici n i ty — on e of w h ic h is d e scrib e d as r e c a llin g “

v e ry n earl y t h e pr ob abl e app e aranc e of t h e n e w tom b of

”
J os e p h .
1

( )
1 It h as alr e ady b e e n p oin t e d out ( s e e p 12) th a t th e r e is .

n o i n dic at i on in t h e Bibl e th a t G o lgo t h a w as skull -lik e in f or m ,

o r th at C h ris t w as c rucifi e d o n a h ill ; th at n ear J e rus al e m , ,

e l e v a t i on is n ot n e c e ss ary f or visibility ; t h a t n o G re e k wri te r

”
us e s th e e xpr e ssi on m ount in c onn e c ti on with t h e S p ot ; an d
“

that th e skull-lik e appe aranc e an d e l e va ti on of G olgoth a are

app ar e ntl y fanci e s in t r od uc e d f rom t h e We st .

( )
2 R e s e m bl anc e t o skull c a n h ardl y be re ga rd e d as a
a

s e ri ous argu m e nt f or it inv olv e s t h e assumptio n th at t h e

,

app e ar anc e of t h e h ill a n d of a n ar t ifi ci al cli ff pr oduc e d by

“
,

Dr S an day w ri te s th at h e c annot re gard t h e gum t s a dduce d in

“
. ar en

f v our o f t h e n e w i te as h avi g re ally a n y gre t w e ight

a s n T h y a re m e re
a . e

o s s i b ili ti e o f c o i ci de n c e o f a v gue
s n nda h dow k i nd ;
a n d t h e y a re
s a y a
p
"
un supp orte d by e ve n a p arti c l e of di re c t e vi de n c e ( S c r d S i t o
f th . a e es e

G osp e ls p
. .
 116

h as n ot a l te re d during t h e l as t
”
a nci e n t quarry ing ,
1
y e ars .

“
I n any c as e as Dr S a nd ay j us t ly obs e rv e s? i t m us t be
,
”
.
“

e x t r e m e l y d o ub t ful w h e th e r an a pp e ar anc e of th is kind at t h e

pr e s e n t day would h av e b e e n e qually mark e d s om e nin e t e e n

”
c e n t u ri e s ago I h av e giv e n r e as ons f or b e li e vin g t h at at
.
,

t h e t i m e of t h e C rucifixi on t h e e a s t e rn spur w as a c on t inu ous

,

ridge ; t h at t h e qu arri e s w e r e th e n w ork e d und e rgr ound ; th at

t h e wid e op e n cu tt i n g s ou th of J e re miah s Gr otto ( b e t w e e n ’ ”

A an d B s e e Fig 6) h ad i t s origin in t h e di t c h of Agripp a s wall

,
.
’
,

a n d did n ot a ssu m e i t s pr e s e n t f orm an d di m e nsi ons un t il t h e

fi fth c e n t ury wh e n th e gr e at c h urc h of S t S te p h e n w as b uil t ;

, .

t h at afte r th e e r e c t i on of th e c h urc h p or ti ons of th e quarr y w e r e

us e d as a c e m e t e ry ; an d th at s om e of th e e xc avat i on is as late ‘

a s t h e ti m e of t h e C rus a d e s I n th e firs t c e n tury t h e e aste rn

.

spur w as at th is p oin t a r ocky ridg e of s om e widt h ( se e

P l V III ) c ov e r e d wi th s ton y d e tri t us w h ic h is s till visibl e an d
.
3 .
, ,

its e ss e n t i al f eature s app e ar t o h av e r e m ai n e d un c h ange d un t il th e

4
p e ri od of t h e C rus ade s D ani e l ( A D 1106— 7 ) c alls i t a fl at
. . .
“
,

”
r ocky moun t ain Th e kn oll w h ic h is supp os e d t o giv e a skull -lik e
.
,

f orm t o t h e h ill is due o t t,

h e ruin d t
e o m bs a n d a ccum ul at i ons 5

o f a M osl e m c e m e t e r y wh ic h date s fr om t h e four t e e n th or

fi ft e e n th c e n tury Th e vi e w th a t any p or t i on of th e v e ry h ard
.

’ ”
li m e s ton e b e ds ab ov e J e rem iah s Gr ott o c ould h av e b e e n w orn
“

in t o a r ound e d or skull -lik e form by th e a c t i on of wind an d

w e ath e r is un te n abl e .

I n c onsid e ring pr oxim i ty t o th e ci ty and t h e r oad i t

( 3) ,

m us t b e r e m e m b e r e d th a t th e sec ond w all of J os e p h us w as

pr ob ably s om e dis tanc e s ou th of th e pr e s e n t w all an d th at i t is ,

by n o m e ans c e rtain th at t h e r oa d fr om th e D am ascus G at e

'

m arks t h e lin e of t h e r oad t o th e n or th in t h e t i m e of C h ris t .

It is possibl e th at t h e r oad th e n foll ow e d t h e e asi e r l pe up th e

1
D aw so n , E gg/p t S y ri a , p 10 7
a nd . .

2
S a cre d S i tes of t h e G osp e ls , p 7 0 . .

3
R e duc e d f rom th e O rdn an c e S urve y p o o grap h t h tak e n in 18 6 5 .

t
4 Abb o D an i e
,
l h
c ix , P a le s ti n e P ilg r ims T e a ts ,
.
’
vol
. iv .

5
M ac al i s te r give s t h e de p th of so il as 10 f e e t ( Q ua rterly S ta temen t,
1902, p .
 ‘

11s

r e pu t e d t om b of th e fi rs t m ar ty r Du ri n g t h e By za n t in e p e ri od .

t h e r o ck l e v e l w as p rob ably th at of t h e sill of th e d oor of t h e

tomb bu t i t w as cut d own t o mak e r oom for th e A sne rie of t h e

,

C rusad e rs T h e t om b w h ic h C ond e r sugge s t s m ay h av e b e e n

.

th at of Jos e p h (N o 4on pl an Fig 6 ) is c e r tai n ly Je wis h bu t i t s

.
, .

dis tanc e f r om th e a ssum e d si t e of C a lvary on t h e kn oll 600 f e e t , ,

is gr e ate r t h an t h e n arrativ e of J oh n xix 17 s e e m s t o indica t e , .

1
F e rguss on ( A D m ai n t ai n e d c h i e fl y up on arc h it e c t ural
. .
,

gr ounds th at t h e D om e of th e R ock in th e Haram e sh -S h e rif

, ,
”
,

w as t h e C h urc h of t h e R e su rr e c t i on e r e c te d by C onst a nti n e ov e r

th e re p ute d T om b of C h rist Th e T om b h e id e n t ifi e d wit h t h e .

c av e b e n e a t h th e S ahhra an d G olg oth a w as pl ac e d n e ar t h e ,

G old e n G a t e Fe rguss on urge d th at th e C rucifixi on m ust h av e

.

t ak e n pl ac e n e ar th e T e m pl e w h ic h h e l o c at e d in t h e s ou th-w e st ,

a ngl e o f t h e H ar am e s h-S h e ri f si n c e t h e p ri e s t s c ould n o t o th e r ,

wis e h av e l ook e d on with ou t incu rring risk of c e r e m onial de fi le

me n t T h e th e ory w h ic h a ttra c t e d m uc h a tt e n t i on at t h e ti m e
.
, ,

w as ad op t e d by L an gl ois (A D Ung e r (A D and a

2 3
. . . .

fe w ot h e r wri t e rs ; bu t t h e disc ov e ry of t h e M ad e b a m os aic ,

w h ic h r e pr e s e nts t h e C h urc h of C ons tan t i n e on t h e si t e n ow

o ccupi e d b t h e C h urc h of t h e Hol y S e pulc h re h as s h own t h at
y ,

Mr Fe rguss on w as e nti re l y m is t ak e n in h is vi e ws
. .

4
M unk (A D 18 5 6 ) c onsid e r e d th at i t w a s di fficul t t o draw t h e
. .

sec ond w al l s o a s t o e xcl ud e t h e t r adi t i on a l si t e s a n d th a t t h e ,

traditi on r e l ating t o t h e disc ov e ry of t h e Tom b w as n ot b ey ond

cri ticis m H e w as of opini on t h at G olg ot h a m ig ht v e ry w e ll
.

h av e b e e n on B e ze th a w h ic h w as in t h e t i m e of C h rist ou t sid e , , ,

t h e w alls .

Dr B arcl ay (A D 18 5 7 ) b e li e v e d t h at t h e acc e p t e d t raditi on

.
5
. .

1
c
'

E s s ay on th e A n i e n t T op og rap hy o f J e r us a le m ( A D . . A rt .

J e rus a le m ,
”
P ar t III , in S m
.
’
i th c
s D i ti o n a ry of t h e B i ble ( A D 18 6 3
) . . The
H oly S ep ulc h r e a nd th e T e mp le (A . D . T h e T e mp le s of th e J e w s

(AD
q
. .

2
Un ch ap i t r e i n é di t de la ue s ti o n de s L ia m -S a i nt s , A D
. . 18 6 1 .

3
D i e B a n te n Ko n s t a n ti n
’
de r G r os s e n m h e ilig e n G ra be , A D 18 6 3

q
s a . . .

4 P a l e stin e ,
“ ”
in l U n i ve rs P i t tore s ue ,
’
A D . . 18 5 6 .

5
T h e C i ty of th e G r e a t K i ng (A D
“

. .
P L AT E 1X .
 120

Th e ge n e ral opi ni on w h i c h I h av e for me d wi th r e gard to th e .

tr adi t i on a l si te s may be th us s t at e d -T h e r e i s n o d e c isiv e

r e as on h is t oric al t r adi ti on al or t op ograph ic al for pl aci n g
, , , ,

G olg oth a an d t h e T om b w h e r e th ey are n ow s h own A t t h e .

s ame t i me th e re is n o di re c t e vid e nc e th at th e y w e r e n ot so
,

si tuat e d N o obj e c t i on urg e d again s t th e si te s is of suc h a

.

c on vm c m g n at ur e t h at i t n e e d dis t urb t h e m inds of th os e w h o

, .

a cce p t, in all g oo d f ai th t h e au th e n t ici ty of pl ac e s whi c h are

,

h all ow e d by t h e pr ay e rs of c ou n t l e ss pilgri m s sinc e t h e d ay s of

C ons ta n t in e .

As r e gards the t rue sit e s I agre e wi th R obins on th at

,
‘

“
p rob ably all s e arc h for th e m will be in v ai n I f th e r e be
.

a n y th ing in th e id e a o f ty p e a n d an t i ty p e a n d th e r e p ossibl y
,

may be th e n C h ris t m us t h a v e suffe re d n or th of t h e al tar

, ,

po ssibly on th e e as t e rn sl op e of th a t p or ti on of M oun t M ori ah

'

k n ow n a s B e ze th a an d pe rh aps clo s e t o th e r oad w h ic h le d

.

,
-

n or th wards from t h e An t oni a a n d t h e T e m pl e pre cinc t s I f .

,

o n t h e o th e r h an d th e r e is n oth ing in t h e id e a of ty p e an d
,

an t i t p e th e n alway s supp osi n g th at t h e C h urc h of t h e H ol

y , , y
S e pulc h re is e v e n t uall y pr ov e d t o h av e be e n ou t sid e t h e sec ond
w all I s h ould be incl in e d t o g i ve m or e w e ig ht t o t h e ide n tifi c a
,

ti on of Mac ari us an d h is c oadj ut ors in A D 3 26 tha n t o th e . .

gue ss e s or argume n t s of write rs in th e n i n e t e e n th and t w e n t i e th

c e n turi e s .
 12 1

C HA P TE R XI .

T HE A N C I EN T WA LLS or J ER US A LEM .

1 General R e ma rks ;
. 2 . The City Walls in A D
. . 70 ; 3 . The
lValls f
o the R oma n Ca mp , A D . . 7 0 — 132 ; 4 The lVa lls of
.

1 Gene ral R e ma rks

. B e fore at t e mp ting to inves tigat e t he
—

que s t i ons c onn e c te d wit h th e a nci e n t walls of Je rusa l e m s ome ,

c onsid e rat i on of th e g e n e ral principl e s tha t gove rn e d t h e c on

s t ructi on of f ortific a ti on s in e a rly t i me s is n ot only d e sir abl e but ,

n e c e ss ary J e rus a l e m w as st ron gly fortifi e d at all p e ri ods of its

.

h is tory but t h e r e is n o rea s on t o suppo s e th a t th e re w as

,

a n y th ing unusua l in th e t r a c e a n d c ons truc ti on of i t s walls .

Th e d e fe nc e s of J e bus c ould n ot h a v e difi e re d gr e at ly f rom

'

th os e of oth e r C an aani t e citi e s ; t h e w alls of D avid an d h is

succ e ss ors w hi c h N e h e mi ah r e st ore d w e re c onstruc te d pr obabl y
, ,

in acc ord anc e wi th P h oe n ici an sy st e m s of for tific ati on ; and th e

citad e ls an d walls buil t by He rod th e G re at a n d H e rod Agrippa
w e re al m os t c e r tai n l y Gr e e k or Gr ac e -R om an in c h arac te r .

P h il o of By za ntium w h o e mbodi e s t h e e xpe ri e nc e of h is day

1
, ,

l ay s d ow n t h at t h e t rac e of a w all an d t h e form size a nd , ,

p osi ti on of its t owe rs m ust d e pe n d upon th e n at ural feat ur e s of

.

t h e gr ound Th e s ali e n t a n gl e s s h ould n ot be t oo a dvanc e d fo r

.
,

suc h s a li e nts a re m ore us e ful t o t he b e si e ge rs t h an t o t h e

b e si e ge d ; an d t h e towe rs s h ould be s o situa t e d as t o give e ac h
o th e r m utua l suppo rt I n t h e c onstructi on of fortifi c ati o n s e ve ry
.

e ff or t w as m ad e t o gua rd a ga inst t h e bl ows of t h e b at te ring ram

1
C ir c a 15 0 .
'

h
T ra it e de F or t ifl c a t ion , pa r P i le n de B y z an c e , radui t t
M A de R oc h a s d Aiglun ( in S o ié é d E m ula t ion du Do ubs , M em
c t
’ ’ “
ar
p
.
. .

Ser .
,
vol . vi, B e s a n c o n) . S ee a ls o V i truvi us ( ci c r a i, 5 an d

Ve ge t ius ( e n d of f our th c e n tury L es I ns t it utio ns M ilita ire s .

 12 2

an d th e insidi ous atta cks of th e m in e r f or th e s e w e r e c onsid e r e d ,

fa r m ore d an g e r ous th a n t h e p roj e ctil e s of an e n e my T h us on

'

st e e p ro cky sl op e s th e f oot of t h e w all w a s re nd e re d in a cc e ssibl e

o r di fficul t of app roa c h b sc a rping t h e r o ck b e n e a t h i t ; w h ilst
y
o n l e v e l or undulat i n g g roun d i t w a s p rot e c t e d b a d e e p di t c h
y .

Th e r a ng e of anci e n t pr oj e c t il e s w as s m a ll a n d a w all of suffici e n t ,

h e ight an d m e dium t h ickn e ss 1 e v e n w h e n th e gr ound r os e ,

upwards at a m od e rat e sl op e f r om its foot w as am pl e pr ote c ti on ,

a g ainst th e m On t h e oth e r h a nd t h e bl ows of t h e ram an d t h e

.
,

pick of th e m in e r c ould onl y be r e sis t e d by s olid w e ll -bui lt

m as on ry T h e w alls e xp os e d t o th e i r a t ta ck w e r e c on s e que n t l y
.

o f gr e a t s t r e n gt h a n d t h ickn e ss T h e i r l ow e r p ort i ons an d th os e

.

1
o f th e ir fl a nki n g t ow e rs w e r e f r e qu e n t l s lid m a ss e s of m a s onry
‘

y o ,

a n d t h e ir b a s e s w e r e s om e t i m e s pr ot e c t e d b m a s on r r e v e t m e nts
y y
built at t h e a ngl e of sle p e b e s t c alcul at e d t o r e sis t th e ram an d
pr oj e c til e s an d t o r e nd e r e sc al ad e di ffi cult
,
3
Wh e r e t h e w alls .

a n d t o w e rs w e re e xp os e d t o t h e a tta ck of an e n e m
y t h e m as o nry ,

w as fac e d w h olly or p ar t i all y wit h l arg e s t on e s h avi n g p roj e c t i n g

b oss e s t o c oun t e r a c t a s far a s p ossibl e t h e s h at t e ri n g e ffe cts of

,

c oncussi on ; w h e re th e y w e re n ot e xp os e d t o a ttack as on th e ,

sid e fa ci n g t h e town t h e mas on ry w as of pl ain dr e ss e d ston e s

,
-

h avi n g n o b oss e s I n pl a c e s di fficul t of a cc e ss th e walls an d

.

t ow e rs w e r e w e ak e r bu t of si m il ar c onst ruc t i on
, It m ay b e .

i n fe rre d th e n t h at t h e t owe rs of an anci e nt wall w e r e at

,

i rr e gul ar in t e rvals an d di ff e r e d in f or m an d siz e an d th at

,

w h e n a w all did n ot s tand ab ove a sc arp it w as of gr e at t h ick ,

n e ss an d w as pr ot e c te d by a di t c h O n w e ak fron t s e sp e ci ally
, .
,

in a dvanc e of g at e way s th e re w e r e f re que n t l y e ntr e n c h m e nts

,

c om p os e d of di t c h e s an d p alis ad e s a n d th e r e is s om e e vid e nc e in ,

J os e p h us t h at th e re w e re suc h e n tr e nc h m e n ts at Je rus a l e m .

T h e d e scrip t i on w h ic h J os e p h us giv e s of t h e si e g e in A D 7 0 . .
,

a n d e xis ti n g r e m ains sh ow t h a t t h e f ortific at i on s of J e rus al e m

,

1
ci tus
Ta ,
H i s t ory v, 11, g i ve s th e h e i gh t of t ow e rs at J e u al e m
th e r s as

6 0 f e et w h e n bui lt above a. s c arp ,

an d 120 f e e t w h e n s ta ndi n g on t h e l o w er
groun d .

2
J os e p us h W a rs ,
v, 4 ,
2, 3 .
3
lVa rs , v, 4, 4; 5 ,
8 .
 124

E a c h succ e e ding s ty l e h as m i n gl e d wi th i t s pr e d e c e ss or f r om
t h e t i m e of i t s produc t i on B oss an d margin work m ay h av e .

b e e n us e d in e arly J e wis h t i m e s bu t w as und oub te dly us ed i n ,

l at e r J e wis h -R oman t i m e s an d af t e rw ards C om b-pick m argi n , .

wi th pick -c e n te r e d dr e ssing w a s c e r tainly us e d c on t em p oraril y

wit h t h e b oss an d m argi n , an d m ay h av e b e e n us e d b e fore .

Q u a rr y
-pick dr e ssing is univ e rs al T h e d e lic a t e pick -c e n t r e a n d .

c omb-pick m argin e d dre ssing of th e Har am Ar e a is c e rtainl y

’

c ha ra c t e ris tic of on e gr e at building p e ri od suc h as th e r e ign of

H e r od t h e Gr e at m ig ht signi fy 1 .
”

B oss an d margin w ork is si m ply a n at ural de v e l opme n t in

'

st on e dre ssing 2
It is found in th e H i tt i te wa lls at B oglzaz Ke u
. i ,

in th e w all s of P h oe nici an ci t i e s in S y ri a an d P a l e s t in e of t h e ,

e ig hth c e n t ury ci ty at L a c h is h a n d of Gr ee k c it ie s in Asi a Min or , .

it is s e e n als o in R oma n and By z an t in e buildi n gs an d in c a s t l e s ,

e r e c t e d during t h e p e ri o d of t h e C rus ad e s T h e h igh ly -fi n ish e d .

m as on ry of t h e Wailing P l a c e an d of t h e sl opi n g r e v e tm e n t of ,

“
D a vid s T ow e r m ig h t be a c opy of th at of th e p odium of t h e
’
,

t pl e of Di an a at E p h e sus or of th at of t h e t e m pl e of Jupi t e r
e m 3
,

a t At h e ns s o cl o s e is t h e r e s e m bl an c e
, .

2 The City Wa lls A D 7 0

.
-A t t h e t i m e of th e c ap t ur e of
. . .

J e rusal e m by Ti t us th e ci ty w as p rot e c te d on th e n or th sid e by

,

t h r e e walls an d for t h e tra c e of t h e s e fort ific at i ons th e on l y

,

a u th ori t is J s p h us I n h is g e n e r a l d e scrip t i on of t h e d e f e nc e s
4
y o e .

t h e J e wis h h is t ori a n f ollo w s t h e h is t ori c a l ord e r of t h e w a lls .

Th e first is t h e old or i n n e r w a ll th e sec ond t h e in t e rm e di ate o n e

, , , ,

a n d t h e third t h e n e w ,or o u t e r w all by Agripp a Bu t in .

.
,

re c ording t h e incid e n t s of t h e si e g e h e ref e rs t o t h e w all s ,

o cc a si on all in t e r m s t h a t w ould n a tu rall y b e us e d by a R om an

y
o ffic e r ou t sid e t h e cit F rom t h is p oi n t of vi e w t h e out e r li n e
y .

1
Ex c a va ti ons a t J er us a e m,l 18 94 —9 7
, p
28 2 . .

2
As s oon as l
w a ls w e re b ui lt w i th c l ose ly b e dde d an d j ointe d ston e s , som e

dre s s in g of i n s b e ca me n e ce ss ary T h e f ac e s o f th e stone s w e re l e ft

t h e m ar g .

ro u g h o r fi n e l y dr e s s e d a cc o di n g t o t a,
t e a n d t h e c h a rac t e r o f t h e w all
r s .

3
I n t h e B i t i s h M us e um th e e is th e f a c e of a sto n e f rom th e T e m p l e
r r

b urn ed B C 3 5 6 w h ic h is al m o st ide n tic al w i t h t h e b e s t w o rk in t h e W ail i n g

. .
,

P l ac e .
4 W rs v 4 2 —4 a , , , .
 125

of d e fe
nc b c e e ome s t h e j irst w all 1
thei n te r media te li ne the sec ond
, ,

a n d t h e e arli e st or inn e r lin e of d e fe nc e be c omes t he third w all ‘

.

P A L E S T IN E m an n e r
! m an .

FI G . 8 — PL
. AN or T H E A N C IE NT W A L LS on m a N o nr n s s x
S I DE or J ERU S AL EM .

I n t h e foll owing re marks t h e w alls a re r e fe rr e d to in th e ir

h is t oric al ord e r
Acc ordin g to J o s e ph us th e t ot al circui t of th e walls w as
3
,

1 2

3
Wa rs , v,
 12 6

33 s t adi a fe e t Th e third w all h ad 90

t owe rs t h e second
q
, or .
,

14 an d t h e first 6 0 T h e t ow e rs w e r e 3 0 fe e t s uar e an d th e
‘

.
, ,

cur t ain w alls b e t w e e n th e m w e r e 300 fe e t l ong How far th e s e .

num b e rs are c orr e c t it is i m p ossibl e t o s ay I n t h e c as e of t h e .

cur tain w alls th e y are c e r tai n ly wr on g an d in th at of t h e circuit ,

of t h e w alls th e y a re a pp ar e n t l y inc orr e c t .

I n an ot h e r p ass ag e t h e l e ng th of th e wall of circu mvall at i on

l

thr own up by th e R om ans w h ic h w ould be w e ll kn own at th e ,

t i m e f r om t h e m e asur e m e n t s of t h e R om an e ngin e e rs is s t at e d by ,

J os e p h us t o h av e b e e n 39 s t adi a i e fe e t I f th is is
,
. .
, .

c orr e c t th e ci rcui t of t h e w alls m us t h av e b e e n l e ss th an 3 3 s tadia

, , ,

e v e n w h e n t h e f a c t th a t t h e w all of circum v all a t i on ran b e t w e e n

t h e sec ond an d third w a ll is t ak e n in t o c onsid e ra t i on .

Th e l e ng th giv e n t o t h e cu rtai n w a lls b e t w e e n th e t ow e rs ,

3 00 f e e t is gr e at e r th an is kn own in an y a nci e n t f or t ific a ti on s

, ,

an d w ould m ak e t h e third w all m or e t h a n t h e t otal circui t It .

h as b e e n sugge s t e d th at t h e origin al r e ading w as 7 0 cubi t s or

10 5 f e e t ; bu t e v e n wi th c ur t ain walls of th at l e n g th th e third
2
, ,

w a ll w ould b e as m uc h a s 2 0} s t adi a or fe e t A , .

c om p aris on wi th th e curtain w alls of oth e r anci e nt f or t ifi c ati ons

would s e em t o indic at e t h a t t h e a v e rag e l e ng th of th os e of t h e
J e rusal e m d e fe nc e s c ould n ot h av e b e e n m ore th an 15 0 fe e t and '

th at i t w as pr ob abl y m uc h l e ss in th e old walls T h e r e a re .

oth e r diffic ul t i e s c on n e c t e d wi th t h e s tat e m e n t s of J os e p h us

w h ic h n e e d n ot b e discuss e d suc h as t h e fac t th a t on t h e e as t

,

wall of t h e Har am e ncl osur e th e r e w e r e as far as is kn own on ly , ,

th r e e t ow e rs in a dis tanc e of f e e t a n d t h e qu e sti on w h e th e r ,

t h e g at e t ow e rs an d th e gr e a t t ow e rs of H e r od s p al a c e are
’

includ e d in th e nu m b e rs .

Fm sr WA LL .

T h e first or old wall w as di fficul t t o c ap t ure on acc oun t of t h e

r avin e s b e n e ath it an d t h e h e ig ht up on w h ic h i t w as buil t
.
.

1
W a rs , v, 12 , 2 .

2
Th e e rror is s up p os e d to b e due t o s om e c op y i s t h avin g us e d th e G re e k
"
i gn 200 , i n ste ad o f o f or 7 0 c ub i ts
’
s a f or .
 12 8

de fe nde d b y 14 t ow e rs , ‘

an d
c onn e c t e d at an y p oin t
w as n ot , ,

wi th t e hi d wall ] It w as i n te nd e d to pr ot e c t t h e qu ar t e r t o
h t r 1
'

t h e n or th of t h e ci tad e l I m m e di at e ly n or th of H erod s ’
.

f or t ifi e d p al a c e fe w h ous e s h ad b e e n buil t an d h e r e t h e spac e ,

'

b e tw e e n th e sec ond an d third walls w as oc c up ie d for th e m os t ,

part by te rra c e d gard e ns in wh ic h pr ob ably th e re w e r e r ock

, ,

h e wn t om bs .

I t is n ow ge n e rally agr e e d th at th e An t oni a th e a cr opolis of ,

t h e E a s t e rn Hill w as si tu at e d at t h e n orth w e s t c orn e r of th e

,
-

Ha d r m e sh S herif
- an d p or t i ons oi t h e di t c h running
, a
pp rox i ,

m at e l y e as t an d w e s t t h at s e p arat e d i t f r om B e z e th a 2 h ave b ee n
, ,

disc o v e r e d Th e e xpre ssi o n

. w e n t up t o th e An t oni a s h ows “

t h at t h e w all ran s t raight up fr om t h e Ty rop oeon Vall e y al on g

‘

t h e s ou th sid e of t h e di t c h an d th a t i t did n ot as s om e w ri te rs, ,

h av e supp os e d e i th e r t ak e a wid e sw e e p t o t h e n or th o
3
, r f oll ow , ,

in pa r t th e c ours e of t h e pr e s e n t w all an d th e n c om e d own ov e r

, ,

t h e ridg e of B e z e t h a t o t h e a crop olis .

T h e p osi t i on of th e G ate G e n at h w h ic h m ay h av e d e riv e d i t s ,

n am e f rom t h e g ard e n s th a t w e re e n cl os e d b e t w e e n t h e sec ond an d

third w alls is unkn ow n

,
Th e in t e rval b e tw e e n th e T ow e r
.

Hipp ic us an d t h e gat e m us t h av e b e e n c on sid e rabl e B e for e .

c omm e n ci n g th e si e g e T i t us m ad e a re c on n aiss anc e , an d d e cid e d

t o t ak e t h e Te m pl e by w ay of An t on i a an d t o m ak e h is atta ck ,

”
up on t h e Upp e r C i ty by th e m onume n t or t om b of t h e h igh
ri s t J oh n
4 Th e l a tt e r p oi n t w as s e l e c t e d b e c aus e in th at
p e .
.
,

qu art e r t h e third wall w as l ow e r th an e ls e w h e r e an d th e abs e nc e

, ,

o f an li n e of d e fe nc e b e t w e e n t h e sec on d an d third w alls e xp o s e d

y
t h e first w all t o di re c t atta ck a s s oon a s t h e out e r w all h ad fall e n 5
.

An addi t i on al r e as on w as th at t h e spac e b e t we e n th e sec ond an d

third w alls w as un e n cu m b e re d by h ous e s an d t h e appr oa c h t o ,

t h e first w a ll th r oug h t h e g ard e ns w as e a s y .

1
Cf . Wa rs ,
11, 19 , 4 .
2
Wa rs , v, 4, 2 ; 5, 8 .

3
R ob i n s on , T obl e r, &c .
4 Wa rs ,
v, 6, 2.

5
J os e p h us h i t th at i t w as o i gi n ally i nte n de d to buil d a w all
se e m s to n r

w hi c h w oul d c on e c t t h e ec d an d t h ir d w all
n a d p rot e c t th i s w e a k
s on s, n

p oi n t but th e in t e n t i o
,
w as n e ve r c arri e d out
n .
 12 9

I t w ould app e a r from t h e abo ve th a t t h e m o nu me nt of J o h n

w as situat e d b e t w e e n t h e se con dan d third wa lls And sinc e t he .
,

ci t ad e l is n ot m e n ti on e d th e r e m ust h ave b e e n an a ppre cia bl e ,

dis tanc e be t w e e n th e m onum e n t an d th e a l most i m pre gn abl e

t ow e rs Ph as se lus Hip p ic us a n d M ari am n e , T itus w ould n o t , .

h ave a ttacke d t h e s e t owe rs an d t h e fortifi e d pal ac e E vid e n tl y .

h is in t e nti on w as t o is o lat e t h e m 1 by bre aking int o t h e Uppe r

C ity t h roug h t h e w e ak e r w a ll t o t h e e a s t Th e t om b of J oh n .

w as c e rt a in ly p ost-E xilic an d c o ns e qu e n tl m ust h av e b e n

y e ,

o utsid e t h e s ec on d w a ll I t w a s in cl os e p ro xim ity t o t h e first

.

w a ll an d 4 5 fe e t f ro m t h e m ound th r ow n up by t h e l ot h L e gi on
‘

at t h e P ool A m y gdalo n w h ic h is us uall y id e n tifi e d w it h ,

He z e ki ah s P ool
’
T h is p ool lik e t h e m onu m e n t of J oh n
.
3
, ,

4
w as outsid e t h e se c ond w all I t is c e rt ainl y a n an ci e n t p ool an d .
,

t h e re m ust h av e b e e n s om e re as on s uc h a s t h e pri or e xist e n c e ,

o f a m assiv e w a ll f o r its c on st ruc t i on on t h e sid e of a h ill

, In .

t w o i n st an c e s t h e B irhet I sra il a n d t h e L ow e r P ool o f S il o am

—

t h e d am s o f t h e p oo ls fo r m e d p a rt of t h e d e fe nc e s o f t h e city a t

c e rt ai n p e rl ods of its h is t ory ; a n d it is n a tu ral t o s upp os e t h a t

t h e e a s t e rn w all o f He z e ki ah s P o ol w a s si m il a rly c on n ec t e d w it h
’

t h e f ortific a ti ons of J e rus al e m I t is t ru e th a t t h e p oo l w ould .

h av e b e e n in t h is c as e out sid e t h e w all but a s t h e w at e r c o uld

, , , ,

e a sil y b e run o ff t o re s e rv oi rs a t a l o w e r l e v e l t his w a s o f no ,

i mp ort an c e Th e s urfac e of C h risti an S tr e e t is h e re man y fe e t

.

ab ov e t h e ro c k a n d t h e h ous e s on t h e w e st sid e of t h e st re e t a re
,

built on s olid m as onry 5 wh ic h origi n all y m ay h a v e forme d part ,

o f a cit w a ll T ki n g i n t o c on sid e ra ti on t h e sp a c e re q ui re d f or
y a .

t h e m oun ds t h row n up ag ai n st t h e first w a ll a n d t h e dist a n c e ,

n e c e ss ar t o s e c ure t h e b e si e g e rs f rom m issil e s a n d h ostil e a tta cks

y

T hi s he e ve n t ua lly did, b ut at a n o th er s
p o t ( lVa rs , v1, 8, 1
3
Wa rs , v, 9, 2 ; 11, 4 .

3 t w a e ith e t h s c ulpt ure d f ac e of t h ro k -h e w n to mb

T h e m o n um e n s r e e o ,

-
o ra py r m id o at l e b ove i t r s e a .

4
T h e outh p or t i o n o f t h e w a ll w as s ta di g an d it to w e r
s cc up i e d by n n s s o

t h e R om an s w h e t h e t w o m o u ds w e e th ro w n up ( Wur
n v 8 an d n r z a
, , ,

th e se mo un d w o ul d n ot h a ve b e e e cte d o op po i t id o f th e w ll
. s en r n s e
s es a .

Q u t ly S t t m t 18 9 1 p p 2 7 7 2 7 8 18 99 p 44 nd p l t e
5
a r er a e en , ,
.
, ,
. a a .
 13 0

f r om th e citad e l it is h ardl y p ossibl e t o pla c e t h e sec ond w a ll

,

n e ar e r t h e Towe r of D avid t h a n t h e e ast sid e of H e z e ki ah s ’

”
P ool 1
, a dis ta nc e of ab ou t 2 5 0 f e e t On t h e oth e r h an d if .
,

i t w e r e pla c e d s t ill farth e r e as t i t w ould b e in t oo cl os e p roxi mi ty

t o th e m ai n th oroug h fare of th e an ci e n t ci ty .

T h e qu art e rs of T itus on gr oun d kn own as , t h e C am p of t h e

“

”
Assy ri ans w as b ey on d th e r ang e of m issil e s from t h e sec ond
,

”
wall 2
. T h e e x a c t p o si t i on of t h e C am p of t h e Assy ri an s
“
is
n ot k n ow n but t h e t e n t of T itus w ould n at ura ll b e pi t c h e d o n
,
y
t h e ba ck of t h e w e s t e rn sp ur o f t h e pl at e au in cl o s e p roxim i ty t o

t h e t ow e r P s e p h in us w h ic h h ad f all e n in t o h is h ands an d w h e n c e ,

t h e w h o l e fi e ld of op e rat i on s c ould b e o v e rl ook e d Th e fi rst c am p .

of T it us w as 4 00 y ards f rom P s e p hin us an d t h e c am p o f on e of ,

t h e l e gi on s w as t h e s am e dis t anc e f rom Hipp ic us 3

T h e s e c am ps .

w ould be w e ll out of ran g e of an y e ngin e s lik e l y t o b e avail abl e

insid e J e r us al e m a n d it m ay r e as on abl y b e supp os e d th at th e
,

s e c ond c am p of T itus on th e h igh grou n d w ould be out of

, ,

e ffe c t iv e rang e of m issil e s f rom t h e sec ond w a ll a t ab o ut 2 5 0

or 3 00 y ards .

Th e sec on d w a ll m ust h av e b e e n p rot e ct e d by a r ock h e w n -

dit c h an d its l ow e r h al f m ust h av e b e e n a s olid m ass of m as on ry

,

f rom 15 t o 20 f e e t t h ick T h e s t on e s w e re p rob abl y of gre at

.

siz e an d t h os e on t h e out e r fac e of t h e w all w ould h ave m argi n al

,

dr af ts an d roug h p roj e cti n g b oss e s .

All t h e p ri n cip al au th ori ti e s are n ow agr e e d th a t at its e as te r n

e x t re m ity t h e w a ll ran a l on g t h e s ou th sid e of t h e di t c h of t h e

An t on i a ; but t h e re is n o s uc h agr e e m e n t wi th r e gard t o th e

p ositi on of t h e G a t e G e n ath a t its w e st e rn e n d On t h is p oin t .

t h re e di ffe re n t vi e ws h av e b e e n p ut f orw ard an d e ac h of t h e s e ,

h as b e e n s upp ort e d by arg um e n t s dr aw n f rom t h e e xis t e n c e of

is ol at e d m ass e s of m as onry Th e first t h e ory is b as e d up on a
.

f ragm e nt of an old ci t y w a ll ( A s e e Fig w h ic h e xte nds for a

,
.

dis t anc e of 120 f e e t f rom t h e f ron t of th e Grand N e w Hot e l n orth ,

Q u rt e
a r ly S ta t e me n t , 18 99, p . 44; se e s e cti on of wa ll an d po ol .

Wa r s ,
v, 7, 3 .

3 Wa r s ,
v, 3, 5 .
 132

s ec ond wa ll ; an d pl ac e th e G at e G e n ath e ith e r in t h e T ow e r of

D avid or in t h e c urt ai n w all c on n e cti n g it wi th t h e t ow e r by
,
”

t h e J affa G a t e T h e w all is w e ll situ at e d f or d e fe n c e but t h e

.
,

de sc rip t i on s giv e n by J o s e p h us of t h e p roj e c t of attack f ram e d by

T itus an d of th e op e ra t i on s of t h e si e g e r e n d e r i t s id e ntific a ti on
, ,

w i th t h e s ec on d w a ll of t h e city i m p ossibl e T h e p osi t i on a ssign e d .

t o t h e G a t e G e n at h is als o an i m p rob abl e on e T h e f ragm e nt .

,

w h ic h h as n o ditc h in f ron t of it an d app are n t l n o t ow e rs is

y , ,

p rob abl y a p orti on of th e w all w h ic h Had ri a n buil t round th e

civil t o wn or c ol on y of ZElia T h e nu m b e r of re lics of t h e l0th ,

L e gi on Fre t e n s is f oun d n e ar t h e r o ck d uri n g t h e e xc avati on s 1

, , ,

c om bi n e d wit h t h e a bs e nc e of p re —R om an o bj e cts s e em s to ,

i n dic a t e t h at t h e g round w as n ot o cc upi e d p ri or t o t h e si e g e by

T itus . I t may als o be obs e rv e d t h at t h e R om a n e ngin e e rs w h e n ,

c on structi n g th e l e gi on ary f ortr e ss aft e r t h e si e g e w ould a l m ost ,

c e r t a i n l y h a v e d e m olis h e d c om pl e t e l y all w alls wit h in 3 00 f e e t

,

o f th e i r f ortifi c a t i on s Th e f rag m e nt app are n t l y is re f e rr e d t o

.
, ,

H ad ri a n by S a e w ulf w h o s a w J e rus al e m b e f ore its re c on st ruc t i on

,

duri n g t h e p e ri od of t h e L a ti n Ki n gd om .

Wri t e rs w h o re j e ct t h e auth e n tici ty of G olgot h a m ai n t ai n t h a t

f rom t h e n o rt h e n d of f rag m e nt A t h e sec on d w all e i th e r ran in a ,

n or th w e st e rl y di re cti on t o t h e ruins of w alls in th e gard e n of th e

-

L ati n P atri arc h (B) an d a t Kasr c l J a li id , ( s e e Fi

g 8 ) -
or
‘

t h at i t c onti n ue d n ort h w ard t owards t h e Fran cisc an C onv e n t ( s e e

F ig 9) an d t h a t t h e n in e i th e r c as e it f oll ow e d t h e pr e s e n t ci ty
.
, ,

w all t o th e D am ascus G a t e T h is li n e s e e m s t o t ak e t oo wid e a

.

s w e e p a n d i t is op e n t o th e obj e c t i on t h at unl e ss t h e w a ll ran

, ,

s out h -w ard a l o n g t h e w e st sid e of t h e T y rop oe on Va ll e y t h e r e ,

w ould h av e b e e n a d e sc e n t a n d n ot an a sc e n t t o t h e A n t o n i a .

On t h e o t h e r h an d if th e w all c ontinu e d e as t w a rd b e y on d t h e
,

D am a sc us G at e it w ould h av e e ncl os e d p arts of B e z e th a w h ic h

,

w e re outsid e t h e sec o nd wall .

1
T h e se i n c l ud
e
p d dp o e t
s am
r
y an d a n e tt
n s r be d o um n ( u a r te r l
y i c i c l Q
S la te me n t, 18 8 6 , p p 2 1—2 4, 7 2 ,
.

2
T h e m as o n ry o f t h e f ra gm e n s A , B , C , s o f ar a s t
is n o w n d ff e rs s o it k ,
i
mu ch c h ar c te th t i t is n o t e a sy
in a r a to m a i n t a i n th e v i e w th at A ,
B, an d C
a re
p art o f a c on ti n uous w all
s .
 133

I t ma y be
dd e d t h at n o re m ain s of i mpo rta nt w alls h ave
a

b e e n f ou n d t o t h e n ort h of a lin e d raw n w e s t f rom t h e Porto ,

J udic i aria ( J o n Fi 9 e acc um u

g ) t h a t t h la ti on of rubbis h is fa r
.

gr e a t e r an d m or e g e n e ra l t o t h e s out h of th at lin e t h an it is t o
t h e n ort h of i t w h e r e th e r ock is of t e n visibl e a n d th a t w h ils t
, ;
r o ck h e wn c h amb e rs cist e rns an d c av e s are c omm on t o t h e s outh
-
, ,

of t h e s a m e li n e t h e a re a l m ost unkn own to t h e n o rt h of it 1

y , .

Adv o c at e s of t h e aut h e nticity of G olg o th a acc e pt t h e th e ory

of t h e l a t e D r S c h ick 2 t h a t t h e w a ll tu rn e d a b ru
. ptl y t o t h e e a st
,

a t t h e e n d of f rag m e n t A a n d t h e n f oll ow e d t h e zigz ag c ours e of

,

t h e H a ret c l lllcrwdzin t o s om e m a ssiv e m as o nr E at t h e c orn e r

y ( )
- 3 ‘

of C h risti a n S t re e t Th e rui n s a t a s h arp b e nd in t h e form e r

.

str e e t ( D ) n ow kn own t o b e m e di ae v al w e re supp os e d by

, ,

Dr S c h ick t o b e th e r e m ains of an old c orn e r t ow e r

. F rom E 1
.

t h e w all is c arri e d a cr o ss C h risti a n S t r e e t t o a bl o ck of m as onry

(F) a n d t h e nc e e a stw a rd t o a fragm e n t of a w all ( G ) w h ic h ru n s

,

e a st a n d w e st und e r t h e c e n t re of t h e G e rm a n C h urc h of t h e

R e d e e m e r a n d st an ds up on debris of s om e d e pt h
, A littl e .

f urt h e r e a s t t h e w all is ass um e d t o t urn at a righ t an gl e a n d j oin

t h e r ui n s i n t h e R ussi a n C on v e n t ( H) T h e s e r e ma ins are .

suppos e d t o e xt e nd n ort h w ard t o th e t raditi on al P orta J udic iari a

J a n d t o h a v e f orm e d p art of t h e e ast e r n sid e of a l arg e c a stl e
( ) ,

a t rig h t an gl e s t o t h e wa l l T h e y h a v e n o t h ow e v e r t h e .
, ,

c h aract e ristics o f anci e n t f ort ific at i ons and n e ith e r th e h is toric a l ,

r e c ords n or t h e n at ura l f e at ure s of th e ground l e nd s upp ort t o

4
t h e vi e w t h a t th e re e n t e ri n g angle at t h is p oin t w as o ccupi e d by
-

an i m p o rt a nt f ort T h e m a s on ry fa c e d with l arg e st on e s is

.

1
S c h ick , in Qu a r te r ly S ta te me n t, 18 9 3 , p p 192 , 193 .
; P i e rotti ,
J erus a le m
E xp e di t io n , i ,
33 .

2 c
Z e i ts h rif t des D e ut vc h e n P a la s tin a -l er ei ns , vo l . viii ,
a nd P l at e s,

ci lly Pl 8 Qu a rt e r ly S t a te me n t , 18 9 3 , p p 19 1-93 , an d P l an T he

q
es
pe a ; . .
.

be s t p ap e r in s upp ort of th i th e ory

s is by R P V i n c e n
. . t (R e vue B i bli ue ,
190 2 , p p 3 1 .

3
T h e z gza g c u s e i up p os e d to i n dic ate th e e x i te n ce be n e ath t h e
i o r s s s

su rf ac e o f w ll w ith to w e rs
a a .

4 A l r e c a tl e in a re - e n t e ri n g an gl e a s s ugge st e d by D
s S c h ick w o ul d r.
g a , ,

b e c o n t ary t th e rul e o f f ort i fi c at i on and is un k n o w n in t h e def e n ce s f

r o s ,
o

an an ci e n t ci t-
v
y .
 13 4

pr ob abl y p art of t h e e as t e r n w all in f r on t of t h e e n t ranc e t o

C onst an t i n e s B asilic a I t und oub t e dl y c o n tai n s st on e s t ak e n
’
.

from e arli e r b uildi n gs p ossibl y f rom t h e sec on d w a ll but i t c ould , ,

n ot h av e b e l on g e d t o t h e d e f e nc e s of t h e cit
y D r S c h ick pl a c e s . .

a ga te t o w e r at J an d th e n c arri e s t h e w all e a st w ard a l on g a h igh

,

r ock sc arp t o a bl ock of m as on ry a t t h e Hous e of V e ron ic a

1 - “

( K s e e Fi
, g F rom t h is p oi n t t h e w a ll
. a f t e r c rossi n g t h e ,

Ty rop oe on is c arri e d up a l on g t h e s out h sid e of t h e ditc h t o t h e

,

A n t on ia A cc ordi n g t o Dr S c h ick th e assum e d w all w as p rot e c te d

.
2
.

by a wid e ditc h w h ic h e xt e n d e d f rom t h e J affa G a t e t o t h e ,

S t S t e p h e n s G at e T h is ditc h is e n t i re l y i m agin ary N o c e rt ain

’
3
. . .

e vid e nc e of i t s e xis t e nc e h as b e e n f ound an w h e r e e xc e pti n g a t

y
t h e pl ac e w h e re i t s e p arat e d t h e A n t on i a f rom B e z e t h a At .

s e v e ral p oi n t s e v e n w h e re t h e ditc h is s aid t o h ave b e e n t rac e abl e

,

o n t h e w e st sid e of t h e supp os e d c a s t l e — th e re is n o w k n ow n

t o b e s olid ro ck as o n t h e n ort h a n d s out h sid e s of t h e C h ap e l of

,

S t H e l e n a U n f ort un at e l y Dr S c h ick w h os e a ccu ra c y a s re gards

. .
,
.
,

m e a s ure m e n t is w e ll k n ow n rare l y m ad e an y di sti n c t i on e it h e r ,

in h is w ritings or in h is d ra wings b e tw e e n e xisti n g an d a ssu m e d

re m a ins 4 H e c onsid e re d it n e c e ss ary t o id e nti fy e v e ry t h i n g
.

t h at h e f oun d an d h is e nth usi as m fre q ue n t ly le d h im a stray in

,

h is e ffort s t o c om pl e t e or s upp or t pr e c on c e iv e d t h e ori e s 5

T h is .

t e n d e ncy is m ost m ark e d in h is a tt e m pt t o d e fi n e th e c ours e of

t h e sec on d w a ll a n d i t s di tc h ; an d it is t o b e re g re t t e d t h at h is

vi e ws h av e b e e n s o wid e l y ad opt e d T h e re i s n o e vid e nc e th at .

1
Qu a r t er l
y S ta te m e n t, 18 90 , p 20 is do ub f u w . . It t l h e th e r th i c s s ar
p is
c i
o n t n uo us ; but if t h e w a ra n s wa
y m a
y m ar ll th i it k th e p os i ti on of a

s t ro n
g tow er at t h e s a e n li t .

2
ch rif t d D ut c he P l ti n Ver e i s vol viii P l 8
Z e it s es e s n a as a n , .
, . .

3
G uth e h old t h s m e v i e w ( i bid v iii p s e a .
, ,
.

4
S c h ick w ri te m e ly to ay th t th s n d t h i w as f oun d w o ul d h ve
“
a

q
s, er s a i a s ,

b e e n t s h ow th t I did n o t un de t n d th i n gs o f a t i ui ty Q
( a t ly
”
o a u rs a n r er

S t t m e t 18 9 3 p
a e n T h i e x p la i n h is w i s h t o i de n ti f y e ve y i s ol te d
, , . s s r a

f ra gm e n t of m a son ry .

5
S c h ick
i n d w al w y s op e n an d h e n e ve n gl e ct d to p ubli sh n e w
’
s m as a ,
r e e

f c t e v n w h e n th e y di p ove d h is th e o i e s T h u in h i p ap Th e “
a s e on s r r . s, s er

S t e o f t h e C h u c h o f t h e H ol y S e p ul c h e
i (
r Q u t ly S t t em t 18 9 8 p r a r er a en , , .

145 fi t) h e ck n o w l e dge th at t h e vi e w o f t h e lie of t h e ro ck up o n w h ic h h e

, a s

b a se d h is th e o y o f t h e dit c h of th e s e c ond w all w a s w ron g

r .
 13 6

p ositi on of th is wall an d its distan c e f rom th e ci tad e l

Th e , ,

s a t isfi e s t h e re qui re m e n ts of th e n arrat iv e of J os e p h us Bu t .

t h e r e is n o e vid e n c e t h at th e w all e xt e n d e d n ort h of E or s ou th ,

of t h e p ool ; a n d n on e of t h e e xist e nc e of a di tc h unl e ss a s is , ,

p robabl e t h e P ool of H e z e kiah for m e d p art of on e

,
“ 1 Th e ”
.

c h ara ct er of t h e m as on ry at E is als o di ffe re n t from th at at

2

E and E 1
Th e P orta J udtc tarta o ccupi e s t h e right p osi t i on for
.

t h e n ort h g at e in t h e w all but h e r e ag ain t h e re is n o e vid e nc e , ,

a n d t h e t radi t i on m ay b e n ot h i n g m ore t h an a r e mi nisc e nc e of t h e

f a c t t h a t at t h e p oint w h e re t h e sec ond w a ll cr oss e d t h e m ai n

st re e t t h e re w as an i m p ort an t g at e w ay .

A ss um i n g t h a t t h e t o w e r P s e p h in us w as a t t h e n ort h w e s t -

a n gl e of t h e m od e rn cit s e e Fi w h e r e it is p la c e d by m o st
y ( g .

c om m e n tat ors t h e t e n t of T itus w ould h av e b e e n quit e 3 00 y ards

,

f r om an y p oi n t of t h e s ugge s t e d w all E E E b ut not s o far

1
, , , ,

f rom t h a t re p re s e n t e d by A D E , , .

C ond e r m ai n t ai n s t h a t
2
t h e n at ure of t h e g rou n d ad m its of
”
n o oth e r li n e but on e w h ic h s t art e d n e ar t h e T ow e r of D a vid “
.

Bu t at t h e p e ri od w h e n t h e wall w a s fi rs t b uilt c omm and w as a

s e c on d ary c onsid e ra t i on an d t h e oc c up ati on of th e h ig h e r g roun d
,

w as n ot n e c e ss ar y f or d e f e nc e .

Th e third V i e w is t h at t h e sec ond w all c om m e n c e d a t t h e

tr adi t i on al G at e G e n ath ( L ) an d ran n orth w ards p ast s om e , ,

f r a gm e nts of m a s on ry ( M M ) m e nti on e d by P i e rott i

l
,
3
t o th e ,

re m ai n s in t h e R ussi an C onv e n t H an d t h e P orta J u d c iarta J

( ) i ( ) .

T h e n c e it f oll ow e d t h e lin e pr op os e d by S c h ick t o th e Ant onia 4 .

Th e t ra di t i on a l G at e G e n at h s tan ds on an a cc um ul a t i on of
rubbis h n o l e ss t h an 2 5
5 f e t de ep a n d i t is pr ob abl n ot e arli e r
5
e y ,

t h an t h e fi f th or six th c e n tu ry S o li t tl e is kn ow n of th e .

1
T h i s vi e w is h e l d by M . C l e rm o n t -C an n e a u
( Q u
a r t e r ly S ta te me n t , 190 1,
p .

2
Qu y S ta te me n t 18 8 3 , p 7 3
a r te r l , . .

3
J e rus a le m E xp lore d, , 3 3 i .

4
hi
T s v ew i is m a i n t in
a ed by P i e ro ( )
Lu F urr e r,
A rt ttiG olgo a , in . th
S c h e n ke l ic P G e rm e r-D ura n d ( E r/10 3 d Or ie n t vol
’
B ile l L e x an d R
’
s on ; . .
, .

v i,
pp .

Re c ove r
y f
o J e r us a le m ,
p . 276 .
 13 7

m a s on ry s ee n by P i e r ot ti
t h at n o opini on c an h e form e d as to its
d at e It m ay h ave b e l on g e d t o a w all s e para ting t h e ba zfirs fr om
.

t h e qu a rt e r of t h e t own t o t h e w e st T h e p rincipal obj e cti o ns to .

t h e t h i rd vi e w are t h e s m all ar e a t h e w a ll w ould e ncl os e

; the
cl os e p roxi m ity f or a c onsid e rabl e di s ta nc e of t h e wa ll to t h e
, ,

princip al str e e t of t h e city t h e app are nt abs e n c e of a ny i mpo r

t an t ruin s b e t w e e n t h e p o in t s L an d H an d t h e e xiste nc e of n o
visibl e t ra c e of a ditc h .

T h e on l y s af e c on clusi on s e e m s t o be t h at n o c e rtai n tr a c e of
t h e sec ond w all h as e t b e e n f ound P ssibl t h f t h
y o y o n e o r o e r o e .

is ol a t e d m ass e s of mas onry n otic e d a b ov e may be a fragm e nt o f

t h a t w all or m ark i t s p osi ti on at a p a rticul a r p oi n t ; but n on e
,

of t h e m si n gl y or c oll e ctiv e ly s uppl y d e finit e e vid e n c e with

, ,

re gard t o t h e c ou rs e of th e w a ll or th row lig h t up o n t h e que sti on ,

w h e th e r i t includ e d or e xclud e d th e si t e of t h e C h u rc h of t h e
Hol y S e pulc h r e T h e m a ssiv e m as on ry at E w e st of C h ris ti a n
.

S tre e t app e a rs t o m e t o h av e f orm e d part of t h e se c on d w a ll but ,

e xt e n sive e xc av a t i on a l on e c a n s h ow w h e t h e r t h is is th e c as e ,

a n d if s o w h e re t h e w a ll t u rn e d e a st a n d w h e re it c ro ss e d t h e
, , ,

st re e t Kluin ez Z e tt a n d t h e Ty rop oeon Vall e y

-
.

T H IR D WA LL .

T h e tlztrd w a ll c om m e n c e d at th e tow e r H ipp ic us w h e nc e it

“
,

e xt e n d e d as far as t h e n ort h qu art e r t o t h e t ow e r P s e p hi n us ,

af t e r w h ic h i t adv a n c e d until it c am e o pp o sit e t h e t om bs o f

H e e a Que e n of A diabe n e an d p rol onge d t h r ough th e r oy al

l n l
, , ,

c av e s 2 b e n t rou n d a t a t owe r a t t h e c orn e r by w h a t is c all e d t h e

,

Full e r s T om b and j oi n ing t h e old e n ci rcli ng w a ll e n d e d at t h e

’

, ,

”
ra vi n e c all e d Kid ro n
3
T h e w a ll w as 15 fe e t th ick an d 3 0 fe e t
.

h igh I t w as b uilt wi th larg e sto n e s s o th a t it c ould no t be

.

e asil y min e d or s h ak e n by b att e ring r am s

,
T h e t ow e r P s e p h in us .

w as o ct ag o nal an d 10 5 in h e ig h t ,
.

I n t h e n orth e rn p art of t h e w a ll opp o sit e t h e T omb o f ,

He l e n a th e re w a s a ga t e w ay p ro t e ct e d by t h e
,
Wome n s “ ’

1
d i rr w p i)
'
1 i
‘
EA év ns p my i
e wv .
2
8 rd a wnAa lwv B a m M mbv .

h
J o s e p us , Wa rs ,
v, 4 ,
2, 3 .
 13 8

T ow e rs f r om r oad t o S h e c h e m (N ablus) ran

th is t h e m ain

n or th w ard a c ross th e pl at e au in a s t r aight li n e On th e w e st .

sid e of t h e road c e rtainl y an d p rob abl y on th e e as t sid e als o t h e , ,

gr ound w as o cc upi e d by e n cl os e d gard e ns an d t h e ir walls f e nc e s , ,

an d di t c h e s re n d e re d t h e f re e m ov e m e n t of t r oops i m p ossibl e 1
.

T h e wa ll w as c om m e n c e d by King Agripp a c irc a A D 41 but ,

. .
,

a tt e n t i on h a ving b e e n d raw n t o its e xc e p ti on al str e ngt h i t s c om ,

le t io n w as f orbidd e n b C l audi us C ae s ar Th e s t at e of t h e w a ll
p y .

wh e n w ork up on i t w as susp e n d ed is unkn own ; on t h is p o in t

J os e p h us is n ot cl e ar 2 bu t it w ould app e ar from h is a cc ount of a
,

r e c onn aiss an c e by T i t us 3 th at m or e p rogre ss h ad b e e n m ad e on , .

t h e e a st an d n ort h f ron t s t h a n on th e w e s t Th e w all w as .

r e st ore d af t e r t h e re t re at of C e stius an d c om pl e t e d by th e
4
,

insurg e n t J e ws b e fore t h e si e g e by T i tus c omm e nc e d .

Th e third w a ll w as b uil t t o pr ot e c t t h e suburbs t o t h e n ort h

'

o f t h e T e m pl e w h ic h h aving g rown up sinc e t h e c om pl e ti on of

, ,

t h e C astl e of A n t on i a by H e r od w e re n ot su ffi ci e ntl y p rot e ct e d ,

ag ai n st t h e a t t a ck of a n e n e m T h e city h a d g rad ua ll c re pt
“
y y .

b e y ond i t s e n ci rcli n g w a lls an d th e in habitan ts f orm ing in to on e , ,

ci ty th e p arts t o t h e n orth of t h e T e m pl e in a dditi on t o th e h ill ,

a dv an c e d t o a c onsid e rabl e dist an c e an d t h us a f ourth h ill w h ic h , ,

”
is c all e d B e z e th a w as sur r oun d e d wi th dw e lling h ous e s 5 Th e
, .

bill kn own as B e z e t h a w a s opp osit e t o t h e C a s t l e of Ant oni a ,

a n d w a s s e p ara t e d f rom i t b a r ock h e w n ditc h w h ic h is s t ill -

y ,

in p art V isibl e It w as th e h ig h e s t of th e h ills up on w h ic h

, .

J e rusal e m w as t h e n buil t an d m ay s afe ly b e id e n tifi e d at t h e ,

ridg e st re tc h i n g n ort h w ard f rom t h e T ur k is h b arra cks There .

w ould s e e m t o h av e b e e n t w o s ub urbs c all e d B e z e th a or ,

Kain op olis N e w C ity t e th e upp e r an d t h e l ow e r a n d f rom

,
“
, . .
, , ,

t h e dis t inc t i on w h ic h J o s e p h us a pp are n t l y m ak e s b e t w e e n t h e , ,

1
W a rs ,
iv, 2 , 2 .

3
W ork w as t
s op e d af e r
p laid ( W t v 4 t h e f o un dat i on s h ad b e e n a rs , , ,

A g i pp a di d be f o e h e h a d b ui l t t h e w ll a s h i gh a s h e i t e de d
r e r a n n

( W s ii 1 1
ar , A gri pp a f orti fi e d t h e w all s th at i n c l ude d th e
, ,
New
p tly w ide i n g d p artl y m ki g th m h i gh e ( A nt
”
C ty
i ,
ar n an i 7 a n e r . x x, ,

W v 6 2 a rs , , ,
4
. W ii 2 2 1 a rs , , , .

5
lVa r s , v, 4, 2 .
 140

pl ac e d at t h e T om bs of t h e Ki n gs
“
but t h is w e ll kn ow n ,

s e p ulc h re is t oo far from t h e city f e e t — or n e arly four a n d

‘

a h al f s t adi a f rom t h e D am asc us G at e I t w ould app e ar f rom .

t h e dis t anc e s giv e n b e l ow 1 t h a t if t h e P ort a J udic iaria (J on pl an

, ,

Fig . w h ic h p ossibl y m a rks t h e p osi t i on of t h e n orth g a t e o f

t h e sec on d wa ll w a s t h e p oin t of origi n t h e kn oll ( W on pl an )

, , ,

on w h ic h C on d e r l o c a t e s t h e t om b of C h ris t is t h e m os t pr ob abl e ,

sit e f o t h e py ram ids

r 2 I f on t h e oth e r h an d dist an c e s w e re
.
, ,

m e as ur e d f rom a p oi n t at or n e ar t h e D am a sc us G at e t h e ,

cis t e rn ( U on pl a n ) t o t h e e a s t of th e r oad t o t h e T om bs of th e “

Kings c ould p e r h a ps s atisfy th e c o ndi t i ons a s re gards dist an c e

, ,
.

Th e w a ll of Ag ripp a app e ars t o h av e b e e n pl an n e d on a sc a l e

of H e r odi an gr an d e ur T h at p orti on of it w h ic h cl os e d an d
.
,

”
still cl os e s t h e S t Ann e s R avin e is a m agnific e n t sp e ci m e n of
, .
’
,

m u ra l m a s onry an d th e re is n o r e as on t o s up p os e t h at t h e
'

r e m aini n g s e c ti on s so far a s th e y h ad p rogre ss e d d uri n g th e

,

King s re ign w e re c on s t ruct e d w i th l e ss skill

’
, Lik e si m ila r .

d e fe n c e s of t h e p e ri od t h e wall w as p rob abl y pr ot e c t e d by a

,

ditc h e xc e p t in t h os e pl ac e s w h e r e it c rosse d a ravi n e or st ood

,

ab ov e sc a rp e d rock T h e i n surg e n t J e ws h ad s uffi ci e n t ti m e

.

b e fore th e si e g e t o c om pl e t e th e w all in a cc ord anc e w it h th e

o rigi n al d e sig n s but th e f il d pp are ntl t o t ak e full a dvan
y a e
, a y
t ag e of t h e i r O pp ort un ity I n pl ac e s t h e wall w a s fi n is h e d .

h urri e dl y an d th e di t c h p rob abl y w as n ot e xc av at e d e v e ry

,

w h e re t o i t s full d e p th Wh e n h ow e v e r e v e ry all ow an c e is .

1
D i s tan c e f rom t h e T om b s of th e Ki n gs t o t h e Dam as us G a c te 2630 f t .

P or t a J udic iaria 3 47 0
L e gi o n a ry F o rtre s s 448 0
C i s t e rn U to th e D am a s c us G at e 15 00
P orta J ud c ar 1 1 1a 23 7 0
L e gi o ry F ortre s s
na 338 0
Kn oll W to t h e D m as c u G te
a s a 8 50
P o ta J ud1C ar a
r 1 1 17 20
L e gio n ai v F o rtre ss 27 3 0
h it
J os e p us gi ve s th e di s ta n c e f rom t h e P y ra m i ds t o t h e C y 18 00

Th i i de t i fi cati o n w s fi t p op o e d by P i e rott i ( J e ru l m E
'
~
s n a rs r s sa e x

p le
re d i, , A t th e k ll th e re is a ro ck
p l atf o rm
no o u hl y s c arp e d o
g
ll r n a

s i de s ( Q u t ly S t t m e t 18 8 3 p
ar er a e n , ,
.
 141

m ad e f or h a sty c om pl e ti on a nd f re qu e nt d e moliti ons t he fac t ,

re m a ins t h a t a w ork of suc h m agnitud e c ould n o t h av e dis

a pp e are d wi th o ut l e aving d e finit e t ra c e s o f its e m s t e n c e S uc h

’

t ra c e s are visibl e in th at p o r ti on of t h e p re s e nt n orth wall w h ic h ,

c omm e ncing at th e J afi a G at e a n d e nding a s h ort dista nc e e a st

‘

”
S t Ann e s R avin e e ncl os e s t h e n ort h e rn quart e r of t he
’
of t h e
“
,
.

city N orth of t h at wall n o c ontinu ous ditc h n o fragm e nt of

.
,

a t ow e r an d n o ma s onr t h a t c ould h av e f orm e d p art of a cit

, y y
w a ll h a s y e t b e e n f ound 1
Th e p re s e n t city w a ll is p ro t e ct e d by
.

a c o n t in uous ro ck -h e wn s c a rp t h e b as e s of m a n f t h t w rs
y o e o e ,

a re ro ck h e wn a n d h e re a n d t h e re t h e m a s on r is e xc ll nt 2 I t
, y e e .

i n clud e s th e h ill B e z e th a a n d th e g rou n d n orth of t h e Te m pl e ,

”
up on w h ic h t h e sub urbs m ust h av e st ood I t cr oss e s t h e .

e a s t e rn sp ur of t h e pl a t e au at t h e m o st c onv e ni e nt p oi n t w h e re

q
,

t h e un d e rg roun d uarri e s f a cilitat e d t h e e xc ava ti on of a br oad ,

d e e p ditc h an d it r un s th roug h t h e s e q uarri e s as th e third w a ll

,

ran t h roug h t h e R o al C av e s an d ag re e s g e n e ra ll y with a ll t h a t

y ,

J o s e p h us s ay s wit h re gard to t h e out e r lin e of d e fe n c e .

Th e obj e c ti on s t o a w a ll n ort h of t h e p re s e n t o n e a pa rt f rom ,

t h e a bs e n c e of disti n c t t ra c e s of a dit c h a n d m ura l m a s on ry a re .

,

t h a t suc h a w all w as n ot n e c e ssary for t h e d e fe n c e of B e ze tha ,

t h a t it w ould h av e e n cl os e d m uc h un oc c upi e d g roun d th a t its ,

w id e f ront w ould h av e b e e n a s e ri ous s ourc e of w e akn e ss a n d ,

t h at a v e ry m uc h larg e r g arris on w ould hav e b e e n re quir e d

f or its d e f e n c e th an t h e r e is an y re a s on t o supp os e w as e v e r
qu art e re d a t J e rusal e m I t m ay h e r e m ark e d a ls o th at t h e re is
.

n oth ing in t h e hi st ory of t h e city d uring t h e p e ri od f r om t h e

d e at h o f H e rod t h e G re a t t o t h e a c c e ssi on of Agripp a t o j usti fy

t h e b e li e v e r t h a t t h e g rowt h of t h e p opul a ti on had b e e n so gr e a t

1 l as t th i ty y e r c on s i de r bl e p a t of th p late a u o rth
D uri n g t h e r a s a a r e n

o f th e i ti g w all h a b n c ov re d w i th h ouse s an d gard s ; but t h

ex s n s ee e en e

ex c vati o c r i e d o ut du i n g t h e b ui l di g op ti o n h ave di c lo ed not h i ng

a ns a r r n e ra s s s

w h ic h up p t s t h e vi w th t t h e ci ty at
s or ey t i m e e x c e d d it p re e n t
a ,
an ,
e e s s

l i m i ts F o t h o p i n io n of D R obi o n n t h l i e f t h e th i d w a ll e e
. r e r . ns o e n o r , s

A p p n di x V III
e .

2
A t e ve ral p oi n ts S c h ick f o un d t h e re m a i n s o f a n an c i e n t w a l l
s fe w a

f t out i d t h e p se t o n e
ee s e re n .
 142

as j us t ify suc h a wid e e xt e n si o n of its li m its e it h e r on t h e

to

e a s t e rn o r t h e w e s t e rn h ill .

On t h e w h ol e th e r e fore it app e ars pr ob abl e th at t h e third

, ,

w all in t h e ti m e of t h e si e ge f oll ow e d app roxi m at e l y th e s am e

lin e s as th e e xisti n g n or th w all of J e rusa l e m .

3 The Wa lls of the R oman Camp A D 7 0— 13 2 — J e rus al e m

.
, . . .
,

a f t e r its c ap t ure by t h e R om an s b e c am e a L e gi on ar f or t r e ss o r
y , ,

p e rm an e n t C am p an d it s o re m ai n e d un til t h e r e v ol t of t h e
“

J e ws in t h e re ign of H ad ri an (A D N o re c ord of t h e siz e . .

”
of t h e C am p “
h as b e e n p re s e rv e d ; n o t radi t i on e xis t s wit h
r e gard t o i t s p osi t i on ; a n d n o trac e of i t s li m i t s h as y e t b e e n
found .

T it us w h e n ord e ring t h e d e m oliti on of t h e f ort ific a ti ons of

,

”
t h e ci ty d e cid e d t o sp ar e t h e w e st w a ll of t h e Upp e r C i ty “
, ,

t h at i t m igh t s e rv e a s a b arr ack f or h is tr oops ; an d t h e th re e

t owe rs Ph a s aelus Hip p ic us an d M ari am n e t h at th e y m igh t
, , ,

s h ow f ut u re g e n e rati ons h ow st rong t h e d e f e n c e s of J e rus al e m

h ad b e e n T h e tr oops l e f t by T itus as a garris on c onsist e d of
.

t h e T e n th L e gi on Fre t e n sis wi th c e rtain auxili ari e s — t roops of

, ,

h ors e m e n an d c om p ani e s of f ootm e n

,
1
F r om th e ab ov e i t m ay .

be in f e rr e d th a t t h e n ort h w e st angle of t h e C am p w as n e ar
- “

t h e J affa G a t e w h e re t h e f ortifi e d p al a c e of H e rod an d t h e th re e

,

t ow e rs st ood U n fortun at e l y n oth i n g is kn ow n of th e s t e ps

.
,

w h ic h t h e R om an e n gi n e e rs t ook t o c onv e rt J e rus al e m i n to a

L e gi on ary f or tr e ss Th e Ci rcu m s tan c e s w e re s o e xc e pti on al th a t
.

t h e y m ay h av e ab an d on e d t h e i r n ormal arrang e m e n t s On .

t h e oth e r h and it s e e m s p rob abl e th a t th e y c arri e d o ut t h e i r

,

w ork in a cc ord anc e wi th t h e g e n e ra l p rincipl e s g ov e r n ing th e

c ons truc t i on of f ortifi e d c am ps an d th at w h e r e v e r i t w a s , ,

p ractic abl e t h e y utilis e d th e e xis t i n g f ortific ati ons

,
.

”
Th e Upp e r C ity w a s d e f e n d e d on its n orth w e s t a n d
“
, ,

s ou th sid e s by t h e firs t w all an d on i t s e as t sid e by a w a ll ,

th at ran al ong th e low cli ff on t h e right of th e Ty rop oe on

1
J os e p h us , Wa r s vi 1 1, 1, 2 Th e l gi o n o t h e
e r b ul k of it w a
qt
,
.
, , s

do ub tl e ss uarte re d at lem ;
J e r us a th e a ux i l i ar i e s m y a h ave garri son e d
t
f or s at im p o r an t p oi n ts in J udae a .
 144

1
wall of th e m od e rn city . An a ppr oxi mat e re c tangl e w e ll
,

P ALE S T IN E EXPLORA TI ON F U ND

O . 50 0 10 0 0 2 0 00 3 0 0 0 Fe e t
En g /15 h
6 0 0 /h t
“
0 I 2 3 4 5 t a d ra
Oly m ic
p

P I G lO
. .
-C AM P on T H E T E NT H LE GI O N AT J E RU S AL E M .

d e fe n d e d 0 11 all sid e s , a n d of th e r e gul ati on siz e w ould th us

,
be

T he h as be e n tis f acto l an t i on o f t h e ori gi n of th e

q
re n e ve r sa ex a
an
y r
y p
s outh w al l of J e rus a l e m w h ic h ,
f or no os te n s i b l e re as o e x cl ude s
n, a uarte r
 145

f orm e d on th e high e s t
p t h ill Acc ording t o this vie w
ar of the .
1

”
t h e C am p e xt e nd e d appr oxi m a t e l
y f ro m
, D a vi d S tr e e t to ,

t h e s outh w all an d f r om t h e w e st w all to t h e c onduit f r om

,

’ ”
S ol om on s P ools .

T h e f or t ific a ti ons n ot u t ilis e d in t h e c on st ruc ti on of the

“

C am p w e r e d e m o lis h e d an d on t h e s outh t he d e m oli t i on appea rs

”
,

t o h av e b e e n c om pl e t e 2
H ow far th is w as th e cas e on t h e n ort h
.

is unkn own bu t i t is r e as on abl e t o supp os e th at th os e po rtions of

,

t h e sec ond an d third w alls in t h e i m m e di at e vici n i ty of th e “

C am p w e re o v e rth r own an d t h a t t h e g round w as l e v e ll e d o ve r ,

t h e i r ruins Th e R om an e ngi n e e rs would n ot h av e n e gl e ct e d

.

suc h an obvi ous m ili tary pr e c auti on an d h a v e l e ft c ov e r f or ,

a p o ssibl e e n e my in cl os e pr oxi m ity to th e i r d e fe nc e s I ns id e .

”
t h e C am p t h e p ri n cip al s tre e t of t h e a n ci e n t city t h e lin e of
, ,

w h ic h is s t ill pr e s e rv e d n o d oubt b e cam e th e Via p rin c ip a lis with, ,

its N orth e rn G at e n e ar t h e s outh -ea s t c orn e r of t h e Muris tan an d ,

its S ou th e rn G at e a t t h e sp ot w h e re t h e S i on G at e sto od b e for e

t h e w a lls w e re re b uilt by S ul ta n S ul e i m an Th e We st G at e w as .
,

pr obably at or n e ar t h e gat e in th e w e st wall m e n ti on e d by

,

M uk addas i A D , . but n o t rac e r e m ains of th is gat e or of t h e

.

s tr e e t w h ic h m ust h av e le d e astward from it P ossibl y th e .

Arm e n i an gard e ns on th e w e s t an d t h e w as t e gr ound on th e ,

s out h 4 r e pr e s e n t on t h os e sid e s th e cl e ar spa c e s t hat w e r e

a lw ay s l e f t b e t w e e n t h e w alls an d t h e qua rt e rs of t h e s o ldi e rs .

th at m ust h ave b e e n on e o f t h e p l e s an t t in th e a n cie nt ci ty T h e true a es .

s o l ut i on of th e p obl e m e e ms t
r be th t th e s C am p e xis te d as a m ilitarv
o a

s ta ti on l o g a f te t h e re i g o f H ad i a n a n d th t e ve t u a ll h e n th e
w

q
a n
n r n y r ,

rr i s on of J e us a l e m w as n o m i a l a d t h
r C am p w as n o l on ge r re ui red
n n e
g a , ,

it s so uth w a ll b e c am e th e s o ut h e r l i m i t o f th e ci t y n .

I w as fo m e rly of Op i i o n th at t h e l i m i t of t h e U p p e r C ity w e re “

q
r n s

th ose of th e C am p b ut I h ave aba do n e d th i s vi e w in con se ue n ce o f th e

,
”
n

s tr o n g e v i de n ce th a t t h e n o rm a l a e a o f L e gi n a ry f o t e dird n o t vary a o r r ss

g r e a tl y f r o m 5 0 ac e s a n d t h e rf a c t th ,
at t h e are a o f t h e U p p e r Cit y w a s

as m uc h a s 7 4 5 a c re s .

2
S e e th e de s c ip ti on o f t h e s tat e o f t h e old w all s b y Dr B l i ss ( B lis s an d
r .

D ickie E c v ti o s t J u l m 18 94
,
x a a n a er sa e ,

3 G uy ls S tran ge , P a le s t in e unde r th e M od e m , pp . 2 14-17 . T he ga t e

w as c all e d B ab e t -Tik .

4 D uri n g t h e last 50 y e ars m os t of this g ro un d h a s be e n take n up f or

l i
b ui d n g .
 146

Ou t sid e t h e C am p R oman an d for e ig n m e rc h an t s a n d

“
,

th os e J e ws w h o h ad take n n o part in w ar w ould s e t t l e d own ,

a m ids t t h e ruins of t h e a nci e n t ci t y f or t h e purp os e s of t ra d e .

T h e s e squ att e rs p rob abl y re buil t t h e old b a z ars th at lay b e t w e e n

t h e first an d sec ond wa lls ; a n d th os e of th e m w h o w e re n ot J e ws
1

m ay h a v e e r e c t e d a s m all t e m pl e or s h rin e of Ast ar t e on - a

si t e s o c onv e ni e nt t o th e b a z ars as t h at n ow o ccupi e d by th e

C h urc h of t h e H ol y S e pulc h re Wh e th e r an y canaboe gr e w up .

t o t h e s ou th o f t h e C am p is unc e rt ai n bu t it is pl e as an t
“
,

t o th ink th a t C hris t i a n f am ili e s m ay h av e s e tt l e d d own in

th is l o c ali ty af t e r th e ir r e t urn from P e lla an d th at t h e y m ay ,

h ave fou n d e d t h e m oth e r c h urc h of S i on

“
on t h e r ui n s of

t h e h ous e in w h ic h C h ris t h ad p ar t ak e n of t h e L a s t S upp e r ,

wi th His discipl e s Wi th in t h e w a lls of t h e L e gi on ary fortre ss

.

t h e r e c ould h av e b e e n n o c h u rc h s y n ag ogue or t e m pl e , , .

4 The Walls of E lia Cap itolina — Duri n g t h e re v olt of t h e

.

J e ws in th e re ign of Hadr i an t h e C am p a n d t h e suburbs in “ ”

its vicin i ty w e re t ak e n by th e i n surg e n t s a n d re c aptur e d by th e

R om ans H o w far th e y s ufi e re d in th e pr ol on g e d s truggl e it is
.

i m p ossibl e t o s ay ; but i t is re as on abl e t o s up p os e th at w h ilst ,

t h e c ana bae m ay h av e b e e n d e s troy e d t h e s trong w alls of t h e ,

L e gi on ar y f or tre ss w e re n ot s e ri ousl y inj ur e d .

Wh e n H a drian w as abl e t o c arry out h is p roj e c t of r e buildi n g

J e rus a l e m as a h e at h e n ci ty on e of t h e fi rs t s t e ps t h at h e w ould
,

tak e w ould b e t o r e occupy t h e C am p wit h L e gi on ary t r0 0 ps “

,

an d r e s t ore i t s w alls w h e r e th e y h ad b e e n br e ac h e d Th e .

p re s e n c e of a l arg e R om an g ar ris on in t h e Upp e r C i ty of “

J os e p h us is i n dic a t e d by s e v e ra l c e n turi al i n scrip ti ons on th e

tub e s of th e st on e sy p h on of t h e H igh L e v e l Aqu e duc t 2
T h is “
.
”

1
h ap p e a s to h ave b e e n th e be li e f a t th c om m e nc e m e n t of th e
T is r e

t we lf th c e n tury f o S ae w ulf w rite th t th e C h urc h of t h e H oly S e p ul c h r

,
r s a e

s i tua te d o t h e de c l i vity o f M o un t S i on a w s t h e ci ty i t e lf ; a f te
“
w as n ,
s a s r

th at t h e R o m an -p i c e s T itus a d Ve s p ian h ad by t h e ve n ge n c e o f
r n ,
n as ,
a

t h e L o d de t oy d f ro m t h e f o un dat i on s t h e w h ol e ci ty of J e us al e m
”
r s r e r .

( P a le s tin e iv)
“
P i lg r ims T e x ts , vol

q
. .

2
Th e aue duc t m ay h a ve b e e n c on s truc te d by H e rod t h e G re at w h e n
h e b ui lt his f ort i fi e d p al ac e in th e U p p e r C i ty ( Wa rs v 4 o r it , , ,
 148

a bl e th at Hadri an buil t h is wall n e arl y on th e lin e of th e third

wall of t h e an ci e n t ci ty ; an d t h is vi e w d e rive s s om e s upp ort
f rom t h e M ad e b a m os aic an d f r om t h e It i n e r ary of th e B ord e aux
P ilgri m I n t h e f or m e r city gat e s are cl e arly s h o wn in p osi t i ons
.
,

t h at are appr oxi m at e ly th os e of th e p re s e n t Jafi a D am asc us an d

’

, ,

S t S t e p h e n Gat e s
. F rom t h e It i n e rary i t w ould app e ar t h a t t h e
.

B irket I srail th e p ool n ear t h e C h urc h of S t A n n e an d t h e t win

, .
,

p ools n e ar t h e C on v e n t of th e S is t e rs of S i on w e r e wi th i n th e ,

w alls in A D Th e wall of E li a app e ars in f a c t t o h av e

. .
, ,

f oll ow e d t h e c ou rs e of t h e pr e s e n t wall e xc e pt p e rh aps n e ar t h e , , ,

J afi a G at e w h e re it s e e m s t o h av e b e e n d rawn in s o as t o giv e
‘

’
D avid s T ow e r an d t h e cit ad e l a cl e ar f ron t .

S om e i n t e re s ti n g s ugg e sti on s wi th r e gard t o t h e p ublic

buildi n gs of E lia m e n t i on e d in th e P a sc h a l C h ronicl e h av e
r e c e n tly b e e n m a d e by Fath e r G e rm e r Duran d- 2
Th e l e arn e d .

Augusti n i an id e n tifi e s th e Trihameron wi th t h e t e m pl e of Jupi t e r 3

C ap it olin us an d i t s t h r e e c e llae an d c onsid e rs t h e Kodra th at is , ,

u H
”
Q u ad ra t o b e t h e,
gr e a t qu a d ra ng la r e n cl o sur e aram esh S he rif ,
-
,

in w h ic h th e T rik am e ron s t ood H e s e e s in th e t w o demosia .

m un icip a l b ui ld ings c on n e ct e d wi th t h e a d m i n is t rat i on of t h e city ,

a n d in t h e Te trangmp hon a b ath wi th f our p ort ic o s — p o ssibl t h e

y ,

P ool of S il oam w h ic h a cc ordi n g t o t h e B ord e aux P ilgri m w as

, , ,

4
n ad rip ortic us T h e D odekap glon h e r e g ards a s t h e d oubl e c ol on
g .

n ad e of th e principa l t h or ough fare divid e d by th re e tetrap glon s an d ,

its n am e th e st e ps h e e xp lai n s by t h e s t e ps in t h e s tr e e t B ut
, , .

in th is l as t c a s e an id e n t ific a t i on wit h s om e p art of t h e f ortifi c a

t i on s or wi th s om e gre at w ork c on n e c t e d wit h th e approac h f rom
,

t h e civil city t o th e t e m pl e of J upit e r w ould s e e m pr e fe rabl e

5
.

1
Th e B or de a ux P a le s t in e P i lg r i ms T e x ts , vol
P i lg ri m .
’
. i .

2
c
E h os d O rien t, 1904, p p 6 5 —7 1 se e also R e vue B i bli gue , 1, p p !3 69—8 7
’
. . .

3
Th e Trik a me ro n w ould m ore n a ural y b e a b u d n g w i r e e va u t e d t l il i th th l
roo m s lik e th e B as i l ica o f M a x en ti us at R om e but th e i de tifi c ation

q
n

p rop os e d a bove is uit p o s ib l e

e s .

4
P a le s ti n e P i lg r ims
’
T e x ts , vo l
. i .

5
The a p p ro ac h ap p e ars to h ave b e e n by a v aduc , p e r ap s i t h re a c h e d by
t
s e s , at
p W i l s on ’
s Ar ch .
”
Th e D o de k ap g lon m ay ref e r t o t h e c ol um n s in
f ron t of te m p l e of J up ite r
th e an d th e t
s ep s th at le d up t o th e p l atf orm
up on w h ic h t h e y s tood .
 149

A PP E N D I X I .

L IS T OF A U TH OR S AN D AU T HOR ITI ES R EFER R E D T o .

A l e xan de r ab A l e x an dro . D ies G en ia les .

A l e x an de r M on ac h us . D e I n ven tion s S a n e ies Galois .

Ep is tola a d E us ta thium .

Alf ord, H . Th e Greek T es ta m en t .

A m b ro se . E xp osition S t L uke s Gosp e l f

o .
’
.

Commen ta ry on P sa hn x lvii .

L e tter to H orontia n us .

A n as tasius S in a ita . H ex am eron .

A n drea s , A rc h b ish op of C re t e On the E x a lta tion

. of the Cros s .

A po stoli ca l C on stit uti on , Th e .

A ppian . Th e H is tory f
o R ome .

A rc ulf us . N a rra tive ut the H oly P la ces

a bo .

A th an asi us . D e P a ss ion e e t Cruee D om ini .

A ugustin e . S er mones S upp osi titii .

B arc l ay , J . T . Th e City of th e Grea t Ki ng .

B aron ius , C . E ccles ias tic al A nn a ls .

B art oloc c i, J . B ibliothe c a R a bbinica .

B a sil Of C e s are a . Comme nt a ry on I s a ia h .

B asil of S e le ucia . Ora tion 38 .

B a s n age , J . de B . H is toire des J uifs .

B e de , T h e V e n e ra b l e . On the H oly P la ces .

Trea tis e on S t M a tthe w . .

B e rn ard t h e W is eI tin era ry in the H oly L a nd

. .

B li s s , F J . and A D i ck i e E x ca vat ions a t J erus a lem

. . .

B orde aux P il gri m , T h e I tin era ry to J erus a lem . .

B ove t, F Voy age en Te rre S a in te

. .

B ra n dt, W . Die E va ng e lis che Ges chic h te und de r Ursp rung des
Chris te n th ums .

B re vi ary of J e rus a l e m , T h e .

B urc h ard of M oun t S i on . A D es crip tion f

o the H oly L a n d .

B y n aeus , A . D e Morte J es u Christi .

C aignart de S a ul cy , L F J . . . N umis ma ti ue de la Te rra S a inte q .

 15 0

C alis tus , N . E cc lesias tic a l H is tory .

C e dre n us , G . Comp en dium o

f H is tory .

C h aplin , T . A rtic les in Q ua rterly S ta te me n t f

o th e P a lest in e Exp lora
tion F und .

C h a te aub ri a n d, F R de I tine ra ire de P a ris «2 J erusa lem

’
. . . .

C h ry s ostom . C ommen ta ry on S t J ohn . .

Ora tion 5 ag a in s t th e J e ws .

H omily 8 b .

C l ark e , E D . . Tra ve ls in th e H oly L a n d .

C l ar k e , T . F oreig n Theolog ica l L ibrary .

C l os , E M
. . Kre uz a nd Gra b J esu .

C ode x Th e odos i an us .

C on d e r, C ol on e l C . H a ndbook to the B ible .

Te n t Work in P a les tin e .

C y p ri an . Ep is tola ad Corn elium P ap a m dc c a rdin a li bus

C y ril Of J e rus al e m . Ca te ch e t ic a l L e c tures .

L e tter to Cons ta n tius .

D an i e l , T h e A bb ot P i lg rimage to th e H oly L a n d
. .

D aw s on J , . W . Egy p t a n d S y ria .

D e S aul c y .
( S ee C a ign art .
)
D ic ti on ary Of t h e B i b l e , T h e , by R e v J H asti n gs , D D . . . .

D i c tion ary of th e B i b l e , T h e , by S ir VV S m ith , L L D . . .

D i dy m us A l e x an dr i n us . D e Tr in ita te .

D illm an n , C F A D as Ch ris tliche A da mbuc h des Morg e nla ndes

'

. . . .

D i on C assi us . Th e H is tory of R ome .

E c h os d O rie n t
’
.

Ede rs h e im , A . The L rye an d T im es o

f J es us th e Mess ia h .

E n cy c l op ae dia B ibli ca , T h e .

E p ip h an ius . D e Men s uris et P on dibus .

A dvers us H wres es .

E rs c h , J . S .
, an d J . G . G riib e r . A llg e me in e E n c y hlop cedi e '

Wisse n
haf te n
’

sc a nd I I iin s te .

E uc h e rius The Ep itome a bout c erta in H oly P la ces

’

. .

E us e b i us . The L if e of Cons ta ntine .

The P ra is e of Cons ta n tin e .

Eccles ia s ti ca l H is tory .

Th e D e mons tra tion o

f th e Gosp el .

Th e On om as t ic on .

On the Th e op ha nia .

E uty c h ius of Al e x an dria . Th e A nn als .

E w a l d. H . J a hrbiic her der B iblis chen '

Wiss en s ch aft .
 15 2

J e rom e . Ep is tola ad Da rda n um .

P a ulin um .

P a ulee et E us toc hi i a d Ma rc ella m .

J e w ish E n cy c lop aedia T h e

q
.
,

J o s e p h us T he A n ti uities of
. th e J e ws .

The Wa rs of t he J e ws .

J usti n M arty r The Ap ology . .

The Dia log ue wi th Tryp ho .

J uve n c us . E va ng e lic a H is toriee ’

.

Ke i m, C . T . Th e H is tory o f J es us of N a za ra .
( T ra n sl at e d by

A R a n s om
. .
)
Korte , J . R e is e na ch dem weila n d G elobten -L ande .

L agarde , P A de On oma s tic a S ac ra

q
. . . .

Lagran g e , P A r tic les in R evue B ibli ue

q
. .

L an g l o i s , V Un c h ap i tre in edit de la u es tion des S a in ts Lie u

’

q
. x .

L e S aige , J ac ue s . Voy a ge a R om e, J erus a lem, ( fie .

L e S tran ge , G uy . P a les tin e un der th e Mos lems .

L ig ht f o ot , B i s h op . On th e Ep is tle to th e Ep hes ia n s .

L ight f oot , J . H ora )

H e bra ic az e t T a lmudieee .

M a dde n , F W The Coins of th e J ews

. . .

M ad e b a, Th e M o sa i c of D escrip tion in P ales tin e F un d . Qua rterly

S ta te me n t f or 1903 .

M a i m on i de s . S a n he drin .

I n B e it A ba ehria .

M al an , S C Th e B ook of A da m a n d E ve
. . .

M an n in g, S Thos e H oly F ields . .

M ariti , G I s tor ia de lla s ta te p res en te della Citta di Gerusa le mme

. .

M e n z ie s , A Th e E a rlies t Gosp e l . .

M e rri ll , S E a s t of J orda n
. .

M e y e r, H A W C ritica l a nd Ex eg e tic a l Comm en ta ry on the N ew

. . .

T es ta men t .
( T ra n sl a te d b y D i ck s o n .
)
M ig n e , J P . . P a trolog ia Gree ea .

L a tin a .

M il m an , H H T h e H is tory of Chris tia n ity

. . .

M isli n , J L es S a in ts L ie ua
.
'
.

M om m e rt , C Go lg oth a un d das h eilig e Gra b e u J erusalem

. .

M on ac h us , Al e x a n de r De I n ven t ion e S a n e tte Cruc is . .

M on c on y s, B de J ourn a l des Voy ag es . . .

M os e s B ar C e p h a D e P ara dis e . .

Mu n t e r, F C C D er J u dis c he Krieg un ter de n Ka is e rn Traj a n und

'

. . .

H a dria n .
 15 3

M unk , S . P a les tin e, Desc ri p tion geog rap hi ue , hi stor i ue

’

q q et a rc heo

M urray ’
s H a ndbook to R ome .

H a ndbook to P a le s tin e a nd Sy ria .

N e w T e stam e n t, Th e R e vi s e d V e rsi on .

N i c ol ai , J D e S ep ulc hris H e brce or um

. .

N i c o la us de Ly ra Commen ta ry on S t Ma tth e w . . .

N o nn us P an op olita n us P a rap hras e of S t J ohn . . .

Old T e sta m e n t, Th e R e vi s e d V e rs i on .

Orige n . Com me n ta ry on S t Ma tthe w

. .

O ros i us, P . H is tories :

P a l e sti n e E x pl oration F un d, Th e . Me moirs .

Qua rterly S ta teme nt .

P al e sti n e P ilgri m s T e x t s S oc i e ty P ublica tions of E a rly

’
Tra vels in
‘

P a les t ine, e tc .

P as c h a l C h ron i c l e , Th e .

P auli n us of N ola . Ep is tola a d S e ver um .

P hil o J udfe us . L eg a tio a d C a ium .

P h ilon of B y za n ti um . Trea tis e on F ortific a tion .

P i e rot ti , E . J er usa le m E xp lored .

P le s s in g, J . F .Ue be r G olg otha un d Chris ti Gra b .

P roc opi us . The B uildings of J us tin ia n .

P use y , E B . . Th e Libra ry of the F a th ers .

Quare s m ius , F . H is toric a , theologic a et mora lis Te rrce S a n e tte E luc ida tio .

Q uarte rly S ta te m e n t ,
Th e , of th e P a l e sti n e E x p l ora ti on F un d .

Ra m s ay , W M Th e Ch urch in the R oma n E rnp i re

. . .

R e c ue il d A rc h é ologie Ori e n ta l e
’
.

R e in a c h , T . J e wish Coin s .
( T ra n sl a te d b y M H ill . .
)
R e n an , J E Vie de J es us

q
. . .

R e v ue B ibli ue , L a .

R ie h m , E C A . . . H a n dworte rbuc h de s biblis che n A lte rtums .

R obin s on , E . B iblica l R ese a rches in P a les t in e .

R ufi n us . H is toria E cclesia s tica .

S ae w ulf . The P ilgr image to J er us a le m .

S an day , W . The S a cred S ites o

f the Gosp e ls .

'

S c h afi , P .
, an d H . W ac e . N icen e an d P os t-N icen e F a the rs .

S chen ke l, D . B ibel L ex ico n .

 15 4

S c hi ck , C . A rtic les in th e Qua rte rly S ta temen t o f th e P a les tin e

E xp lora tion F un d .

S c h ure r, E . H is tory o
f th e J e wis h P eop le .

S c h um ac h e r, G . P ella .

S c h w ab , M L e Ta lm ud de J erus a le m
’

. .

S e p p, J . N . J erusa lem und da s H eilig e L a n d .

S m ith , Di c tiona ry f
o th e B ible .

S m ith , W .
, an d H . W a ce . D ic tion a ry o f Chris tia n B iog rap hy .

S oc rat e s . H is toria E cc lesias tic a .

S op h ron ius . A n a creon tic a .

D e F es to S a n c tee Crue is .

S ozom e n . H is toria E cc lesias tic a .

S par tian us , E lius . L if e o f the E mp e ror H a dria n .

S p e ak e r s , T h e , C omm e n tary i le
’
on th e B b .

S tan l e y , A . S in a i a nd P a les tin e .

S uc h e m , L udol p h v on . D es c rip tion o f t he H oly La nd .

S ulp i c i us S e v e rus . H is toria S ac ra .

S y lv i a , S t . P ilg rima ge to the H oly P la ces .

S y n c e ll us . Chronograp hia .

T al m ud, T h e , of B a by l o n .

Tal m ud, T h e , of J e rusa l e m .

T ay l or, B ish op J e re m y . The L ife o f Chri s t .

T ay l or, I . A n c ie n t Chris tia n ity .

T e rt ullian . Ap olog ia .

A dvers us J udceos .

A dvers us Ma reionem .

T h e odore t . H is toria E cc les ia s tic a .

T h e odos i us . T he T op og rap hy o f the H oly L a rul .

T h e o p h an e s . Chron ogra p h ia .

Th e op h y lac t . Comm en ta ries on S t Ma rk . a nd St .

T obl e r, T . Itin era H ieros oly mita n a .

U n ge r, F . W . D ie B a ute n C ons ta n tin

’
s des Gross en a m he ilige n Gra bs
z u J er us a lem .

V e g e t ius . M ilita ry I ns titutions .

V i c t ori n us Pic t avie n s is . Hy mn us de Cruc e D omin i .

V it ruvi us . A rchite c t ure .

W ac e H a n d P S c h a fl N i c e n e a n d P os t-N i en e c F a th e
'
r

, . s .
, . .

W a c e H an d W S m ith D ic tion a ry of
,
.
,
'

. . Chris tia n B iograp hy .

W a rre n C The R e cove ry of J erus a lem

, . .

T h e Te mp le and th e T om b .
 A P P E N D I X II .

LIS T or I M P OR TANT D A TES .

I .
— H I S TO R I C A L D AT E S .

T i b e ri us , E m p e ror of R om e
P on ti us P ilat e , P ro c ura t or of J udaea
T h e C ruc i fi x i on
M arc e ll us, P roc urato r of J udaea
C a lig ul a, E m p e ror of R om e
M arty rdom of S te ph e n
C l audi us, E m p e ror of R om e
H e rod A gripp a, K i n g of J udaea
T h e thi rd w all of J e rus al e m b uilt
M art y rdom of J am e s , t h e s on of Ze b e de e
D e a th of H e rod A gr ip pa C us p ius F adus , P roc ura t or of

J udaea
T ib e ri us Al e x an de r P roc urat or of J udaea
,

V e n ti di us C um an us P rocurat or of J udac a
,

C l audi us F e li x P ro c ura tor of J udaea

,

N e ro E m p e ror of R om e
,

P ort ius F e s t us P roc urat or of J udac a

,

D e a th of F e s t us
A l b i n us P roc ura tor of J udac a
,

M arty rdom of J am e s th e b roth e r of t h e L ord

,

G e ss ius F l orus P ro c urat or of J udac a

,

C omm e n c e m e n t of t h e J e w i s h War
F light of t h e C h risti an s t o P e ll a
T h e si e ge a n d c a p t ure of J e rusa l e m by th e R oman s un de r
T it us
P o ssi b l e da t e of t h e re t urn o f t h e Ch ri s ti an s f rom P e ll a .

( S e e p 5
. 4)
J er u s al e m o cc upi e d as a R o m an l e gion ary ca m p
D om iti a n , E m p e ror of R om e
N e rva, E m p e ror of

T raj a n , E m p e ror of R om e
H adri a n , E m p e ror of R om e
 15 7

T in e ius R uf us , G ove rn or of J e rusa l e m

R e be lli on of th e J e w s un de r B a r K o k ba
S up pre ss i on of t h e re b e lli on
H adri an f oun ds t h e c ity f E lia on t h e s ite of J e rus al e m
M arc us A ure li us E m p e ror of R om e
,

D i o c l e ti an E m p e ror o f R om e
,

C on sta nt i n e E m p e ror of R om e
,

T h e C on v e rsi on of C on sta n ti n e
T h e C o un c il of N i c aea
T h e E m p re s s H e l e n a visits J e rus al e m
T h e C h urc h of t h e H ol y S e p ul c h re c omp l e t e d
T h e J e w s re volt an d a re e x p e ll e d f rom J e rusa l e m
T h e C oun c il o f J e rus a l e m
J uli an E m p e ror of R om e
,

J uli an a tte m pt s t o re b uil d t h e t e m pl e

II —
. DA T E s or EA RLY A U T H O RS A RR ANG E D
,
C HR O N OLO G I C AL L Y .

J os e p h us
J us ti n M arty r
T e rt ulli an
D i on C as s i us
Ori ge n
C y p ri an
E use b i us
A th an as i us
D i dy m us Al e x an drin us
H il ar i us
E p ip h an ius
C y ri l of
G re gory N az ian ze n
B a sil of C e sare a
Th e B orde aux P ilgri m s
’
visit to J e rusale m
A m b ros e L i ve d
R ufi n us
J e rom e
C h ry sos t om
A ugusti n e
S ulp i c i us S e ve r us
S ozom e n
 158

A D
. .

S oc ra te s 379
S t S y l vi a s v isit t o J e rusa l e m
’
. 38 5
N on n us P an op olit an us L ive d 38 5 — 440
T h e odore t 3 93— 45 8
E uc h e rius 440
B a sil of S e l e uc ia 448
T h e B re v iary of J e rusa l e m 5 30
T h e odosi us 530
P roc op i us 5 60
A n t on i n us M art y r : 3, 5 60
S op h ron ius I dve d 5 6 4— 6 3 7
Gre gory B is h op of T ours 577
A n as tasi us 599
Th e P a s c a l C h ron i c l e 630
A rc ulf us 6 70
A n dre a s of C re t e 67 5
T h e V e n e rab l e B e de 7 30
W illib al d 754
B e rn ard t h e W is e 8 70
E uty c h ius I five d 8 7 6 9 3 9
Th e op h y lac t 10 7 0
S aew ulf 110 2
T h e A bb ot D an i e l 110 6
M ai m on i de s L i v e d 113 1 1204
W ilbran d von Ol de n b urg ( hra z 12 12

q
J a c ue s de V itry 1226
B urc h ard of M oun t S i on 128 3
F rej us ( O de ri c us de F oro J u111) 13 20
G uilie lm us de B olde n s e ale 133 2
L udolph v on S uc h e m 13 5 0
 16 0

f o ll ow M e , th at th ou m ay e st n o l on ge r lie in th e e arth b ut
”
an d
,

m ay e s t as c e n d t o t h e h e av e n s I n de e d it w as n e c e ssary th at w h en .
,

t h e S av i our ros e A dam a n d a ll t h e s e e d o f A dam sh oul d ri s e w ith

, , ,

h im — ( M ign e P a trolog ia Grcec a x x viii c ol , , , .

3 . iii x l v i
E P I P H A N I U S , A dvers us H a eres e s ( lib 1, t om — W h e re . .
, ,

f or e a m an of un de rs t an din g m ay w on de r th at as w e h a ve b e e n ,

taug ht by t h e S cri p t ure s O ur L ord J e s us C h ri s t w as c ruc ifi e d at ,

G ol goth a in n o o th e r p l a c e th an th a t in w hi c h A dam lay b uri e d F or

,
.

A dam w h e n h e w as c as t out of P a ra dis e dw e lt f or a l on g ti m e o ve r

, ,

a a i n s t it T h e n a l on g ti m e a f t e rw ards h e re m o ve d t o t h e pl a c e
g .

J e rus al e m of w hi c h I h a v e s p o k e n a n d th e re w h e n h e di e d h e w as
, , , ,

b uri e d in Go l goth a F r om thi s t h e p l a c e it s e l f h as rightly re c e iv e d

.

it s n am e s o th a t w h e n i n t e rpre te d it m ay b e call e d t h e P l a c e of a
,

S k ull Th e re is n othi n g t o b e s e e n in t h e p l a c e re s e m b li ng this

.

n am e ; f or it is n ot s it uat e d up on a h e i g ht th at it s h o ul d b e c a ll e d

[ t h e P l a c e ] o f a S k ull a n s w e ri n
g t o th e pl a c e o f t h e h e ad in t h e
,

h um an b ody ; n e ith e r h as it th e s h ap e of a l of ty w at c h -to w e r f or it ,

doe s n o t e ve n ri s e ab o ve t h e p l a c e s roun d ab out it ( 60 l ér g 7 0 6V

,
e x co

i n dvop a o ia s T b uxfip a
’

in é w rt ov 6 r é p n os go xe , x l
av ov e
p p nve vcip e vo s
‘
T r m s,i ‘

f o il r é n o v € € tt dv r t va 0 5x bn o de ix vva w 7 d a i - a t lira
’

y¢ p or 7 s
y p u pa w K i '
e k r a r

q
,

Kp omou r oiJro épp ve bnr a t , (he e rri a aap ar os K abuki; r o1ro s h e y e r a t , o br e

'
'
’ ’ '
‘
' '

Kei-
-
o ilre 311 fi m 3 70 mm r orrovs I n de e d
l
‘

)
‘
Ka i
'
'
(m am as r a c n a cz
“
tz s:
y p p .
,

ov e r a ga n i st it s tan ds th e M oun t of O li ve s w hi c h is a hi gh e r hill t h an ,

it b ut t h e hig h e s t is th e m oun ta i n o f G ib e on w hi c h s tan ds e i g ht ,

m il e s aw ay f ro m it L a s tl y e v e n th a t hill w hi c h on c e s tood o n
.
,

M oun t S i on b ut a t t h e p re s e n t day h as b e e n c ut dow n w as high e r

, ,

th an G ol goth a on th at s p ot W h e n c e th e n did it ob tai n t h e n am e of .

, ,

t h e P l a c e o f a S k ull ? N 0 do ub t b e c aus e th e re th e b ar e s k ull of t h e

fi rs t m a n w a s di s c ov e re d an d his re m ai n s dug up f or this c aus e it w as
c all e d th e P l a c e of a S k ull I n this p l a c e our L ord J e s us C h ri s t w as .

li f t e d up on t h e C ros s a n d by t h e w at e r a n d b l o od w hi c h fl ow e d f ro m
,

h is pi e r c e d si de ty pi fi e d t h e w h ol e s c h e m e of o ur s al vati on
M
( g i n e P a trol o
g
,
ia G ree c a x li c ol , , .

4 B A S I L ( of C e sare a) , Com m en ta ry
. h e re on I sa ia h v, 141 — T .

w as a pre v a l e n t b e li e f p re s e rve d in t h e C h urc h by a n un w ritt e n ,

t radition t o t h e e ffe c t th at A dam w as th e fi rst i n h ab itan t of P a le s ti n e

, ,

w h o fi x e d h is ab ode th e re a f t e r h e h a d b e e n driv e n out of P ara dis e

( G e n iii. th a t h,
e m i g ht c o m p e n s at e hi m s e l f f o r t h e
g o od thi n s
g
w hi c h h e h ad l os t T hi s la n d th e re fore re c e i ve d th e fi rst m an w h o
.

di e d f or it w as th e re th a t A dam pai d his de bt

,
W h e re f ore t h e b on e .

of h is s k ull w h e n ba re d o f fl e s h ap p e are d a s a n e w a n d st ra n ge
, ,

s i g ht to t h e m e n of th a t a e N o w as th e y p l a c e d h is s k ull in thi s
g .
,
 16 1

p l a c e th e y ca ll e d th e p l a c e its e l f th e P lac e of a S k ull ( v dwa Oe p w o t

’

q
,

7
' ’
0 Kp a m ov e ur 3 r cirrcp, xp a viov r o n o u th at thi s ‘
'
'

It is p roba bl e
s e p ul c h re ( r c w r dcpo v) of t h e fi rs t of a ll m e n w as w e ll k n o w n s o th a t
‘

a f t e r t h e fl ood thi s t raditi o n a b out it w as p re va l e n t F or thi s ca us e .

t h e L ord pe rc e i vi ng th e re t h e fi rs t f r uits of h um a n de ath H i m se l f

, ,

s uff e re d de a th in t h e pl a c e ca ll e d t h e P l a c e of a S k u ll to t h e e nd ,

th at a t t h e p lac e w h e re m e n s de ath fi rs t be gan th e re als o li fe sh ould ’

b e gi n its re i gn s o th at as dea th h ad do m i n i on o ve r A dam so by

, ,

t h e de a t h of C h ri s t h e sh o ul d l o s e h is p o w e r ( 1 C or x v — Mi ne
( g .
, ,

P a trolog ia Gra ca x x x c ol ‘

, ,
.

5 . C H RY S O S T O M , Comm en ta ry on S t J oh n ,
. x ix , 16 - 18 Hom .
,
85 .

A n d hec a me to th e p la ce of a s kull S om e s ay th a t A dam di e d th e re .

,

a n d th e re li e th a n d th a t J e s us in thi s p l ac e w h e re de at h h ad re i g n e d ,

th e re als o s e t up t h e t ro ph y t h e C ros s ) — ( M i gn e P a trolog ia

”
.
,

Gree c a lix c ol 45 9 P us e y C h rvs os t o m ii

, ,
.
, , ,

6 . N ON N US P A N O P O L I T A N U S , P a rap h ra se o
f S t J ohn ,
. x ix .

an d J e s us b e ari n g his c ros s ,

W illin gl y w en t
h is w ay , un da un t e d in m i nd, to his doom ,
on

T ill h e a rri v e d at th e p l a c e w hi c h is c a ll e d t h e P l a c e o f a S k ull ,

B e ari n g t h e n am e on its b row of A da m t h e fi rst of men,

G ol goth a ca lle d in th e S y r i an ton g ue .

—
( M i gn e , P a trolog ia G rcec a , x liii ,
c ol .

7 .
( B AS I L iii 3 — A cc ordi n
of S e l e uc i a) , Ora ti on
g t o t h e t ra di x xxv , .

ti on s of t h e J e w s it is s ai d th at th e s k ull of A dam w as f oun d h e re

, ,

a n d th a t thi s w as k n ow n t o S ol om on th ro ug h h is
g re a t w i s do m T hi s .
,

th e y s ay is t h e re ason w h y thi s p lac e w as ca ll e d th e P l ac e of a

,
“

S k ull — ( M ig n e P a trologia Gree c a l x x x v c ol

”
.
.
, , ,

8 . T ER T UL L I AN , A dve rs us Ma rc i on em, lib . 11, c a

p 4
. .

p l a c e T h e re is
n ow G ol go th a on c e C a l vary a , , ,

P l ac e o f a S k ull n am e d in t h e e arli e r t o ng ue
H e r e 1s e arth s c e n tre h e re w as vi c to ry w on
’
,

H e re an c ie n t s s ay w a s f oun d a m ig hty h e a d
‘

, , ,

H e re w e h av e h e ard t h e fi rs t m a n lay e n t om be d
, ,

C h rist s uff e re d h e re h is b l ood b e de w e d t h e e art h , ,

S o th at old A da m s dust w ith b l ood of C h rist

’

C om m i n gl e d by th a t s a vi n g fl ood m ight rise ,

.

A i
e nd x I h u i w k f T t ulli ) —
( M i P a tro
( pp t o t e g e n n e o r s
. o e r a n g ne .
,

logia L a tin a ii c ol , ,
.

9 .
i . C YP R I AN , A d Corn e lium P ap a m de Ca rdin a libus Op e ribus
D e R e s urre c t ion e C h risti N or is it rig ht tha t in th e se
“ ”—
Chris ti .
.
 16 2

day s w e sh ould spe a k of sa d th i ngs but as it w as ap poi n ted to t h e ,

c hildre n of l ove ( 1 C h ron v i 3 1— 33) th a t th e y sh oul d e ve r si ng an d .

,

proph e sy m e rrily an d all t h e P sal m s w hi c h h e ar th e ir n am e s te ll of

,

j y
o ,
a n d th re a t e n n o e vil s o w e w h o b e l on g t o C h r i st w ith w h os e , ,

b l ood w e b e li e v e th at A dam s s k ull w as s p ri n k l e d a s a n c i e n t t raditi on

’
,

te lls us th at h e w as buri e d b e n e ath t h e p l a c e w h e re on t h e L ord s c ros s ’

w a s s e t up b e i n g s a n c ti fi e d b y t h e fl ow i n g O f his b l ood le t us m a k e
, ,

m e rry a n d re j oi c e in t h e L ord — ( S C ae c ilii C y p rian i E p C art h agi . .

n e n s is e t M art Op e ra e d B alu z iu s
p .
, .
,
.

9 ii Hy mn us Vic tori ni P ic ta vie n s is D e Cruc e D omin i — ( Wron g l y

. .
,
.

a s c ri b e d t o C y p ri a n ) T h e re is a pl a c e w hi c h w e b e li e v e t o b e t h e
.

m i ddl e of t h e w h ol e e arth T h e J e w s c a ll it in th e i r ow n l an g uage .

G olgoth a ( Op c it e d B aluz ius p . .

,
.
,
.

N B . .
— T h e s e tw o p ass age s are in t h e iti on s of B aluz e an d
ed , Of

O x f ord, b ut n ot in M i gn e , w h o doe s n ot a cc e pt th e m as

ge n ui n e .

10 i A M BR O S E Ep is t 7 1
. . 10 To H oron tia n us — T h e re (a t
, .
, . .

G olgo th a) w as th e s e p ul c h re o f A dam th at C h rist by his C ros s m ig ht

rais e h im f rom de ath T h us w h e re in A dam w as t h e de ath o f all .
, ,

th e re I n C h ri s t w as t h e re s urre c ti on of all ( M ign e Pa trolog ia —

,

L a tin a x vi c ol ,
P us e y L i bra ry of the F a the rs E p i s tl e s o f S t
, .
, , .

A m b ros e ) .

10 ii E x p os ition of S t L uke s G osp el lib 11 — T h e pl a c e O f t h e c ro ss

’
. . . .
,
.

w as e ith e r in t h e m i dst th at it m i gh t b e e as il y s e e n of a ll o r ab ov e ,

t h e buri al p l a c e of A da m acc ordi n g t o t h e H e b re w s I n de e d it w as , .

fi tti ng th a t o ur s pi rit ua l li f e sh oul d h av e it s b e g i n n i n g in t h e p l a c e

w h e re i n de ath fi rst c a m e i n t o t h e w orl d — ( M i gn e P a tr olog ia L a tina , ,

x v, c ol .

11 E R O M E Ep is tola P a ules e t E us toc hi i a d M a rc ella m ( Ep 46 ( I 7 )

. i . J ,
.
,

w ritt e n ab out A D 3 F i n ally t o re fe r t o an e n ti re ly di ff e re n t

. . .
,

sub j e c t le t us go b ack t o m ore a n ci e n t t i m e s I n this c ity n ay in this

,
.
, ,

v e ry p l a c e A da m is s ai d t o h ave dw e lt th e re a n d t o h av e di e d th e re
, , .

W h e n c e t h e p l ac e w h e re i n O ur L ord w as c ruc i fi e d w as call e d Ca lva ry ,

b e c aus e it w as th e re th at t h e a n c i e n t m an s s k ull w as b uri e d t o t h e

’
,

e n d th at t h e s e c on d A da m th at is t o s ay t h e b l o od of C h rist fl ow i n
g , ,

f rom t h e C ros s m i ght w as h aw a v t h e si n s O f A da m t h e fi rs t a n d fi rs t

,

f orm e d m an w h o lay th e re ; an d th a t th e n t h e w ords of t h e ap ostl e

m ig ht b e f ul fi ll e d A w a k e th ou th at s l e e p e st an d a rise f rom t h e
,
“
, ,

de ad a n d C h ris t sh a ll g i v e th e e li g h t h s ( M ign e
”
, ( p
E e v .
,
-
,

P a trolog ia L a tina x x ii C O] , ,
.

11 ii C ommen ta ry on th e Ep hes ia ns v 14— I r e m e m b e r t o h ave

. .
, ,
.
 12 . A UG U ST I N E , t om S ermones S upp es it itii , S e rm o v i ( Lx x i )
. v, 5 . .

H ea r als o an o th e r m y s t e ry S t J e rom e , t h e E l de r of t h e C h urc h ,

. .

h as c orded ( on Ma rk x v ) th at h e l e arn ed f or a truth f rom t h e

re ,

an c i e n ts an d th e O l de r J e w s th a t I saa c w a s O ff e re d a t t h e p l a c e w h e re
,

t h e L ord C h ri s t w as a f te rw ards c r uc i fi e d I t h as al s o b e e n
h a nde d dow n by a n c i e n t t raditi on th a t t h e fi rs t m an A dam w as b uri e d
o n t h e ve ry s p o t w h e re t h e c ro s s w a s s e t u p an d th at p la c e w as th e re ,

f ore call e d C alvary b e ca us e t h e h ea d of t h e h um an ra c e is sa i d t o h av e

,

b e e n b uri e d th e re A n d thi s b e li e f m y b re th re n is n ot un reas on ab l e

.
, , ,

f or th e p h y si c i an is ra i s e d up on t h e p l a c e w h e re t h e si ck m an lay
do w n I t w as ri gh t al s o th at t h e di vi n e p ity s h oul d b ow its e l f dow n
.
.

o n t h e s p o t w h e re h um a n p ri de h a d f all e n an d th a t w e s h o ul d b e li e v e ,

t h a t w hil e th a t p re c io us b l oo d a c t ua lly de i g n e d t o f all up o n t h e dust

o f t h e a n c i e n t a n d S i n f ul m an it s h oul d h a v e w roug ht h is re de m p ti on ,
.

— M i ne P rolo ia L a tina x x x i x c ol
( g a t, g .

, ,
.

13 . M OS E S BAR C EP H A , D e P a ra dis e , i ,
c ap . 14— A dam , . t th e
af e r

l oss of P a ra di s e , fi rs t
li v e d in J udac a a n d af te r h e , ,
h ad t ra ve ll e d in
m an y c oun t ri e s an d d w e lt in m a n y p la c e s cam e t o w aad s t h e e n d o f ,

h is day s t o M o un t J e b us a n d w a s b uri e d th e re N ow J e b us is
,
.
,

c e rtain l y J e rusa l e m [W h e n N oa h at t h e a p p roac h of t h e

.

De l uge e n t e re d t h e ark w ith h is s on s ] h e t oo k t h e b on e s of A dam ,

w ith h im an d w h e n h e l e f t t h e ark a f te r t h e F l ood h e dist rib ute d t h e

,

b on e s am on gst his s on s H e a l s o p a rt e d t h e w orl d am on g st th e m

.
,

g i vi n
g t o e a c h h is p or ti on t o dw e ll in T h u s he
g av e A da m s s k ull .
’

t o h is e l de s t s o n S h e m an d a llott e d t o h im th e l a n d of J udse a
, , an d

s o it h ap p e ne d th at S h e m w h e n h e cam e t o J u dse a ( h is in h e r itan c e )

, ,

re b u ri e d t h e s k ull o f A dam w hi c h h e h ad re c e i v e d at t h e dis tr i ,

b ut io n of t h e bo n e s by h is f a th e r a t t h e s e pul c h re of A da m w hi c h , ,

w as th e n in e x is t e n c e I f th a t b e t h e c a s e th e n it is tr ue th at
.
,

t h e s k ull of A da m w as b uri e d a t J e b us i e J e rusa l e m an d th a t t h e ,

. .
, ,

c ross of C h ri s t w as s e t up ab ov e it It is als o c e r ta i n th at N oa h b roug ht .

w ith h im t h e b on e s O f A dam f ro m th at o th e r l an d a n d th at w h e n h e ,

cam e i n to th is our c oun try h e gav e t h e h e ad t o h is fi rstb orn S h e m , , ,

w h o w h e n h e ca m e t o J e b us h is i n h e rita n c e
, b uri e d it — ( M i gn e , , .
,

P a trolog ia G ree c a c x i c ol s 49 7
, , [
— T 1a n s la te d b
y. C W W ] , . . .

14 E UT Y C H I U S , A n n ales , p
. . 19 .
— Adam , w h e n h e f e lt th a t h e w as
a bo u t to ca ll e d toge th e r h is s on S e th an d En os h t h e s on O f S e th
die , , , ,

a n d K e n an t h e s on o f E n os h an d M a h ala le l th e son o f K e n an a n d
, , ,

ta ugh t th e m w h a t th e y s h o ul d do say i ng to th e m -Le t thi s be a law ,

f or all y o ur c hildre n W h e n I a m dea d e m ba lm m y body w ith my rrh

.
, ,

a l oes a n d ca s s i a a n d la it in t h e c a v e l-Ka n itz : a n d w h os oe ve r of

, ,y c

y our s o ns s h a ll b e li vi n g at t h e ti m e w h e n y ou de te rm i n e t o l ea ve t h e
 16 5

c on fi n e s of P ara di s e le t h im be ar m y body w ith h im a nd b ury it in

,

t h e m i ddl e of t h e e a rth f or f ro m th e n c e sh a ll c o me m sa l va ti o n a nd
, y
t h e sa l vati on of a ll m y c hil dre n S o w h e n A da m die d h is so n .
,

S e t h e m b alm e d his b ody ac c ordi ng t o h is c omm a n d bo re it t o t h e to

, p ,

of th e M o u n t an d b u ri e d it in t h e c a v e c l-Ka n fl z
,

P 44 - [N oah w h e n at t h e p oi n t of de a th th us i n str uc t e d S h e m
. .
,
] ,

S e e th a t th o u t a k e A da m s b o dy o ut o f t h e a rk un k n o w n t o e ve r o n e
’

y , ,

a n d th e n ta k e s tore of b re ad a n d w i n e f or a j ourn e n d t f th an d
y a s e or ,

ta k e w ith y ou M e l c hi z e de k t h e s on of P e l e g an d lay t h e bo dy in t h e
, ,

pla c e w hi c h th e an g e l o f th e L ord s h all sh o w y ou Th e a nge l

of t h e L ord s h a ll
go b e f ore y o u un til y o u c om e t o t h e pl a c e w h e re y o u
a re t o b ury A da m a n d u m ay k n o w th a t s ot t o b e t h e m i ddl e of
y o , p
t h e ea rth
P 48 S o S h e m did as h is f ath e r N oa h c om m a n de d h im
. .
h e w e nt
i n to t h e ark by n i g ht an d b ore th e n c e t h e b ody of A da m t e lli n g n o ,

m an w h a t h e w a s doi ng N ow w h e n S h e m a n d M e l c hi ze de k ,

h e arin g w ith th e m A dam s b ody se t f orth o n th e i r w ay t h e a ng e l o f

’
, ,

t h e L ord m e t th e m an d n e v e r de p ar t e d f ro m th e m un til h e h ad
, .

b rought th e m t o t h e m i dst of t h e e arth a n d s h o w n th e m t h e p l ac e .

W h e n A da m s b ody w as laid up on it it op e n e d o f its o w n a cc o rd an d

’
, ,

t h e n w h e n t h e body w as w ithi n it it c l os e d up aga i n

, N o w t h e n am e , .

o f thi s pl a c e is c l-J a a la lz —
lj ( M i g n e P a trolo ia G r ec a c x i c o l s
g .
,
t
, ,

M u n ox m s s , i n B e it A ba c h ma , it e o f t h e a lt ar
’

15 .
p ca . 2 — Th e
. s

w as c on ve n i e n t ly s itua t e d an d its p o siti o n w as n e ve r c h a n e d as it is

, g ,

w ritt e n thi s is t h e b urn t o ffe ri ng of I s rae l ( 1 C h ron x x ii

“ ”
,
In .
,

t h e pl a c e of t h e s an c t uary o ur fa t h e r I s aa c w as b o un d a cc ordi ng t o ,

t h e c om m an d t th e i n t o t h e l a n d of M o ri a h ( G e n x x ii I t is
g e e ,
.
,

a l s o sa i d th a t S o l om on b u ilt t h e h ous e [of t h e L ord] th e re on t h e ,

m oun t ( 1 K i n gs v i N ow it is a c om m on t ra diti o n ( tra ditio i n

, ,

omm um mam a
) th a t t h e p l ac e in w hi c h D a vi d an d S o l o m on b uilt a
’

re sti n
g p l a c e f o r t h e A rk w as t h e s a m e s p ot a s th a t up o n w hi c h
A b ra h a m b uilt a n a ltar a n d bo un d I s aa c up on it It w as a ls o th e .

pla ce up on w hi c h N oa h b uilt a n a lta r a f te r h e l e f t t h e a rk a nd this

w as t h e sa m e alta r up o n w hi c h C a i n A b e l a n d A da m a ft e r h is , , ,

c re ati on offe re d a fi rs t s a c ri fi c e a n d f rom t h e dus t of th a t s p ot A da m

, ,

w as f orm e d H e n c e t h e w i e on e s s ay A da m w as c re a t e d f rom t h e
.
s
,

p l a c e o f h is a t on e m e n t ( e l oc o c x
p ia tion is s u ae ) ( F ro m F a b ri c i u s .
,

C odex P s eudep ig rap /ms Ve t Tes t 2 ud c d vol i c ap 29 p . .

,
.
, .
,
.
,
.

[T ra n sla te d by C W \V ] . . .

16 C Y R I
. L ( o f J e r usa l e m ) C a tec b e t ic a l L e c t ures x iii 2 3 — N
,
o w , , .
,

G ol goth a is i n t e rp re t e d t h e P l ac e of a S k ull “
W h o w e re th e y th e n .
”
, ,
 16 6

w ho prop h e ti c ally n am e d thi s G olgoth a in w hi c h C h ris t th e true H ead ,

e n dure d t h e c ros s ? A s t h e ap ostl e s ay s w h o is t h e i m a g e of t h e

“
,

i n vis ibl e G od ( C ol i 15 ) an d afte r a littl e an d H e is t h e H e ad of

”
.
, , ,

t h e b ody t h e C h urc h ( C ol i an d a ga i n t h e H e ad of e ve ry
“
,
.
, ,

m an is C h ri s t ( 1 C or x i a n d a ai n
g w h o is t h e H e a d o f a ll
.
, ,
“

p rin c ipa lity a n d p ow e r ( C ol ii T h e H e a d s uff e re d in t h e P l ac e

” “
.
,

o f t h e S k ull 0 w on dro us p ro p h e ti c adap t ati on ! T h e ve ry n am e

”
.

a l m ost re m i n ds th e e s ay i n g T hi n k n ot of t h e C ruc ifi e d as o f a m e re
,

m an H e is th e H ea d of a ll p rin cip a lity a n d p ower T h at H e ad .

w hi c h w a s c ruc i fi e d is th e H e a d of a ll pow e r an d h as f or H is H e a d ,

t h e F a th e r f or t h e H e a d of th e ma n is Ch ris t an d the H e a d of Ch ris t ,

is God ( 1 C or x i M
( g i n e P a trolo ia G r ce c a
.
g
,
x x iii c ols 8 00 8 0 1
-
, , ,
.
,

P us e y L ibra ry of th e F a thers C y ril s C a t e c h e ti c a l L e c t ure s ) ’

.
, ,

17 . VE N . B ED E, on S t Ma tth e w
ii — A n d whe n th ey w e re come
. xxv ,

un to a p la ce ca lle d Golg otha — N o w G o l g o th a is a S y ri a n w ord an d is , ,

b e i n g i n t e r pre t e d a p l a c e o f a s k ull ( Ca lva rioe)

,
T hi s p l a c e is in : E lia .

( J e r u a l e m ) a n d w a s a t th a t ti m e w ith o ut t h e c ity o n t h e n orth e rn

s
, ,

s i de o f M oun t S i on a n d w a s ca ll e d t h e l a c e of C a l v ar n o t b e c aus e
,p y ,

o f t h e b a l dn e s s ( c a lr it ium ) of t h e fi rs t m a n w h om s om e in e rror d ,
o

va i n l
y s up p os e t o h a ve b e e n b uri e d th e re b ut b e c a us e o f t h e b e h e a di ng ,

o f c ri m i n a l s a n d m e n c on de m n e d t o die F or t hi s r e as on t h e L ord .

w as c ruc i fi e d th e re in o rde r th at t h e s ta n da rd o f h is m a rty rdom

,

m i g ht b e s e t up on t h e s p ot w hi c h h e re t of ore h ad b e e n t h e p l a c e of
e x e cu ti on of t h e c on de m n e d ( M i g n e P a trolog ia Greece x c ii .
, , ,

c ol .

18 . A cc ordi ng t o QU A R E S M I U S ( Eluc ida t io Terra S a ne tte , n ,

446 a ,
ch . i n te rp ola te s w ords t o h e l p o ut h is i am bi c li n e s Gre gory
who ,

N az ia n ze n w rit e s in h is Chris tus I a tie n s ’

W h e n t h e i m p i ous c ro w d drag gi n g w ith it m y K i ng h ad l e f t

“ ‘
, ,

t h e c ity o f t h e S ol y m i an d h ad c o m e t o a l o fty s p o t s tre w n w ith

,

m a n y ro ck s .

A n d f urth e r o n

S o w h e n s t a n di n g o n a s p o t ra i s e d on a m o un d o f ro ck s th e y
“ ‘
, ,

h a d n ail e d t h e L o rd o f a ll up on t h e t all c ros s &c ,

’
.
”

T he or i gi n a l of li n e s 6 5 7
G re g ory re a ds
( ms tus P a tie n s ,
Ch
'

W h e n t h e i m p i o us c ro w d l e a vi ng t h e c ity o f th e S oly m i an d ,

dra ggi n g a l o n g m y L o rd w ith it c a m e t o t h e P a v e m e n t ( c E p wr i r

’

c r o j
,

A ld us) o A n d w h e n th e y h a d th us h un g up t h e L ord s om e o f
.
,

th em s truck h im o n t h e h e ad w ith a re e d m oun ti n g upo n a tow e r ,

li k e (dur m épy v) ro ck ( M i g n e P a trolog ia Grceea x x x viii c o l

”—
o .
, , , .
 16 8

th e fi r st y e ar of H adrian T in e ius R uf us A D 13 2 w h o w as govern or ,

. .
,

w h e n t h e r e vo lt un de r B ar K o k h a b ro k e out an d J uli us S e ve rus A D , . .

135 w h o w as s e n t f rom B ritai n an d s upp re s s e d t h e re b e llion

, (S e e .

S c h iirer H is tory of the J e wis h P e op le D iv I vol ii p 25 8 if E n glish

, , . .
,
.
,
.
, ,

E diti on w h e re f ull e r i n f orm ati o n is giv e n )

, .

A PP I AN , H is tory S y ri a , c h ap 1 —P om p ey f orc ibly

”
3 . o f R ome, “
.

o ve r th re w th eti on of t h e J e w s s e n t th e i r Ki n g A ri s t o
re v o lt e d na ,

b ulus t o R om e a n d de vas t a t e d th e i r gre a t e st an d h oli e s t c ity J e rusale m

, , .

T hi s c ity h ad a l re ady b e e n t a k e n by P t ol e m y of E gy p t a n d , ,

a f t e r it h a d b e e n re b uilt w as a ga i n de s t roy e d by V e s p as ian a n d , ,

fi n ally in our ow n ti m e b y H adri an F or this re as on t h e tax e s w hi c h .

t h e J e w s p ay p e r h e a d are h e av i e r in p rop orti on th an th os e of th e

n e ig h b ouri n g n a ti o n s F or t h e S y ri an s a n d C ili c i an s al s o p ay an
.

a n n ua l t ri b ut e p e r h e a d a h un dre th o f t h e i r ra t e ab l e p rop e r ty
, ( E d L —
. .

M en dels soh n v ol i p . .
,
.

4 . i D I O N C A S S I U S ( H isto y of R om e lx vi
.
—F rom th at ti m e
( th e
r
, ,

de struc ti on of J e rus al e m by T it us ) e v e ry J e w w h o a dh e re d t o t h e
law s of h is f ore fa th e s w as ob lig e d t o p ay tw o dra c h m ae e a c h y e ar t o
r

t h e C ap itoli n e J upit e r ( 93 K m wh p A l)
’
7 a r c l .

4 ii Ihid l x i x 12 T h e f oun da ti on of a c ol o n y at J e rus al e m t o

. .
, ,
.
—
,

w hi c h h e ( H a dri an ) ga v e t h e n a m e [ E li a C a it oli n a in l a c e of t h e c ity

p p ,

th a t h a d b e e n o ve rth row n a n d t h e e re cti on of a n e w t e m p l e t o J up it e r

on t h e s it e of t h e T e m l e of G od
p ga ve ri s e t o a lon g a n d t e rri b l e w a r .

T h e J e w s i rrit at e d a t s e e i n g f ore ig n e rs livi n g in th e i r c ity an d

q
, ,

e stab li s hi n g in it s a c ri fi c e s di ffe re n t t o th e i r ow n r e m ai n e d ui e t as ,

l on g as H adri an w a s in E gy pt an d af t e r h e h a d re turn e d t o S y ri a , ,

b ut di re c tl y t h e E m p e ror h ad l e f t th at c oun try th e y ros e in

o e n re vo lt T h e y did n o t dare t o f a c e t h e R om a n s in a p itc h e d battl e
p .
,

b ut s e i ze d f a vo urab l e p os iti on s an d f orti fi e d th e m w ith w all s an d

un de rg ro un d pas s ag e s
4 iii Ibid l x i x 13
. . Th e R om an s a t fi rs t t oo k n o n oti c e of w h at
, ,
.
—

t h e J e w s w e re doi n g B ut w h e n t h e m ov e m e n t s p re a d o ve r all J udac a

.

a n d s e v e ral f o re i n c om m un iti e s h d t k n u t h c a use

g a a e p e

o f t h e r e b e ls H a dri a n s e n t a gai ns t th e m h is b e st ge n e ra l s .

T h e m os t e m i n e n t of th e s e w as J uli us S e ve r us w h o w as r e c a ll e d f rom ,

B rit ai n w h e re h e w as in c om m an d th a t h e m i gh t b e e n t rus t e d w ith

, ,

t h e c on duc t of th e w a r a ai n st t h e J e w s
g
4 iv 1la d l x i x 14 —F i f ty of th e i r f orti fi e d p l a c e s an d 955 of
. .
, , .

th e i r op e n t ow n s an d vill age s w e re de stroy e d m e n w e re k ill e d

th os e w h o p e rish e d by f am i n e a n d fi re w e re i n n um e rab l e s o th a t n e arly ,

t h e w h ol e of J udae a w as n othi n but a de s e rt a s h ad b e e n f or e t o l d t o

g ,

th e m b e f ore th e w a r T h e m on um e n t of S ol om o n (r s p mp i v roii . e o
 16 9

h i c h t h e J e w s h ad h e l d in high e s te e m fe ll of its o w n
w
,

a cc ord a n d b ro k e u Large n um b e rs o f w o l ve s a n d h y e n as b urs t

p .
z

i n to th e tow n s w ith h o w l s ( From th e F re n c h tra ns l ati on o f .

M M G ros a n d B oiss e é )
. .

5 . ZE LI US S P A R T I A N U S ( On H a dria n, x iii ) .
— A bout th is ti m e t h e
J ew s re vo lte d b e ca us e th e y w e re n o t a ll ow e d to ra c ti s e t h e rite o f
p
c i rc um c isi on .

6 . T E R T U L L I AN , Ap olog ia , 2 1 — S c att e re d
i .
. ab roa d a n d w a n de re r s ,

e x il e d f rom th e i r o w n c li m ate an d s oil th e y roa m a bou t t he w o rl d

,

w ith o ut an y m an o r G od t o rul e th e m an d are n ot e ve n a ll o w e d to ,

e e t th e i r o w n c oun t r
g r
y by t re adi n g it s g roun d as a st ra n ge r .

( M ign e P a trolog ia L a tina i c ol

, , , .

6 ii A dve rsus J u
. . dce os c ap 13 — N o w w e k n o w th at a t this ti m e , . .

n on e of t h e s e e d of I s ra e l is l e f t in t h e c it y o f B e thl e h e m b e c a us e it is
,

f orb i dde n th a t a ny J e w sh oul d dw e ll in t h e re i on ro un d a b out th a t

g
s ot th at f or y our de s e rts a fte r t h e ta k i n g of J e rus al e m w h e n
p
y ou h av e b e e n f orb i dde n t o e n t r y o ur f a th e rl a n d a n d a re o n ly e
,

su ff e re d t o v i e w it f ro m a fa r w ith u M i ii
y o r e
y e s —
( g ne I b i l ,
( .
, ,

c ol s 63 3
.
,

7 . i . J UST I N M AR T YR , Ap olog ia , i , 31 .
— F o r in t h e l at e J e w i s h w ar
B arc h o c h e bas , t h e l e ade r of th e J e w is h re v olt orde re d t h e C h ri s ti an s ,

l
a on e t o be p ut t o g ri e vous t ort ure s if th e y re f us e d t o de n y J e s us
C h ri s t a n d utt e r b l a sp h e m y — ( M ign e P a trologia G roec a v i c ol s 3 7 6 , , , .
,

7 . ii . I bid 47 . th a t J e rus al e m w as l ai d w as te as it w as
. A nd ,

p rop h e s i e d ( I s a i a h i 7 ) s h oul d c om e t o p ass y e k n o w w e ll

,
A nd ,
.

y are w e ll a w are th a t w it h re gard t o its de s o l ati on a n d th a t n o ne o f

e ,

its p e op l e m ay re t urn to dw e ll th e re i n J e rusa l e m is w at c h e d ov e r by ,

y o u in orde r th a t n o on e m ay e n t e r i n t o it a n d de a t h h as b e e n ,

o rda in e d as t h e e n a lt f r an J w th t m a b cau g h t e n t e ri ng
p y o y e a y e

i n to it . c ol .

7 iii D ia log c um T ryp h on c a p 16 — N o w this c ir c um c i s i on w hi c h

. . .
,
. .

w as e n j oi n e d up on A b ra h am a cc ordi n g t o t h e fl e s h w as g i ve n as a ,

s i n th a t h u l d b t t f m u n d f m o th e r n a ti o ns a n d
g , y e s o e s e a p ar ro s a ro ,

th a t y e a lon e s h oul d s ufi e r th os e thi n gs w hi c h y e do n o w de se rve dly '

s uff e r a n d th a t y o ur c o un t ri e s s h oul d b e l a i d w a s te a n d y o ur c iti e s ,

b urn e d w ith fi re a n d s tra n g e rs s h a ll de v our y o ur l a n d in y o ur

,

p re s e n c e an d n o n e o f y o u s h all go up t o J e rusa le m
,
e ol . .

7 iv I bid c a p 5 2 — M ore ov e r h e p ut a n e n d t o t h e r ul e of y o ur
. . .
,
. .

o w n k i n g s o ve r y ou a n d f urth e rm o re y our l a n d is b e c om e de s ol a te
, ,

a n d is l e f t as a c ottage in a v i n e y ard as a l o dge in a garde n of ,

c uc um b e rs — (M id c ol ,
.
 17 0

8 . i . E U S E B I U S , E cc les ia s tic a l H istory , ii ,

23 .
— J a m e s w as s o a dm ir

l
ab e a m an, c e l e b ra t e d a m on g all f or h is j us tic e th a t th e m ore
and s o
,

s e n si b l e e ve n of t h e J e w s w e re o f o i n i on th at this w as t h e c a us e
p
of t h e si e g e of J e rus al e m w hi c h h a p p e n e d t o th e m i mm e di at e l y af t e r ,

his m arty rdom f or n o ot h e r re as on th a n th e i r dari n g a c t agai n st

,

h im A n d th e y b uri e d h im o n t h e sp ot b y t h e T e m pl e an d
q
, ,
.

his m on um e n t ( o rfih ) still re m ai n s by t h e T e m p l e — ( M ign e P a tro ,

log ia e c a , x x , c ol .

8 . ii . 11nd ,
iii ,
5 .
- B ut t h e p e op l e of t h e C ur h ch in J e rus al e m
h ad b e e n c om m an de d by a re v e a l ti on ,
v ou c h s a fe d t o ap prove d m e n
th e re b e f ore t h e w ar, t o l e a ve t h e c ity a n d t o dw e ll in a c e rt ai n t ow n

of c all e d P e lla ( M id 0 0 1
P e re a, .
—
, .

8 iii I bid iii 11 — Af te r t h e m arty rdom of J am e s a nd t h e

q
,
.
.
,
. .
,

c on ue st of J e rus al e m w hi c h i m m e di at e l y f oll ow e d T h e y a ll
w it h on e c on s e n t p ro n o un c e d S i m e o n t h e s o n of C lop as of w h om , ,

t h e G os p e l a ls o m a k e s m e n ti on t o b e w or th y o f t h e E pis c o p al t h ron e .

o f th a t p ari s h H e w a s a c ous i n a s th e y s ay of t h e S av i o ur
.
, , .

00 1 .

8 . i v H id , iv, 22
. A cc ordi n g t o H e g e s ip p us , A ft e r J a m e s t h e
.
- “

J us t h a d s uff e re d m ar ty rdo m , as t h e L ord h a d a ls o o n t h e s a m e

a cc oun t S i m e on t h e s on o f t h e L ord s un c l e C lop as w as a p poi n te d
, ,
’
, ,

t h e n e x t b i s h op A ll p rop os e d h im a s s e c o n d b i s h op b e c aus e h e w as
.

a c ous i n o f t h e L ord c ol . .

8 v I bid iii 12 — H e g e s ip p us re l a t e s th at V e s p as ia n af te r “

q
,
. . . .
, ,

t h e c o n ue s t of J e rus a l e m ga ve o rde rs th a t all th a t b e l o n ge d t o t h e ,

li n e age of Dav i d s h oul d b e s ought out in orde r th at n on e of th e ,

roy a l ra c e m i ht b e l e f t a m on
g th e J ew s
”
g .

8 v i I l) id iii 19 — W h e n th i s s am e D om iti an h ad c om m a n de d th at
. . .
, , .

t h e de s c e n dan ts of D av i d s h oul d b e s l ai n an a n c i e n t t raditi on s ay s ,

th at s om e of t h e h e re ti c s b roug ht a cc us ati o n a ga i nst t h e de s c e n da n ts

o f J ude s ai d t o h a v e b e e n a b ro th e r o f t h e S av i o u r a cc ordi n
( g to th e
fl e s h ) on t h e g ro un d t h at th e y w e re of t h e li n e age o f D avi d an d w e re ,

re l a t e d t o C h ri s t hi m s e l f .

8 vii I bid iii 2 0

. .H e g e s ip p us re l a t e s
.
, Of t h e f a m ily of t h e L ord
, .
—
,
“

th e re w e re s til l l ivi ng t h e g ra n dc hil dre n of J ude w h o is s a i d t o h a ve ,

b e e n t h e L ord s b ro th e r a cc ordi n g t o t h e fl e s h
’
I n f orm a ti on w as give n .

th a t th e y b e l on g e d t o t h e f a m ily of D a vi d a n d th e y w e re b roug ht t o
t h e E m p e ro r D om iti a n b y t h e E voc at us F or D om itian f e are d t h e .

c om in g of C h rist as H e rod a l s o h ad f e a re d it D om iti an o n l e arn i n g .

”
,

th at th e y w e re p oor m e n li vi n g 0 11 a s m a ll p rop e rty w hi c h th e y , ,

till e d w ith th e i r o w n h an ds di s m i s s e d th e m B ut w h e n th e y w e re ,
.
“

re l e a s e d th e y rul e d t h e C h urc h e s b e c aus e th e y w e re w itn e s s e s ,

( p ip vp r) a n d w e re a l s o re l a ti ve s o f t h e L ord A n d p e a c e b e in g
c r e
, .

e s ta b li s h e d th e
y li ve d un til t h e ti m e of H a dri a n
, c ol . .
 17 2

t h e E m p e ror H adr i an w h e n t h e J e w s re volt e d a s e c on d ti m e th e

, ,

o th e r h a l f of t h e c ity w a s b e s i e g e d a n d ( its p e op l e ) dri ve n aw a

y e ve n ,

as th e y h ad b e e n f ro m t h e oth e r h a l f an d t o thi s day n on e o f th e m are ,

s uff e re d t o e n t e r i t ( M ig n e P a trologia Gw eed x x ii c ols 45 3

'
—
.
, , , .
,

8 x i i D e m ons tra tio E va ng e lic a vi 18 —T hi s M o un t of O li ve s is sai d

. .
, , .

t o s t a n d o ve r agai n s t J e r usa l e m th a t is an s w e ri n g t o it b e c aus e G od , , ,

e st ab li s h e d it in t h e p l a c e of t h e e arthly J e rus al e m a n d o f t h e s e r vi c e s ,

w hi c h us e d t o b e h e l d th e re a f te r t h e de s t ruc ti on of J e rus a l e m , .

T hi s w e m ay s e e f rom an o th e r p oi n t of v i e w f ul fi ll e d t o th e l e tt e r e ve n

q
, ,

t o t h i s day w h e n all b e li e v e rs in C h ri s t fl o ck t og e th e r f rom all uart e rs

,

o f t h e e arth n o t as o f old t o b e h ol d t h e b e a ut
, y of J e r usa l e m o r th a t th e y ,

m ay w orshi p in t h e f orm e r T e m p l e w h i c h s tood in J e rusa l e m b ut th a t ,

th e y m ay a b ide th e re an d b oth h e ar th e s tory of J e rus al e m an d a ls o

,

w ors hi p in t h e M o un t o f O li v e s o v e r a ga i n s t J e rus a l e m w hith e r th e ,

g l o ry o f t h e L ord re m ov e d its e l f l e a v i n
g t h e e ar li e r c it
y T h e re a ls o, .
,

a cc o rdi n t o th e
p u b li s h e d re c ord t h e f e e t of our L ord a n d S a vi ou
g r , ,

Wh o w as H i m s e l f th e W ord a n d th roug h it t oo k up on H i m s e l f , , ,

h um an f orm stood up on th e M o un t o f O li ve s n e a r t h e c a ve w hi c h
, ,

is n ow p oin te d out th e re T h e re H e p ray e d an d on t h e t op of th e .

,

M oun t of O li v e s c om mun i c a t e d th e m y s t e ri e s of t h e C h ri s ti an c ov e n an t ,

a n d f ro m th e n c e a ls o H e a s c e n de d i n to h e a v e n a w e a re ta ug ht by ,
s

L uk e in t h e A c ts of t h e A p os tl e s x x ii c ol 4 57 .
, .
,

x iii 1lu v iii T h e re f ore s h a ll S i on f or y our sa k e

“
8 . d
. 3 , , .

b e p l oug h e d a s a fi e l d a n d J e rusa l e m s h a ll b e c om e h e a p s ,
”

( M i c a h iii ,
w hi c h p ro p h e c y w as n e v e r t rul y f ul fi ll e d a t an y ti m e

e x c e p t a f t e r th e da re d t o do v i ol e n c e t o o ur S av i o u r F ro m th a t
y .

tim e t o thi s p re s e n t day th e s e pla c e s h av e l ai n utt e rly de s ola te an d ,

t h e M oun t S io n w h i c h on c e w a s t h e m ost f a m o us of th e m a ll i n s t ea d
,
—

of t h e a n c ie n t m e di t a ti on s a n d p ra c ti c e o f t h e p roph e ti c a n d di vi n e

o ra c l e s w hi c h a fo re ti m e w e re s e t f orth in th a t pl a c e w ith re a t z e al
g
b y H e b re w s m e n w h o w a l k e d w ith G od p rop h e ts p ri e sts an d rul e rs
, , , ,

o f t h e w h ol e n a ti on — n ow di ff e rs in n o thi n f ro m t h e c oun try r oun d

g
a b out it a n d is l o u h e d a n d till e d b y R om an s a n d w e o urs e l v e s h a ve
, p g ,

s e e n t h e l a b o ur of t h e ox e n an d t h e c ro s F or J e r u sa l e m b e i n g
p .
,

i n h a bite d by s tran ge rs e ve n a t thi s day f urn i s h e s ston e s t o th os e w h o

,

a th e r th e m s e e i n th t ll th os e w h o in o u r o w n ti m e dw e l l th e re i n
g g ,
a a

c oll e c t sto n e s f rom h e r ruin s b oth f rom p ri va te an d f rom p ub li c b uil d ,

in g s a n d w e m ay s e e w ith o ur e y e s t h e s a dde st o f a ll s i ght s — s t o n e s b e i n g

,

tak e n f rom t h e T e m p l e its e l f an d f rom w h a t on c e w as t h e H o l y o f ,

H oli e s its e l f ( ) : £5 i} 7 6 i p fi K i i bv 7 631 58 6e m l dy iw v

’ '

f or a irr o 0 e o a a /r c ) (

Me w ) t o b uil d s h ri n e s f o r i dols a n d p l a c e s f or s h ow s w h e re a ll t h e
o , ,

p p
e o l e m a
y a s s e mb l e T h e s e thi n gs b e i n g b e h e l d b y all m e n c l e arl y
.
,

ro ve th a t t h e N e w L a w a n d t h e N e w T e s ta m e n t i n s tit ut e d b y o ur
p
S a v i our J e s us C h ri s t h a s de p art e d f rom th e n c e c ol . .
 17 3

8 . x iv . T/ze op /za n ia , iv, il y s e e w ith o ur o w n 20 — . We c an e as

eyes h ow t h e J e w s are di s p e rs e d i n t o a ll n a ti on s ; a n d h o w t he
i nh abitan ts of th a t w h i c h w as f orm e rly J e rusa l e m but is n o w n a me d ,

E li a b y f E lius H a dri an a re f ore i g n e rs and t h e de sc e n dan t s o f , ,

a n o th e r ra c e It is on ly th e i r o w n c ity a n d t h e p l ac e in w hi c h
.
,

th e i r w orshi p f orm e rl y w as ( c a rri e d on ) th at th e y c a n n ot e n te r

N ow , h ow e ve r th a t t h e p l a c e is i n h ab ite d by f ore ig n e rs t h e
,
,

de s c e n dan t s of a di ffe re n t ra c e an d it is n ot a ll ow e d t o th e m al on e ,

e v e n t o s e t a f oo t in i t s o th at t h e
y c an n o t vi e w e v e n f rom a di s ta n c e
,

t h e l an d of th e i r f ore f ath e rs t h e thi ngs f o re to l d of it are f ulfi lle d , .

( Le e s t ran sl a ti on p
’
, .

8 x v Chron ic le — F ro m w h e n c e th e y are s h ut o ut a n d m a n t
.
y o
.

e n te r a n y part o f t h e c ity b y t h e o rdi n a n c e o f G od a n d t h e m i ht

g
, ,

o f t h e R om an s
( M i g n e P a trblog za Graf c a x ix c ols 5 5 7
'

—
, , , .
,

9 . i . E P I P HA N I US , De i lle n s uris ct P on dibus , x iv .

—H e
( H adria n )
c a me t o t h e c ity of A n ti oc h c ros s e d C oe lo S y ri a a n d P h oe n i ci a a n d , ,

c am e i n t o t h e c oun try of P a l e stin e w hi c h is also call e d J udaea in t h e , ,

f orty -s e v e n th y e a r si n c e t h e rui n of J e rus al e m H e arri ve d a t t h e .

m os t f am ous a n d n ob l e c it y of J e rus al e m w hi c h w as l ai d w as t e ,

b y T it us t h e s on of V e s p as ian in t h e s e c on d y e a r o f h is re i gn
, He ,
.

f oun d th e w h ol e c ity raze d t o t h e g roun d an d t h e T e m p l e o f t h e ,

L ord t rodde n un de r f oo t th e re b e i n g on l y a f e w h ous e s st a n di ng a nd

, ,

t h e C h urc h o f G o d a s m all b uil di ng on t h e p l a c e w h e re t h e di s c i p l e s

, ,

on th e i r re t urn f rom t h e M oun t of O liv e s a f te r t h e S a vi our s ,

’

A s c e n s i on as s e m b l e d in t h e up p e r c h a m b e r
,
T hi s w as b uilt in t h e .

p art of S i on w hi c h h ad e s c a p e d de s t ruc ti on toge th e r w ith so m e ,

b uildi ngs roun d ab out S i on a n d s e ve n s y n agog ue s th at s t ood al o n e ,

in S i on li k e c ottage s on e of w hi c h re m ai n e d s ta n di ng do w n t o t h e
,

ti m e of B i s h op M ax i m us an d th e E m p e ror C on s tan ti n e li k e a l odge ,

“

in a g arde n o f c ucum b e rs in t h e w ords of S c ri p t ure N o w H adria n

,
”
.
,

m e ditate d t h e re s t orati on of t h e c ity b ut n ot o f t h e T e m pl e He

q
.
,

app oi n t e d t h e a f ore s ai d A uil a t o s up e ri n t e n d t h e w ork s c o n n e c t e d

w ith t h e b ui ldi n o f t h e c ity H e g a ve t h e c ity h is o w n n a m e a n d

g .

t h e us e of t h e i m p e ri a l titl e f o r as h e w as n am e d rE lius H ad ri a n us ,

h e n am e d t h e c it y E li a — ( M i gn e P a trolog ia Gree c a x liii c ol

q
.
, , ,

9 ii 1lu
. d xv . N ow A uil a dw e lt a t J e rus al e m a n d be h e l d t h e
, .
—
,

di s c i p l e s of th os e w h o h ad b e e n ta ugh t b y t h e a p os tl e s f ull of fa ith ,

an d w o rk i n t m i r ac l e s b oth in h e a li n g a n d o th e r w is e B y thi s
g g re a .

tim e i n de e d t h e y h ad re t urn e d t o J e rusa l e m f ro m P e ll a an d w e re

, , ,

tea c hi n g th e re ; f or w h e n t h e c ity w as ab out t o be ta k e n by th e

,

R oman s all t h e di s c i p l e s w e re w arn e d b y a n a n ge l t o de pa rt f ro m t h e

,

c ity as it w as ab out t o b e utt e rl y de stroy e d T h e y th e re fore l e ft th e i r

,
.

h om e an d s oj ourn e d in th e af ore s ai d c ity of P e lla be von d J ordan ,

 17 4

w hi ch ck on e d on e o f th e c iti e s o f D e ca p oli s Af te r t h e de s truc ti on

is re .

of J e rusa l e m th e y c a m e back as I h a ve a l re a dy tol d a n d w rough t

, , ,

m ig hty w or k s — ( M ign e P a trolog ia G rcee a x liii c ol , , , .

10 . T H E B O RD E A U X P i L G R I M .
— A n d in t h e b uil di n g ( in ce de ) it s e l f ,

w h e re stood t h e T e m p l e w hi c h S olom on b uilt th e re a re t w o

s ta t ue s of H a dri a n a n d n ot f ar f ro m t h e s ta t ue s th e re is a e f t ed
, p r ora

s t on e t o w hi c h t h e J e w s c om e e v e ry y e ar a n d a n o i n t it b e w a il th e m ,

s e l ve s w ith g roan s r e n d th e i r g arm e n t s a n d s o de a rt —

, p ( tine ra ry
I ,

m orde a ux to J erusa le m in P a les t in e P i l ri ms T ex ts v ol i

’

f ro B g ) , , . .

11 . i . J E R O M E , Co mm en ta ry
Za cha ria h x iv 2 — T h e s e thi n gs on
,
.

w e re a l s o t ol d b y C o rn e li us T a c it us w h o w rot e t h e li v e s o f t h e C ae s ars

f ro m t h e ti m e s o f A ug us t us dow n t o t h e de a t h of D om it ia n N o w as .

t o t h e m i ddl e par t of t h e c ity b e i ng t a k e n a n d t h e re st of t h e c iti z e n s ,

s uff e re d t o re m ai n in t h e c ity it h a s b e e n p rov e d th a t b o th on th at ,

a n d on oth e r o cc a s i on s t h e n orth e rn a n d l o w e r p a r t o f t h e c ity h a s

b e e n t a k e n a n d y e t th at t h e hil l of t h e T e m p l e a n d S i on w h e re on w as
, ,

t h e c it ade l re m ai n e d i n vi ol a t e — ( M i gn e
,
P a trolog ia L a tin a x x v .
, , ,

c ol .

ii Commen ta ry on D a n iel ix A f te r h is de ath w h e n s e v e n

11 . . .
—
,

w e e k s th at is 49 y e ars h av e p ass e d [ E lius H a dria n us h e b y w h om

q
, , ,

t h e c ity o f [ E li a w ill s ub s e ue n tly b e f oun de d on t h e rui n s of J e ru

s al e m w ill s ubdue t h e re b e l li ous J e w s T i m us R uf us l e a di ng th e
, ,

a rm y c ol
( R om an ) . .

11 iii Za c h a ria h v iii

Com m e n ta ry on
18 19 — T h e c ity of B e t h e l .
. .
, ,

( B e th e r) w hith e r m an y th ous an ds of J e w s h ad fl e d f or re fu e
, g w as ,

ta k e n ; th e T e m p l e w a s l e ve lle d w ith th e g roun d ( a ra tum Te mp lum ,

lit t h e sit e of t h e T e m p l e w as p l oug h e d up ) a s an i n s ult t o th e c on

q
.

ue re d ra c e by T it us A n n ius R uf us ( or T uran n ius R uf us ) .

c ol .

1 1 iv
. . Com me nta r y on E zehie l v , 1 — T h e . c ity w as t ak e n an d th e
T e m pl e ov e r th row n
ti m e of T it us an d V e s pa s ian F if ty y e a rs
in t h e .

a f t e rw ards in H a dri an s ti m e t h e c ity w as b urn e d t o t h e g ro un d

’
, ,

an d b l o tt e d out i n s om uc h th at it l os t e ve n its orig i n al n a m e

,
.

(I bid , . c ol .

11 . v . C omme nta ry on H a ba kkuk 11 — T h e y f a i n te d

th rough h un ge r .

a n d w an t a n d H a dri an s s i e g e b roug h t th e m t o utt e r rui n N ow w h e n

’

q
.
,

th e c ity o f b l o od t h e t o w n of i n i uity w as ov e rth ro w n an d its

, , ,

i n h ab itan ts b urn e d w ith fi re an d t h e n ation s w h o h a d c om e t o th e i r ,

a id di s p e rs e d hith e r a n d thith e r c ol . .

11 v i Com m ta y o
. e n r n. J e re m ia h x x x i l 5 —I t w as in t h e l a s t , .

c ap t ivity in H a dri an s ti m e w h e n t h e c ity of J e rus ale m w as o ve r

’
,

th row n an d a c oun tl e s s n um b e r o f p e op l e of a ll age s an d b ot h s e x e

,
s
 17 6

f oot up on t h e l an d f rom w hi c h th e y h av e b e e n c as t out —

M i
( gn e ,
P a trolog ia L a tin a , x x v, i c ol s . 100 ,
11 x ii Chron ic le 135 B arc oc h e b as , t h e i n s ur
g e n t l e ade r
. .
— A D . . .

of t h e J e w s , p ut t o de a w h a ll k n ds o f o r ur e s s uc th it i t t h C h ri s ti a n s a s

l
w o u d n ot h lp
e i
h im a ga n s t h e R om an arm y — ( M g n e , P a trolog ia i t
L a tin a x x v ii c ol s 6 19
, , .
,

11 x iii I bid
. A D 13 6 — Th e J e w i s h w ar w hi c h w as w ag e d in
. .
,
. .
,

P a l e s ti n e c am e t o a n e n d t h e J e w s b e i n g utt e rl y o ve rth row n

, ,
.

S i n c e th a t ti m e th e y h av e b e e n f orb i dde n e ve n t o e n t e r J e rusal e m in ,

t h e fi rs t p l a c e b y G od s w ill a n d s e c on dl y b y t h e de c re e s of t h e
’

, , ,

R om an s — ( M ich c ol s 6 19 ,
.
,

1 1 x iv
. C o mm e n ta r
y o n J o e l i
. 4— W e a lso re a d of t h e c am p aign ,
.

o f ZElius H adri a n us aga i n s t t h e J e w s ; h e s o utte rl y de st roy e d J e ru

s al e m a n d its w a ll s th a t out o f t h e r u i n s an d as h e s of t h e c ity h e

f oun de d a n e w on e c all e d E li a af t e r his ow n n am e — ( M i gn e P a tro , ,

log ia L a tin a , x x v, c o l .

12 . i . S U L P i C i U s S E V E RU S , H istoria S a c ra , 11, 30 . T it us is said ,

t
a f er c a l li n g
c oun c il t o h av e fi rst de li be ra t e d w h e th e r h e
a ,
s h oul d

de s t roy t h e T e m p l e a s truc t ure of s uc h e x t rao rdi n ary w or k , . F or it

s e e m e d good t o s om e th at a s a cre d e di fi c e di s ti ngui s h e d a b ov e all ,

h um a n a c hi e ve m e n ts ought n ot t o b e de s troy e d i nasm uc h a s if p re , , ,

s e r ve d it w o u ,
l d f urn i s h a n e v i de n c e of R om an m ode rat ion b ut if , ,

de s t roy e d w o ul d s e rv e f or a p e r p e t ual p roof o f R om an c rue lty

,
B ut .

on t h e o p p os it e s i de o th e rs a n d T it us hi m s e l f th oug ht th a t t h e
, , ,

T e m p l e oug ht s p e c i ally t o b e ov e rt h ro w n in orde r th at t h e r e li g i on ,

of t h e J e w s a n d of t h e C h ri s ti a n s m i gh t m ore th orough l y be s ub

ve rt e d f or th a t th e s e re ligi on s a lth oug h c o n trary t o e a c h o th e r , ,

h ad n e v e rth e l e ss p ro c e e de d f rom th e s am e a uth ors ; th at t h e

C h ri s tian s h a d s p run g up f rom a m on g t h e J e w s ; a n d th a t if t h e ,

o
r o t w e re e x ti r p a t e d t h e o ffs h o o t w o u l d s
p e e dil y p e r i
,
s h —
( M i gn e .
”
,

P a trolog ia L a t in a x x c ol 146 t ran sl a t e d in N ice n e a n d P os t-N ice n e

, , .

F a th ers x i p 1 11 ,
S up p os e d t o h ave b e e n t a k e n f rom a l ost bo o k
. . .

of T a c itus ) .

12 ii I bid ii 3 1 — A t thi s tim e H adri an thi n k i ng th a t h e

. . .
, ,
.
,

w o ul d de s t roy t h e C h ri s ti a n f a ith by i n fl i c ti n g a n i n j ury up on th e

p l ace s e t u
, p t h e i m a g e s o f d e m on s b o th in t h e T e m pl e a n d in t h e ,

p l a c e w h e re t h e L ord s uff e re d A n d b e c aus e t h e C h ri s ti a n s w e re .

th oug ht p ri n c i p ally t o c on sis t of J e w s ( f or th e C h urc h a t J e rus al e m

did n o t th e n h ave a p ri e s t e x c e p t of t h e c i r c um c i s i on ) h e orde re d a ,

c oh ort of s ol di e rs t o k e e p c on sta n t g uard in orde r t o pre ve n t all ,

J e w s f rom a pp roa c hi n g t o J e rusa l e m M ark f rom am ong th e .

G e n til e s w as th e n fi rs t of a ll bi s h op a t J e rus ale m — ( M ign e , ,

.
,

P a trologia L at in a x x c ols 146 , ,

.
,
 17 7

13 . H I L A R I U S , Trea tise on Ps a lms l viii ,

lix ) , N o 12 — T h e
. . c ity w as
l ost th e T e m pl e w as l ai d w ast e an d th e R oma n E mpe ror de c re e d tha t
,
,

if th e y s o m uc h as ca m e i n t o t h e n e i ghb o urh ood o f th e c ity m uc h ,

m ore if th e y e n t e re d it th e y sh o ul d b e s tarv e d t o de ath — ( M i gn e , ,

P a trologia L a ti na , ix , c ol .

14 . i . C HRY S O S T O M . Ora tion , v, 10, A dvers us J udteos .

-N ow le t us
call t h e fa ct s th e m s e l v e s t o b ear w itn e s s t o th e truth of w h at h as be e n
s ai d .I f th e y h ad n o t att e m p t e d t o buil d t h e T e m p l e th e y m i ght ,

h ave s ai d I f w e h ad w i s h e d to atte m p t it an d t o b e gi n b uil di n g

,
“
, ,

w e sh o ul d h a v e b e e n f ully ab l e t o do s o a n d s h oul d h ave a cc om plish e d

it 1 B ut I n o w p ro ve th at th e y atte m p te d t o do s o n ot on c e or tw i ce
”

b ut th re e ti m e s an d w ere h i n de re d , .

14 ii I bicl v 11 — F or af t e rt h e de s ol ati on w rough t b y V e sp asi an

. . .
,
. .

a n d T itus t h e J e w s a ss e m bl e d t o e th e r in t h e ti m e of H adri a n a n d
, g
e n de avo ure d t o re store th e i r sta t e t o it s f orm e r c on diti on So .

th e y re volte d again st t h e E mp e ror an d re n de re d it n e c e s sary f or h im ,

t o lay t h e c ity w ast e a s e c o n d ti m e H e p ut th e m dow n an d c on

q
.

ue re d th e m an d th e n l e st th e y sh oul d h av e an y groun ds f or f ut ure

, ,

r e vo lt h e c l e a re d a w a all th e rui n s an d s e t up his o w n stat ue th e re

, y
—
( M i g ne P a trolog ia Greec a x l viii c ols 8 99
, , ,
.
,

15 G no a e m s C E D R EN U S H i t — I n his ti m e t h e J e w s b e c a m e
. s or
y ,

f ac tion s an d t rie d t o re b uil d th e T e m pl e at J e r usal e m b ut h e ,

H dri an ) w as v e ry w roth w it h th e m a n d m a de w ar up on t h e m in
( a , ,

w hi c h h e sl e w 5 8 m y ri a ds of th e m in on e day H e al s o de st roy e d .

t h e an c i e n t rui n s o f t h e c ity an d of t h e T e mpl e a n d f ounde d a n e w

J e rus ale m M
( g i n e P a trolo ia Grcec a c x x i c ol
g.
—
, , ,
.

N I C E P H O R U S C A LL I S T OS , E cclesias tica l H is tory , iii , 243 11

16 .
; is

stat e d th a t t h e J e w s re volte d a s e con d tim e in t h e re i g n of thi s

e m p e ror ( H a dri an ) , a n d th a t th e y i n t e n de d t o re b uil d t h e T e m pl e a t

J e rus l
a e m —
. M
( gi n e , P a tr olog ia Graze a , cxl v ,
c ol.

R.
I U
17 P O O S S H isto y r.
v ii 1 3 — B y a fi n a l sl aught e r h e ( H adri an )
, , ,
.

s ub due d t h e J e w s w h o e x c it e d b y re m ors e f or th e i r c ri m e s w e re
, , ,

l ay i n g w as te w h at w as on c e th e i r ow n c oun try of P al e s ti n e h e
a ve n ge d t h e C h ri s ti a n s w h om t h e J e w s le d by C o t h e b a ( C o c h e b a ) h a
,

t orture d b e c aus e th ey w oul d n ot j oi n th e m in th e i r re volt agai n st t h e

R oman s H e a l s o de c re e d th a t n o J e w sh oul d b e g ive n l e a ve t o e nt e r
.

J e rus al e m th a t c ity b e i n g re s e rv e d f or C h risti an s al on e H e al so .

u it in an e x e c ll t t u b b u il d i t h w lls a n d o rd e red
p t n e a
e n p o s r e y re g ,

it t o b e call e d E lia a f te r his o w n p ra e n o m e n — M

( g i nc P a trolog ia .
,

L a tin a x x x i c ol , ,
.

17 P A U L U S D I A C O NU S H is tory — H adri an ove rth re w t h e Je w s

.
,

in a fi na l de f e at J e r us a l e m w as l a i d.
w a s t e f o r t h e l a st ti m e s o
,

M
 17 8

th at n ot on e ston e w as l e f t upon an o th e r acc ordi n g to D ivi n e prop h e cy

, ,

an d he e x a lt e d t h e C h ristian s .
( Q uote d by M ii n t e r The J ewis h ,

19 . S YN C E L L u i t th e m c am e t o an e n d f or
s .
— A n d t h e w ar a
ga n s
,

a t l ast J e rusa l e m w as t ak e n s o th a t n ot on e st on e w as l e f t up on ,

a n oth e r — ( Q uot e d b y M i gn e P a trolog ia e

. c a x x v ii c ol , , , .

S uI DA s V b om i n ati on of de s ol ati on H adrian utt e rl y

”
20 . . Th e a

de s t rove d th e c ity .
—
( Q uot e d b y M ii n t e r, The J e wis h War ) .

2 1 A B U L FA R G I U S
. . In this y ear ( th e f ourth of H adri an s ’
re ign)
t h e re aros e at J e rusal e m a m an n am e d be n C oc ab W h e n n e w s .

o f this w as b rought t o H a dri an h e s e n t an arm y thith e r w h o sl e w

th at m an storm e d J e rus al e m an d ove rth re w t h e J e w s ; an d utte rl y

,

de stroy e d t h e c ity of J e rusa l e m S o t h e A ra bic t e x t : t h e Sy riac is

q q
.

n ot uit e s o p re c is e : T h e E m p e ror s e n t a n arm y w hi c h c on ue re d

“

t h e J e w s an d a f t er J e rusa l e m h ad b e e n utte rl y de st roy e d

,

( Q u ot e d b y M u n t e r The J e wis h Wa r )
'

,
.

22 . T ALM U D
ER US AL E M Ta a n ith iv 5
or — O u t h e 9 th A
J b , , ,

Re th ar w a s t a k e n an d th e pl oug h w as p ass e d o ve r t h e g roun d o f

t h e ca pital — (T ran sl ation o f M S c h w a b t om e v i p
”
.
,
.
.
,

23 . M A I M O N I D E S , in B A R T O L OC C I , B ibliothic a R a bbin ic a , iii p , . 6 97 .

Th e i m p io us Ty ra nn us R uf us of t h e k i n gs of I dum aea th e
R om an s ) p l oug h e d up t h e pl ac e of t h e T e m p l e a n d its n e ig h b ourh ood ,

th at t h e proph e cy of J e re m ia h x x vi 18 m ight be f ulfille d —( Q uote d , , .

”

b y M ii n t e r, Th e J ew is h Wa r ) .

24 C HR O N I C O N P A S C H A L E ,
. th e se c ons ul s A D
. . 119 — I a th e ti me of

t h e J e w s re volt e d a n d H adria n w e n t t o J e r usa l e m

,
H e took t h e J e w s .

c aptiv e w e n t t o th e pl ac e c all e d th e T e re b i nth an d h e l d an as se m b ly

, ,

H e s ol d th e m f or sl ave s a t t h e pri c e of a h ors e

[o r

p e r m an T h os e w h o w e re l e f t h e to ok t o G az a a n d th e re h e l d an
.
,

a ss e mb ly a n d s ol d th e m T h at a ss e m bly is t o this day c a ll e d H a dri an s

’
.

M art . H e p ull e d do w n th e t e mpl e ( wa d ) of t h e J e w s a t J e rus al e m

”
s

a n d b uilt t h e t w o D e m os ia t h e th e at re th e T rik a m e ron t h e T e tran y m , , ,

h t h D d k ap y lo n f orm e rl y c all e d A n ab a th m o i ( th e S t “

q
o n e o e e ps
p , ,

an d t h e K odra a n d h e di v id e d t h e c ity i n t o s e v e n uart e rs an d

q q
, ,

a pp oi n t e d a h e a d m a n f or e a c h ua rte r a n d e a c h uart e r is c all e d b y

-
,

t h e n am e o f its h e ad m an to thi s day H e a l s o gav e h is o w n n am e t o

- .

t h e c ity a n d c all e d it E li a s e e i ng th at h e w as n am e d E lius H adri an us, .

M
( g i n e P a trolo ia Gres c a x c ii c ols 6 13
g ,
'
, , .
,

mbly , f es ta l mbly in
'
1 1 n a t io n a l
) 1ra w ryvp zs , a y e ne ra l, or a ss e a a ss e

h on our of nation al god S uch f e stival s

a .
gave o ccas ion f o r gre a t m ark e ts
o r f a i rs ( Li dde l l a d S c o t t s L ic )
’
n ex on .
 18 0

t h e i r f oul obl ati on s on profan e an d a cc urs e d altars F or in this w ay .

,

on l d id th e y s upp os e th a t th e y w oul d a cc om lish th e i r u p

y p p r ose ,

e v e n b y c on c e a li n g t h e c a v e of s a l vati o n by m e an s O f th e s e de t e stab l e 1

ab om i n ati on s B ut t h e m a c hi n a ti on s of un godly an d
i mp i ous m e n agai n st t h e t ruth c on tin ue d f or a l on g tim e ; n o on e of
t h e g o ve rn ors of t h e p ra e t ors or e v e n O f th e e m p e rors w as f oun d
, , ,

c apabl e of abolishi n g th e se dari ng i m pi e ti e s save o n ly th at on e w h o ,

w as de ar t o G od t h e R ul e r of a ll H e b e i n g i n s p i re d b y t h e D i v i n e ’

.
,

S p i rit c oul d n ot b e ar t o s e e t h e p l ac e w e h a ve b e e n s p e a k i n g o f
,

c on c e al e d th roug h t h e a rt ifi c e s of a dve rs ari e s of _ all ki n ds of im p urity ,

a n d c on si gn e d t o ob li vi on a n d n e g l e c t n or did h e y i e l d t o th e m a li c e

of th o s e w h o h a d b roug ht this ab out b u t c alli n g up on G o d t o h e l p ,

es pe c i ally fi tti ng th at a S p ot w hi c h h ad b e e n po ll ute d by his e n e m i e s

sh oul d e nj oy t h e m ig h ty w orkin g of th e All good at his h an ds A n d - .

a s s oon a s h is orde rs w e re g i v e n t h e c on trivan c e s of de c e it w e re ,

c ast dow n f rom on high t o th e groun d an d t h e dw e lli n g-p l ac e s of ,

i m age s an d de m on s an d all w e re ov e rth row n an d utte rly

'

e rror , , ,

de stroy e d .

1 iii I bid iii 2 7 — N or did his z e al st 0 p h e re

. . .
, ,
T h e E mp e ror
. .

f ur th e r gav e dire c ti on s th at t h e m at e ri a l of th at w hi c h w as de stroy e d ,

b oth w ood an d st on e s h oul d b e re m ov e d an d th row n as f ar f rom th e

,

s p ot as p os si b l e w hi c h w as d on e in a cc ordan c e w ith his c omm an d

,
.

B ut on l y t o go t h us f ar did n ot s a tisf y h im A g ai n b e i n g i n s p i r e d .
,

w ith h ol y z eal h e i s sue d orde rs th at h avi n g dug up t h e s oil t o a

2
, ,

c on si de rab l e de pth th e y sh oul d tran sp ort t o a f ar dis tan t sp ot t h e

, ,
-
,

a c t ua l un d e ar th a n d all i n a s m uch as it h a d b e e n p oll ut e d b

g ro , y th e ,

de fi le m e n t s of de m on -w orship .

1 iv I bid iii 28 — T his a lso w as a cc om pli s h e d w ith o ut de l ay

. . .
, ,
. .

A n d as on e l ay e r af te r an oth e r w as l ai d b are t h e pla c e w hi c h w as ,

b e n ea th t h e e ar th app e are d ; th e n f orth w ith c on trary t o all e x p e cta ,

ti on did t h e v e n e rab l e an d h allow e d m on um e n t of our S avious

,

re s urre c ti on b e c om e v isib l e an d th e m ost h oly c av e re c e i ve d w h a t

3
,
‘

w as an e x a c t e m bl e m of his c om in g t o li f e F or af t e r it s de s c e n t .

i n t o dark n e ss it agai n c am e f orth i n to ligh t an d afforde d to th os e

, ,

w h o c a m e t o s e e a c l e ar i n s i gh t i n to t h e hi s t ory O f t h e w on de rs
,

w hi c h h a d th e re b e e n w rough t t e stif y i n g t o t h e re s urre c ti on of t h e

q
,

S avi our by de e ds m ore e l o ue n t th an an y v oi c e c oul d b e .

1 v I bid iii 2 9 — T h e s e thi n g s b e i ng s o don e f orth w ith t h e

. . .
, , .
,

1
S ee no e t 5 , p 17 9
. .

2
é m Oe i dc a s , or, h a vi ng c a lle d up on G od .

3
7 6 7
7 7 3 a w r np lo v d va a r do e w s y a pr é pi ou
'
'
.

67 10 1} 63V 50 l
’
re 7 1
bwr pou .
 18 1

E mp e ror s th at a h ous e of p ray e r w orth y of Go d

av
g e orde r

s h ou ld b e e re c te d roun d ab out th e c a ve of s al va tion on a s c a l e 1

of ri c h a n d i m p e ri a l c ostli n e s s T h is p roj e c t h e h ad h ad for so m e .

tim e in vi e w an d h ad f ore s e e n as if by s up e rior i n te llige n ce w h at

, , ,

w as goi n g t o h a p p e n T o t h e go v e r nors of t h e p rovi n c e s in th e

. -

East [h e gav e i n struc ti on s] th at th e y sh ould ma k e t h e w ork

e x c e e di n gl y l arge gre at a n d c ostl y ; b ut t o t h e B i s h op w h o a t
, ,

th at ti m e pre s ide d ove r th e C h urc h in J e r usale m h e se n t t h e ,

f oll ow i n g l e tte r in w hi c h h e s e t f orth t h e sa vi ng doc t ri n e of t h e

,

fa ith in c l e a r l an guage w riti n g th us ,

1 v i I bid iii 3 0
. . S O g re a t is t h e grac e of our S a vi our that n o
.
, ,
.
,

w r of lan u
g ag e s e e m s w orth y t o de s c ri b e t h e pre s e n t w o nde r For
o e 2
p _
.

th at th e t ok e n of that m os t h oly p as s ion l on g ago b uri e d un de r groun d

fl
. .
,
3
,

sh oul d h a ve re m ai n e d un k n o w n f or s o m an y c y c l e s of y e ar s un til it ,

sh oul d s hi n e f orth t o H is s e rvan ts n ow se t f re e th ro ugh th e re m ova l

of h im w h o w as t h e c omm on e n e m y o f a ll t rul y t ra n s c e nds a ll
“
,

m arve l F or if all w h o w e re re pute d w is e th roug h out all t h e w orl d

.

w e re t o c om e toge t h e r t o on e pl a c e an d t ry t o say s om e th i n g w ort h y

o f this e v e n t th e y w oul d n ot b e ab l e t o m atc h th e m se l ve s agai n st

,

s uc h a w ork in t h e s m all e s t de g e e e f or th e n a ture of thi s w onde r as ,

f ar t ran s c e n ds all c ap a c ity of m an s re as on as di vi n e t hi n gs s urp as s

’

in p e rm an e n c e th os e w hi c h are h um an W h e re f ore this is a l w ay s my .

fi rst a n d on l y ob j e c t th a t as t h e f aith f ul ne s s of t h e t ruth di s p l ay s

,

itse l f daily by fre sh w on de rs s o t h e souls of us a ll m ay be c om e m ore ,

z e al ous f or t h e h ol
y l a w in a ll s ob ri e ty an d e arn e s t n e ss w ith c o n c ord
5 .
6

I de si re th e n th a t y ou sh ould e s p e c i ally be c onv i n c e d of t h is ( w hi c h ,

i nde e d I s upp os e is pl ai n t o e ve ry on e ) th at of all thi ngs it is m ost

, ,

m y c a re h ow w e may adorn w ith spl e n dour of b uil di ngs th at sa c re d

1
( impi 7 6 a w ' '
r fipw u iiurpov '
.

2
T h e p r e s e n t w o n de r im p l i e s a p re vi ous w on de r— t h e di s c ove ry of th e
T om b
3
b yr/ w ga s h/ c u waiOous Th e tok e n o f t h e P ass i on is
i
T
pw p a
“

y i
r o if c r t w ra 'rov '
.

t h e C ros s up o n w hi c h C h ri st s ufi e re d, a n d n ot t h e T o m b in w i h ch He w as

buri e d . In C h ap s . co ve ry of th e To m b
2 5 to 2 8 E us e b us de s i cribe s t h e re

th e “
h all ow e d m on um e n t of o w i tn e s s to t h e r e urre cti on ( e e n ote 1”
,
r ,
s s ,

p .
I n C h p 3 0 t h e E m p e raor fi r st a
.
ll ud e s t o t h e C ros s w hi c h w a s ,

c e rta i nly f oun d in h is re i gn ( s e e p an d p ro b abl y a t th is t im e and th e n . ,

e x l ain s h is w i s h w ith re ard t o t h e T o m b I n C h a ps 3 1 an d 8 2 h e gi ves

p g . .

in structi on s for t h e c on s tructi on o f a bas i l ic a o ve r t h e p lac e w h e re th e

C ros s w as f oun d .

4 L ici n ius , di e d in 3 26 , th e y e ar in w hi c h th e T om b w as un
‘

who A D
. .

c ove red .

5
T h at is ,
C h ri stia n i ty .

6
T h e p as sage w h ic h f oll ow s re f e r s t o t h e T om b .
 18 2

s
po t i ch un de r divi n e dire c ti on s I _re li e ve d as it w e re f rom an
wh , ,

i n c umb e n t l oa d e ve n f rom th e disgrac e f ul adj un c t o f an i dol— a pl ac e

,

h oly i n de e d f rom th e b e gi n n in g in G od s j udgm e n t b ut w hi c h h as ’

,

b e e n m ade t o app ear still m ore h oly si n c e it broug ht to light t h e

a s s uran c e of th e S a vi our s p a ssi on
’ l
.

1 . vn .11nd , iii, 3 1 I t is th e re fore fi ttin g th at y our saga c ity do

.

s o orde r an d m a k e p rov i s i on f or e ve ry th i n g n e c e s sa ry , t h a t n ot on l y

sh al l this b asili c a be t h e fi n e s t in th e w orld but th at th e de tails also

2
,

sh all be s uch th at all th e f aire st struc t ure s in e ve ry c ity m ay b e

s urp ass e d by it C on c e rn i n g t h e c ol um n s an d m arb l e s ,

w h at e v e r y ou sh all j udg e a f t e r t h e pl an h as b e e n in s p e c t éd t o b e , ,
3

m ost pre c i ous an d m ost s e rvi c e abl e b e care f ul t o i n f orm us in w ritin g , ,

th at th ose thi n gs w hi c h w e l e arn f rom y our l e tt e r to b e n e e df ul

m ay b e proc ure d f rom e very uart e r F or it is j ust th at t h e p lac e
w hi c h is m ore w on de rf ul t h a n t h e w h ol e w orl d sh oul d b e w ort hil y
q .

‘
,

de c orat e d .

1 v iii 11nd iii 32 — A s t o t h e roof of t h e basili c a I w ish t o

“
. .
, , .
,

k n ow f rom y ou w h e th e r y ou thi n k it sh oul d h a ve a pan e ll e d c e ilin g

or b e fi n ish e d in a n y oth e r f a s hi on I f it be pan e ll e d it m ay al s o b e .
,

orn am e n te d w it h g ol d an d y ou w ill a ls o b e ca re f ul t o re p ort

f ort h w ith t o m e n ot on ly c o n c e rn i n g t h e m arbl e s an d t h e c ol umn s

, ,

b ut also c on c e rn i n g t h e p an e ll e d c e ili n g if y o u sh oul d j udge this th e

m ore b e auti f ul .
” 5

1 ix Ibid iii 33 — T h e s e thi n g s did th e E m p e ro r w ri te an d h is

. .
, ,
.
__ ,

i n struc ti on s w e re at o n c e ca rri e d i n to e ff e c t S o on th e m on um e n t of .

s al vati on its e l f w as t h e n e w J e rusa le m b uilt o ve r a gain st th e on e

“
,
7

s o f am ous of old , O pp os it e this t h e E m p e ror re are d

,
.
8
,

1 '
M y 7 0 6 o w r np o v 1ra 90 vs
‘ ‘ ‘
f . r io r w , i . e .
,
t h e C ros s . T h e m e an in g ap p ears

t o be th at th e tomb h a d b e e n m ade m ore h oly by th e f ct th at its di s co ve ry a

h a d le d t o t h e fi n di g o f t h e C ros s n .

2
A c omp ari s on of th e de tai l s orde re d by C on s t n tin e w ith t h e de s c ip a , r

ti on of t h e w ork ac tually c arri e d out in C h ap 3 6 l e ads to th e be l i e f th at .

,

t h e b asilic a re f e red to is th at w h ic h w as b uilt ove r t h e s p ot w h e re t h e

r

C ros s w as f oun d It is h o w e ve r p o si bl e th at t h e E m p e ror i n te n de d to

.
, ,
s

i n c l ude all th e h oly p l ac e s in on e l arge C h urch an d th a t th e de c i s ion t o ,

b ui ld t w o c h urc h e s w a s on ly arri ve d at af te r i n sp e c t ion of t h e p l an .

3
S e e n ot e 2 .

4 Th a is
t th e p lac e w h e re th e C ros s w as f oun d
, .

5
Th e re p ort o f M a c arius w a s e vide tly in f avour o f p an e lli n g se e n ,

L if e of C o t ti e C h ap 3 6 ns a n n
, . .

T h e re f e re n c e is p robably t o
6 ’
K i 8} a im ) d w dp1 aa r
y p ép
'
a r or lay a '
r toy .

t h e T om b .

7
dv rm pda anros
'
.

8
T h at is old J e rus a e m , t h e l site o f th e T e mp le .
 18 4

m ark e t-
p l ac e ,
1
th e m a in t
e n ra n e c 2
of th e w h ol e ed q
i fi c e of e x ui s ite
w or kman shi p pre s e n t e d t o t h e pas s ers by on t h e
,
- outsi de a stri k i n g

v i e w o f t h e i n t e r ior .

1 x v i M id iii 40 —T hi s t e m p l e th e n did t h e Em p e ror rais e as a

. .
, ,
.

c on spi c uous m on um e n t of t h e S avi our s re s urre c t ion ’

fi

1 x vii [ bid iii 41

. A n d h avi n g s e l e c t e d oth e r pl a c e s in t h e s am e
. .
, ,
.
-

re gion w hi c h w e re h e l d in h on our on a cc oun t o f t w o s ac re d c ave s h e 4

,

a dorn e d th e m a l s o w ith l avi s h e x e ndit ure re n de ri n d u h on ou r to

p g e

th a t c a ve w hi c h h a d b e en t h e s c e n e of th e fi rst m an ife stati on of t h e

.

S a vi our w h e n H e s ub m itte d t o b e b orn in t h e fl e sh an d ( in t h e cas e ,

of t h e s e c on d) m a gn i fy i n g t h e m e m ory of H is a s c e n si on i n to h e a ve n

o n t h e m ou n ta i n -t op .

1 x v iii I bid iii 42 — S o s h e (H e l e n a ) c am e th oug h advan c e d in

q
.
, , ,
. .

e ars w ith t h e e n e rgy of y outh t o a c uai n t h e rs e l f w ith this l a n d

y ,

w orth y o f all v e n e rati on .

1 x ix Ibid iii 43 — A n d f orth w it h s h e de di c at e d tw o te m p l e s t o

. .
, ,
.

th e G o d w h om s h e w orship p e d on e a t t h e C av e of t h e N ati vity an d , ,

t h e oth e r on t h e M oun t of t h e As c e n si on W h e re fore t h e

m ost p i ous E m p re ss adorn e d th e s c e n e of th e t rav ail of t h e M oth e r of
G od w ith rare m on um e n ts b e auti fy i n g in e ve ry w ay thi s s a cre d ,

ca ve .

Agai n t h e i m p e ri al m oth e r e re ct e d a stat e l y e di fi c e on t h e M oun t

,

of O li v e s a s a m o n u m e n t of t h e p rogre ss i n t o h e ave n of t h e S a vi our of

a ll rai s i n s a c r d c h u rc h an d t e m ple on t h e m oun t ai n ri d e a t t h e
, g a e g
ver
y s um m it of t h e hill H e re in this c av e true hi s tory h as it th at .
, ,

t h e S av i our of a ll i n itia t e d H is dis c ipl e s i n to sa c re d my st e ri es

( M ign e P a trolog ia Greec e x x c ols T ran sl ation in The “

.
, , ,

C h urc h e s of C on st an ti n e at J e rusal e m ”
P a les tin e P ilgr ims Tex ts
’
, ,

v ol i ). .

1 x x 7 720 P ra is e of Con s ta n tin e ix —Agai n in t h e pro vi n c e of

. .
, .
,

P a l e sti n e in th at c ity w hi c h w as on c e t h e s e at of H e b re w s ove re ig n ty

, ,

on t h e ve ry sit e o f t h e L ord s S e p ul c h re h e ( C on s tan ti n e ) h as ra is e d

’
s
,

a ch u rc h o f n ob l e di m e n s i on s an d a dorn e d a t e m p l e s a c re d t o t h e ,

sa lutary c ros s w ith ri c h an d l a vish m agn i fi c e n c e h on ouri n g th at

6
,

e ve rl a sti n
g m on um e n t a n d t h e t rophi e s of t h e S avi o ur s vi c t ory ov e r
7 ’
,

1 '

a y o a.
p
2
1r o1r
p 6Acua .

3
7 61166 p é u adv 7 6V ve tw l o w r np o v i dua o vda e w s é uapy é s
‘
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y ap ri pt ov
'

Ba m Ae t s .

4 ev iu ‘ w
o ci pms y vo 'rmoi s .
5
7 6 c wr fi
pt o u y a p ré p w u'
.

mi
6 '
ve um T e (3
m
'
w o w rnp t rp (I n/Ad
'
.

7
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r
 18 5

th it a sp l e n dour w h ic h n o l anguage c an de sc ri be
t h e p ow e r of de a , w h .

s t
I n th e am e c oun ry h e dis c ove re d th re e p l ac e s ve n e rable as t h e loc a li
ti e s of th re e sac re d cave s ; an d th e s e also h e a dorne d w ith c os tly
s truc t ure s p a i n
y g a fi tti n g t rib ute of re ve re n c e to t h e s c e ne o f t h e
,

fi rst m an if e sta ti on of t h e S av i our s p re s e n c e w hil e a t t h e s e cond c a ve ’

,

h e h a ll ow e d t h e re m e m b ran c e of H is fi n al a s c e n s i on f ro m t he m ounta in
t op an d c e l e b rat e d H is m ig hty c on fl i c t a n d t h e v i c t ory w hi c h c ro w ne d
,

it at t h e th ird A ll th e s e p la c e s o ur E m p e ro r th u
. s adorn e d in t h e
h op e of p ro c l ai m i ng t h e sy m b ol of re de m pti o n t o all m an k in d — th at
C ross w hi c h h as i n de e d re pai d his p i ous z e al — ( M i gn e P a trolog ia ,

Gres ca x x c o l Wa c e a n d S c h a fi N ic mi e a nd P os t -Nic ene

'

, ,
.
,

F a thers i , ,

1 x x i T/ze P ra is e of C ons ta n tin e x i — T h e th an k o ff e ri ngs t o t h y

. .
,
.

g u ar di an an d S avi our t h e trop hi e s of th e v i c tory o ve r De ath w hi c h

, ,

h ave b e e n s e t up in th e h ouse s of p ray e r an d in t h e h oly sh ri ne s ,

th os e l of ty an d e x c e e din g b e aut e ous roy al m aste rpi e c e s b uilt by t h e

'

roy a l w ill ro un d a b out t h e m e m ori a l o f o u r e te rn a l s al vati on is n ot ,

th e i r m e an in g pl ai n t o all m e n s un de rstan ding t— ( M ign e P a trolog ia ’

,

Graze a , x x , c ol .

1 . xx ii . Commen ta ry on P s a lm 1x x x vii .
— A n y on e w ho c on s ide rs
w h at w on drous t hin gs h ave b e e n don e in our o wn ti me a t t h e
S e p ul ch re an d th e p la c e of th e M arty rdom o f t h e S avi o ur w ill l
,

un de rstan d h ow th e s e p rop h e c i e s h av e i n de e d b e e n f ulfille d — ( M ign e ,

P a trolog ia Gres c a x x iii c ol , ,

.

1 x x iii
.

re c e n tl y b e e n
-
e wfi d
.

w
ha mm— T h e grave its e l f w as a cav e w hi c h h a d
ii t ; a c ave th a t h ad n o w be e n c ut out in a
a

an d w hi c h h a d e x p e ri e n c e d ( t h e re c e p ti on of ) n o oth e r b ody .

F or it w as n e c e ss ary th at it w hi c h w as its e l f a w on de r s h ould h av e , ,

t h e c are of th at C orp s e on l y F or it is as ton i s hi n g t o s e e e ve n th i s .

P

rock stan di n o ut e re c t a n d a l on e 111 a l e ve l l a n d a n d h a vi n g o nl y o n e

g ,

caver n w ithin it l e s t h ad th e re b e e n m any th e m i rac l e of H im w h o

, , ,

ove rc am e De a th s h oul d h a v e b e e n o bs c ure d Th e C orp s e w as th e re .

f ore l ai d th e re t h e V e ss e l of t h e li vi n g w o an ; a nd a gre at sto ne

,

h e l d ( th e e n tran c e of) t h e cave ( L e e s tran s l ation p .

—
’
, .

N B — Th e Th e Op /za n ia is on l y e x ta n t in t h e S y ria c v e rsio n an d

. . ,

2
dy bi qt 7 6 p vfiaa Ka i r d jua pr ii p i ov

t ce
.

re f e rs , a pp are n tl to th e i ginal co ndi

T h e firs p art of th e sen en y
,
or

tion of t h e T om b w h e n n e w l y c ut out of t h e rock f r J o o s e p h o f Arim ath e a ,

an d th e latte r art t o t h e T o m b af te r it h a d b e e n i o l ate d by h c w in g a w a y s

p "
t h e s urroun di n g ro ck c a e th e
”
a d
“
Th e w o ds us e d f or g rave .
ave r n r

ordin ary S y ria c t e rm s — l brci H e b k be A r k b ) an d m t M ca . e r, . a r ,

a
V‘
,

w h ic h i s a l o f a m i l i ar in H e bre w an d A ra bic a d
s e vi de ntl y a t ans l atio ,
n is r n

o f th e G re e k é w p u ro ck an d is a l so
“
T h e w ord k ep k a is u e d for o .
s

e m l o e d t o de n ot e t h e s ton e w hi c h c los e d th e c ave

p y
.
 18 6

t h e m e an ing l
c l e arer if t h e origi n al G re ek w e re in
w ou d b e m uc h
e x ist e n c e Th e w or k w as w ritte n a f t e r t h e C hurc h of t h e H ol y
. .

S e p ul c h re w as built or w h il s t it w as in b uil di n g an d t h e passage , ,

app are n tly a ll ude s t o t h e e x c a va ti on s b

y w h i c h t h e tom b w a s i so l a t e d ,

a n d t o its app e a ran c e af t e r is o l a ti on W h e th e r t h e m ean in g is th at .

t h e re w a s on ly on e c h am b e r or o n l y on e l o c ul us or grav e is un c e rta i n
t h e f orm e r is m os t pro b abl e .

2 . i . S O Z O M E N , H is toria E ec les ia s tic a , 11, 1

. Af te r t h e C oun cil of
-

N i c ae a, t h e E m p e ror th at a h ouse of di re c t e d pray e r sh oul d be e re ct e d

t o G od at J e rusa l e m ne an t h e p l ac e ca ll e d C al vary ( lit
”
th e
“
.
,

At t h e sa m e ti m e h is m oth e r H e l e n a re p aire d to th e c ity f or t h e p ur

p os e of off e ri n g up pray e r an d v i s iti n g t h e sa c re d pl ac e s H e r z e al f or }
.

C h risti an ity m a de h e r a n x i ous t o fi n d th e w ood w hi c h h ad f orm e d th e

a dora bl e c ros s B ut it w as n o e as y m att e r t o di s c o ve r e ith e r this re li c
.

o r t h e L ord s S e p ul c h re ; f or t h e P aga n s w h o in f orm e r t im e s h ad

’ 3

p e rs e c ute d th e C h urc h a n d w h o a t t h e fi rs t prom ulgati on of C h risti ,

a n ity h ad h ad re c ours e to e v e ry arti fi c e t o e x te rm i n a t e it h ad c on c ea l e d ,

th at s pot un de r m uc h h e ap e d up e arth an d e l e vate d w h at w as be fore

q
,

uit e de p re ss e d a s it l oo k s n ow an d t h e m ore e ff e c t uall y to c on c e a l , ,

th e m h ad e n c l os e d t h e e n ti re pl a c e of t h e re s urre c ti on an d o f C al vary
,

w ithi n a w all a n d h ad m ore o ve r orn a m e n t e d t h e w h ol e l o ca lity a n d

, , ,

pave d it w ith s ton e T h e y also e re c te d a t e m p l e t o Aph rodite an d .

,

set u
p a littl e i m ag e s o th a t th o s e w h o re p a i re d t h ith e r to w orshi p
,

Ch ri s t w ould ap p e ar t o b ow t h e k n e e t o A ph rodit e an d th a t th us t h e
, ,

true ca us e of offe ri ng w ors hip in th at spot w ould in c ours e of ti m e , ,

b e f org ott e n an d th at as C h risti an s w o ul d n ot dare f e arl e ssl y t o

q
,

f re ue n t t h e pl ac e or t o p oi n t it out t o oth e rs t h e t e m pl e an d
, ,

s ta t ue w oul d c om e t o b e re ga rde d as e x c l usi v e l y app e rt ai n i n g to

t h e P agan s A t l e n g th h ow e ve r t h e pl ac e w as dis c o ve re d and t h e
.
, , ,

f raud ab out it s o z e a l o usly m ai n t ai n e d w as de t e c t e d ; s om e s ay th a t

, ,

t h e f ac ts w e re fi rs t di s c l os e d b y a H e b re w w h o dw e lt in t h e Eas t a n d ,

w h o de ri ve d h is i n f o rm a ti on f ro m s o m e do c um e n t s w h i c h h ad c om e
t o h im b y p a t e r na l i n h e ritan c e ; b ut it s e e m s m ore ac c orda n t w it h
t ruth t o s up p os e th a t G od re veale d t h e fa c t by m e an s of sign s an d
dre am s ; W he n by c om m an d o f t h e E m p e ror t h e pla c e , ,

w as e x ca v a te d de e pl y t h e c a ve f ro m w h e n c e o ur L ord aros e f rom t h e,

1
dy rbi 7 0V xah o é y e vou Kpa ulov T dlrov
‘
.

l e arn) : 7 61 mm “
.

3 i
7 0 5 Ge a r e a iov fl c ovp .

4
715 dva a r da e w s X aBp o v Ka i 7 0 7
7 0V 7 1 Kp a vfo v . Th e l ast w ords are tran s
t n W a e a n d S oh a fi l c I h ave om itte d t h e M o un t
”
la ed M oun t C a va r i
y . ,

f or w h ic h th e re is n o aut h ori ty ( s e e p .
 18 8

thi s t roubl e th e B ish op of J erusa l e m M ac arius sh g rtly re li e ve d h er , , .

A n d h e s ol ve d t h e doub t b y f aith f or h e s oug ht a s i gn f rom G od

‘

, ,

a n d ob tai n e d it H re f o ll o w s t h e st or c i
[ e y of t h e u r n g o f t h e

w om an ] T h e E m p e ror s m o th e r e re c t e d o ve r t h e pl a c e o f t h e
’
.

S e p ul c h re a m agn i fi c e n t c h urc h an d n am e d it N e w J erusa lem h avi ng , ,

b uilt it f a ci n g th a t old an d de s e rt e d c ity

1
W h e n t h e E m pe ror s ’

m oth e r h ad c om p l e t e d th e N e w J e r us al e m s h e re a re d a n oth e r c h urc h , ,

n ot a t a ll i n f e ri or ov e r t h e c a ve a t B e thl e h e m
, a n d b uilt a ,
2

thi rd on t h e m oun t of th e A s c e n s ion H e r re m ai n s w e re f'

c on ve y e d t o n e w R om e t h e C ap it al , .

3 ii I bid i 33 — L e tt e rs
. . .
, ,
w e re b roug ht f rom t h e E m p e ro r
.

di re c ti n g th os e w h o c om p os e d t h e S y n od t o ha st e n t o th e N e w
J er us alem ,
h avi ng th e re f ore i m m e di at e ly l e f t Ty re th e y ,

s e t f or w ard w ith a ll de sp at c h t o J e rus a l e m w h e re af t e r c e l e b rati n g , ,

a f e s ti va l in c on n e x ion w ith t h e c on s e c rati on of th e pl ac e t h e y ,

re adm itt e d A ri us

3 iii I bi d iii 20 — [W h e n J uli an a tt e m pt e d t o re b uil d th e T e m pl e ]

. .
, , .
,

C y ril B ish op of J e rus a l e m c a ll e d to m i n d t h e p rop h e cy of D an i e l

, , ,

w hi c h C h rist a ls o in t h e h o l y G o s p e ls h as c on fi rm e d an d p re di c te d in ,

t h e pre s e n c e of m an y p e rs on s th a t t h e ti m e h ad i n de e d c om e in
”
w hi c h on e ston e sh oul d n ot b e l e f t up on an oth e r in th a t t e m p l e ,

but th at t h e S av ious p roph e ti c de c l ara ti on sh oul d h a ve its f ul l

a cc om p lish m e n t —
( W c d S a fi N ic en e a nd P os t - c e F a thers
'

a e a n c h N i en , ,

vol ii )
. .

4 . i T HEO DO R ET H is toria E ccles ia stic a i 15 — I w ill h ow e ve r

.
, , , .
, ,

a dd his ( t h e E m p e ro r s ) n ob l e a c ts w ith re gard t o t h e S e p ul c h re of our

’

S a i our
v 4 F or h avi ng l e arn t th at th e i dol at e rs in th e i r f ran ti c rage
.

h ad h e ap e d e ar th o v e r t h e L ord s t om b e age r th us t o d e s t roy a ll

’
,

re m e m b ra n c e of H is s a l va ti on a n d h ad b u ilt ove r it a t em p l e t o th e ,

g od d e s s o f u n b ridle d lu s t i n m o ck e r
y o f t h e V i rgi n s b i rth t h e
,
’
,

E m pe ror orde re d t h e f oul s h ri n e t o b e de m olish e d a nd t h e s o il p oll ut e d ,

w ith ab om i n ab l e s a c ri fi c e s t o b e c arri e d a w ay a n d th row n o ut f a r

f rom t h e c ity a n d a n e w t e mpl e of g re a t siz e an d b e auty t o b e e re c t e d
,

on t h e site A ll this is c l e ar ly s e t f orth in t h e l e tt e r w hi c h h e w ro t e

.

t o t h e P re s i de n t o f t h e C h urc h of J e rusa l e m M ac arius , ,

T h e f oll ow i n g is th e l e tt e r .

4 ii
. i 16 — T h e l e tt e r is th a t give n by E us e bi us ( Life 0]
.
,
.

C on sta nt in e iii 30— 3 2 s e e p, , ,

.

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.

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4 ; ip i
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 18 9

4 .iii I bid i 17 — Th e be are r of th e se l e tte rs w as n o l es s illus trious

. .
, , .

a p e rs on ag e th an t h e m o th e r of t h e E m e ror S h did n o t
p e

s h ri n k f rom t h e f a ti g ue of t h e j ourn e
y o n a cc oun t of h e r e x t re m e old
a e b u t u n de rt ook it a littl e b e f ore h e r de ath w hi c h o cc u rre d in h e r
g , ,

e i h ti e th y e ar
g .

W h e n th e E mpre ss be h e ld t h e pl a ce w h e re t h e S avi our s uff e re d ,

s h e i m m e di at e ly orde re d t h e i dol at rous t e m pl e w hi c h h ad b e e n th e re

e re c t e d t o b e de st ro e d a n d t h e v e ry ea rth on w hi c h it s tood t o b e
y ,

r e m ov e d W h e n t h e T omb w hi c h h ad b e e n so l on g c on c ea le d w as
.
, ,

dis c ove re d th re e c ross e s w e re s e e n b uri e d n e ar th e Lord s s e p ul ch re

’
‘
, .

[ M a c a riu s i den ti fi e s t h e t rue C ros s b y t o uc hi n g a n d h e a li n g a n ob l e

l ady w ith it H e l e n a orde re d s om e of th e n ails t o b e plac e d in th e

.

ro al h e l m e t an d t h e re m ai n d e r in t h e bri dl e of t h e E m e ror s h orse

’
y , p .

P art of t h e c ros s w as t a ke n t o t h e pal ac e an d t h e re main i ng p ortion ,

w as c om m itt e d t o t h e c are of t h e b i s h op of t h e c ity ] ( M i gn e P a tro .

-
,

logia Grce e a l x x x ii c ols 9 5 5 — 9 5 8 W a c e an d S c h afi N ic e ne a n d P os t

'

, ,
.
,

N ic en e F a thers v ol iii ) ,
. .

5 . i . A L E X AND E R M O N A C H US , D e i nr en tion e S a ne tte Cruc is .

N ow , t t h e L ord h ad a s c e n de d i n to h eave n a n d e x c e e di ng grea t

af e r ,

m i ra c l e s w e re w rough t in H is n a m e by th e h ol y ap os tl e s t h e hi g h ,

p ri e sts w e re a a i n fi ll e d w ith rage

g s a in
y g : W h at s h a ll w e do t o ,
“

th e s e m e n ? f or th at i n de e d sign s an d w on de rs h ave be e n w rough t

b y t h e dis c i p l e s of J e s us in H is n am e is m an if e s t t o all an d w e c an n ot ,

d e n y it B ut th at it s p re ad n ot t o f utur e g e n e ration s co m e le t us
. , ,

hi de th e pl c
a e of his s p
e u lt u r e
”
F or if t h e p e opl e s e e t h e s e p ulc h re
.

e m pty th e y w ill all b e li e v e on h im

,
T h e n th e y orde re d t h e s e p ul c h re .
”

a n d th e p l a c e of t h e s k ull in w hi c h t h e H oly C ros s h ad stood t o b e

,
3
,

c ove re d ove r e n de avouri ng t o c as t th e s e p roof s of sa l vation in to

,

o b li v i on T hi s w as t h e m ost w i ck e d pl an of t h e J e w s
.
H ow b e it .
,

G od s ufi e re d all this to b e don e b y th e m w hil e in t h e m ea n w hil e H e

'

w is e ly orda i n e d th a t w hi c h sh oul d c om e t o p a ss ; f o r s e e i ng th at th e
c ity w as s oon t o b e l a i d w a st e an d b urn e d w ith fi re G od pe rm itt e d ,

t h e li f e gi vi n g w ood ( of t h e C ros s ) an d th e s ite of t h e g l ori o us R es u

re c ti on t o b e hi dd e n f or a littl e w hil e l e st d uri n g s uc h g rea t dis o rde r
,

t h e s e p l ac e s s h oul d b e b urn e d b y e ith e r J e w o r G e n til e : th is gl ory

ti l M i n e P a trolog ia C rcec a lxxx vii
w as in due m e to b e e r v e a e d —
( g , , ,

r 3, c ol
p a . .

5 ii [ Mel —
. . M e an w hil e t h e h oly c h urc h e stab lish e d a t f Elia b e i ng ,

of th e G en til e s ,
app o n e d i t th e fi rst G e n til e B i s h op on e M arc us ,

1 wa d r d
fip a rd A o w rm bv .
''
v s o
p n
9 u
3
7 0V r d t ns a v ro v
r ov 7 173 r a g
'
.

p a y lov
‘ 61;
3
1 6V r dit ov Ka i 7 0V r c vrov 7 s .
 190

B ut t h e faith f ul , w h e n f rom th e tradition of th e e l de rs th e y h ad l e arn e d

t h e pl a c e of t h e h ol y G olgot h a w hi c h w as th e n f o rgdtt e n( or
“
h ad ,
l
,

n o w b e c om e un c e rtai n ) an d c o ve re d o ve r w e n t thi th e r d ail y an d

”
,

re li i o u sl w shi d it N o w w h e n t h e i dolat e rs b e h e l d this at t h e

g y or pp e .
,

i n stigati on of th e de vil th e y b uilt th e re a te m p l e de di cate d t o t h e,

statue of th e m ost i m p ure godde s s Aph rodite an d as th e g re at body , ,

of t h e C h risti a n s w e re th us f orbi dde n t o app roac h t h e pl a c e th e ,

pos iti on of th e H oly P l a c e s b e gan at l ast t o b e un kn ow n to m an y

( 17nd , c ol .

5 iii A L E X AND ER M O NA C H U S D e in ven tione S a n e tte Cruc ia

. . .

H e ( C on stan ti n e ) li k e w is e c h arge d M ac arius B ish o p of E li a w h o w a s , ,

pre se n t at t h e C oun c il (of N ic cea) an d de f e n de d t h e A p os toli c

dogm as t o use all dilige n c e in se arc hi n g f or t h e li fe -gi vi n g C ros s
, ,

t h e Lord s a n d all t h e h ol y pl a c e s I t w as in
’

t h e n i n e te e n th y e ar of h is re i g n th a t t h e C oun c il o f N i c ae a w as h e l d .

Af t e r this th e E m pe ror s e n t his m oth e r H e l e n a a w om an in a ll ,

r e sp e c ts m ost w orth y of p ra is e w ith l e tt e rs a n d a g re at s u m o f m on e y , ,

t o M ac a rius B ish op of ZElia in orde r th at s h e m i ght toge th e r w ith

, , ,

h im s e arc h f or t h e H oly C ross an d a dorn t he H oly P l a c e s w ith

q
, ,

b uil di n gs T h is h e did at t h e e x pre s s re ue st of th e E m pre ss h e rs e l f

.
,

w h o it is sa i d h ad a div i n e visi on w h e re i n s h e w as orde re d t o go t o

, , ,

J e rus a l e m a n d b ri n g t o li gh t th e H oly P l a c e s w hi c h h ad b e e n b uri e d

b y w i ck e d m e n an d f or s o l on g a ti m e re m ov e d f rom h um an si ght
,
.

T h e B ish op w h e n h e h e ard th a t t h e E m pre ss w as c om i n g w e n t out

, ,

t o m e e t h e r a cc ompa n i e d b y h is s ufi ragan bish op s S h e st rai ght w ay

'

.
,

b ade th e m all a p p l y t h e m se l ve s e n ti re ly t o t h e t as k of th e di s c ove ry

of t h e m uc h -de si re d w ood of t h e C ros s W h e n all w e re at a l os s w h a t .

t o do in this m att e r a n d e ac h s ugge s te d s om e di ffe re n t thi n g a c ti ng

q
, ,

o n m e re c on j e c t ure M ac a rius b ade th e m a ll b e of a ,

ui e t m i n d an d ,

offe r h e art f e lt pray e rs t o G od .

W h e n this w as don e t h e p l ac e w as m i ra cul ously re v e al e d t o t he

,

B ish op b e i n g th at w h e re i n t h e fi gure of t h e m ost un c l e an godde s s

,

stood H e re up on th e E m p re s s m a k i n g use of h e r i m p e rial auth ority

.
, ,

o rde re d t h e t e m l e of th is de m on t o b e t orn up f rom its ve ry f o u n ds

p
tions by a gre at n um b e r of w ork m en A s s oon as thi s w as don e .
,

th e re app e are d th e L ord s S e pul c hr e an d t h e P lac e of t h e S k ull an d ’

,

n ot f a r f ro m th e n c e t h e t h re e c ro ss e s b uri e d in t h e e a rt 1
3
1 .

c ol .

5 . iv I bid — H e ( C on s t an ti n e )
. . orde re d a C h urc h t o b e b uilt in t h e

1
7 6 V r d n ov 7 611 dylov I
'
‘
oA yoOd
'
. I n t h e L at in tran s l ati on in M i gn e th is ,

locum S a eri M an tis th e p l a c e of t h e h ol y m oun t

“
a
p p e ars as G o lg oth a ,
G o gol th a .
”

b Oe dAnwr oujuvfiy a d 96 70 11 y mj y a , xa i 6 61m: 7 Kpa viov

’

r . r 7 7 02 .
 192

N ow t h e E m pre s s H e l e n a , w h e n c ostl y c h urc h sh e h ad b uilt h e r

on t h e s ite of t h e R e s urre c ti on an d of t h e S k ull i n s uc h a f as hi on 1
, ,

a s to b e s e c on d t o n on e e ith e r in si z e o r b e aut v e t h c h u c h
y g a e r ,

t h e n a m e o f N e w J e rus a l e m as b e i n g t h e a n tity p e of t h e o ld a n d ,

d e st roy e d T ab e rn a c l e ( M i gn e P a trolog ia Grcec a c x l vi c ol s 111

—
, , , .
,

10 . A M B R O S E , Comm e n ta ry on J ’
s a lzn
'
x lviii — T h e m oun t ain s a re

roun d a b ou t her (J e rusal e m )

h urc h of G od am on
g th e m is th e C ,

w hi c h is t h e C ity of th e G re a t K i n g M ore o ve r a cc ordi ng t o t h e .

,

m ap th e L ord s uff e re d in t h e Ven era mum w hi c h w as a p l a c e on t h e

’

, ,

n orth si de T h e re is t h e M oun t S i on th e re is J e rus a l e m w hi c h is on

.
, ,

t h e e arth (M i gn e P a trolog ia L a tin a x v c ol

—
, , ,
.

11 . i . S U L P I C IU S S E V ER U S , H is tori a S a cra , this ti m e ii , 3l .

— At
H adrian thi n k i n g th a t h e w oul d de stroy th e C h risti an f aith by
,

in fl ic t-in g an i n j ury up on t h e p l a c e s e t up t h e i m age s of de m on s b oth

‘

, ,

in th e t e m pl e an d in t h e p l a c e w h e re t h e L ord s uffe re d A n d b e c aus e .

t h e C h ri s ti an s w e re th oug h t pri n c ipall y t o c on s i s t of J e w s ( f or t h e

c h urc h e s at J e rus al e m did n ot th e n h ave a p ri e st e x c e p t of t h e c ir

cu m c is ion ) h e orde re d a c oh or t of s ol di e rs t o k e e p c on s t an t guard in
,

orde r t o p re v e n t a ll J e w s f rom app roa c hin g J e rusal e m M ark ,

f rom am on g t h e G e n til e s w as th e n fi rst of all B ish op a t J e r us a l e m, , ,

.

11 ii 17nd ii 3 3 — J e rus al e m w hi c h h ad pre s e n t e d a h orri bl e m as s

. .
, , .
,

of rui n s w as th e n a dorn e d w ith m o st n um e ro us an d m agn i fi c e n t

2
,

ch urc h e s An d H e l e n a
. h a vi n g a s t ron g de si re t o be h o l d
J e rusal e m c ast dow n t h e i dols an d t h e t e m p l e s w hi c h w e re f oun d
,

th e re ; an d in c ourse of tim e th roug h t h e e x e rc is e o f h e r roy a l ,

rs s h e re c t e d c h ur c h e s on t h e it s s i on
’
o w e e of t h e L o rd s a
p , s e s p ,

re s urre c ti on an d a s c e n si on ve rus in e x pl an ati on of t h e op e n i n g

[S 3
, e .
,

in th e roof of t h e C h urc h of t h e A s c e n si on s ay s th at t h e sp ot ,

im p ri n te d w ith th e L ord s f ootst e ps th re w b a ck t h e b l o ck s of m arb l e

’
,

in t h e f a c e s of th os e w h o t ri e d t o pl a c e th e m ]

q
.

11 iii I bid ii 3 4 —T h roug h t h e ki n d e ff ort s o f t h e sa m e ue e n t h e

. . .
, ,
.
,

C ros s of th e Lord w a s t h e n f oun d i t h ad b e e n c o ve re d over by

t h e rub b i s h of t h e r ui n e d c ity H e l e n a h av i ng fi rst got in f or ,

m a tion ab out t h e p l a c e of our L ord s p as si on c a us e d a b an d of s ol di e rs ’

,

t o b e b roug ht up t o it w hil e t h e w h ol e m ultit ude of t h e i n h ab i tan ts

,

o f t h e l o c a lity v i e d w ith e a c h o th e r in s e e k i n g t o gra ti f y t h e de s i re s of

th e que e n a n d orde re d t h e e a rth t o b e dug up a n d a ll th e adj a c e n t

,

m os t e x t e n si ve rui n s t o b e c l e are d o ut E re l on g as a re w a rd of h e r
,

.
,

1
Ka i 7 01 7 Kpo wlov . I n th e re i gn of C on stan tin e .

3
B a s i li a s c in loc o D omi ni a c p a ss i onis , e t
‘

r es uw ec '
ti oni s , c i a s c e ns i o ms
’

c ons ti t uit .
 19 3

f aith l ab our th re e c ross e s

an d , w e re dis c ov e re d B ut up on thi s .
,

t h e gre a t e r di ffi c ulty of dis ti n gui s hi n g t h e

gi b b e t on w hi c h t h e Lo rd
h ad h un g dis turbe d t h e m i nds an d th oug hts o f al l l e st b a m is ta k e
y , ,

li k e ly e n ough t o b e c om m itte d by m e re m orta ls th e y m i ght pe rh aps ,

c on s e c rate as t h e C ros s of th e L ord th at w hi c h b e l on ge d to on e o f t h e

rob b e rs T h e y f orm th e n t h e pl an of p l ac i n g on e w h o h ad re c e n tl
y
.

di e d in c on ta c t w ith t h e c ros s e s N or is th e re a n y de l ay in c arry i ng .

o ut this p urp os e ; f or j us t as if b y th e ap poi ntm e n t of G od t h e

, ,

f un e ra l of a de ad m an w as th e n be i n g c on duc t e d w it h t h e us ua l
c e re m on i e s a n d a ll rushi n , g up t oo k t h e b ody f rom t h e b i e r I t w as .

a pp li e d in v a i n t o t h e fi rs t t w o c ros se s ; b ut w h e n it to uc h e d th a t o f

C h rist w on de rful t o t e ll w hil e a ll st ood tre m b li n g t h e de ad b ody w as

, , ,

s h a k e n off an d s tood in t h e m i ds t o f th os e l oo k i n a t it T h e C ross

g
.

, .

w a s th us di s c o ve re d an d w as c o n s e c ra t e d w ith a ll due c e re m o n
, y .

( M ign e P a trolog ia La tin a x x c ol s 146 148 W a c e an d S c h afi N ic e n e

'
—
, , , .
,

a nd P os t N ic en e F a the rs v o l x i
-
) , . .

12 i R U F I N U S H is toria E ccles ias tica ix 6 — I f s till a n y doubt I

. .
, , ,
.
,

w ill b ri n g f or w a rd t h e e vi de n c e of t h e pl a c e its e l f w h e re thi s w as

don e Th e p l a c e its e l f in J e r us a l e m b e ars w it n e s s t o this an d th e rock

.
,

o f G ol g oth a w hi c h w as re n t b e n e a th t h e b urde n of t h e C ros s

1
So .

doe s a ls o th a t c av e w hi c h w h e n t h e gat e s of h e ll w e re b urst re s t ore d

2
, ,

H is b ody t o li f e th a t b e i n g p uri fi e d it m i g ht as c e n d f ro m th e n c e i n to
,

H e a v e n — ( Auc tore s H is toria? E c c les ias tic ce p 10 4 B il dni s ) , . . .

12 ii I bid C on c er ni n g H e l e n a C on s tan tin e s m o th e r

’
. x .7 .
, ,
.
,
.

Ab out t h e s am e tim e H e l e n a C on s ta n ti n e s m oth e r a w om an of

’
, , ,

s urp a s s i n f a ith an d re li i ous f e e li n g a n d of re m a rk ab l e m u n ifi c e n c e

g g , ,

w h os e s on C on stan ti n e truly w as an d w as a ck n ow l e dge d t o be

q
,

m ov e d b y di vi n e v isi on s w e n t t o J e r usa l e m a n d th e re e n ui re d of
,

t h e i n h ab ita n t s a f t e r t h e p l a c e w h e re t h e s ac re d body of C h rist had

h un g up on t h e c ros s T his pla c e w as h ard to fi n d be ca us e an i mage
.
,

o f V e n us h ad b e e n s e t up th e re by t h e a n c i e n t p e rs e c utors in orde r ,

th at if any C hris tian c am e t o t h e s p ot w is hi n g to w orshi p C h rist h e , ,

m ight ap p e ar t o b e w ors hi pp i n g V e n us B e c a us e of th is t h e p lace

q
.

w as un f re ue n t e d a n d al m ost f orgott e n b ut w h e n as a f o re sai d this , ,

p i ous l a dy h a s t e n e d t o t h e s p o t w hi c h h a d b e e n p oi n te d o ut to h e r

by s i gn s f rom h e av e n s h e c l e are d aw ay f rom it all p rof an e po ll uti on

, ,

dug de e p dow n i n to its f oun dati on s a n d th e re f o un d th re e c ross e s ,

ly in g in i rre gular o rde r — ( M ign e P a trolog ia L a tin a x x i c ols 47 5

.
, , ,
.
,

13 . i . J E R O M E I fiyis tola a d P a ulin um ( c irc a A D

,
. .
— A cc e s s to th e
c o urts Of h e ave n is as e as y f rom B ritai n as it is f rom J e rusa l e m for ,

1
G olg otka na rap e s . A ntrum .
 194

“
ki n gdom of G od is w ith i n y ou ( Luk e x vn
th e An tony an d ”
,

t h e h os ts o f m on k s w h o are in E gy pt M e s op otam i a P on t us C appa , , ,

do c i a a n d A rm e n ia h ave n e ve r s e e n J e r us al e m ; a n d t h e door of
, ,

P aradi s e is Op e n f or th e m at a di s tan c e f rom it T h e bl e s s e d H i lari on .

,

th oug h a n ati ve a n d a dw e ll e r in P a l e sti n e on ly s e t e y e s on J e rusa l e m ,

f or a s i ngl e day n ot w ishi n g o n t h e on e h an d w h e n h e w as s o n e ar

, , , ,

t o n e gl e c t th e h ol y pl a c e s n or y e t o n t h e o t h e r t o ap p ea r t o c on fi n e
, , ,

G od w ithi n l oc al li m its F rom t h e ti m e of H adrian t o t h e re ign of

.

C on stan ti n e — a p e ri od of a b out on e h un dre d an d e ig hty y ea rs

t h e s p ot w hi c h h ad w it n e ss e d t h e r e s urre c ti on w as o cc upi e d b y a
ufi gure of J upite r w hil e 0 11 t h e rock w h e re t h e c ros s h ad st ood a
, ,

m arbl e s tat ue o f V e n us w as s e t up by t h e h e ath e n an d b e c a me a n

ob j e c t of w ors hi p T h e origi n a l p e rs e c ut ors i n de e d s uppos e d th a t b y
.
, ,

p oll uti n g o ur h ol y pl a c e s th e y w oul d de p ri v e us of o ur f a ith in t h e

p a ssi on a n d t h e re s urre c ti on E ve n m
y o w n B e thl e h em .

w as o ve rsh adow e d b y a g ro v e of T a mm uz th a t is o f A don is a n d in , ,

t h e v e ry c av e w h e re t h e i n f an t C h rist h a d utt e re d H is e arli e st c ry ,

l am e n ta ti on w as m ade f or th e pa ram our of V e n us (M ign e P a trolog ia —

,

L a tin a x x ii c ol 5 8 1
,
Wa c e an d S c h aff N icen e a n d P os t -N ice ne
,
.
,

F a thers , v i, p .

13 . ii . Ep is tola ad R m tic um, ‘ “

D e P oe n ite n t ia .
— T h ouw an de re st in
th y c oun try y e t n ot in t h y c oun try f or th ou h ast lost t h y count ry
, , .

Y e t it re m e m b e rs t h y n am e in t h e ve n e rab l e pl a c e s of t h e R e s urre c ti on ,

a n d C ruc i fi x i on an d c ra dl e of our L ord an d S av i our w h e n h e w e p t a s

, ,

a littl e c hil d a n d it draw s th e e t o its e l f b y p ray e rs t o t h e e n d th a t

, ,

if n ot by t h y ow n de s e rt s a t a ll e ve n ts b y it s f a ith th ou m ay e st b e
, ,

save d — ( M ign e ibid x x ii c ol ,

.
, ,
.

13 iii Ep is tola P a a lce e t E us toc hii a d Ma rc ella m

. . 8 I f af t e r t h e . .
,

P a s s i on of our L ord this pl a c e is a cc urs e d a s t h e w i ck e d sa y th at it ,

is w h a t did S t P aul m e an b y h a s te n i n g (A c t s x x 16) t o J e rusal e m

,
.
,

th at h e m i ght k e e p t h e day of P e n t e c ost th e re ?Z 9 It w o ul d .

b e a l on g t as k t o m e n ti on y e ar b y y e ar f rom t h e A s c e n sion of our

, ,

Lo rd t o th e p re s e n t day h ow m an y b ish op s h ow m an y m arty rs h ow

q
, , ,

ma n y m e n e l o ue n t in e cc l e si asti ca l l e arn i n g h a ve c om e t o J e rus al e m ,

thin k in g th e m s e l ve s t o b e lack in g in re ligi on an d in l ea rn i n g an d n ot ,

t o h av e re c e i v e d as t h e s ay i ng is a f ull h a n df ul o f v i rt ue s un l e s s th e y
, ,

h ad adore d C h rist in th os e v ery p l a c e s f rom w hi c h t h e G os p e l fi rst

s h on e f orth f rom th e C ross 10 W h at w e e s pe c i a l ly .

a ss e rt is this th at th o s e w h o are th e f ore m os t me n of t h e w h ol e

,

e arth a ll ali k e
,
fl ock hith e r toge th e r
,
12 W h e n w ill th a t . .

day c om e w h e n w e sh a ll b e abl e t o e n t e r t h e grott o of our S av i our ? 2

t o w e e p w ith our s i s t e r an d o ur m oth e r in t h e s e pul c h re of t h e L ord .

1
W ritt en ab ou A Dt . . 408 .
2
Sp e lmzc a m .
 196

s olid roc k whic h y ou ha ve kn ow n L ook and beh old ( Is li 1 ; E cc l us ii

‘

,
. . .
,

11) W h at k i n d of door h as t h e se pul c h re ? A gai n an oth e r 1

,

p rop h e t s ay s Th ey c ut of my life in the dunge on a n d c a s t a s ton e

2
, ,

up on m e ( L am x x iii M
( gi n e P a tr
.o log i a G ree c a,
x x x iii c o l —
, , , .

16 ii C YR I L Ca te che tic a l L ec tu
. . r es x iv 5 A n d w oul ds t th ou k n o w
, , ,
.
—

th e p l ac e also 2 F or th oug h it b e n o w adorn e d an d th at m os t

‘
.
,

e x c e ll e n tl y w ith roy a l g i f t s y e t it w as b e f ore a garde n a n d t h e t o k e n s

, , ,

an d t ra c e s t h e re of re m a i n c ol .
~
.

16 iii I bid x iv
. .
— A n d w h e n c e did t h e S av i our aris e 2 H e s a s
.
, , y ,

in t h e S on g of S ong s R is e up my love a n d c om e a way ( C an t ii 10) , , ,

.
,

a n d a f t e rw a rds in th e c lef t ( c a ve) o h e roe / f or th e c lef t ( c a re ) of th e

f
3
,
t c ;

s h e c a lls t h e c l e f t c av e ) w hi c h w as th e n a t t h e door of t h e s a l ut ary

r e el
(
s e p ul c h re an d w as h e w n out o f th e rock its e l f as it is c ust om ary
4
, ,

h ere in fron t of s e p ul c h re s F or n ow it ap p e ars n ot th e o ut e r c av e .

,
5

h a vi n g b e e n h e w n a w ay f or th e s a k e of t h e p re s e n t adorn m e n t ,

f or b e f ore t h e s e p ul c h re w as de c orat e d b y roy a l z e al th e re w as a

, ,

c av e in t h e f ac e of t h e rock B ut w h e re is t h e rock w hi c h h as in it .
6

this c l e f t ( c ave ) 7
L i e s it in t h e m i dst of t h e c ity or n e a r th e w a ll s ,

a n d t h e outs k i rts ? an d is it in t h e a n c i e n t w a lls or in t h e out e r w a ll s ,

w hi c h w e re b uilt af t e rw ards ? H e say s th e n in t h e C a n ti c l e s ( ii ,

iujfthe f
c le t ( c a ve ) f o th e roc k n e a r th e o uter w a ll s—
(f wd ,
c ol . 8 33 ;
F a th ers , C y ril s C a t e c h e ti c al L e c t ure s
”
P us e y , L ibra ry )
’
o
f th e

1
G pa u .

2 o
x ide s .

3
Eu c in g fis fi ms
’
ar ] r r .

4 u ?) Odpa s 7 i i
p r hs 7 01 o w rn
p ov nu y a r os .
'
5
7 6 7r o
p m c e 7ra a ua
j .

S'
c ém y fir tu
’
rr o a fl e v
p
'
r izs qérpr as.

7 ” v i mc ém w .

8
dr rpo v 811 7 0 73 dpxa iow
xa i a . rt ixe a w é cr rw , if
’
'
7 0 13 pov y e vou
va r t évoi s
"
m ntr y r ij s r ér a s ,
’
w por e i xla uam ; A 57 6 : r oivo v $ 1) 7 0 73 A ua m v Ev
’
e p
é xdjue va r ot? wpor a xio y a r os ‘
.
 197

APP EN D I X VI .

R EFE R E N C ES TO TH E T OM B A ND C R OS S BY E US EB IU S AN D

C YR I L .

Th e q ue s ti on
h e th e r E us e bius a ll ude s to th e C ros s in his writin gs
w

c an n ot c e rta i n ly b e an s w e re d It ha s b e e n arg ue d th at h is w ords are

q
.

uite as ap p li ca b l e t o t h e H oly S e p ul c hre as or e v e n m ore so th an , ,

to t h e C ros s I f h ow e v e r t h e stat e m e n t o f C y ril th at t h e C ros s w as

.
, ,

f o un d in t h e re i gn o f C on st an ti n e b e c orre c t th e ab s e n c e o f an y ,

a ll usi on t o it b y E us e b i us is a l m os t i n e x pli ca b l e E us e bi us c e rta in ly .

m e n ti on s a c h ur c h a t J e rus a l e m s a c re d t o t h e sa l uta r
y sign i s
“
,
”
. .
,

t h e C ros s an d it m ay n ot un re a s on ab l y b e i n f e rre d t ha t w h e n C y ril

c alls t h e C ros s th e t rop h y of th e vi c tory ove r dea th an d th e

“
,
” “

sa l uta ry t roph y o f J e s us h e us e s e x p re s s i ons w hi c h h ad t h e sam e ,

m e a n i n g an d a p p li ca ti on in th e ti m e of E us e b i us A n atte m p t is .

m ade b e l ow t o m a k e a di s t i n c ti o n b e tw e e n t h e e x p re s s ion s w hi c h
re f e r t o t h e C ros s an d t h os e w hi c h a re ap p li e d t o th e T o m b .

1 R e f e re n c e s t o th e C ross by E U S E B IU S
. an d C YRI L

E cc lesi a s tica l H is tory , ix , 9 — ii mp io v r dn a t o v wddo vs , a trop hy

' ‘
cra
. ro p
of t h e S av i our s ’
P a s s i on .

L ife o
f Cons ta n tin e, i ,
40 .
—
p y e
’

a r
p dn a i o v r o w i thi s
' '

, g re a t tro h
p y .

Th e P ra ise o f Cons ta n t in e , ill — 7 p e ydh ov Z wr fip o s r d Kar i! t o?)

7 01
‘

da vé r ov Tp dn a t a , t h e trop h ies
’
of t h e S av iour s vi c tory ’
ove r th e

p ow e r of de a th .

I bid , . xi .
— '
r
p 61ra ¢ ar e r ijc Ka r i: ro i) Oa t/( ir on r ime , t h e trop h ies of th e
v i c tory o ve r de ath .

'

L ife Con s ta n t in e , iii 3 0 46 y vdp w n ? dy t wr drov i

f
— y a f or
‘
c xc vov
o ,
.

w ido vs , t h e token of th a t m os t h o l y P assi on .

I biti iii 33 .
—
r ip ! Ka r i: f o il Ba vdrov o mr r p t ov j th e trop h y of
, ,
.

th e Sav i our s ’
c
vi tory o ve r de a th .

- ura nc e of t he
Ibid .
,
iii , 30 .
— T ip! ro i} a w mp iov w idow r i
mw ,
th e as s

L ord s P a s s i on
’
.

E cclesias tica l H is tory , ix , 9 . om mp io v f o il o r a vp o v e mp e ror , the

s a luta ry s ign o f t h e C ro ss .

I bial, ix , 9
. . o mfl jpco u a nne iov, t h e s alutary s ig n (als o in Life
o f Cons ta n tine , i ,
 198

f Cons ta n tin e, mp lco o np e icp

‘’
Th e P ra is e o ix .
—
ve o v r e 3 iy t o v
c
;
rt O
'

w ' ,

a c h urc h s a cre d to t h e s a luta ry s ign .

C y ril A ol Cons ta n tius iii

,
T i) : K r i: 7 6 G vdr v vim : r o
) p w t ov , . a 0 a o a
,

t h e trop hy o f t h e v i c t ory ov e r de a th .

il i
C te c t a lc L c u iii 4 -
r o r é ua i v I o i} T o o wn
’
Cy r a h,
e e t res x 0 p n jp v , ,
. o o to ,

6 o r vp é s t h e sa l uta ry trop hy of J e s us — t h e C ros s

a , .

R e f e re n c e s t o t h e T om b

L if e o f Cons ta n tin e , iii , 26 — . r fis dda va m a s nvijp a ,

’

a mon umen t of

i m m ortality .

Ibid iii 3 3 th at di vi n e m onumen t cj ’ '

fi d
’

,
v
p p a i
,
v m r o i v .
— e xe o e e o
, , .

th at e ve rl as ti n g m onum en t in The P ra is e of Cons ta n tin e ix , .

I bicl iv 3 3 — ip cf fi 7 7 o mmp i v p v jp ro s hoy s ora ti on on t h e

'
'

c 01 o o
‘
a
‘
r
, ,
.
,
.

m on um en t of th e S av i our .

I b d iii 26 -
yp v v p v t h e s al uta ry c a ne ; a l s o in iii 29
'
o
’’
i .
,
—r o w ,
. rr to tz r o
, ,

iv 16 7 6 0 2
,
4 i v p v t h e di vi n e c a ve
— 6 0 1! ( r o
,
.

I bicl iii 28 { w r aw dy i w du p v t h e m os t h ol y c are

'
.
,
rd ,
. r—
re 1 o o , .

I hid iii 3 3 — 7 6 a e» E
-
lm p w t h e sa c re d c a i e o
‘

, p ,
.
, .

l biol iii 3 6
.
,
T o dw p v t h e c a ve
,
a l s o in
. Th e P ra is e of C on
— o , ,

s ta n tin e, ix .

I bid , iii 28 — o r ij s
-
o mm io v dra m do me s na n i t o v, t h e
.
,
. T
p p p
te s tim ony m on um e n t)
( or of t h e S a vi o ur s re s urre c ti on ; r ip; r oi)
’

Eo rijp o g ( ivdo r a o w
-
a rv o é e vo v a tes t imon y t o th e re s urre c t i on
p p p p ,

of th e S av i our .

f bid , . iii ,
33 .
— T a o wr rjp t o v nap r ép to v, t h e sa l utary tes timony , a lso in
Th e P ra is e f
o C on s ta n tine , ix .

1bid , iii , 25 .
— r ov 7 7 97 o mmp lov dva o r do e w s p a m p w r dr a r ov
'

r on ov,
'

t h e m os t b l e ss e d p la c e O f th e S a v i o ur s re s urre cti on
’
.

1 bid ,
iii , 30 .
— r oll is p tm
’ ’
e xe vo v i th a t s ac re d p la c e ( or S p ot) .

ly ril us e s t h e w ords T op vhua

,
7 6 nap r é p t o v, 6 n in e s , a n d 6 r dt osp .
 200

Ge n e ral Gordon also h e l d w h at h e c alls a m ore f an c i f u l View “

.

T his w as th at
T h e m e n ti on of t h e pl a c e of t h e S k ull in e a c h of t h e f our Gos p e l s
“

is a c a ll t o a tte n ti on I f t h e s k ul l is m e n ti on e d f our ti m e s on e
n a tura ll
y l oo k s f o r t h e b ody a n d if y o u ta k e W arre n s or o t h e rs ,
’ ’

c on tours w ith t h e e arth or rub b i s h re m ove d sh ow i n g th e n atura l

, ,

sta t e of t h e l an d y ou c an n ot h e lp s e e in g th at th e re is a b ody th a t 1

q
, ,

S c hi ck s c on duit is t h e oes op h agus th a t t h e uarri e s are th e c h e st

’ 2 3
, ,

an d if y ou are v e n t ure s om e y ou w ill c a rry out t h e a n a l o f urth e r

gy .

N o w th e C h ur c h of C h ri s t is m ade up of o r c am e f rom H is p l e ura

q
, , ,

t h e ston e s of t h e T e m pl e c am e f rom t h e uarri e s f rom c h e st of fi gur e , ,

s o th at fi x e d t h e fi ure of b od
a n d s o on y t o th e s k ull
‘
g .

F I G 11 . . S kull H ill an d C h urc h e s .

1 . H oly S ep ulc h re . 2 . C h urc h V i gi

r ns . 3 . C ruc ifi x ion . 4 Mart y rdo m
. .

T h e i de a th at
ste rn hil l b ore a rough re s e m bl an c e
th e sa re d e a c ”

t o t h e h um an f orm a p e ars t o h a ve b e e n fi x e d in G e n e ra l G ordon s

” ’
p
m ind H e ill ust ra t e d it by a c uri ous dra w i n g an d in his
“ ” 5
.

R ef le ction s ( p 8 ) h e w rot e F rom t h e S k ull H ill on t h e n orth -n orth

.
“
,

w e s t t h e b ody li e s
, as did th at of t h e v i c ti m a slan t or a s k e w t o th e
— -

a ltar of b urn t s a c ri fi c e
”
.

1 “
W arre n ’
s
p la n of J e rus a l e m in T h e T e mp le a nd t h e T o mb (p 3 3 ) .

sh ow s ve ry c l e arly th e h um an fi gu e an d on ly r , w an ts th e s kull h i l l to be
c on s i de re d w ith i t to c om p l e te i t ( R efl e ctio ”
ns i n P a le s tin e , p .
)
vii . Th e
re s e m b l an c e i n ot ve r t
y pp
a ar e n s .

2
C E Fig 6 , p 10 8 on . . . S e e F ig 6 , p 108 , a n d F ig 7 , p 110
3
. . . . .

4
Q ua rte r ly S ta te m e n t , 18 8 5 , p p 7 9, 8 0
. G e n e ral G ordon al s o h e ld
.

th at th e G i h on o f G e n ii .
,
13 , h ad it s s ourc e in J e re m i a h s G rot t o
’
It .

d i e d up af t e r t h e De l uge b ut w i l l fl o w g i n a p op h e i e d b y E e ki e l
r
,
a a ,
s r s z

( l
x vii 1 —6
), ru i n
g at fi s t as a r i ll th
nno ugh S c h ick s c o dui t ( 0 E o p l an
r
) r
’
n n ,

a n d th e w e lli g it w i l l fi ll t h e Ki d on Vall e y an d s w e e t e n t h e D ea d S e a
n s n , r .

( P rivate l e tte s ) r .

5
R e duc e d f om trac i n g of th e ori gi n al d aw i g in th e p oss e s s i on of
r a r n

t h e l ate D S c h ick r . .
 UPOOl OFSIlOAM
FI G . 12 .

( F rom 8. D ra w ing by G
M aj or- e ne ral C . G . G
ordon .
)
 20 2

Ge n e ra l Gordon s re as on s f or i de n tify i n g G ol goth a w ith S k ul l

’ “

H ill are th us sta te d

”

I w e n t t o t h e S k ull H ill an d f e lt c on vin c e d th a t it m us t b e n orth

,

o f th e alta r L e viti c us i 11 say s th a t t h e v i c tim s a re t o b e slai n on

.
, ,

t h e si de of t h e a ltar n orth w ards ( lit e rally t o be sl ai n sl an t w is e or

as k e w on t h e n orth o f t h e a lt ar I f a parti cul ar di re c tion w as g iv e n
) .
1

b y G od ab o ut w h e re t h e ty p e s w e re t o b e sl ai n it is a s ure de duc ti on ,

th at th e prototy p e w oul d b e sla i n in th e s am e p ositi on as t o t h e a ltar

thi s t h e S k ull H ill f ul fi ls Th e La ti n H ol y S e p ul c h re is w e st
o f t h e a ltar an d th e re fore un l e ss th e ty p e s are w ron g it sh ould
, , , ,

n e ve r h a ve b e e n t a k e n as t h e sit e
( Qua rterly S ta teme nt 18 8 5 p
”
.
, ,
.

Th e n am e Gol g oth a w as n ot de r i ve d f rom an y re s e m bl an c e in

re li e f or p rofi l e t o a h um an s k ull b u
, , t f rom t h e f orm of t h e gro un d ,

as re p re s e n te d b y a c on to ur on t h e Ordn an c e S ur ve y P l an of
?

J e rus al e m on t h e s s o s c a l e I n a p ri vat e l e tt e r Ge n e ral Gordon

l
o
‘
.

w r it e s w ith re f e re n c e t o t h e a ll e e d li k e n e s s t o a h um a n s k ull S k ull

g ,

w it h c av e s f or e e s ock e t s th at is all o n e w ou l d g e t if on e w as
y , ,

f oo lish e n oug h t o w rit e I s ay it is th e c on tour in a m ap of

.

E ls e w h e re h e re f e rs t o S k ull H ill as a n ap e x of un c ove re d rock

”

a ro cky k n oll re s e m b li n g in f orm t h e h um an s k ull ; b ut th e re is at

”

p re s e n t n o a p e x of un c ove re d ro c k o r ro ck y k n oll .

G e n e ra l G ordon s th e ory i n vol ve s t h e V i e w th at groun d w hi c h

’
,

f or s e v e ral c e n t uri e s h a s b e e n us e d a s a M uh amm ad an b uri al pl ac e ,

h as n ot a lte re d s i n c e t h e C ruc i fi x i on .

1
Se e a sol
R efl e c tions i n P a les tin e , p 3 Th e nt e rp re ta tion of L e v i . . i .
,

11, is e rron e ous T h e w ords m e an

. th t t
a t h e v ic i m w as t o b e s lai n n orth an d
n o t n ort h - n orth -
w e s t of t h e altar A cc ordi n g to J e w i s h tradit i on th e s in
.

o ff e ri n s th e b urn t o ff e ri n s a n d t h e t re sp a s s off e i n gs i th e T e m p l e w e re r n
g , g ,

sl ai n on t h e n orth s i de of t h e gre at altar .

2
Th e c on tour re p re s e n ts rude l y t h e s i de vie w of a s k ul l or h e ad i
, , , ,
n

p l an ( s e e Ifi gs 11 a n.d T h e f orm o f t h e c o n to ur is te m p ora ry or

a cci de n ta l . It run s p artly ove r rock b ut c h i e fly ove r m ade groun d an d ,

c o uld n ot p os s ib ly h a ve h ad th e am e f orm at t h e t i m e of th e C ruci fi x ion

s .
 20 4

g roun d w as c are f ull y e x a m i n e d f or t ra c e s of t h e ass um e d third w a ll ,

a n d e x c avati on s w e re m a de a t t h e f our p o i n t s N R T a n d U on it s .
, , ,

s
a sumed c ours e A t th at ti m e th e R uss i an cath e dral c on s ul ate an d
q
.
, ,

h osp i c e h ad re c e n tly b e e n b uilt an d in re p ly to i n ui ry it w a s sta te d , , ,

th a t n o dit c h an d n o m as onry th at c oul d h av e f orm e d part of a c ity

,

w all or of a l a rge c as tl e h ad b e e n dis c ov e re d w ithi n t h e li m its o f th e

,

R us sia n p rop e rty Th e ro ck e x c ava ti on s w e re c hi e fly or w h oll y due

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.

to uarry i n g a n d th e rui n s w e re s uc h a s w oul d h ave b e e n l e f t b y

,

v i n e a rd t ow e rs or t h e w all s of h ous e s a n d arde n s

y , g .

S i n c e 18 6 5 t h e g ro un d h as b e e n l e ve ll e d a n d th e re h as b e e n m uch ,

b uil di n g b ut n othi n g h as b e e n f o un d w hi c h s up p orts D r R ob in s on s

, .
’

v i e w of t h e c o urs e of t h e th ird w a ll Ex c a va ti on s m ade a t N T U .

, ,

( s e e F ig 8 p 125 ) w e re s uffi c i e n t t o sh ow th a t in n e ith e r c a s e c o ul d t h e

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, .

r e m a i n s h av e f orm e d art o f a w a ll of de f e n c e E a st o f t h e p oin t U 1

p .
,

a n d a l on t h b row o f t h e V ll o f J h h a t a c l os e s e ar ch
g e a e y e o s ap ,

dis c l os e d n o t ra c e of a w a ll .

C ol on e l C on de r adopts D r R obi n s on s V i e w th at th e t ow e r
’
.

P s e p h in us w as a t or n e ar t h e p oi n t 0 b ut th e n c e h e c arri e s t h e w all
e as t w a rd t o t h e k n o ll W w h e re h e pl a c e s t h e W o m e n s T ow e rs of ’ ”
,

J os e ph us an d th e n s outh w ard t o a p oi n t a f e w y ards e ast of t h e

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D am as c us Gat e F rom t h e l ast p oi n t h e m a k e s t h e third w al l f oll o w

.

t h e li n e of t h e e x i s t i n g w all .
2

T h e obj e c ti on t o this th e ory is th at t h e proj e c ti n g s a li e n t on t h e

w e s t e rn hill h as n o re l a ti on t o t h e de f e n c e of B e z e th a f or w hi c h t h e ,

third w a ll w a s built ; t h a t it w o ul d h a v e e n c l os e d m uc h un o cc up i e d

g ro u n d w ith o u t a n y vi s ibl e o b j e c t an d t h a t it s e x i s t e n c
,
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e as il b c n c il d w ith t h d c i ti n i v n b J os e h u
p s of th e
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re c o n n a i s s an c e m a de b T it u s b f h e si e e c om m e n c e d
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T h e f un ds a llotte d f or th e S urve y did n o t a dm i t of e x a va c ti on ,

but a

s ma l l s um i
w as g ve n b y t h e a t e M r J am e s F e rguss on f or l i s p urp ose . th .

2
H a ndbook to t h e B ible , p 3 5 2 uar t e r ly S ta te me n t, 18 8 3 , 7 7
. Q .

3
J os e p h us , Wa rs , V .
,
2, 2 .
 20 6

C ity , th e U p p e r, 5 2, 142, 146 . F e s tus, P ro c urator of J udaea 5 1, 16 7 , .

C i ty of C on sta n tin e , th e w all s of th e , F l o rus , P ro c ur ator of J udee a, 22 , 42 ,

147 . 16 7 .

C ode x T h e odosi an us , 8 0 .
F orti fic a tion , p rin c ip l e s of an cie n t ,

C on de r, C o l on e l C .
,
10 , 9 7 , 10 2 , 106 , 12 1 .

10 9 , 118 , 13 6 , 140 , 204 . F oun da ti on , th e S ton e of , in the

C on stan t i n e , th e E m p e ror, 47 , 6 9 , T e mp l e 6 ,
.

80 , 96 147 , 17 9 . .
F rej us ( O doric us de F oro J ulii) , 104 .

le tte r to F ii rre r, 44, 109 , 13 6 .

M ac arius , 8 2, 9 7 , 18 1 .
F ull er, T .
,
8 , 11 .

C oun ci l H ous e th e 40 , , .
F ull e r , t h e tom b of th e , 13 9 .

C ros s , th e di s co ve ry an d ide n t ifi c a
t io n of th e , 8 2, 8 8 , 96 , 10 4, 18 6, G an n e a u, C . C l e rm on t , 15, 43, 44 ,

18 7 , 18 9 .

th e s i gn of th e , 8 6 . G arde n T om b, t h e , 111, 117 .

th e w oo d of th e , 8 7 19 0 .
Ga t e s of t h e R om an l e gion ary cam p ,

C rucifi x i on , as
p ra ctis e d by th e 145 .

R om a n s , 2 2 . G e n a th , t h e gate , 130 , 13 5 , 13 6 .

C yp rian , 3 6 8 , 16 1 , . G e th s e m an e , t h e g ar de n of , 30 , 3 7 .

C yri l of J e rusal e m , 3 , 4, 6 , 12, 30 , ce m e te ri e of 99

G e z e r , th e s , .

38 , 43 7 3 , 8 1 8 4 8 7 98 , 100
, , , , ,
16 5 , G ob t B i h op 3 4 119
a ,
s , , .

19 5 , 197 .
G olde n G at e t h e 1 18 , , .

G ol gi in C y p r u 93 s, .

D an i e l, th e A b b ot, 2 1, 116 . G ol goth a origi n of th e n am e 1

, ,
.

Davi d, th e T o w e r of , 123, 124, 13 0, l e ge n d c on n e ct i n g it w ith

a s k ull 2 15 9 , , .

Daw s on , S ir J . W .
,
111 . re s e m b l an c e t o a s k ull 11 , ,

Di cki e , A .
,
123 , 145 .

Di dy m us A l e x an drin us , 4 .
p rob ab e app e aran l c e of . 36 .

D ion C as sius , 5 6 , 94, 16 8 . c s o ur e s o f i n f orm ation f or

fi xin g t h e s i te 3 0 ,
.

E p ip h a n i a s , 2, 13 , 3 0 , 5 1, 54, 160 , c h o ic e o f th e s i te f or th e
17 3 . c ruc ifi i on p rob ab ly a ccide n tal
x , 33 .

E rasm us , 7 . G ordon G e n e ral C G

,
. .
,

E uc h e rius , 14, 3 8 , 8 2 , 147 . G re gory N az ian z e n , 12 , 15 .

i
E us e b us , 3 , 3 0 , 3 8 , 47 , 5 1, 5 5 , 5 7 , G rott o, th e C otton , 13 9 .

6 3 , 6 5 , 6 8 , 7 6 , 7 8 , 8 0, 8 2, 90 , 9 2, G uilie lm us de B olde n s e le , 104 .

G uth e , 12 , 17 , 3 5 , 44, 7 2, 8 2, 134 .

E uty c h ius , 3 , 147 164 .

Exe cu ti on pla c e of , , at J e rus al e m , 2 3 . H a drian , th e E m p e ror, 17 , 46 , 5 6 ,

R om e an d in 6 1, 6 4, 66 , 69 , 90 , 9 3 , 9 5, 114, 146 ,
T h e s s al y , 8 . 148 , 16 8 , 17 1, 17 3 , 17 4, 17 6 , 17 9 ,
19 2 .

F ab ri, F e l ix , 10 6 . f oun de d th e
F e l i x , P ro curator of J udae a, 16 7 . ci ty JElia on th e s i e oft J e rusal e m ,

Fe rgus s on J , .
,
45 , 118 .
 20 7

H an aue r, T E . .
,
19, 21, 99 . J e rus al e m , t h e top ograp hy of , 24 .

H arn a ck , C G A . . .
, 7 5 , 7 7 , 15 1 . th e hi s to ry of , A D
. . 33
H e l e n a , t h e E m p re s s 8 7 8 9, 9 7 , 18 4 , , A D
. . 326 , 49 .

18 6 . th e th re e w all s of 124 , .

th e C h ap e l of S ain t , 134 . th e le gionary c am p at ,

Que e n of A diab e n e , th e
tombs of ,
13 7 , 13 9 . th e foundati on of E lia
H e ro d th e G re at, th e p al a c e of , 27 , on th e s ite of , 5 5 , 6 1, 142 , 168 ,
17 3 , 17 7 , 17 8 .

A grip p a , ki n g of J udaaa ,
50 . th e N e w , 8 4 .

t h e p al ac e of ,
27 , J ew s, tre atm e t of af te r t h e cap ture
n ,

of J e u al e m by T i tus 54 17 0
r s , , ,

H e z e kiah , t h e p ool of , 129 , 13 5 . 17 6 .

H il ari us , bi s h op of P oiti e rs , 4, 17 7 . th e re vo lt of t h e , un de r B a r
H il de b ran d, J 10 .
Kokba , 5 6 , 16 8 , 17 4, 17 8 .

H ip p ic us , th e to w e r , 127 , 129, 142 .

J oh n , th e H i gh P ri e st, t h e m o n u
H ol y S e p ulc h re , t h e p robabl e f e ature s m e n t of , 100 .

of t h e s i t e , 3 6 , 100 .
J os e p h of A rim ath ae a, th e tomb of ,

9 , 3 4, 7 3 , 7 4, 10 1, 117 .

of th e au th e nticity of th e tradi J o s e p h us , 5 , 16 , 2 5 , 2 7 , 29 , 40 ,
t io n al s i te 45 .

h e ath e n t em p le s on 13 9, 20 4 .

th e s i te of , 46 6 3 , , 17 9 .
J un o , s a t tue of , 62 .

tti tude of th e e arly a J up i te r C ap itolinus , t e m p l e of , at

C h ri sti an s w i th re gard t o 7 2 ,
.
J e rus al e m , 5 6 , 6 2 , 6 6 7 0 , 148 . .

i den ti fi c ati on of th e J us t i n M arty r, 1, 5 9 , 16 9 .

s it e in t h e t i m of C on stan t i n e 8 0 e , ,

96 , 17 9 .
Kasr e l-J al ud, 132 .

di s c uss i on as t o it s Ki dron V all e y of , 2 4, 2 6

,
.

it
p os io n re a ive l t to th e se on d c Kin gs , tom b s of t h e , 101, 119 , 140 .

ll
w a , 97 , 13 2 .
Korte , J on as , 45 , 10 5 .

doub ts w i th re gard

to t h e au th e n tici ty of th e t ra di L agran ge , P 21

q
.
, .

t ion al s i te ,
10 3 . L e S ai ge , J a c ue s , 104 .

c on c lus i on s as re L e g i on , cam p of th e Te n th , at J e ru
gards th e auth e n tici ty of th e l
sa em , 5 2, 142 .

tradi tion al s ite 120 , . L e gion ary f or tre ss ,

us ual s iz e o f,

H ow e F i s h e 11 10 9
,
r, ,
. 143 .

q
J ac ue s de V i try ,
104 . M ac arius 8 2, 83 , 8 7 , 8 9, 90 , 92, 9 6
, ,

J aff a G ate , t h e , 119 , 13 4, 141 .

J e bus , th e de f e n c e s of th e city , 121 . M adde n F W , 49 58 , 6 9, 7 0

, . .
,
.

J e re m iah
’
s gro tto ,
2 1, 10 9 , 111, 112 . M ade ba, th e m osa ic o f , 2 8 , 45 , 118 ,

J e rom e , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 13 , 2 1, 3 8 , 53, 5 8 , . 147 .

5 9 , 6 2 , 6 4, 6 6 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 8 3 , 94,
16 2 , M ai m on i de s , 4, 19, 3 9 , 59 , 99, 16 5 ,

17 4 . 17 8 .
 2 08

M arc us Aure l i us , t h e Em p e ror, 7 0 . P ude n zian a , m os ai c in B asil ic a of

M arc us , B i s h op of J e rus a l e m , 6 8 , St ,
15 .

17 6 , 18 9 , 192 .

M ariam n e , th e tow e r, 12 7 , 129, 142 .

Quare s m ius F 6 15 105 , . , , , .

M arty rio n , t h e B as il ic a of th e , 8 1, Quarri e s th e R oy al 114 141

, , , .

8 5 , 97 , 18 7 , 19 1 .

M e li to o f S ardi s , 7 8 . R am s ay , W . M .
, 5 9, 6 0 .

M e rrill , S , 111 . . R e in a c h , T .
, 6 9, 70 .

M i n e rva , th e stat ue of , 6 2 . R e n an , J . E 11, 3 3, 5 4, 10 6 , 110 .

M on a c h us A l e x an de r , 8 7 8 9 , 18 9
,
. R oads , t h e an ci e n t , of J e r us al e m , 28 .

M oriah M oun t 2 5 , ,
. R ob i n s on , D r E . .
, 5 4, 92 , 10 7 , 113 ,
M o s e s B a r C e p h a 3 16 4 , ,
. 12 8 , 141, 20 3 .

M uk adda s i 145 , . R o ck , t h e D om e of t h e , 118 .

M uris tan , t h e , 145 . R om an c am p ,

t h e w a ls l of t h e , 142 .

R ufi n us , 2 , 14, 3 0, 6 4, 19 3 .

N arciss us , B i s h op of J e rusal e m , 6 8 .

Ne h e m i ah ,
th e w a l l of , 12 1, 13 5 . S ae w ulf , 104, 132 , 13 5 , 146 .

N e ro, t h e E m p e ro r, 5 0 . S an h e dri n ,
th e h al l of th e ,
3 1, 3 9 .

N e rva, t h e E m p e ror, 5 6 . S c h ick C ,

.
,
17 , 117 , 131, 13 4, 13 6 .

N ic ae a , th e C o un ci l of , 7 6 , 8 3 , 96 , S c h ii re r, E .
,
5, 40 4
4 , .

17 9 , 18 6 , 19 1 . S epp , Dr .
,
8, 43 , 9 3 , 94 .

N ic o de m us , th e tom b of , 99 . Si l oam , t h e p oo l of , 127 , 129 .

i
S m e on , s on of Clop as , 46 , 60, 17 0 .

Oli ve s , t h e M o un t of , 30 , 3 7 , 3 8 , 17 2, S i on ,
th e M oth e r C hurch of , 5 4, 146 ,
17 3 .

O ri ge n , 2 , 6 , 6 8 , 7 8 , 15 9 . t h e ga te of , 10 7 .

S o c rate s , 3 , 3 0 , 64, 6 5 , 8 0 , 8 7 18 7 .

Pa l a ce ,
th e , of H e rod t h e G re at, 2 5 , S op h ron ius , 4 .

S o zom e n , 3 , 3 0 , 6 3 , 6 5 , 8 0, 8 7 8 9, 95 ,
H e rod A gri pp a, 2 7 , 18 6 .

32 . S p artian us , ZElius , 5 6 , 16 9 .

P as c h a l C h ron icl e th e 58 178 , , , . S t on i n g, t h e P l a c e of , 10 , 113 .

P aul i us of N ol a 6 4 6 6 195
n , , , . S uc h e m , L udo p von , 10 4 l h .

P e ll a fl i ght of th e C hristian s t o
, , 46, l
S u p ici us S e ve rus , 30 , 6 4, 8 8 , 17 6 ,
5 1 17 3 . 19 2 .

turn f rom 47 5 4 7 6
re , , , , 17 3 . Sy lvia, S t .
,
3 8 , 8 2 , 92 .

P h asaelus t h e to w e r 12 7 12 9
, , , ,
142 . l
S y n c e l us , 5 8 , 17 8 .

P h ilon of B y zan tium 12 1 , .

P le s s in g, J . F .
, 8 , 7 4, 10 6 . T alm ud, th e , of B aby l on 3 9 , , 40 .

P or t J udic i i 133 13 5 140

a ar a , , , . J e rusal e m , 7, 18 ,
P rae t orium th e 3 1 41 44 , , , , . 17 8 .

P o c op i us 8 0
r , . T ay l or B i h op J e re my 6 7
,
s , , ,
11 .

P ro c urat o s R om an of J udaea r , , , 49 , T e n th L e gi o n th e c am p o f ,
th e , 5 2 ,
16 7 . 142 .

P s e p h in us , t h e to w e r ,
2 9, 130 , 13 6 , t ll
T e r u ian , 3 , 14, 16 1, 16 9 .

T h e n ius , O tto, 11, 10 9 .