MODULAR SYSTEM Analytic Analysis of LINES and CIRCLES Muhammer Toskiran Cnet Kilg ZambakZambak a Copyright © Surat Bosim Reklomalk ve Egii Araglan Son Tic. AS. All rightsreseved No port of tis book may he reproduced, stored ino retrieval system or transmitted in any form with- out the prior written permission of the publisher. Digital Assembly Tombak Typesetting & Design Page Design ‘Somil Keskinodlu Serdar Cam Proofreader Toe Barnet Poblsher Tombok Basim Yoyin Egitim ve Turiam Isletmelei Sanayi Ticaret AS. Printed by GoBlayon A. Soom ol ier No.7 aztec xm, Febcoury 2008 Tel: +90-0-232-252 22 85, +90-0-232-522-20-96-97 ISBN: 975-266-026-6 Printed in Turkey DISTRIBUTION ‘TAMBAK YAYINLARI Bulgurlu Noh, Hominne Cesmesi Sok No. 20 34696 Uskiidar / Istanbul Tal: +90-216 522 0900 (pbx) Fox: + 90-216 443 98 39 hitp://book zombak comPREFACE To the Teacher, Analytic Analysis of Lines and Circles 1s designed to provide students with the analytic geometry background needed for further collegelevel geometry courses. Analytic geometry can be defined as algebraic analysis applied to geometrical concepts and figures, or the use of geometrical ‘concepts and figures ro illustrate algebraic forms, ‘Analytic geometry has many applications in different branches of science and makes it easier to solve a wide vanity of problems. The goal of this texts to help students develop the skills necessary for solvmg snalyne geomeny problems, and then help students apply these skills. By the fend of the book, students will have a good understanding of the analytic approach to solving problems. In addition, ‘ve have provided many systemauc explanations throughout the text that will help instructors to reach the goals that they have set for their studemts, As always, we have taken parricular care to create a book that students can read, understand, and enjoy, and that wil help students gain confidence in their ability to use analytic geomem To the Student, Check Yourself 13 1, What isthe equation ofthe lin joining the 2. Find the equation ofthe Kine passing th '. Find the value of the above line as Answers Le x48 Qu geeay ‘This book consists of two chapters, which cover analytical analysis of nes and circles respectively, Each chapter begins with basic definitions, theorems, and explanations which are necessary for understanding the subsequent chapter material. In addition, each chapter is divided into subsections so that students can follow the material easily. Every subsection includes self-test Check Yourself problem sections followed by basic ‘examples ilustrating the relevant definiuon, theorem, rule, or property: Teachers should encourage their students to solve Check Yourself problems themselves because these problems are fundemental to understanding and Iearning the related subjects or sections. The answers to most Check Yourself problems ae gyen directly after the problems, so that students have immediate feedback on their progress.Answers to some Check Yourself problems are not meluded m the answer key, as they are basic problems which are covered in detail in the preceding text or examples. Gwing answers to such problems would effecnvely make the problems redundant, so we have chosen to omit them, and leave students to find the basic answers themselves. ii ers At the end of every section there are exercises categonzed EXERCISES 1,1 . according {0 the structure and subject matter of the Ae Abate nnyale af neta section. Exercises are graded in order, from easy (at the areca beginning) to difficult (at the end). Exercises which involve more ability and effort are denoted by one or two stars. In addition, exercises which deal with more than ‘one subject are included in a separate bank of mixed problems at the end of the Section, This organization allows the mstructor to deal with only part of a section Af necessary and to easily determine which exercises are appropriate (0 assign. ng pints in the coontinate pi eee) © HO) £ Fo) Every chapter ends with three important sections, ‘The Chapter Summary isa list of important concepts and | (RAMANA LLNS 6 formulas covered in the chapter that students can use | + ‘hereisa one-to-one cnrespondencehermen th easily (0 get direct information whenever needed, Sas tb reprsenad by two components the alc Concept Check, 01 = 5 A seetion contains cninatey AC 9). Taran aetonesin questions about the main concepts of the subjects covered, 2) How cn a point be presented the coordinate eSPeCially about the definitions, theorems or derived 3. Define the eacept of te. Find exaries om | formulas. Finally, a Chapter Review Test section consists of three tests, each with sixteen carefully-selected problems, The first test covers prumitive and basic problems. The second 1. Whats the lent of dhe mesian pss dro tho vores ofa uae ABC wih vores, and Uurd tests mclude more complex problems. These | Bi-1,2), ai e«07 tests help students assess their ability in understanding | 36 7B) the coverage of the chapter. ‘The answers to the exercises and the tests are given at the end of the book so that students can compare their solution wath the correct answer. G.BUNCH OF LINES (OPTIONAL) Each chapter also mcludes some subjects which are denoted as optional, These subjects complement the topic and give some additional information, However, —— completion of optional sections 1s left to the discretion of, the teacher, who can take mto account regional curriculum requitements,Acknowledgements We would fike to thank the many people who helped 8s prepare the text and supplement package. Their encouragement, cohstructive ‘comments, and suggesti6ins were invaluable fo us. First of all we woulgif like! to sincérely thank Mr Ramazan Sahin forgiving us his research and studies, which formed the: essé base for our project. We would thank Mr. Orhan Keskin, Mr Ali Gavelar, Me cand Mr Mustafa Kirikgt who encourag: i us soadiich while we were developi ‘ing, ‘isi, bald Publishing who worked withbs, especially to Samil K@sKinogly and Sear Cam for their precious efforfSin typing and illustrating the material, and nie Bho supp liedinnmelud ble cont Bulone re. Seabe iiGinks in addition #Blell the people: at during 1 riod of the preparation of the project, Final febumthagks ga felibur families tend wonderful childrentwhe gayé us so much suppor by understanding and helping us. The AuthorsINTRODUCTION ‘CHAPTER 1: ANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF LINES 1, THE COORDINATE PLANE A. ANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF POINTS ....2 B, ANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF TRIANGLES . EXERCISES 1.1 - ANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF UNES A. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS. OF ANGLES «2.0 ..00005 B SLOPE OF ALINE . EQUATION OF ALINE é D. FINDING THE SLOPE OF A LINE WITH A GIVEN EQUATION RELATIVE POSITION OF TWO LINES ... FIRST DEGREE INEQUALITIES IN TWO UNKNOWNS . 20.0... .55 G. BUNCH OF LINES (OPTIONAL) .. . .57 EXERCISES 1.2... 60 FURTHER APPLICATIONS ‘A. ANGLES BETWEEN TWO LINES... .67 B. DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO ALINE .. C. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO. PARALLEL LINES . . D. EQUATIONS OF ANGLE BISECTORS . EXERCISES 1.3. SYMMETRY eas 2.20 rier eee 25 = FE A. SYMMETRY OF A POINT ........+.78 83 BR SYMMETRY OF A LINE (OPTIONAL) EXERCISES 1.40... CHAPTER SUMMAI CONCEPT CHECK CHAPTER 2: ANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF CIRCLES 1. EQUATION OF A GRCLE ‘A. STANDARD EQUATION OF AGIRGUED crermese canes seh 8. GENERAL EQUATION OF ACIRCLE .... + 106 EXERCISES 2.1 5.0.2... 00600004.-113 2. POSITIONS OF WINES AND CIRCLES A. RELATIVE POSITION OF A LINE AND A CIRCLE “5 B. EQUATIONS OF NORMAL LINES... ong C. RELATIVE POSITION OF TWO CIRCLES 126 EXERCISES 2.2 130 POWER OF A POINT, RADICAL AXIS, AND RADICAL CENTER ‘A. POWER OF A POINT 132 B. RADICAL AXIS OF TWO CIRCLES . .136 C. RADICAL CENTER OF THREE GRCIES po qacsees means aD ENXERGISES 23) cscs scse ve cacess oss AT 4. FURTHER APPLICATIONS ON CIRCLES (OPTIONAL) A. PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS OF A CIRCLE 43 B. EQUATION OF A SEMI-CIRCLE “145 C. INEQUALITIES INVOLVING CIRCLES . .147 1D. FAMILY OF CIRCLES 2... 0.020004. 0149 puzzi EXERCISES 2. CHAPTER SUMMARY CONCEPT CHECK . ANSWERS TO EXERCISES . ANSWERS TO TESTS Glossary...INTRODUCTION René Descartes (1596 - 1650), also known as Cartestus, worked as a philosopher and mathematician. While most notable for his groundbreaking work in philosophy, he achieved wide fame as the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system, which influenced the development of modern calculus. Descartes, sometimes called the founder of modern philosophy and the Father of Modem Mathematics, ranks as one of the most important and influential thinkers in human history. Descartes invented what we now call Cartesian coordinates, or the system by which we can graph mathematical functions in two- or three-dimensional space. Mathematicians consider Descartes of the utmost importance for his discovery of analytic geometry, Up to Descartes’ time, geometry, which dealt with lines and shapes, and algebra, which dealt with numbers, appeared as completely different subsets of mathematics. Descartes showed how to translate (almost) all problems in geometry into problems in algebra, by regarding them as questions asking for the length of a line segment, and using a coordinate system to describe the problem. It is interesting to consider how Descartes came to develop Cartesian coordinates Descartes was lving on his bed watching a fly Slowly it came to him that he could describe the fly's position at any instant by just three numbers. Those three numbers were along the planes of the floor and two adjacent walls, what we now call the x, y, 2 coordinate system. Most cities today are laid out in Cartesian fashion, so we give directions as x, y coordinates easily and without realizing it. Descartes’ theory provided the basis for the calculus of Newton and Leibniz, and thus for much of modern mathematics. This appears even more astounding when one keeps in mind that the work wasjust meant as an example to his Discourse on the Method to Rightly Conduct the Reason and Search for the Truth in Sciences, known better under the shortened tide Discours de la méthode. In part two, he introduces the new idea of SAN. ~ =<specifying the position of a point or object on a surface, using two intersecting axes as measuring guides. Another book by Descartes, La Géométrie, was published in 1637. The book was influential in developing the Cartesian coordinate system and specifically discussed the representation of points of a plane, via real numbers, and the representation of curves, via ‘equations, The modem Cartesian coordimate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular coordinate system) is commonly defined by two axes, at right angles to each other, forming a plane (an xy-plane). The horizontal axis is labeled x, and the vertical axis is labeled y. In a three-dimensional coordinate system, another axis, normally labeled z, is added, providing a sense of a third dimension of space measurement. The axes are commonly defined as mutually orthogonal to each other (each at a right angle to the other), Early systems, however, allowed oblique axes, that is, axes that did not meet at right angles. All the points {in a Cartesian coordinate system taken together form the so-called Cartesian plane. t }( ‘iD THE COORDINATE PLANE } A. ANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF POINTS 1. Basic Concepts coordinate plane ‘Two number lmes which are perpendicular to each other at the origin (pomt zero) form the Cartesian coordinate system (also called the rectangular coordinate system), and the plane used for this is called the coordinate plane. Ga In the coordinate plane, the horizontal ama TT line is called the 2-s and te vertical . line is called the y-axis, ‘ tureetion| 5 arant 4 quadrant These axes divide coordinate plane into four quadrants, (regions), as shown in the figure The pomt O(0, 0) 1s called the orign of the coordinate plane. In the coordinate plane, we can specify the exact location of any point by giving its.x- and y-coordinate. Analytic Analysis of Lines and CirlesSolution The Coordinate Plane Let us take a point P in any quadrant of the coordinate plane and draw perpendicular line segments from P to the x- and y-axis which meet the coordinate axes at a and b, as shown am the diagram. The real number a on the x-axis is called the coordinate or abscissa of point P. The real number b on the y-axisis called the y-coordimate or ordmate of point P. The ordered pair (a, b) 18 called the coordinates of the point P and 1s denoted by P(a, b). Plot the points AC, -2), BC3, 4), C2, 1, DG, 2), and E(-L,4) am the coordinate plane, Now ook at the diagram. Notice that the ordmate of every pomt on the x-axis is 2er0, the ae abseassa of every pomt on the y-axis 15 zer0, and ne the coordinates of the origin are (0, 0). x 02Q Poe me poms KA, 0, LO, 9). MCS, 0), and N(O,-2) inthe coordinate plane, Gwen a point P(a, b) an the coordmate plane, 1, @>0,b > Owhen P ism the first quadrant 2. @ <0,b> O when P ism the second quadrant 3. a <0, b <0 when P ism the third quadrant 4, @ > 0, b < 0 when P ism the fourth quadrant. (ETLTNGY 3 wehe pome fa, ab) wim the second quadrant ofthe coordinate plane, in which quadrant as the pomt Ba’, *) pomt Bia, £5? Solution If (, y)isim the second quadrant, then x < 0, y > 0. A(a, @-b) 183m the second quadrant, so @ < O and a:b > 0. Therefore, b < 0 also For the point B(@",*), a >0 and > 0 Hence, B as in the first quadrant, (EOL 4 the poms Afa, a 2b) and BC, b) ate coincident, Find their coordinates and state which = quadrant they are sn. Solution A(@, a 2b) = BC3, b) a= -Sanda-2 . $0 b = =1 and so A(-3, ~1) 1s m the Uurd quadrant. Analytic Analyee of Lines and CitesSETS the sides of a rectangle ae parallel to the coordinate Solu The Coordinate Plane axes, and the length of the zectangle 15 four times ats, width. If the perimeter P of the rectangle 1s 50 umsts, and D(8, 2) 1s its vertex, find the coordinates of the points A, B,C. The sides of the rectangle are parallel to the x- and 1-235, $0 they are perpendicular to the axes at pomts E.F,G.H. Here, AD = 4. DC and P = 2- (AD + DC) = 2- (4-DC + DC) = 10- DC = 50 ums. So DC = 5 units. DC = DF + FC and DF = 2.umtts, so FC = DC - DF = 3- = 3.unuts. AD = 4. DC = 4-5 = 20 ums, Sumilazly, AG = AD — GD = 20- and so the coordinates are A(-12, 2), B(-12, ~3), and C(8, -) = 12 ums, Check Yourself 1 1, Plot the pomts AC3, 0), ae, 2), C0, > D2, -3. and E(-9,-4) in the coordinate plane. 2, Find the cooramates of the pomts which are 5 units from the x-axis and 2 units from the y-axis 8, Draw the uiangle with veruees AL, 7), BC2, 8), and C2, -2) am the coordinate plane. 4, Ifthe point Mn, n) is mn the third quadrant of the coordinate plane, find the quadrant containing the pout Nn, m), 5 If the pomt P(m + 1, m — 6) isan the fourth quadrant of the coordinate plane, find the ‘possible mteger values of m. Answers 5. (0, 1,2, 3, 4. 5} 2. Distance Between Two Points Let Us Use ay yaa, AMM My yp Yoyo UO denote the abscissas and the ordinates of respective pomts in the coordinate plane distance between two pots The distance between two points A(x, ¥,) and Bt, ¥,) 18Proof In the figure, ABC isa right tangle. AC =x,-x, BC=H-¥, By the Pythagorean theorem, AB’ = AC’ + BCT ABE = (xe) + 9)" and so AB = ¥@s—&)) F Gn wy oF = VaR nye G Hind the distance between A(3, 0) and BC2, -3) PF ny = 2-3 +0» = fe 3) Solul 34 uns, (MEZOELETY 7 show thar ABC withthe vertices AC-2, 2), B(, 8), and C(A,-1) isan isosceles triangle Solution Let us find the length of the sides of ABC. AB= +2) + G2)" = 79-30 Ac = (GaP FLO = TT = Be = fa FCF = PTI AC = BC, so two sides of the mangle have the same length. ‘Therefore, ABC is isosceles. & 40, 2,86,., and C2, 9 ar gven. IFA atthe sume distance fom the pons Band C, finda Solu ‘We are gven AB = AC. By the theorem for the distance between two points, faray + 9-6at a +4= gp 4404441 10a =8 4 = peti ty fie an CdrFind tne ordmate ofthe pont on the y-ax which s equidistant to the porns AC-4, 0) and Solutio Proof The Coordinate Plane BOQ, 9). The pomt is on the y-axis, so Its x-coordinate 1s 0, Let us call the pomt P(0, it). Now, from the diagram, PA= PB (OTE = Pay Cay ke = 9 +e)! 16 +H = 81 +R 10k +29 10k = 90 kt = 9, Therefore, the point 1s P(O, 9). Check Yourself 2 |. Fimd the distance between the pomts A, ~1) and B(-2, 2) 2. Find the lengths of the sides of the tangle MNP with vertices at the pomts M(-1, 3), N(2,-3), and PS, 1) 8. The pomts K@, 1) and LC6, a) are gwen. If KL = 10 cm, find the possible values of a 4. Aisa point on the y-axis with ordiate 5 and B 1s the pout (-3, 1). Calculate AB. 5. Find the pomt on the y-axis which 1s equidistant to the pots AC-3, 0) and BC, -1). Answers 1.5 2. ¥87, 2/10, 465 3a E57) 45 9.0,-4) 3. Midpoint of a Line Segment amidpomt of @ bne segment Let the pomts A(x, y,) and B(&, ¥,) be the endpomts ofa le segment AB, and let C(x, 1) be the midpomt of AB. Then, ae a and y= WA Ye 2 Let us take pomt C on AB such that AC = CB From the figure, ACAK = ABCD. So AK = CD and CK = BD. Now, %5-x Xo and Yo Wy = Yep a ee atm uti x= S28 and y= Mitte 2 4 2 te wt S0CO, Ho) 2° 3ESE 10 12. -2) ana 86-5, 4) ave given. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of AB. ate -1-5 wty, 244 2 2 Solution x, 2 2 So C(-3, 1) 1s the midpoint of AB. 3), and C(-2, =1), draw AABC m a (EEQOIET TT oven tne mangle ABC with vertices A@, 3), BQ. coordinate plane and find the lengths of the medians. Let D, £, and F be midpomts of the sides of ABC, and let V,, V,, and V, be the medians as shown in the figure, ‘The coordinates of D are 40,2) (0-0 G42) The coordinates of E are 0-2 a 3- -1 and y, BE = JQ+1°+C3-=6 ums, and (QUE 12 A taangte AB with vertices AC2, -2), BU, 8), and C(6, 2)38 ven, Ifthe pountsD and E are Imidpomts of AB and AC respective show that BD = 5 Solution Furst, let us find the coordinates of D(a, b) and E(¢, d). Pomts D(a, b) and E(c, d) are the midpoints of AB and AC, so their coordinates are = prt ty fie a CrNow, let us find the length of ED and BC by using the distance formula, and then compare their lengths: fo+ 5 +0-9° Let the points A(x, 9), B(ts, 22), Cts, y.), and D(a) Devan Con be vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, and let P(t 1,) be the mtersection pomt of the diagonals. Since P(x, 1,) 18 the midpomt of the diagonals, a +x na andg Bt so ytysut hao on atu +H = A md y= 50 Wtt= tet Me ‘Asa result, for any parallelogram ABCD with given vertices the following rules are vali xy tx =m Faand y, Y,= Ye tH (EEE 13 ALM sa paraticlogram with vertices K@, a), LC, 4), M@, 3), and N@, 2). Fmd a ~b. ‘The midpoint of KM is also the midpoint of NL, so 24+b=143 and a43=442 b=2 a=3 Therefore, a -b =3-2= 1. The Coordinate PlaneCheck Yourself 3 1, A(@ + 1,4~2h) and BG ~a, 2h—3) are gyen. Find the coordinates of the undpount of AB 2. A tmiangle AABC with vertices A(2, 6), B(-2, 3), and C(4, ~1) 1s given, Find the length of the median passing through A. 3. The points AC2, 3), BG, -2), C(x, y), and DCI, 8) are the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD. Find the coordinates of C Answers 1 1@5 247 344) @> aa 4, Coordinates of a Point Dividing a Line Segment in a Given Ratio a. Coordinates of a point dividing a line segment internally Let AB be a line segment and C be a point on AB. Pot C dwides AB internally and the rau of the Length of CA to the length of CB 1s CA. cB Ifthe ratio F ts gven, we can find the coordinates of C using the following theorem. Let A(y,, »,) and B(x, y,) be the endpoints of AB, and let C(x, y,) be a pomt on the ime seg- ment AB such that C4 f, (ke R*), Them the coordinates of Care yee Tk Proof In the figure AAKC ~ ACHB ana AK — RC _ AC ca” HB cB x, . W.-Y, = ReYs— Rey, nthxsttn ly yay enyey +h) = 2,4 hex, yt =a, + heny athe, “TER y= the Tek Avalytic Analysis of Lines and Citler14 Me poms AC, 8) and B(@, -11) are given. Find the coordinates of the point C which divides AB internally the rao A ca cA +hex, _-343-9_ 24 is olution <4=3andby the theorem, x, Solution ZF am they 5 Te So the pamt is (6, -7) Practical Way: cA C(x 4) divides AB internally; We know CA (ew) ae s0 CA = 3CB. So our Ime is divided into four equal parts. Let CB = a, then CA = 3a. poe ae Ber oe C640 8@,-11) To nd x,: AB = 4a and the abscissa changes 9 ~ (-3) = 12 unus. 12 unis ‘Therefore, since AC = a, the absessa vl change 12.3 =9 ums nea Sox,=-34+9=6 k= 9 units ‘To fd y,: AB = 4a and the ordinate changes -11 ~5 = -16 units. Therefore, since AC = 3a, 6 the ordinate will change —2°.3=~12 units. So y : we > fgteum a % ums So the paint is (6, ~7). amuts k= 12 umts 15 The tine segment with tne enaponts M(-2, 3) and NG, -1) 1s given. Find the coordinates of the pomt R which divides MN internally an the ratio MR. _ 2 MIN Solution REMN MR _2 MR _2) > EN rv ar -as2a ; The coordinates of pomt R are x, =__3 = 3 e as 5 a © soune poms net, Note The coordmates x, and x, 1, and tin the formula are specified according to the given ratio mt ‘which the numerator is the distance of the first pomt (x, y,) from the dividing point, and the denominator is the distance of the second pont (x 3) ftom the dividing pomt. Jn the example 15, ‘Mis taken as the first pomt, Nis taken as the second pomt where fis the dividing pomt The Coordinate Pane =Practical Way: ‘We can use a sunlay technique to Example 14. RG, v9) divides MN internat. ME 2, 59 tet us MNS write MR = 2a and MN To find xy: From MN = 9a and the abscissa changes 1 ~ (2) = 3 untts. Therefore, sinee MR = 2a, the 6 oa. abseassa wall change 3-2 = © umnts, 60x, =-2+ 5 ‘To find y,: MN = Sa and the ordinate changes -1 - 3 the ordinate wall chang Let D, A, and B be collinear points such that D hes outside the line segment AB, as shown in the diagram. ‘The ratio of the distance of D to the pois A and B, DA respectively is. 2A = p, DB Ifthe value of fas given, we can find the coordinates of D using the following theorem. Let AG, y,). BG,, y.), and D(x,, y,) be collinear pots such that D ¢ AB then DA €:R*), and the coordinates of D are given by =k es fy ® “Yo Look at the figure, App —apitD ana AP - PP _ AD _ BH HD BD Weneed APB oy ang PMB BH HD u,-. Analytic Analyee of Lines and CitesES 16 Solution ES 17 The Coordinate Plane Therefore, ak y= yk YAW =Y,-U-Us kU y= BEw Lk ‘The Line segment MN with endpomts M(-2, 3) and N(4, 5) 1s gwen. Find the coordmates of the pom P which divides MN externally inthe rano T= 5 So the coordinates of point P are (16, 9). Practical Way: For x,: The change is 4~ (-2) = 6 units from Mon. 6-3 = 18 unm, sox, =-2 + 18 = 16. For y,: The change is 5-3 = 2 ums from M to N. PM _3 z Paya) 2.3 = 6 umits, soy, = 3 + 6 = 9 and so P(16, 9) is the pomt In ABC, AK = KB, KS = SC, BU, 2) and (4, -A) are given. T is a point such that T © BC and S © AT, as shown in the digram, Find the coordinates of T. a3) T oct.)=— Solution AK BT CS In sane tus we the menaleus theorem, which savs +o" Then 4.37 and 27, 270 1 Te ltk +2 x,=3, and yt hey, 242-4) Tk 12 ‘Therefore, the coordinates of T are (3, -2) Check Yourself 4 1, The bine segment AB has endpoints ACL, 5) and B(4, 2). C sa pomt on the hne segment AB such that “C1. pina the coordmates of € cB 2 A point T divides L4 externally m the abo 7H =. The coordinates ofthe endpoints of LM are L(-1, -9) and M(O, 3). Find the coordinates of the pomt 7. {The pn DQ, aves the ne segment AB external the rao 2 coma of ne 1,3) he cota ofthe pon 4 In the figure, KS = 2 - ST, and pots K-3, 0) and S(0, 2) are given, Find the distance of the point T from the ongin. Answers 39. 3 42 5 35 14 7 456 Avalytic Analysis of Lines and CitlerB. ANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF TRIANGLES En 18 Solution En 19 Solution The Coordinate Plane 1. Coordinates of the Centroid of a Triangle Let AABC be a triangle wath vertices A(t, ¥,), BOs, 4), C(x, y,), and let D(a, b) be the midpoint of BC. 4X det Us 2 2 Then a= TGC, 4.) 5 the centro (center of mass) of ABC, mtx, on at2- oT Fk 12 ob Wt and y,=%thb_" 2 i+k 12 XS Pu tH, 3 3 Hence, | G(x,,4,) = GC ‘This formula allows us to find the coordinates of the centroid ofa mange. Find the coordinates of the centroid of AABC with vertices A(J, 2), B@, 3), and C(4, 0) MMA te ty by the fomula, ‘The centwoid of AABC 1s omer = 14244 24340 ‘Therefore, the coordinates of G are Gi 1 r Ss 3 ‘The vertices of ABC are A(-a, -b), B(b, a), and C(2b, 2b), and its centroid is G(1, 9). Find 3 the coordinates of the vertex A. wee 5 IE HO, anase aban 0) 3 3 3 pte 4 Bobet is gots, antto ba=8 0) By solving the simultaneous equations (1) and (2), b= 3, and so. AC3, -2).Check Yourself 5 1. Find the coordinates of the centroid of AABC with vertices A(I, 7), B(-2, -1), and C@, 0). 2, The centroid of ABC with vertices A(-1, 4), B(O, ~3), and C(m, n) 18 GC, 2). Find m +n ' 3 A AOB in the figure isan equilateral triangle. Find the coordinates of the centrosd at aa Answers 2 LGD 29 3.6.28) 2. Area of a Triangle with Known Vertices en of w triangle with: known-vernces Let A(t )), BOs, 40), and CC%,, 4) be the coordinates iG AG, 4 of the veruces of ABC. Then the area of ABC is 1 |A(AABC) = =] xy(ys —4,) + 26-4.) 4 (0, —¥2)] Coe 90 In the figure, A(ABC) = A(ABDE) + A(AEFC) ~ A(BDFC). > Notice that all the polygons ABDE, AEFC, Of<—«oh and BDFC are trapezoids, By the formula for the area ofa trapezoid, we can wnite dey Ys FW) —% z 2 +46 A(AABC) = 1 = FLU DCR) +e) Ce Fay 28) Ca 5) Fy) “Us 9%) ~ Wa ¥3) +e Xe) Os) +s Me 1 A(AABC) = 5 ay(ue —4s)-+ Xap Us) + H(t —4FedT- = Yq ntti nd CreEx 20 Solution Pexanrce P| Solution The Coordinate Plane Practical Way: ‘White the coordmates of the vertices in the following form: bitin ‘Now, by using the guidelines which aze positively or negatively ACABO) = "| 2a. denoted, we can wnte the formula - oN 1 DASOWDN, A= SIGs teat a Geom tay ae tH, HL - “and so A= F181) #805 4) 4 C—O Notice that the formula is the same as the formula im the first proof. Find the area of ABC with vertices AC-2, 4), B(3, 2), and C2, -3) Let us wnte A@2, 4) = ACA, 9) BG,2 Ba. 2 Yo) ce, 3 = Cex 99, then AGAABC)= Bx, +(ns 15) #46, BDH “CH -VL =}y-savayeaca-a24-ay[= 4 an-aie4 If the points A(-1, -3), BO, ~2a), and C(3a, a) are three different points on the same line, anda Since A, B, and C are on the same line (collinear), they do not form a tangle, that 1s, AGABC)=0, ACL, -8) = AGL ¥) a3 BO, 20) = Bete 4} = awascy=3.] 2, Pa a3 CGa, a) = Cer, 9.) ‘Therefore, A(AABC) = +] -1-(-2a-a)+0+3a-(-342a)|=0, and so z 3a-9a+6a*=0,s0 a=0 or a=1. Since B@, -2a) and C@a, a) are different pomts, a eannot be zero, so a2D nd thearea ofa quadrtateral ABCD with vertices AC2,-1), BEB, -2).€(8. 8), and DC-3. 4). Solution Look at the figure. The diagonal BD divides the quadrilateral 7 into two triangles ABD and ABCD. The areas ofthe triangles are Dea AGABD) = 3 -2+(-2-4) 43-4) 3-14 I= 19 1 AMABCD) = 518 -(9-4) +3442) -3-(-2-9) [= 21 So A(ABCD) = A(AABD) + A(ABCD) = 12 +21 = 33. 23 wine heure, BE = ED = DC, AC is perpendicular tothe 7 t-axis, and £(0, 9) and D@, 0) ate given, Find the azea of ABC. cre, 9.) Let us wnte A(x, 9,), BO%, us), and C Gx, 4) BAP 9 5 =2 5 2 BE=ED = = Bt yo #0 2,0) Boy) ED=DC = = 04,3). ‘Since CAs perpendicular to the y-axis, the coordinates of A are (0, 3). Now we have the vertices A(0, 3), B(-2, -6), and C(4, 3), and so the area of AABC is, +[36]=18 units. = ve atte nd CreCheck Yourself 6 |. Find the area of AABC with vertices A(1, 7), BC-1, 3), and CQ, ~4). 2. Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD with vertices AC2, 1), B(-1, 3), C(4,-1), and DG.4), 8. The pomts AG, 5), BCL, 1), and C2, ky are collinear, Find k. 4 The area of ABC wath veruices AG, 1), B(-1, -2), and C(m, 1) 38 9 squate units, Find the posite ates of m 3. The plats MCL t), NG and PCA, A+ 1 ae om the same ine, Find are Lik gee a Qnty ga 5 ae Seve Yourself by Coorcinates oa Sac Sp gD el a SY caus orm he pa passing thou egres wesy Forex rater uth of Beas inthe world t's Atlante Govan, Is ae automaticaly BAL Arat the number of ciscrpoatdnoes is es expected average for the 250,000 square mls (847 000 sq, km) of emp see Anjuay whatever te truths, fare the coordinates of Wes'30). Fin the late Mes Raises map Write the latitude and longtude of your capital city the place where you were born, and the placer youl. Wc entry ceseefaggeanoftelngld andl ta? The Coordinate Pane O m= tana < 0° m= tant? = 0 vis undelined. Positive slope Neuve slope Ze slope Nosbpe, Avalyic Aral of img lg =5 Find she sopes of thetines with inchinations 307,43, 60", 1207 and 150" respectively IED 26 EE 27 Solu Solu Solu Inclination (@) Slope (m) 20° tana = 3 40° tan4o*= 1 60° tan60" = 3 120° 8 50° Be 190 = Find the mclnations of the lines with slopes 1 and 0 respecuvely: Sincem =I, tana=-1 = 138° simcem=0, amp =0 Bao Find the slopes of d, and d, in the figure. We have to calculate the tangent values of the angles made by the Lines d, and d, with the positive direction of the x-axis, Fence, m, = tana. me = tan (180° 60°) = = -tan 60° = wa = nd tn often tp = : ng tan (180° 190°) tan 30° Be 3 tte Anais of Line ad Cicern Proof Arabic Analysis of Lions Let us say 11s the melnation of d, so m = tance. Since a +6 = 180° m = tana. = tan (180-6) tan 2 > Check Yourself 8 1. Find the slope of the line with inclination 135°. 2, Find the inclination of the Line with slope ~1/3. In the given figure, ind the slopes of the lines d, and da Answers 1-l 2120 3m, 2. Finding the Slope of a Line We have seen how to find the slope of a line when the mclination of the ne is given. We can also find the slope when two points on the line are given, using the following theorem. ‘The slope of a Line passing through the points A(x,, y,) and B(x...) is Let a be the inclination of the lme d which passes through the points AQ, y,) and B(x, 9.) As seen m the figure, mm(ZADO) = m(BAC) = a (caresponding anges) se, AC = xy x, and BC = 1.—ty ‘Now, m the right tangle BAC tang =2C BB and tance Therefore, mEUS 29 Solu [E= 30 Solution En 31 Solu EES 32 =— IA, B, and C are three points on the same line then My = Mo = Me Et ] Find the slope and mehination of the line which passes through the pornts A(0, ~1) and B(2, d. The slope of the ne passing through the points A(0, 1) and B@, 1) 1s, Yy- 0, I-CD _2 em Since my 2 |. then the inclination of the Line as «. = The melmauion of the line passing through the points A(I, 2) an B(-1, a) 16 120°, Find the value of a my =tan120° and m, = tan 60" =a = 23 a= 242N3, ‘Show that the pamts A(4, 1), BO, We have to show that mg = Mge. 21 3-4 My so A, B,C are collinear AG, 1), BCL, 3), and PCO, ky are three pomnts in the coordinate plane. For what value of k does PA PB have its greatest value? tte Anais of Line ad CicerEn 33 Solution Analytic Analyse of Lives ‘Look at the figure. For the greatest value of PA - PB, the points P, B, and A must be collmear Let us thmk why IP, Band A are not collinear, they form a triangle. We know that mn any triangle the difference of the lengths of any two sides 4s Less than the lengths of the thi, by the mangular mequality. Therefore, in APAB, PA — PB < AB. But when P, B, and A are collinear, PA ~ PB = AB. Therefore, PA ~ PB wall have ts greatest value ‘The pomts AC 2, 5), B(-4, 2), and P(O, k) are given. ‘Whats the value of k for the smallest value of PA + PB? Look at the figure. PA + PB has its smallest value when Pas on the same line segment as the symmetry of A ‘with respect to the y-axis, Otherwise, PBA’ will be a iange where PA’ + PB > BA’ (by the tiangular mequaliy) Hence, P, B, and A’ must be collinear: Myy = Mae 2-h _3-k 4-2h=-20 + 4k -6h = -24 haa, Check Yourself 9 1. Find the slope of the line passing through the points A(-I, 7) and B(O, ~3) 2. The inchinavon of the ine which passes through the pots A, -v3) and B¢, 23) 1s 120°, Find 0.9) In the figure, the pomts A, B, and K are on the Line d. Find the value ofa. =En 34 Solution 3. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines a. Condition of parallelism In the coordmate plane, let d, and d, be two parallel lines. As seen in the figure, m(ZCAA,) = m(ZCBB,) (corresponding angles). ‘The slope of the line d, is m, = tan (ZCBB,) and the slope of the line d. 18 m, = tan (ZCAA,), Consequently, the condition of parallelism is ali, mam, The pots A(@ 1, 3), BQa, 1), CC, a), and DG, a + 3) are given. If the lines AB and CD are parallel to each other, find a Since the hnes AB and CD are parallel, their slopes are equal to each other, that 18 ABI\CD & thy = they 1-8 at3-a +3 30+ °.. 2,80 b. Condition of perpendicularity Loot at the figure. The slope of the line d, 1s. ‘m, = tan o, and the slope of the line d, is tan o, = -tanp. In the night tangle ABC, m=tana,=4° ana Be ae ac Let us multiply both equalities side by side, m, = ~tanps 1 mem, = 20. BC me Fe" ae Consequently, the condition of perpendiculanty 15 aid, om tte Anais of Line ad CicerEXE 35 Solution EEE 36 Solution Without using the Pythagorean Theorem, show that the points A(3, 4), B(-2, -1), and C(4, 1) are the vertices of a ght triangle Let us find the slopes of the lmes on which the sides of AABC he. 1 Nonce that myc M™e= 5+ 3) = so BC AC and therefore ABC is a right triangle, ‘The pomts M@k + 1, ~9), N(, -2), and KCI, -3) are given. If the lines MN and NK are perpendicular to each other, find k ‘Smee MN and NK are perpendicular, the product of their slopes is —1 Ma hg, = =I -245, 349 ¢ Tay aS qige-h wo-840h=2, and so b=! Check Yourself 10 1. IAB IICD, find the value of k, where A(-k, 3), B(-7, 13), C@, 1), and D-# ~ 1, 6) 2, The points B(-3, 10) and C(-9, -2) are the endpoints of the hne segment BC. The ne from the point K(m, m ~ 4) to the midpomt of BC is perpendicular to BC. Find the value of m. 8. Show that the points A(7, 1), BCI, 4), C7, 0), and DQ, -3) are the vertices of the trapezoid ABCD. (Lint: Prove that there exist (wo parallel Lines on which any (vo opposite sides of Uie trapezoid lie) 4. In the figure, d, 1 d.. Find the value of k Answers 13, 10 = Bio 428 1-3 7 4 Analytic Analysis of iney