M O D U L A R S Y S T E M

CIRCLES

Murat Kol

http://book.zambak.com
 Copyright © 2009 Sürat Basým
Reklamcýlýk ve Eðitim Araçlarý San. Tic.
A.Þ.
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form
without the prior written permission
of the publisher.
Digital Assembly
Zambak Typesetting & Design

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Language Proofreader
Zoe Barnett
Publisher
Sürat Basým Reklamcýlýk ve Eðitim
Araçlarý San. Tic. A.Þ.
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To the Teacher
This book comprises a high school course on circles and circle geometry. It is divided into three sections, structured as
follows:

♦ The first section begins with a presentation of the basic concepts of circle, chord, arc and central angle and some
simple properties. The second half of this section covers secants and tangents. The material and properties
introduced this section are used throughout the rest of the book.

♦ The second section focuses on angles in circles, and more specifically on inscribed angles and the angles between
secants, tangents and chords. A subsection looks at cyclic quadrilaterals and their properties.

♦ The third and final section presents the properties of line segments formed by tangents, secants and chords, and
includes a study of circumscribed polygons and common tangents. The last part of the book is dedicated to
Ptolemy’s Theorem, with some examples of its application.

This book has been desiged to be an effective teaching aid, and includes all the features of the Zambak high school math
teaching series:

♦ The material in the book is presented in a student-friendly way and uses a step-by-step teaching approach.
Definitions and examples are explained in detail, just as a teacher would explain them to a class.

♦ Problems and examples are explained clearly and simply, since the first step towards solving a problem is
understanding it correctly.

♦ The book includes a wide range of activities and applications that engage different learning styles and encourage
student-centered learning. The paper folding activities can be used independently as ‘hands-on’ introductions to
different parts of the text. In addition, the use of dynamic geometry software is encouraged: the activities and
problems can all be presented using such software in the classroom or in a computer lab, as a way of stimulating
students’ interest.

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the people who helped me in so many ways during the preparation of this book. My thanks in
particular go to Muhammer Taþkýran and Mustafa Kýrýkçý for stimulating me to write such a book and for their
valuable suggestions, and to Þamil Keskinoðlu and Serdal Yýldýrým for their careful typesetting and design. Finally,
I would like to thank my wife for supporting me whenever I needed it.

Murat Kol
To the Student
This book is about circles and circle geometry. In your previous math
courses you have probably studied triangles and other polygons. These are
the first two main topics of plane geometry, and circles form the third topic.
Before studying this book you should have a basic knowledge of the
properties of angles, triangles and polygons. The circle geometry you will
study uses these properties in different ways.
I believe that in order to be successful in geometry you need three things. The
first thing is clear explanations, and the second is a good range of examples
to support the explanations. Thirdly and finally, you need lots of practice
solving related problems. These are the things I thought about when writing
this book. I hope that the result brings you success in your studies.

Using This Book

This book has been designed so that you can use it effectively.
Each section has its own special color that you can see at the
bottom of the page.

Definition boxes give formal descriptions of

new concepts.

Theorem boxes state propositions which can be

proved.

Corollary boxes state propositions that follow

with little or no proof required from something
that has already been proved.

Rules state propositions which are useful for

problem solving.

A small notebook page in the margin reminds

you of material related to the topic you are
studying. Notebook text helps you to remember
the math you need so that you can understand
the material. It might help you to see your
mistakes, too!
Examples show you problems and their solution, with
explanations. Studying the solutions to examples will
help you to understand the topic. The examples are
numbered, so you can find them easily in the book.

At the end of certain sections you will find Check Yourself

questions. These questions test your understanding of the
topic that you have just studied. Solve these questions
alone and then compare your answers with the answer
key provided. If your answers are correct, you can move
on to the next section. If an answer is wrong, go through
your working again and check back through the
examples in the section.

Exercises at the end of each section test your

understanding of the material in the whole section. You
should be able to solve all the questions which do not
have a star. One star (›) next to a question means the
question is a bit more difficult. Two stars (››) mean
the question is for students who are looking for a
challenge! You can find the answers to all the exercises
at the back of the book.

The Chapter Summary summarizes all the concepts and

formulas covered in the book.

The Concept Check section contains oral questions. You do

not need paper or pen to answer these questions. If you
answer Concept Check questions correctly, it means you
know that topic! Go back over the material in the chapter
if you are not sure about the answer to a Concept Check
question.

When you have completed the exercises and reviewed the

material, you are ready for the Chapter Review Tests.
These tests contain questions to help you prepare for
exams. The answer key for these tests is at the back of
book.
 CIRCLES

1. BASIC CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. SEGMENTS AND CIRCLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

A. CIRCLES, CHORDS AND ARCS . . . . . . . . . . . .10 A. SEGMENTS FORMED BY TANGENTS . . . . . . .93

1. The Circle and Its Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 1. Circumscribed Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

2. Major and Minor Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 2. Common Tangents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

3. Arcs and Central Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 B. SEGMENTS FORMED BY SECANTS

4. Arc Length and the Circumference AND CHORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

of a Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1. The Power of a Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
The History of Pi ( π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
2. Segments Formed by Intersecting Secants . .111
5. Chords and Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
3. Segments Formed by Intersecting Chords . . .120
B. TANGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
C. PTOLEMY’S THEOREM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
1. Secants and Tangents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
EXERCISES 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
2. The Relative Position of Two Circles . . . . . . .35

EXERCISES 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

2. ANGLES AND CIRCLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

CHAPTER SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

A. INSCRIBED ANGLES AND ARCS . . . . . . . . . . .46

CONCEPT CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Angle of Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
B. ANGLES FORMED BY SECANTS,
TANGENTS AND CHORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

1. Angles on a Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

2. Angles Inside a Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

3. Angles Outside a Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
C. CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
ANSWERS TO TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
EXERCISES 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Geometry is the study of the different relationships between lengths, spaces, sizes and shapes. For many
thousands of years, it was also one of two basic fields of mathematics, namely geometry and numbers. Throughout
history, many mathematicians and philosophers have thought that geometry existed even before man began to study
it: the Greek philosopher Plato, for example, said that geometry existed before Creation. Over time the
boundaries between geometry and numbers have begun to fade out, and nowadays complex geometry and
geometrical theorems are used in many modern branches of science.

The earliest traces of geometry appear in records from ancient Egypt and Babylonia from
around 3000 BC. Early geometry developed to meet practical needs such as measuring
land, following the stars and constructing buildings, and in some crafts. This early
geometry was concerned with lengths, angles, areas and volumes, and already included
some advanced principles such as the relationships in the Pythagorean Theorem. In
fact, both the Egyptians and the Babylonians were using versions of the ‘Pythagorean’
Theorem about 1500 years before Pythagoras, who lived from around 580 to 500 BC.

Ancient peoples in Babylon, Egypt and China knew how to find the areas of shapes made
from straight lines, and the Babylonians in particular knew many formulas for the areas
of rectangles and triangles. They also knew the constant proportions in different shapes.
A page from al-Khwarizmi’s
However, each civilization made their own approximation for the constant number π book al-Kitab al-Jabr wal
related to a circle. The Babylonians and Chinese also found the relationship between the Muqabala, the oldest Arabic
book on algebra
area and the circumference of a circle. It is thought that they divided a circle into
congruent sectors and rearranged them into an approximate rectangle to calculate the
constant value π.

The ancient Greeks built on the geometrical knowledge of these different civilizations.
They combined this knowledge with a logical way of thinking that led them to prove
many geometrical properties. The Greek mathematician Euclid (c. 300 BC) wrote a
famous introduction to Greek geometry called Elements, and Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC)
used regular polygons and circles to calculate an approximate value of π.

Muslim mathematicians mostly studied algebra, number theory and numeration

systems, although they also worked on geometry. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
(c. 780-850) wrote formulas for the area and circumference of a circle, and also found
the approximation 3.1416 for π. Muhammad Ibn Musa
al-Khwarizmi
In the seventeenth century, mathematicians began translating the Greek and Arabic
texts in Islamic libraries into Latin. In the same century there were two important
developments in geometry. The first development is attributed to René Descartes
(1596-1650), who described a new area of mathematics that linked geometry and
algebra. This new area was called analytic geometry. Pierre Fermat (1601-1665) also
discovered analytic geometry, but we use Descartes’ version today.
The second important development in 17th-century geometry was the systematic
study of a field called projective geometry by the mathematician Gérard Desargues
(1591-1661). In the late seventeenth century, Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and
Gottfried Wilhelm von Liebniz (1646-1716) developed calculus as an independent
field of mathematics. Their work was the foundation of mathematical analysis.
Although mathematical analysis is not a branch of geometry, it is used in geometry.

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, geometers began to develop non-Euclidean Euclid

geometries, which were types of geometry that didn’t follow the system described by
Euclid. Mathematicians such as Gauss (1777-1855) and Riemann (1826-1866)
described a method for studying geometry on curved surfaces during this time.

The computer age has led to other geometrical developments. Mathematicians can
now calculate a decimal expansion of π to an amazingly high number of decimal
places: in 1989, more than one billion decimals of π were calculated using giant
supercomputers. Modern branches of geometry have also been created, including
fractal geometry, which helps us to study things such as the weather and
earthquakes.

This book is about something which in a technical sense does not physically exist. You
Plato
might think that circles are everywhere in our everyday lives, in nature and in objects
such as car tires, coins and the full moon. However, these things are not
really perfect geometric circles: if we look at them closely, we will see that a tire is
slightly flatter at the bottom, and that the edges of a coin are worn away. And what
about circles drawn with a compass? These circles might appear to be perfect but in
fact they are not either, because a pencil cannot always produce a uniform thickness.
If we look at a drawn circle through a magnifying glass then we will see that it has
some rough edges, and that some parts are thicker than others. For these reasons, it
is true that technically speaking, we can never find a perfect circle.

Fortunately we do not need to consider this philosophical issue in too much detail.
We can say that a physical circle is close enough to a true circle, and use this
approximation for practical applications. Indeed, in this book we will study circles by
drawing ‘approximate’ circles and by considering their properties.
A. CIRCLES, CHORDS AND ARCS
1. The Circle and lts Elements
Definition circle, center, radius
The set of all points in a plane which are equidistant from a given point is called a circle. The
given point is called the center of the circle, and the common distance is called the radius
of the circle. By extension, any line segment which joins the center and a point on the circle
is called a radius (plural radii) of the circle. A circle is denoted by its center and the symbol
:. For example, :O means a circle centered at point O.
To construct a circle with a compass, we open the compass to the radius of the circle and
place its point at the center of the circle. Turning the compass through one revolution
completes the circle.

r
r r O r
O
O O
r

Postulate
Any three non-collinear points in a plane determine a circle.

Definition chord, diameter

A line segment between any two distinct points on a circle is called a chord. A chord that
passes through the center of a circle is called a diameter of the circle. The length of a
diameter is called the diameter of the circle.

B
D
d er
radius chor et
am
A di
O radius
(center) O

10 Circles
 Look at the figure at the right. AB is a chord
of :O. As point B moves round the circle C
towards point C, chord AB becomes longer.
B2
When B meets C, AB reaches its maximum
O
length. As it keeps moving, it gets shorter B1

again. B
A

Corollary
A diameter is the longest chord in a circle.

Activity 1 Folding a Diameter

Cut a circle out of paper. Fold the circle onto itself.

The fold lies along a diameter of Draw a line along the fold with a The line shows a diameter of the
ruler. circle.
the circle.

2. Major and Minor Arcs

Definition arc
Any unbroken part of a circle is called an arc. Any two points on a circle create an arc. The
two points are called the endpoints of the arc. An arc can be denoted by its endpoints and the
symbol ï . For example, AïB means an arc with endpoints A and B.

Basic Concepts 11
 If the endpoints of an arc lie on a diameter of the circle, the arc is called a semicircle. A
semicircle can be named by its endpoints and another point on the arc. In the figure, EùCF
and EùAF are semicircles.
B
If an arc is shorter than a semicircle, it is F
called a minor arc. A minor arc is named by EïF is a semicircle.
A
its endpoints. AïB in the figure is a minor arc.
AïB is a minor arc.
O
If an arc is longer than a semicircle, it is
AùCB is a major arc.
called a major arc. A major arc can be named
E C
by its endpoints and another point on the arc.
AùCB in the figure is a major arc.

3. Arcs and Central Angles

Definition central angle
A angle in a plane whose vertex is the center of a circle is called a central angle of the circle.

The sides of a central angle intercept the A

circle at two points. These endpoints and the
points on the circle in the interior of the
ÐAOB is a central angle.
angle form an intercepted arc. O
B
AïB is its intercepted arc.

Rule
The measure of an intercepted arc is the A
same as the measure of its central angle. a
We write m(AïB) to mean the degree or
a
radian measure of an arc AïB. O
B

m(ÐAOB) = m(AïB) = a

Corollary
1. The measure of a complete circle is 360°.
2. The measure of a semicircle is 180°.

12 Circles
 EXAMPLE 1 What is the angle between the hands of a clock at five
o’clock?

Solution There are sixty minutes around the clock face, so the
measure of the arc between any two consecutive minute
points is 360° ÷ 60 = 6°.
At five o’clock, there are 25 of these congruent arcs
between the hands of the clock.
Therefore the required angle is 25 ⋅ 6° = 150°.

EXAMPLE 2 Find m(AùCB) in the figure. A

82°
O
C B
Solution Since m(∠AOB) = m(AïB),
m(AïB) = 82°.
We know that m(AïB) + m(AùCB) = 360° because they form a complete circle.
Therefore 82° + m(AùCB) = 360°
m(AùCB) = 360° – 82°
= 278°.

EXAMPLE 3 A, B and C are three points on a circle :O. m(∠AOB) = α + 40° and m(AùCB) = 4α + 45°
are given. Find m(∠AOB).

Solution Look at the figure. We need to calculate α. A

m(AïB) = m(∠AOB) = α + 40°.
m(AïB) + m(AùCB) = 360° a + 40° C 4a + 45°
a + 40°
O
α + 40° + 4α + 45° = 360°
5α = 275° B
α = 55°.
So m(∠AOB) = α + 40°
= 55° + 40°
= 95°.

Basic Concepts 13
 EXAMPLE 4 What is the angle between the hands of a clock at 10:10?

Solution The minute hand completes one revolution every hour. When
the minute hand completes one revolution, the hour hand
1
moves of a complete revolution. In other words, the minute
12
hand moves twelve times faster than the hour hand.

Let us assume that the time is 10:00. Then the angle between the hands is 60° (can you see
why?). After 10 minutes, the minute hand will have moved 60° more while the hour hand
1
will have moved ⋅ 60 ° = 5 ° in the same direction.
12
Therefore the angle between the hands has become 55° greater.
Hence the answer is 60° + 55° = 115°.

EXAMPLE 5 In the figure, O is the center of the C

semicircle, 100°
D a
m(AùOD) = 50°,
m(∠C) = 100° and
AO = CD. 50°

Find m(∠D) = α. A O B

Solution Let us draw OC. Since AO, OC and OB are all C

radii, they are congruent.
x

a
D

–2
So CD = AO = OC and ΔCDO is isosceles. a

0°
18
The triangle exterior
Therefore, m(∠CDO) = m(∠DOC) = α. a
angle theorem: The
50°
measure of an exterior In ΔOCD,
angle in a triangle is the A O B
α + α + m(∠DCO) = 180°
sum of the measures of
two other interior angles. m(∠DCO) = 180° – 2α.
C In ΔCOB, m(∠OCB) = m(∠OBC) because ΔCOB is isosceles.
Let m(∠OCB) = x. Then by the triangle exterior angle theorem,

A
m(∠AOC) = m(∠OCB) + m(∠OBC)
B
m(∠B′)=m(∠Α)+m(∠C) 50° + α = 2x
50° + α
x=
2
α
x = 25° + .
2

14 Circles
 α
So m(∠BCD) = 180° – 2α + 25° +
2
3α
100° = 205° – (m(∠C) = 100° is given)
2
3α
= 105°
2
α = 70°.

Activity 2 Folding the Center of a Circle (1)

Fold and draw a diameter of the Fold another diameter.

circle.

Draw the second diameter. The intersection point of the

diameters is the center
of the circle.

4. Arc Length and the Circumference of a Circle

In the previous section we considered the degree measure of an arc. We can also measure an
arc in terms of its length.

Definition circumference
The length of the complete arc of any circle is called the circumference of the circle.

Property
The ratio of the circumference of any circle to the length of its diameter is always the same
number, called pi (π) and pronounced like the English word ‘pie’.

Corollary
The circumference of a circle with radius r is 2πr.

Basic Concepts 15
ppppppppppppp
ppppppppppppp THE HISTORY OF PI ( π)
p
Whenever we see a circular object, the constant number π is always there.

ppppppppppppp
For example, the circumference of any circular disk with radius r is 2πr and
its area is πr2. The volume and surface area of a cylinder and a

3.141592653589793
circular cone are also related to π. We can use this mysterious number to
calculate things such as the orbits of planets and the shortest airline route
between two cities.

ppppppppppppp
238462643383279
r

ppppppppppppp
h h r

50288419716939
ppppppppppppp
Area = p×r2 Surface Area = 2p×r2+2phr Surface Area = 4p×r2
pr2×h
Volume = ––––––– 4p×r3
Circumference = 2p×r Volume = pr2×h 3 Volume = –––––––
3

93751058209749445
the Gaussian curve y

ppppppppppppp
2
y = e–x 1.5 However, it is even more remarkable that we find π in many other applications
that have nothing to do with circles. The area under a Gaussian curve is ñπ, and
electrical engineers also use π in calculations of alternate currents and radiation.
In calculus, mathematicians have found different relations between π and

923078164062862089
integer numbers. Here are some examples:

ppppppppppppp
1 0 1 x

π 1 1 1 1 1 1 Abraham Sharp:
= 1− + − + − + − ... 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 3 5 7 9 11 13 = + + + ...

9862803482534211706798214
1
−k
π 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

ppppppppppppp
∞
2( −1) 3
k 2
π2 1 1 1
= 1+ + + +
1
+ ∑
1
+
1
+ ...
π
k=0 2k + 1
6 4 9 16 25 36 49
π = lim 2 n +1 2 − 2 + 2 + 2 + ... + 2
Newton : n→∞  

π 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12

80865132823066470938446095
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ... n

2 1 3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9 11 11 3 1/ 4
∞
π= 3 + 24 ∫ x − x2 dx ⎛ 1 ⎞
∏

ppppppppppppp
4 ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
π = n =1 ⎝∞ 4 n − 1 ⎠
0

1
∑
5058223172535940812848111745 n =1 4 n 2
−1

So what is the history of this magic number?

ppppppppppppp
02841027019385211055596446229
Before the invention of the wheel, early peoples
identified the circle as a powerful symbol of nature.
This was because they could see circular objects
4895493038196442881097566593344612847
everywhere in nature, such as in the sun, the moon,
and some flowers.

ppppppppppppp
5648233786783165271201909145648566923

16
ppppppppppppp
ppppppppppppp
slightly bigger than 3. The Babylonians used

3.141592653589793
Egyptians used
256
8
.
8
p
In order to build circular buildings or temples, people needed to estimate the
total distance around a circle in terms of the total distance across it. Early
civilizations realized that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is the

ppppppppppppp
same in all circles. After careful calculation, they found that this ratio was
25
for this constant, and the

Since π was so important, many people tried to find its approximate numerical

ppppppppppppp
value. The first serious effort was made by Archimedes (287-212 BC). He obtained an approximate value by constructing
regular polygons inside and around a circle. When he compared the perimeter of a hexagon inside a unit circle and the
circumference of the circle, he concluded that π is greater than 3. When he compared the perimeter of the hexagon around

238462643383279
the circle and the circumference, he found that π is less than 2ñ3. Then he doubled the number of sides of the polygon to 12

ppppppppppppp
and made similar comparisons. He continued this process until the number of sides of the polygon reached 96. He concluded
223 22
that π is between and . The upper bound 22 is still used today as a fairly good approximation for π.
71 7 7
After this, Egypt, India and China used

50288419716939
Archimedes’ method and increased the

ppppppppppppp
number of sides to obtain more
accurate results. An amazing Chinese
calculation using polygons with more than

93751058209749445
ppppppppppppp
3000 sides gave five correct decimals of π
(3.14159). The Chinese also found the
355
fraction , which approximates π to six
113
correct decimal places. With this number, the Chinese held the world record calculation of π for more than a thousand years,

923078164062862089
ppppppppppppp
until Arabic numerals provided a more efficient way to use arithmetic.
After the discovery of trigonometric functions and infinite series, formulas were found which made it possible to approximate
π without using geometry. By the end of the 19th century, mathematicians had calculated the value of π to hundreds of
decimal places with these formulas. In the 20th century they began to use new computers and other mathematical methods.

9862803482534211706798214
In 1989 more than one billion decimal places were known. In 1999 more than 206 billion decimal places were determined,

ppppppppppppp
and further calculations are expected.

For a long time, people wondered whether π was an exact

fraction such as
80865132823066470938446095
22
7
. In other words, is π a rational

ppppppppppppp
number or an irrational number?

5058223172535940812848111745
Recall that if a decimal number is also a rational number,
its decimal part always has a repeating pattern. For
example, 22 = 3.142857142857142857142857...
    .

ppppppppppppp
7
02841027019385211055596446229
With this in mind, people searched for a repeating pattern
in the decimal expansion of π. However they couldn't find any pattern. In the 18th century the German mathematician J. Lambert
4895493038196442881097566593344612847
proved that no repeating pattern can be found. He used continued fractions to prove that there are no integers whose ratio is equal

ppppppppppppp
to π. In other words, although we can show π easily5648233786783165271201909145648566923
with a circle, we will never be able to write it exactly in numbers.

17
EXAMPLE 6 What is the circumference C of a circle with radius
3 cm?

Solution C = 2πr
= 2 ⋅ π ⋅ (3)
= 6π cm.

EXAMPLE 7 What is the radius of a circle with circumference 2π?

Solution C = 2πr
2π = 2πr
r = 1.

Theorem

A circle with radius r is given. If the measure

A
of a central angle is α, the length of its
r
α
intercepted arc is ⋅ 2πr. a a
360° B arc length AïB = ––––– × 2pr
O r 360°

Proof In order to find the length of the intercepted arc, first we need to know what fractional part
α
of circle is intercepted. Since 360° represents a whole circle, is the fractional part.
α 360°
Therefore the length of the intercepted arc is ⋅ 2πr.
360°

EXAMPLE 8 What is the length of the arc intercepted by a 40° central angle of a circle with radius 6 cm?

Solution Let the length of the intercepted arc be l.

α
Then by the theorem above, l = ⋅ 2 πr
360°
40°
= ⋅ 2π ⋅ 6
360°
4
= π cm.
3

18 Circles
 EXAMPLE 9 The figure shows a regular pentagon D
inscribed in a circle with radius 4 cm.
Find the following. E C
a. m(∠EOD) b. m(DïE) O
c. m(AùBC) d. the length of EùDC

A B
Solution a. All the triangles inside the circle are
congruent, so m(∠EOD) = m(∠EOA) = m(∠AOB) = m(∠BOC) = m(∠COD) = α.

In this book, we write

So 5α = 360°, which means α = m(∠EOD) = 72°.
AïB to represent the arc
AB and its length. We b. Since by definition m(∠EOD) = m(DïE), m(DïE) = 72°.
write m(AïB) to mean
the angle measure of c. m(AùBC) = m(∠AOC) = 2α, so m(AùBC) = 2 ⋅ 72° = 144°. (Can you also calculate this
AïB. 2 using part b?)
144 2 16 π
d EùDC = ⋅ 2πr = ⋅ 2πr ⋅ 4 = cm.
360 5 5 5

EXAMPLE 10 The figure shows a section of a stone floor.

O is the center of the sector, m(∠AOB) = 90°
and OC = CA = AE = 2 m.
Given that the straight lines divide the arcs
into equal lengths, find the following arc
lengths.
a. AïB b. CïD
c. EïF d. FïG

90°
Solution a. AïB = ⋅ 2π ⋅ 4 = 2 π m.
360°
67.5° 3π
b. CïD = ⋅ 2π ⋅ 2 = m.
360° 4
45° 3π
c. EïF = ⋅ 2π ⋅ 6 = m.
360° 2
22.5° 3π
d. FïG = ⋅ 2π ⋅ 6 = m.
360° 4

Basic Concepts 19
EXAMPLE 11 The lanes around the circular road junction
in the figure form circles with radii 24 m,
27 m and 30 m. m(∠AOB) = 120° and
m(∠COD) = 20° are given.
What are the circular distances along the
lanes between the cars at
a. A and B?
b. C and D?

120°
Solution a. ⋅ 2π ⋅ 24 =16 π m.
360°
20°
b. ⋅ 2π ⋅ 27 = 3π m.
360°

Check Yourself 1 A
1. In the figure,
m(∠AOB) = α + 50° and
a + 50° C
m(AùCB) = 3α + 10°. O

Find the actual degree measure

B
m(∠AOB).

2. A central angle of a circle with radius 27 cm creates an intercepted arc of length 18π cm.
Find the measure of the central angle.
3. What is the length of the arc which is intercepted by a 30° central angle of a circle with
radius 12 cm?
Answers
1. 125° 2. 120° 3. 2π cm

5. Chords and Arcs

Theorem chords and arcs theorem

In a circle or in congruent circles, congruent chords create

congruent arcs. Remember!
Congruent circles are
two or more circles which
have the same radius.

20 Circles
 Proof Look at the figure. D
Given: CD ≅ AB
Prove: CïD ≅ AïB r
C a
AO = OC = OB = OD (they are all radii) r O
SSS (Side Side Side) a r
congruence theorem: If
AB = CD (given) r
three sides of a Since the corresponding sides of B
triangle are congruent to A
three sides of another ΔAOB and ΔCOD are congruent,
triangle, then the triangles by the SSS congruence theorem we have
are congruent.
ΔAOB ≅ ΔCOD.
Therefore m(∠AOB) = m(∠COD), and so m(AïB) = m(CïD) as required.

Corollary
1. Congruent central angles have congruent chords.
2. Congruent arcs have congruent central angles.

Theorem converse of the chords and arcs theorem

In a circle or in congruent circles, congruent arcs have congruent chords.

Theorem
In a circle or in congruent circles,
1. congruent chords are equidistant from the center of the circle.
2. chords equidistant from the center are congruent.

Proof 1. AO = CO = OB = OD (all radii of a circle are congruent)

AB = CD (given)
By the SSS congruence theorem, B
ΔAOB ≅ ΔCOD.
Therefore OK = OH. K

2. Given: OK = OH A
O

Prove: AB = CD
In ΔAOK,
C H D
AO2 = OK2 + AK2
r2 = OK2 + AK2. (1)
In ΔCOH,
OC2 = OH2 + CH2
r2 = OH2 + CH2. (2)
Since OK = OH, we can conclude from (1) and (2) that AK = CH.
AB CD
The altitude of an isosceles triangle bisects the base, so = AK = CH = , and
2 2
therefore AB = CD.

Basic Concepts 21
EXAMPLE 12 Find BD in the figure if AB = 12 cm. D

E
Solution Since OE = OC = 4 cm, the chords AB and 4
O
BD are equidistant from the center of the
4 B
circle. By the theorem we have just seen, C
AB = BD = 12 cm. A

Theorem
A diameter or radius that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its arc.

Proof Look at the figure. Since AO and OB are

radii, AO = OB.
ΔAOB is an isosceles triangle. In an isosceles O
triangle the altitude bisects the bases, so r r

AH = HB. A H B
Now we need to show that AïC = CïB. C
AO = OB (radii) ⎫
⎪⎪
OH = OH (common side) ⎬
⎪
AH = HB (proved above) ⎪⎭
By the SSS congruence theorem, ΔAOH ≅ ΔBOH.
Hence m(∠AOH) = m(∠BOH).
We know that congruent central angles intercept congruent arcs, and so AïC ≅ CïB.

EXAMPLE 13 In the figure, ON ⊥ KL and KL = 10 cm.

Find r.
O
r
3
K
N
L
Solution Since ON ⊥ KL, by the previous theorem
ON bisects KL.
KL 10
So KN = NL = = = 5 cm.
2 2
O
By the Pythagorean Theorem,
r
3
r2 = 32 + 52
K 5 N 5
= 9 + 25 L
= 34
r= ò34 cm.

22 Circles
 Activity 3 Folding the Center of a Part Circle

Fold and draw a chord AB.

Fold and draw another chord CD.

Fold and draw the perpendicular bisector of AB.

Fold and draw the perpendicular bisector of CD. The intersection point of the bisectors is the
center of the circle.

Basic Concepts 23
EXAMPLE 14 AB and CD are two chords on circle with center O. L and K are two points on AB and CD
respectively such that OL ⊥ AB and OK ⊥ CD. Find the length of OL if AL = KD and OK = 6 cm.

Solution Since OL ⊥ AB and OK ⊥ CD, OL and OK B

bisect the chords AB and CD respectively. L
Therefore AL = LB and DK = CK, which
A D
means AB = CD. So the chords AB and CD O
are congruent. Since congruent chords are 6
K
equidistant from the center, OK = OL = 6 cm.
C

Theorem
In a circle, if two chords are not congruent then the longer chord is nearer to the center of
the circle.
B

Proof Look at the figure. K a

r D
a
CD > AB so 2b > 2a, i.e. b > a. A d O b
We want to show that d > c. c
r H
We have r2 = a2 + d2 and r2 = c2 + b2 b

in triangles KOB and OCH respectively. C

So a2 + d2 = c2 + b2. We can write this as

d2 – c2 = b2 – a2, which implies (d – c) ( d + c ) = (b – a) ( b + a) .

 

>0 >0

Since b > a, b – a > 0. So the right-hand side of the equality is positive, and therefore the
left-hand side must also be positive. So d – c > 0, which gives us d > c, as required.

Corollary

In a circle, the shortest chord passing

B6 B5
through a given point P is the chord with A2 B4
B1
midpoint at P. A3

For example, A1B1 in the figure is the P

A1 B3
shortest chord among all the chords AnBn
A4
for n = 1, 2, 3, ... which pass through P.
A5
A6 B2

24 Circles
 Corollary
In a circle, chords nearer to the center of the circle are longer.

EXAMPLE 15 The figure shows a circle :O. B

OK = 2x – 5, K
OH = x + 3 and –5
A 2x C
AK < CH are given. O
Find the smallest possible integer value of x.

3
x+
H

Solution Since OK ⊥ AB and OH ⊥ CD, D

OK and OH bisect the chords.

B
Let AK = KB = a and DH = HC = b.
We know that AK < CH, i.e. K a

a < b. So 2a < 2b. A a

C
Hence AB < CD. b
O
By the theorem we have just seen, since CD H
b
is longer it is nearer to the center.
Therefore OH < OK D
x + 3 < 2x – 5
8 < x.
So the smallest integer value of x is 9.

Property
In a circle,
1. a diameter or radius that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
2. the perpendicular bisector of a chord contains the center of the circle.

EXAMPLE 16 In the figure, AC = CB = 6 cm and A

AO = 9 cm. Find OC. 6
C
9
6

O B

Basic Concepts 25
 Solution We can extend OC to form the radius OD A
which bisects the chord AB. 6 D
9 C
Therefore OC ⊥ AB. 6
B
Since ΔOCA contains a right angle, O

OC2 + 62 = 92
OC2 = 81 – 36 = 45
OC = 3ñ5 cm.

EXAMPLE 17 In the figure, AB = 10 cm and OH = 4 cm.

H
A
Find the length OC = x.
B 4
O

x
Solution Since OH ⊥ AB, OH bisects AB.
C
AB 10
So AH = = = 5 cm.
2 2
A
Let us draw AO, which is a radius. Then H 5
5
CO = AO = x. B 4 x

By the Pythagorean Theorem, O

42 + 52 = x2
x
16 + 25 = x2
41 = x2 C
x = ò41 cm.

EXAMPLE 18 A, B and C are three points located in a clockwise direction on a semicircle centered at O.
m(AïB) = m(BïC), AC = 12 cm and OA = 10 cm are given. Find AB.

Solution Let us draw the radius OB. Since OB bisects B

the arc AïC, it also bisects the chord AC,
so OB ⊥ AC.
A 6
Therefore HC = HA = 6 cm. In ΔAOH, 6
2 2 2 H C
OH + 6 = 10 , 10
OH = 8 cm. So HB = 2 cm.
O
Finally, in ΔAHB,
AH2 + HB2 = AB2
62 + 22 = AB2
40 = AB2
AB = 2ò10 cm.

26 Circles
 EXAMPLE 19 AB is a diameter of :O in the figure. F
EF & AB & CD, B
AB = 20 cm,
D
CD = 16 cm and
E
EF = 12 cm are given. O

What is the distance between the chords EF

A
and CD?
C

Solution Let us draw the diameter KL such that F

KL ⊥ AB. K 6 B
10
Since AB & EF & CD, KL ⊥ EF and KL ⊥ CD. 6
M D
a 10
Therefore KL bisects EF and CD. E
Ob 8
Let MO = a and ON = b. Then N
A 8
2 2
a + 6 = 10 2 b2 + 82 = 102 L
and C
a = 8 cm b = 6 cm.
Therefore the distance between the chords is a + b = 14 cm.

EXAMPLE 20 A diameter of a circle measures 26 cm, and two chords parallel to this diameter are 10 cm and
24 cm long. What are the possible distances between the chords?

Solution There are two possible cases.

E 5 M 5 F
Case 1: The given chords lie in the same
13 K 12
semicircle. C D
A 13 B
Look at the figure. Let us draw OM such that O
OM ⊥ CD and OM ⊥ EF.
Then EM = MF = 5 cm and
CK = KD = 12 cm.
By the Pythagorean Theorem,

EM 2 + OM 2 = OE2 OK 2 + KD2 = OD2

52 + OM2 = 132 and OK 2 + 122 = 132

OM = 12 cm OK = 5 cm.
So one possible distance is MK = OM – OK = 12 – 5 = 7 cm.

Basic Concepts 27
 Case 2: The chords lie in different
E 5 K 5 F
semicircles.
13
Let us draw OK and OM such that OK ⊥ EF
A B
and OM ⊥ CD. 13 O
C D
12 M 12
Then CM = MD = 12 cm and EK = KF = 5 cm.
These give us

OK 2 + 52 = 132
OK = 12 cm, and

OM 2 + 122 = 132
OM = 5 cm.

Finally, KM = OK + OM
= 12 + 5
= 17 cm.
In summary, the possible distances between the chords are 7 cm and 17 cm.

EXAMPLE 21 O and M are the centers of two circles which intersect at two points B and D. The larger
circle passes through the center M of the smaller circle. A and C are two points on the
circles such that AC & OM and A, B and C are collinear. Given that BC = 4 cm and OM = 12
cm, find the distance of O from AB.

Solution Look at the figure. Let us draw MK and OL such that MK ⊥ BC and OL ⊥ AB.
BC 4 AB
So BK = KC = = = 2 cm and AL = LB = .
2 2 2
Since KLOM is a rectangle, KL = OM = 12 cm.
Therefore LB = KL – BK = 12 – 2 = 10 cm, which means
AL = 10 cm.
L B
OA = 12 cm since it is a radius. A
K
C

By the Pythagorean Theorem,

O M
OA2 = AL2 + OL2
122 = 102 + OL2 D
OL2 = 44
OL = 2ò11 cm.
This is the required distance.

28 Circles
 EXAMPLE 22 Show that the circumcenter of a triangle lies at the intersection point of the perpendicular
bisectors of the sides of the triangle.

Solution The figure shows the perpendicular bisectors A

l1
of the sides of ΔABC and its circumcircle. l3
K
Since l1, l2 and l3 bisect the chords AB, BC
O M
and AC respectively, by the property seen
previously they pass through the center of the B
L
Remember! circle. Therefore l1, l2 and l3 intersect at the C
The circumcircle of a
triangle is the circle that
center of the circumcircle of ΔABC.
passes through all three It follows that the intersection point of the
vertices of the triangle. l2
The circumcenter of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a
triangle is the center of triangle is the circumcenter of the triangle.
its circumcircle.
P

Q R
Activity 4 Folding the Center of a Circle (II)
:O is the circumcircle
of ΔPQR and O is its
circumcenter.

Find the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of an inscribed triangle.

Draw all the perpendicular bisectors along The intersection point of the perpendicular
the folds. bisectors is the center of the circle.

Basic Concepts 29
 Check Yourself 2
1. AB and CD are two chords on a circle with center O, and E and F are two points on AB
and CD respectively such that AB ⊥ OE and CD ⊥ OF. AB = 12 cm and OE = OF = 5 cm
are given. Find CD.
C
2. In the figure, AT = CS and A

OS = 8 cm.
S
Find the length OT = x. T 8
x O
D

B C
A
3. In the figure, O and M are the
centers of the circles, AC & OM, M
O
BC = 6 cm and
OM = 15 cm.
Find the distance of O from
AB.
Answers
1. 12 cm 2. 8 cm 3. 9 cm

B. TANGENTS
1. Secants and Tangents
When we consider the possible positions of a straight line and a circle relative to each other,
we can see that there are three main possibilities.

a. The line may intersect the circle at two different points.

In this case, the line is called a secant line.
In other words, a line in the plane which B
intersects a circle at two different points is
e t
lin an

called a secant line of the circle.

c
se

A O

30 Circles
 b. The line may intersect the circle at exactly one point.

In this case, the line is called a tangent line.

The word ‘tangent’ comes
from the Latin word In other words, a tangent line to a circle in
point of
tangens, which means the plane intersects the circle at exactly one A tangency
‘touching’.
point. This point is called the point of
tangency.
O

tangent line

c. The line may not intersect the circle.

In this case, the line and the circle share no

common points.

Theorem
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency.

Proof We know that the shortest line segment d

between a point and a line is the perpendicular
from the point to the line. So we can prove
B
the theorem by showing that OA in the figure P
is the shortest segment between the point O
A
and the line d. O r

Let us assume that OA is not perpendicular

to d. Then we can construct a perpendicular
from O to d, say OP.

So OP is the shortest line segment between O and d, which means OP < OA.

OA .
OB + BP < 

However, OP = OB + BP, which contradicts 

r r

So our first assumption is false, meaning that OA must be perpendicular to d. Hence OA ⊥ d.

Basic Concepts 31
EXAMPLE 23 CA in the figure is tangent to the circle at A. A
C
m(∠B) = 35° is given. x
Find m(∠C) = x.

35°

Solution By the theorem we have just seen,

A
C
CA ⊥ AB. Therefore, x
90° + 35° + x = 180°
125° + x = 180° O
x = 55°. 35°

Corollary
If a line is perpendicular to a radius at its endpoint on the circle then the line is tangent to
the circle.

EXAMPLE 24 In the figure, PT is tangent to the circle and

RT = 18. Find the length PT = x.

R 18
O T

7 x

Solution Since PT is tangent to the circle, PT ⊥ OP.

Also, OP = OR = 7 because they are both
radii. Applying the Pythagorean Theorem
gives us O
7 R 18
T
2 2 2
OP + PT = OT
7 x
72 + x2 = 252
P
x2 = 625 – 49
x2 = 576
x = 24.

32 Circles
 EXAMPLE 25 A line BC is tangent to a circle with center O at point F. BO and CO also intersect the circle
at E and D respectively such that BO ⊥ CO. Find BE and DC if BF = 8 cm and FC = 6 cm.

Solution Let us draw OF in the figure. Since BC is

tangent to the circle at F, OF ⊥ BC.
By the Euclidean Theorem, O
r =8⋅6
2 r
E r
The Euclidean Theorem: r
r2 = 48 D
B 8
b r = 4ñ3 cm, and F 6
c h C
OB = 8 ⋅ (8 + 6)
2

p k
OB2 = 8 ⋅ 14
h =p⋅k
2

b2 = k( p + k) OB = 4ñ7 cm.
c2 = p( p + k)
Similarly, OC2 = 6 ⋅ (6 + 8)
OC2 = 6 ⋅ 14
OC = 2ò21 cm.
Finally, BE = OB – OE

=4 7 –4 3

= 4( 7 – 3) cm, and
DC = OC – OD

= 2 21 – 4 3 cm.

Property
A line perpendicular to a tangent at its point of tangency contains the center of the circle.

EXAMPLE 26 Find PC in the figure.

C
12 ?

30°
B
O A P

Basic Concepts 33
 Solution Let us draw OC. We know that OC ⊥ PC since
C is the point of tangency.
C
So m(∠COP) = 60°. 12
12 30°
Since OB = OC (radii),
30° 60° 30°
ΔOCB is isosceles and so B
O A P

m(∠B) = m(∠BCO) = 30° by the triangle

exterior angle theorem in ΔOCB.
This gives us m(∠B) = m(∠P), which
means that ΔCBP is also an isosceles
triangle. So PC = BC = 12 cm.

EXAMPLE 27 In the figure,

CD & AP, C D
AB = 12 cm and ?
CD = 6 cm
Find PD. A O B P

Solution Let us draw OD and OC. Since AO, OB, OD

and OC are all radii, they all have length C 6 D
60° 60°
12 ÷ 2 = 6 cm. 6
6 60°
So ΔCOD is an equilateral triangle. A
60° 30°
6 O 6 B P
CD & AP gives us m(∠DOP) = 60°.
Therefore ΔDOP is a 30°-60°-90° triangle, and
so PD = 6ñ3 cm.

EXAMPLE 28 In the figure, AB = 9 cm,

A
AC = 12 cm and P and T are points of
tangency.
P T
Find the radius of the circle. ?

B D O E C

34 Circles
 Solution Let us construct OP such that OP ⊥ AB.
A
Then OP & AC. By the similarity of the
9 r 12
triangles ΔBPO and ΔBAC,
P T
BP OP 9−r r
= . So = 9–r r r
BA AC 9 12
B D O E C
3r = 36 − 4 r

7 r = 36
36
r= cm.
7

Check Yourself 3
1. In the figure, F is a point of tangency on :O.
Find the lengths of line segments BE and DC. O

E
D
B 9
F 4
C

2. P is a point outside a circle with center O, and P, A and B are collinear such that the
segment AB is a diameter of the circle. PC is tangent to the circle at C.
Find CB if m(∠BPC) = 30° and PC = 15 cm.
Answers
1. BE = ó117 – 6, DC = 2ò13 – 6 2. 15 cm

2. The Relative Position of Two Circles

Consider two circles in a plane with radii r1 and r2 and centers O1 and O2. These circles can
have different positions relative to each other. There are three main cases.
a. Non-iintersecting circles
If the distance between the centers of two non-intersecting circles is d then we have
three possibilities:
a. d > r1 + r2. b. d < |r1 – r2|. c. d = 0 (concentric circles).

r1
r2
O1 O1 O2
O1 O2 O2
d r1
r2

d > r1 + r2 d < |r1 – r2| d=0

Basic Concepts 35
EXAMPLE 29 Two concentric circles have radii of 6 cm and 10 cm. A line segment tangent to the smaller
circle forms a chord of the larger circle. What is the length of this chord?
B
Solution Look at the figure. Let AK = KB = x cm.
In ΔKOB, x
10
K
2 2 2
KO + KB = OB x 6
2
6 + x = 102 2 O
A
x = 8 cm.
So AB = 2x = 2 ⋅ 8 = 16 cm.

EXAMPLE 30 Line m in the figure is tangent to the two m

circles at A and B. The radii of the circles are B

6 cm and 3 cm, and the shortest distance ?

O1 O2
between the circles is 6 cm. Find AB.
A

Solution Let us draw O1C, O2B and O2C such that m

O1C ⊥ m, O2B ⊥ m and O1C ⊥ O2C. Notice B
6 3
that the distance O1O2 is 6 + 6 + 3 = 15 cm. 6 D
O1 E 3 O2
In the right triangle O1CO2 we have 6
O1C2 + O2C2 = O1O22 A
3
2 2 2
C
9 + O2C = 15
O2C = 12 cm.
Since ACO2B is a rectangle, AB is also 12 cm long.
b. Tangent circles
If two circles share only one common point, we say that they are tangent circles. There are
two possible cases:
1. If two tangent circles share no common interior region then they are called externally
tangent circles.
2. If the interior region of one tangent circle lies entirely inside the other circle then the
circles are called internally tangent circles.

d
r1
O1 r1 r2 O2 O1 d O r2
2

externally tangent circles internally tangent circles

36 Circles
 Property
The line connecting the centers of two tangent circles contains the point of tangency and is
perpendicular to the common tangent.

d
d

O1 O2 O1 O2

O1O2 ^ d O1O2 ^ d

EXAMPLE 31 In the figure, ABCD is a rectangle with D C

AD = 18 cm and AB = 25 cm.
Given that :O1 and :O2 are externally O1
tangent, find the length r2. O2

r2

A B

Solution After constructing O1K, O2L, O1O2 and O2M,

D C
we can see that KLO2M is a rectangle.
9
In ΔO1MO2 we have O1M2 + O2M2 = O1O22. O1
So (9 – r2)2 + (16 – r2)2 = (9 + r2)2 . O2
M
9
r2 r2
If we rearrange this equality, we get
r22 – 68r2 + 256 = 0, i.e. A K 16 – r2 L r2 B
9
(r2 – 64)(r2 – 4) = 0.
So r2 = 64 cm or r2 = 4 cm.
r2 cannot be 64 cm since AD = 18 cm. So r2 = 4 cm.

Basic Concepts 37
EXAMPLE 32 In the figure, ABCD is a square, BD is an arc D C
of the circle centered at A and AB = 8 cm. O
Find the radius of :O.

A 8 B

Solution Let us draw AC and denote the radius of :O Gr C

D 8–r
as r. r
O r
OC = rñ2 and AC = 8ñ2 by the property of r
E
isosceles right triangles. Therefore, 8 8

AC = AE + EO + OC
8ñ2 = 8 + r + rñ2 A B
8ñ2 – 8 = r + rñ2
8(ñ2 – 1) = r(ñ2 + 1)

8( 2 – 1)
r=
2 +1

= 24 – 16 2 cm.

EXAMPLE 33 In the figure, the quarter circle centered at D

O is tangent to :N at A, B and E.
E
AN = 5 cm is given. Find DO.
B N

O A C

Solution Look at the figure. BN and NE are radii, so D

BN = NE = 5 cm.
E
In ΔOAN, ON = 5ñ2 by the Pythagorean
5

N
Theorem. By the previous property, O, N and E B
2

5
5ñ

are collinear, and so OE = (5ñ2 + 5) cm.

Since OE and DO are radii of the quarter O 5 A C

circle centered at O, DO = (5ñ2 + 5) cm also.

38 Circles
 Property
A line that is tangent to one of two internally or externally tangent circles at the point of
tangency is also tangent to the other circle.

O1 O2 O1 O2

EXAMPLE 34 In the figure, C, O and D are the centers of

r
semicircles. Find the radius of :E. E

A 4 C 4 O 4 D 4 B

Solution In ΔCOE, OE = 8 – r because F

r
OF = 4 + 4 = 8 is a radius. E
r
Also, CE = 4 + r. 8–r
4
By the Pythagorean Theorem,
A 4 C 4 O 4 D 4 B
(4 + r)2 = 42 + (8 – r)2.
8
Solving this equation gives us r = cm.
3

EXAMPLE 35 In the figure, AB is an arc of the circle

B
centered at O and BO ⊥ AO. 3
C
Given that the radius of the circle centered
at C is 3 cm, find OA.

O D A

Basic Concepts 39
 Solution Look at the figure. We know that the line B
connecting the centers C and D passes 3
through the common tangent. So C, E and D C
3
are collinear. E
2x – 3 x
Let OD = DA = x, then OC = 2x – 3.
In ΔCOD, O x D x A
2 2 2
CO + OD = CD
(2x – 3)2 + x2 = (x + 3)2
9
x= .
2
9
So OA = 2 x = 2 ⋅ = 9 cm.
2
c. Circles with two common points
If two circles are not distinct and not tangent,
A
there is a final possibility for their position
r1 r2
relative to each other: they may have two
points in common. In other words, they O1 d O2
intersect each other at two distinct points.
B

Definition orthogonal circles

Two intersecting circles are called orthogonal

circles if they intersect each other at right A
2
angles. In orthogonal circles, r + r = d , 2 2 r1 r2
1 2

where d is the distance between the two O1 d O2

centers.
B

orthogonal circles:
2
r1 ^ r2 and d2 = r1 + r22

EXAMPLE 36 Two orthogonal circles have radii 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the distance between their centers.

Solution By the definition of orthogonal circles we have just seen,

r 12 + r 2 2 = d 2
62 + 82 = d2
100 = d2
d = 10 cm.

40 Circles
 Theorem
The line which joins the centers of two intersecting circles is the perpendicular bisector of
their common chord.

Proof From the figure we can see that AO1 = O1B.

So AO2 = O2B, and so AO1BO2 is a kite. A

Therefore AB ⊥ O1O2, and since a radius

Recall that the diagonals bisects a perpendicular chord,
of a kite intersect at right O1 H O2
angles. AH = HB.
B

EXAMPLE 37 Two circles with centers O1 and O2 intersect at points A and B. The segment O1O2
intersects the common chord AB at K and the bigger circle :O1 at L. If AB = 12 cm and
O1K = 8 cm, find KL.

Solution By the theorem we have just seen, O1O2 is

A
the perpendicular bisector of AB.
So m(∠AKO1) = 90° and 8+x
6
L
AB
AK = = 6 cm. O1 K x O2
2 8 6
Let KL = x. Then
B
82 + 62 = (8 + x)2
8 + x = 10
KL = x = 2 cm.

Check Yourself 4
1. In the figure, ABCD is a D E C
rectangle, D is the center of a
quarter circle, and BC is the
diameter of the semicircle 6
F
which is tangent to it.
If AD = 6 cm, find AB.
A B

Basic Concepts 41
 2. In the figure, A
AB = 10 cm and
O1K = 12 cm. L
Find KL. O1 K O2

3. Three circles with centers A, B L

and C are tangent to each K
other at points K, L and M as B M C
shown in the figure. E
D
AE = 8 cm, AD = 2 cm and A
rB + rC = 15 cm are given.
What is rA?

Answers
1. 6ñ2 cm 2. 1 cm 3. 20 cm

42 Circles
 EXERCISES 1
A. Circles, Chords and Arcs 4. A fan is opened as shown
in the figure such that
1. What is the angle
m(∠AOB) = 135° and
between the hands of
m(∠DOC) = 80°. The
a clock at 3:21?
pairs A, B and C, D lie
on the same arcs centered at O. If OA = 12 cm
and AC = 8 cm, find the following arc lengths.
a. AïB b. CïD

2. A dartboard is divided
into equiangular
pieces as shown in the
figure. If OA = 16 and
5. A circle has diameter 18 cm and a chord of the
OD = 28, find the
same circle is 12 cm long. What is the distance of
following arc lengths.
this chord from the center of the circle?
a. AïB b. CïD

3. 6. In the figure,
MT = NS and
S N
m(∠MKN) = 30°. M P
?
Find m(∠MNK). T 30°

7. In the figure, A
The spokes of the ferris wheel in the figure form AD = BD = 8 cm, C
thirty equal central angles. If the length of one CD = 2 cm and D
spoke is 12 m and OA = 8 m, find the following CD ⊥ AB. B
O
arc lengths.
Find the radius of
a. AïB b. CïD the circle.

Basic Concepts 43
 8. In the figure, C 12. The lengths of the
H
O is the center of shortest chords
D
circle, O which pass through C

OK = 6 cm, O
A and B in the figure A
AB = 16 cm and A B are 12 cm and
K B
OH = 8 cm. 18 cm respectively.
D
Find CD. Given that
BD – AC = 5 cm, find AB.

9. In the figure, B. Tangents

O is the center of D
H
C
13. In the figure, PA is A
the circle,
O tangent to :O
OH ⊥ CD, 60°
A at A.
OH = OK = 2 cm, K B x
Find m(∠P) = x.
CD = 3x + 1 cm O B P

and AB = 4x – 4 cm.
Find the radius of the circle.

14. In the figure, PA is A

tangent to the
10. O is the center of a semicircle with diameter AB, 5
12
circle at A.
and C and D are two points on the same semicircle
Find the length O
such that AD = DO. If m(∠ABC) = 60° and B x P
BP = x.
OB = 8 cm, find the length DC.

15. In the figure, ABCD D H C

11. In the figure, O is A is a square and

the center of the D AF = FD = 2 cm.
7 ò65 F O
quarter circle. Given that :O is
OE = BC, tangent to the two
E
AE = 7 cm and quarter circles and
DE = ò65 cm are O C B to BC, find the A E B

given. Find the radius of :O. radius of :O.

44 Circles
16. The figure shows 20. In the figure, :O,
A
the tangent circles :A and :B are
B
:M, :P and :N. M P tangent with
If MN = 9 cm, OA = 8 cm, O
MP = 15 cm and
N OB = 10 cm and
PN = 12 cm, find
AB = 8 cm.
the radius of :N.
Find the radius of
the circle centered at O.

17. In the figure, :O1

and :O2 are
tangent circles
and the radius of O1
O2 D
:O1 is 12 cm.
Given that
A B C
AC = 15 cm, find
the radius of :O2. 21. In the figure, ABCD D C

is a rectangle,
AB = 8 cm and the K

circle and quarter

circle are tangent. If
18. In the figure, :O, A B
C the radius of the
:A and :B are B smaller circle is 2 cm, what is the radius of :B?
D
tangent with E
OE = 4 cm, A
F O
OF = 2 cm and
rA + rB = 5 cm.
Find rO.

19. In the figure, the 22. O is the center of C

C E
radii of the two the concentric D
orthogonal circles shown in A
O1 O2
A B O
circles centered at the figure. F

O1 and O2 are D CD = 12 cm and G

B
15 cm and 8 cm FG = 4ñ5 cm are
respectively. Find AB. given. Find AB.

Basic Concepts 45
A. INSCRIBED ANGLES AND ARCS
Recall that a central angle is an angle whose vertex lies at the center of a circle. In this
section we will look at another type of angle in a circle.

Definition inscribed angle, intercepted arc

An angle whose vertex lies on a circle and
B
whose sides contain chords of the circle is
called an inscribed angle. The arc of the
circle between the sides of the inscribed
angle is called the intercepted arc of the C
A
inscribed angle.
An arc can also be intercepted by a central
angle or an angle formed by a chord and a ∠BAC is an inscribed angle. BïC is its intercepted arc.
tangent. We will examine these two cases
later.

Theorem
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half the angle measure of its intercepted arc.

Proof Look at the figure. We can see that

ΔAOC and ΔAOB are isosceles triangles. B

Let us name the angles b

A b
m(∠OAC) = m(∠OCA) = α and a 2b
2(a + b)
O 2a
m(∠OAB) = m(∠OBA) = β. a D

Then m(∠COD) = 2α and m(∠BOD) = 2β

C
by the triangle exterior angle theorem.
Since ∠COD and ∠BOD are central angles,
m(CïD) = 2α and m(BïD) = 2β.
Therefore m(BïC) = 2α + 2β, which we can write as m(BïC) = 2(α + β).
m(BïC)
So m(∠BAC) = , as required.
2

46 Circles
 EXAMPLE 38 In the figure, m(AïB) = 124° and
A
m(∠B) = 65°. Find the angle measures.
a. m(∠C) b. m(AïC) C
O
c. m(∠A) d. m(BïC) 124°
65°
m(AïB)
Solution a. m(∠C) = by the theorem we have B
2
just seen.
124° 130°
So m(∠C) = = 62°.
2 A
53°
b. m(AïC) = m(∠B) ⇒ m(AïC)
= 65° 62°
C
2 2
O
⇒ m(AïC) = 130° 124°
65°
c., d.
In ΔABC, m(∠A)+m(∠B)+m(∠C)=180° B

m(∠A) + 65° + 62° = 180°

m(∠A) = 53°.
m(BïC)
So = 53°, which means m(BïC) = 106°.
2

Corollary
The measure of the arc intercepted by an B
inscribed angle is twice the measure of the 2a
inscribed angle.
For example, in the figure,
a C
m(BïC) = 2 ⋅ m(∠BAC). A

Corollary
The measure of an inscribed angle is half the
measure of the central angle which intercepts
the same arc.
a O 2a

Angles and Circles 47

EXAMPLE 39 Find the value of α in the figure. A
13°

O
a
Solution Since ∠BAC is an inscribed angle, C
m(BïC) = 2 ⋅ m(∠BAC)
B
m(BïC) = 2 ⋅ 13°
m(BïC) = 26°. A
13°
Also, ∠BOC is a central angle,
so m(∠BOC) = m(BïC) and so O
a
m(BïC) = α = 26°.
C

B 26°

Corollary

The measures of all the inscribed angles A

which intercept the same arc of a circle are C a
2a
equal.
D a
B
a
E a

F
m(∠C) = m(∠D) = m(∠E) = m(∠F) = m(AïB) = α
2

EXAMPLE 40 Find the value of α in the figure. O

D
52°
a

C
B

Solution ∠BOC and ∠BDC are inscribed angles intercepting BïC,

so m(∠BOC) = m(∠BDC) = α = 52° by the corollary we have just seen.

48 Circles
Sailors use navigation charts that contain information
about the horizontal angle of danger for different places.
An angle of danger helps ships to avoid rocks and other
dangers in the water. Here is one example of how the angle
of danger works.
The map below shows two lighthouses on the coast and
some dangerous rocks in the water. On a chart, navigators
draw the smallest circle that passes through the light-
houses and contains all of the rocks. Joining the two light-
houses to any point on the circle creates an angle, which
is the angle of danger for the rocks. The angle of danger is
the same for any point on the circle (can you see why?).
When the ship is sailing, the navigator checks the angle created by his ship and the two lighthouses. If the angle is
smaller than the angle of danger then the ship is safe. If the angle is greater than the angle of danger then the ship
is in a dangerous area, too close to the rocks.

β<α

49
EXAMPLE 41 The figure shows a circle :O with
D
84°
C
m(AïB) = 80°, m(BïC) = w, x
m(CïD) = 84° and m(DïA) = 90°. y
90°
Find the values of x, y, z and w. w
O
A
z
80°
B

m(AïD) m(AïB) m(AùDC)

Solution x= y= z=
2 2 2
90° 80° 90° + 84°
= = =
2 2 2
= 45°. = 40°. = 87°.

Also, m(BïA) + m(AïD) + m(DïC) + m(CïB) = 360°. So

80° + 90° + 84° + w = 360°
w = 106°.
So x = 45°, y = 40°, z = 87° and w = 106°.

EXAMPLE 42 A, B, C and D are four points located counter-clockwise on a circle and E is the intersection
point of AC and BD. P is a point outside the circle such that P, A, B and P, D, C are collinear.
Given that m(∠P) = 45° and m(∠BEC) = 85°, find m(∠C).

Solution Let us draw the figure. Since ∠C and ∠B

C
intercept the same arc, we can write
D a
m(∠C) = m(∠B) = α.
In ΔAPC, P 45°
85°
E
a+45°
m(∠BAC) = m(∠P) + m(∠C) a
A
B
= 45° + α.
Similarly, in ΔAEB,
m(∠BEC) = m(∠BAE) + m(∠B)
85° = α + 45° + α
40° = 2α
α = 20°.
So m(∠C) = α = 20°.

50 Circles
 EXAMPLE 43 A, B and C are three points on a circle centered at O such that m(∠BAC) = 80°. What is
m(∠OBC)?
A
Solution Look at the figure. Let m(∠OBC) = α.
m(BïC) 80° D
We have m(∠BAC) = , so
2
O 2a
m(BïC) a
80° = , which gives us m(BïC) = 160°. B
2 C
Now let us extend the radius BO to D. 160°
Then BD is a diameter.
Since ∠CBD is an inscribed angle, m(CïD) = 2α. Therefore,
160 + 2α = 180°.
α = 10°.

EXAMPLE 44 In the figure, O is the center of the circle D

?
C
and m(AïB) = 40°.
Find m(∠OCD).
O

A 40° B

Solution Let m(∠OCD) = α. D C

So m(AïD) = 2α. a

Since BùAD is a semicircle, 2α + 40° = 180°.

2a O
So α = 70° = m(∠OCD).

A 40° B

Property
Any inscribed angle α which intercepts a
D E
semicircle is a right angle
C
(since α = 180° ÷ 2 = 90°).
Conversely, if an inscribed angle is a right
angle then it intercepts a semicircle. A B
O

Angles and Circles 51

 Activity 5 Folding a Right Angle Inscribed in a Semicircle

Fold and draw the diameter AB. Fold a chord AC.

Draw the chord AC.

Fold the chord BC. Draw the chord BC. Check that ∠ACB is a right angle.

EXAMPLE 45 In the figure, O is the center of the circle, D

m(BïD) = 60° and 60°
m(AïC) = 80°.
Find m(∠CAD). ?
A B
O

80°
C

52 Circles
 Solution By the properties of inscribed angles, D
60° 60°
m(∠BAD) = = 30° and
2
30°
80° A B
m(∠ABC) = = 40°. 50° O 40°
2
In ΔABC, m(∠C) = 90° since it intercepts a
80°
semicircle.
C
So m(∠BAC) + 90° + 40° = 180°
m(∠BAC) = 50°.
Finally, m(∠CAD) = 50° + 30° = 80°.

EXAMPLE 46 What is the radius of :O in the

figure?
C

O
A
5 12

Solution Since ∠ABC is an inscribed right angle, it

intercepts a semicircle.
C
So AC is a diameter. In ΔABC,
O
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 A
5 12
AC2 = 52 + 122
AC = 13. B
13
Therefore the radius of the circle is .
2

EXAMPLE 47 In the figure, O is the center of the circle, A

m(BïC) = 118° and m(AïB) = 88°.
88°
Find D
O
a. m(∠A). b. m(∠C).
B
c. m(∠CDA). d. m(∠ABC).
C
118°

Angles and Circles 53

 Solution a., b.
A
Since ∠A and ∠C intercept semicircles,
they are both right angles. 88°
44° D
m(AùBC) O
c. m(∠CDA) = 59°
2 B
88° +118°
=
2 C
118°
=103°.

m(AïB)
d. m(∠BDA) = = 44°,
2
so m(∠ABD) = 180° – 90° – 44° = 46°.

m(BïC)
Similarly, m(∠BDC) = = 59°,
2
so m(∠CBD) = 180° – 90° – 59° = 31°.

So m(∠ABC) = 46° + 31° = 77°.

Property
The arcs between two parallel chords are
congruent, i.e. in the figure,
AA CC
m(AïB) = m(CïD). a a

BB DD

Proof Let us draw BC.

Since AC & BD, m(∠ACB) = m(∠CBD).
A C
Since the inscribed angles ∠ACB and ∠CBD a a
are congruent, the arcs intercepted by these
angles are congruent. B D

So m(AïB) = m(CïD).

54 Circles
 Activity 6 Folding Parallel Chords

Fold and draw a chord AB.

Fold and draw the perpendicular bisector of AB, which is a diameter of the circle.

Fold and draw an other chord that is perpendicular to the diameter.

Compare AB and CD by folding. Are they parallel?

Angles and Circles 55

EXAMPLE 48 In the figure, AB & CD. A
154°
Find m(∠DBA) = α.

D a
B

108°
C

Solution Since AB & CD,

m(∠ABD) = m(∠BDC) = α by the property A
154°
we have just seen. 2a

Therefore m(AïD) = m(BïC) = 2α.

D a
So 154° + 108° + 4α = 360° a
B
4α = 98°
108° 2a
α = 24.5°. C

EXAMPLE 49 In the figure, AB & CD,

m(DïE) = 120° and
A

C
m(∠CDE) = 3 ⋅ m(∠ABC).
B O
Find m(AïB).
D E

Solution Let m(∠ABC) = α. Then m(∠CDE) = 3α. 120°

Therefore m(AïC) = 2α and m(CïE) = 6α.
Since CùED is a semicircle,
A
6α + 120° = 180° 2a
C
6α = 60° a
6a
α = 10°. B O
2a 3a
Since AB & CD, m(AïC) = m(BïD) = 2α. D E

Hence
120°
m(BïD) + m(AïB) + m(AïC) = 180°
4α + m(AïB) = 180°
m(AïB) = 140°.

56 Circles
 EXAMPLE 50 In the figure, AC = AB and m(AïB) = 86°.
86°
A

a
Find m(∠BAC) = α.
B C
O

Solution Since m(AïB) = 86°, m(∠C) = 43°. A

a
Since AB = AC,
43° 43°
B C
m(∠ACB) = m(∠ABC) = 43°.
O
In ΔABC, α + 43° + 43° = 180°.
So α = 94°.

EXAMPLE 51 Find m(∠C) in the figure. C

?
D x 2x
B

72°
A

Solution By the properties of inscribed angles,

4x C
m(BïC) m(DïC) 2x
= x and = 2x. D x 2x
2 2 B

So m(BïC) = 2x and m(DïC) = 4x.

72°
However, since m(∠DAB) = 72° we have
A
m(DùCB)
= 72°, which means
2
6x
= 3x = 72° ⇒ x = 24°.
2
Finally, m(∠C) + 3x = 180°
m(∠C) + 72° = 180°
m(∠C) = 108°.

Angles and Circles 57

EXAMPLE 52 AC in the figure is an arc of :O. C
CO ⊥ AO is given.
B
Find the angle measure α. a

O A

Solution Let us complete the circle.

C
Since m(∠O) = 90°, m(AùBC) = 90°. 90°
B
Since the major arc AïC is an intercepted arc, a
m(AïC) = 2α. So 90° + 2α = 360°
α = 135°.
O A

2a

EXAMPLE 53 Prove that the interior angles of a triangle add up to 180° by using inscribed angles in a
circle.
Solution Let us draw a triangle ABC and its
A
circumscribed circle, and then name the 2z
y
interior angles as shown in the figure.
2x
By the property of inscribed angles,
x O
m(AïC) = 2x, m(BïC) = 2y and m(AïB) = 2z. B
z

We know that 2x + 2y + 2z = 360°, so C

2y
x + y + z = 180°.
Therefore the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.

58 Circles
 EXAMPLE 54 In the figure, AB = BC = BE = BD. E
D

Find m(∠EBD).

? 40°

A B C

Solution We can draw a semicircle with diameter AC

80°
and center B. The semicircle passes through D
D and E (can you see why?). E

Since EïD is an intercepted arc, m(EïD) = 80°.

Since ∠EBD is the central angle of this arc, 80° 40°

m(∠EBD) = 80°. A B C

EXAMPLE 55 In the figure, A

AB = BC,
30°
BD = CD
and m(∠A) = 30°.
?
Find m(∠ABC). B
C

D
Solution Let us draw the segment AC. Since ∠BAD
and ∠BCD intercept the same arc BïD, A
m(∠BAD) = m(∠BCD) = 30°.
30° 30°
BD = DC implies m(∠CBD) = 30°.
Since ∠CAD and ∠CBD both intercept the
60°
arc CD, m(∠CAD) = 30°. B 60°
30°
30° C
So m(∠BAC) = 60°.
D
Since AB = BC and m(∠BAC) = 60°,
ΔABC is an equilateral triangle.
Therefore m(∠ABC) = 60°.

Angles and Circles 59

EXAMPLE 56 Given that O is the center of the circle in
the figure, find m(∠OBP) = x.
B

8° x
C
A
O 20°
D
P

Solution By the triangle exterior angle theorem in B

56°
ΔACP, m(∠CAB) = 28°. x
8°
So m(BïC) = 56°. C
28°
A
Since ∠BOC is a central angle intercepting BïC, 20°+x O 20°
D
56° = 20° + x (triangle exterior angle theorem) P

x = 36°.

EXAMPLE 57 In the figure, m(AïD) = m(BïC), A

AD = 3 cm,
3
CP = 10 cm and x D

CD = 5 cm.
5
Find the length AB = x. B
C
10

Solution Let m(AïD) = m(BïC) = 2α. A

2a
Then m(∠BAC) = m(∠ACD) = α.
a
3
Since the alternate interior angles ∠BAC and x D

∠ACD are equal, AB & CD. 5

a
Since m(AïD) = m(BïC), AD = BC = 3 cm. B 3

By the similarity of ΔPCD and ΔPBA we can C

2a
10
write
P
PC CD
= .
PB AB
10 5 65
So = , i.e. x = = 6.5 cm.
13 x 10

60 Circles
 EXAMPLE 58 O is the center of the semicircle in the A
figure. Given that AC = 8 cm and
BD = 12 cm, find m(AïC).

D O B C

Solution Let us connect A and D, as in the figure.

A
Since ∠DAC intercepts a semicircle, it is a right
angle. By the Euclidean Theorem in ΔDAC, y
8
82 = x ⋅ (x + 12) D O BxC
x2 + 12x – 64 = 0 12
x = 4 cm.
Applying the Euclidean Theorem once more gives us
y2 = 12 ⋅ x
= 12 ⋅ 4
y = 4ñ3 cm.
Therefore the sides of ΔABC are AB = 4ñ3 cm, BC = 4 cm and AC = 8 cm. These are side
lengths of a 30°-60°-90° triangle, so m(∠ACB) = 60° and m(∠ADC) = 30°.
It follows that m(AïC) = 60°.

EXAMPLE 59 A line segment AB is the diameter of a semicircle centered at O. C and D are two points
located counter-clockwise on the semicircle such that m(∠BCD) = 110°. What is m(∠BOD)?

Solution Look at the figure. Since m(∠BCD) = 110°, C

m(DùAB) = 220°. D 110°

m(BùCD) + m(DùAB) = 360° a

A B
m(BùCD) + 220° = 360° O

m(BùCD) = 140°.
Notice that ∠BOD is a central angle, and we
know that the measure of a central angle is
same as the angle measure of its intercepted arc. So m(∠BOD) = 140°.

Angles and Circles 61

EXAMPLE 60 In the figure, O1 and O2 are the centers of B

the circles and m(AùDC) = 220°. C

?
Find m(∠ABO2).
O1
O2 D

Solution Let us draw a diameter of :O1 passing B

through O2 and name its other endpoint E.
∠ABO2 and ∠AEO2 both intercept AïO2. a C

So m(∠ABO2) = m(∠AEO2) = α. E a F
a
In :O2, AO2 = CO2 (radii). O1
O2 D 220°
Also, AE ⊥ AO2 and EC ⊥ CO2 because the
inscribed angles intercept semicircles.
A
Therefore ΔECO2 and ΔEAO2 are congruent
by the AAS congruence theorem.
So m(∠EO2C) = m(∠EO2A).
Since m(AùDC) = 220°, m(AùFC) = 360° – 220° = 140°.
140°
In :O2, m(∠EO2C) = m(∠EO2A) gives us m(AïF) = m(FïC) = = 70°.
2
Finally, in ΔEAO2 we have α + 70° + 90° = 180°
α = 20°.
So m(∠ABO2) = 20°.

Check Yourself 5
1. In the figure, O is the center of the D
semicircle. Find the value of α. E C
a 150°

A B
O

A
2. Find the value of α in the figure. B 55°

a
C
E
D

62 Circles
 3. In the figure, B C
m(AùKB) + m(DùMC) = 160° and
K M
m(BïC) = 70°. a

Find the value of α. O

A D

4. Find the value of α in the A

figure. a

B
50°
O

5. In the figure, 3 ⋅ AD = 2 ⋅ AB A

and AE = 2 ⋅ EC. 118°

Find the value of α.
O
D E

a
B F C
Answers
1. 120° 2. 105° 3. 150° 4. 25° 5. 59°

B. ANGLES FORMED BY SECANTS, TANGENTS AND CHORDS

A point in the plane can have three possible positions relative to a circle: it can be inside the
circle, on the circle or outside the circle. This gives us three possible positions for the vertex
of an angle associated with a circle.

1. Angles on a Circle
a The angle between two chords A

We have already seen that the measure of an 2a

inscribed angle formed by two chords is half

a O
the measure of its intercepted arc. C

1
m(∠ACB) = m(AïB)
2

Angles and Circles 63

 b. The angle between a secant (or chord) and a tangent

Theorem
The measure of the acute angle formed by a secant and a tangent is half the measure of the
intercepted arc of the corresponding central angle.

Proof Look at the figure. Let m(∠APB) = α.

2a B
Since OP ⊥ BP, m(∠OPA) = 90° – α.
A
Also, ΔAOP is an isosceles triangle, which 90 – a a
Remember! 90 – a P
gives us m(∠OAP) = 90° – α. r 2a
A secant line is a line r
that passes through two So m(∠AOP) = 180° – (90° – α + 90° – α) = 2α. O
distinct points on a circle.
Since ∠AOP is a central angle, m(AïP) = 2α.
m(AïP)
Therefore m(∠APB) = .
2

EXAMPLE 61 In the figure, A is the point of tangency of

the line to the circle. If m(∠A) = 63°, B
find m(AùCB).

m(AùCB) 63° C
Solution Since m(∠A) = , A
2

m(AùCB)
63° = .
2
So m(AùCB) = 126°.

EXAMPLE 62 In the figure, the line is tangent to the

circle :O at B. Find m(∠ABC).
O
92°
B
?
A C

Solution Let m(∠ABC) = α, then

m(AïB) = 2α.
O
Since ∠AOB is a central angle,
92°
m(∠AOB) = m(AïB) = 2α. B
a
So 92° = 2α, and so m(∠ABC) = α = 46°. A 2a
C

64 Circles
 Property
The two corresponding angles formed by a
chord (or a secant) and the two tangents
which intercept the same arc are congruent.
b
A b
a
a D
B
C

m(ÐBAD) = m(ÐCDA)

EXAMPLE 63 In the figure, AC and DB are tangent lines.

D
Find m(∠ABD). C

? B
Solution Since ∠CAB and ∠ABD intercept the same 63°
A
arc, by the property we have just seen they
are congruent.
So m(∠ABD) = 63°.

Property
The acute angle between a chord and a D
tangent is congruent to the inscribed angle B
a
which intercepts the same arc.

C
ÐC intercepts AïB,
so m(ÐC) = m(ÐABD)

EXAMPLE 64 In the figure, EF and BA are tangent to the A

circle, AB = AD and m(∠F) = 20°.
B
Find m(∠AEG).
O
D

?
G
E 20°

Angles and Circles 65

 Solution Let m(∠B) = α, then m(∠ADB) = α since A
ΔADB is isosceles. B

a
a

°+
Then m(∠EDF) = α.

20
O
By the triangle exterior angle theorem in a
D
ΔDEF, m(∠DEG) = 20° + α.

20
a

°+
Since ∠BAD and ∠DEG both intercept AùOE,

a
G
E 20°
m(∠BAD) = 20° + α.
F
Finally, in ΔADB,
20° + α + α + α = 180°
20° + 3α = 180°
160°
α= .
3

EXAMPLE 65 In the figure, d is tangent to the circle at A

and O is the center of the circle.
d

Given m(BïC) = 58° and m(CïD) = 100°, find B x

A
y
the angle measures x, y and z. 58° z
O
C
D

100°

m(BïC) 58° d
Solution y= = = 29°
2 2
B x
m(CïD) 100 A
z= = = 50° y
2 2 58° z
Since ABC is a semicircle, O
C x
m(BïC) + m(AïB) = 180°
D
58° + m(AïB) = 180° 100°

m(AïB) = 122°.
m(AïB) 122°
By the property of secant and tangent lines, x = = = 61°.
2 2

EXAMPLE 66 Two lines l1 and l2 are tangent to a circle at points A and C respectively. B is a point on the
circle such that AB = BC and m(∠A) = 130°. What is m(∠ABC)?

66 Circles
 Solution Look at the figure. Since m(∠EAB) = 130°, l1
D
m(∠DAB) = 50°.
A
100°
Therefore m(AïB) = 100°. Since the two E 130°
chords are congruent,
B
m(AïB) = m(BïC) = 100°.
We know
100°
m(AïC) + m(AïB) + m(BïC) = 360°. So
C l2
m(AïC) + 100° + 100° = 360°
m(AïC) = 160°.
160°
Hence m( ∠ABC ) = = 80 °.
2

Check Yourself 6 B
1. O is the center of the circle in the figure. y
A
What is the value of the angle measure x in x
C
terms of y? O

T
2. In the figure, m(∠BAT) = 50°,
AD = DC and BD ⊥ AC. 50° A

Find the value of the angle measure α. B a

D
Answers
1. x = 90° – y 2. 40° C

2. Angles Inside a Circle

Theorem
The measure of the angle formed by two
secants (or two chords) that intersect in the
C
interior of a circle is half the sum of the
A
measures of the arcs intercepted by the P a
a
angle and its vertical angle. D

m(AïB) + m(CïD)
α=
B 2

Angles and Circles 67

 Proof 1 Let m(∠ADB) = y and m(∠CBD) = x.
C
In ΔBPD, α = x + y.
A 2x
m(AïB) + m(CïD) = 2x + 2y P
a
2y
= 2(x + y) (1) x y
D
B
2 ⋅ ( x + y)
m(∠CPD) = α = x + y = (2)
2
By (1) and (2),

m(AïB) + m(CïD)
m(∠CPD) = , as required.
2

Proof 2 Let m(AïB) = x and m(CïD) = y. E x

If we construct AE such that AE & BC, then C

a y
m(EïC) = x by the property of parallel chords. A a
Also, m(∠EAP) = m(∠CPD) = α because P D
x
these are corresponding angles. B
m(EùCD)
Therefore m(∠EAD) =
2
( x + y)
= .
2
x+ y
So α = , as required.
2

EXAMPLE 67 In the figure, m(AïB) = 62° and

D
154°
m(CïD) = 154°.
Find m(∠DEC) = α.
a
A C
Solution By the theorem we have just seen, E

m(AïB) + m(CïD) B
62°
α=
2
62° + 154 °
=
2
=108°.

68 Circles
 EXAMPLE 68 The figure shows a semicircle with center O. B
Find m(∠BED) = x.

x D
E

A 40°
C

Solution If we complete the circle we can write B

180° + 40° 180°
180° – x =
2
O
180° – x = 110°
D

x
x

0°–
x = 70°.

18
E
40°
A
C

EXAMPLE 69 A, B, C and D are four points located counter-clockwise on a circle such that m(AïB) = 60°
and m(CïD) = 80°. If K is the intersection point of the two chords AC and BD, find m(∠AKD).

Solution Look at the figure. Let m(∠CKD) = β. 80°

C

80° + 60° D
Then β = = 70°.
b
2
a K
Since α + β = 180°,
α + 70° = 180° A
α = 110° = m(∠AKD).
60° B

EXAMPLE 70 In the figure, α – β = 70° and A

m(∠AEB) = 70°. a
D 70°
Find the values of α and β.
b E
B

Angles and Circles 69

 α+β
Solution 70° = so α + β =140°.
2
We are also told that α – β = 70°. Adding these
two results gives us
α + β = 140°
+ α – β = 70°
––––––––––––––––––––
2α = 210°
α = 105°.
Finally,
α + β = 140°
105° + β = 140°
β = 35°.

EXAMPLE 71 In the figure, O is the center of the circle, A

m(∠ABC) = 40° and m(BïC) = 60°.
Find the angle measure α.
a
O C
40°
60°
B

Solution Since m(∠ABC) = 40°, A

m(AïC) = 2 ⋅ 40° = 80°. 80°

Now let us extend CO to the diameter CD. D

a
O C
Then m(BïD) = 180° – 60° 40°
60°
= 120°. 120°
B
Finally,

m(AïC) + m(BïD)
α=
2
80° + 120 °
=
2
=100 °.

EXAMPLE 72 The figure shows a semicircle with center O. D

E
ED & AC and AE = ED are given.
C
Find the angle measure α. a
20°
A O B

70 Circles
 Solution Since m(∠CAB) = 20°, m(BïC) = 40°.
Since chords AE and DE are congruent, we can write m(AïE) = m(EïD) = x.
Since ED & AC, m(AïE) = m(DïC). So m(DïC) = x.
In the semicircle, 40° + x + x + x = 180° x D
E x
3x = 140°
x C
140° a 40°
x= . 20°
3
A O B
140 °
40° +
m(BïC) + m(AïE) 3
So α = =
2 2
260 °
=
6
130°
= .
3

EXAMPLE 73 Show that x = α + β + θ in the figure at A

the right. a

D
b
q x
C
B

Solution Let us draw a circle passing through A, B and A

2b 2q
C and then extend CD and BD as shown. a
By inscribed angles, E
F
m(AïE) = 2θ,
D
m(AïF) = 2β and b
q x
C
m(BïC) = 2α.
B
By intersecting chords,
2a
m(BïC) + m(EïF)
x=
2
2α + 2β + 2θ
= .
2
So x = α + β + θ, as required.

Angles and Circles 71

EXAMPLE 74 Four points are placed around a circle and the midpoints of the arcs between each adjacent
pair of points are marked. Finally, the opposite pairs of midpoints are joined by two chords.
Prove that these chords intersect at right angles.

Solution Let A, B, C and D be the four points and let d D

X, Y, Z and W be the midpoints. Then let W c
m(AïX) = m(XïB) = a d Z
c
m(BïY) = m(YïC) = b A
C
m(CïZ) = m(ZïD) = c a
a b
m(DïW) = m(WïA) = d, so Y
X
a b
2a + 2b + 2c + 2d = 360°, i.e. B

a + b + c + d = 180°. Then

m(XïY) + m(ZïW) a + b + c + d
α= =
2 2
180°
=
2
α = 90°, as required.

EXAMPLE 75 Show that in a triangle, the measure of the angle formed by the altitude and the angle
bisector at a given vertex is equal to the half of the absolute difference of the other two angles
in the triangle.

Solution Look at the figure. A 2y

| y – z|
We want to show that x = . 2z
2 x
y z
Without loss of generality, let us assume that B C
H N
y > z.
180° – 2y 180° – 2x – 2z
So we want to show that 2x = y – z.
m(∠ABC) = y ⇒ m(AïC) = 2y. D E
2x
m(∠ACB) = z ⇒ m(AïB) = 2z.
Now extend AH and AN, so m(DïE) = 2x. We know
m(AïC) + m(BïD) 2y + m(BïD)
m(∠AHB) = 90° = ⇒ 90° = ⇒ m(BïD) = 180° – 2y.
2 2
Also, m(BïA) + m(AïC) + m(CïE) + m(EïD) + m(DïB) = 360°.

2z + 2y + m(CïE) + 2x + 180° – 2y = 360°.

72 Circles
 So m(CïE) = 180° – 2x – 2z.
Since AN is an angle bisector, m(∠BAN) = m(∠NAC). So
m(BïE) = m(CïE)
180° – 2y + 2x = 180° – 2x – 2z
4x = 2y – 2z
2x = y – z, as required.

Check Yourself 7

A
1. Find m(DïE) in the figure. E

102° 84°
B K
D

15° F
2. Find m(∠AFB) in the figure, A
?
E
using the information given. K
70°

B 45°
C
D

3. A, B, C, D and E are five points located counter-clockwise on a circle such that

m(CïD) = 50° and m(∠BFE) = 130°. F is the intersection point of EC and BD. What is
m(∠BAE)?

Answers
1. 12° 2. 10° 3. 75°

Angles and Circles 73

 3. Angles Outside a Circle
a The angle between two tangents
Theorem
The measure of an angle formed by two
tangents to a circle is half the difference of A
the intercepted arcs.

C P

B
m(AùCB) – m(AïB)
m(∠APB) =
2
Proof Look at the figure.
Let m(∠PAB) = m(∠PBA) = α because they
intercept the same arc, AïB. So AP = PB.
Then m(∠APB) = 180° – 2α. A
Also, m(AïB) = 2α because m(∠PAB) = α. a
360° – 2a
So m(AùCB) = 360° – 2α. 2a 180° – 2a
C P
Half the difference of the intercepted arcs is 180° – a a

m(AùCB) – m(AïB) 360° – 2 α – (2 α) B

=
2 2
360° – 4 α
=
2
= 180° – 2α = m(∠APB).
m(AùCB) – m(AïB)
So m(∠APB) = , as required.
2

EXAMPLE 76 In the figure, PA and PB are tangent to the

circle at A and B. Given m(AùCB) = 250°,
A
a
P

find m(∠P) = α.

C
Solution Since m(AùCB) = 250°, B

m(AïB) = 360° – 250° = 110°.

By the theorem we have just seen,
m(AùCB) – m(AïB) 250° – 110 °
α= = = 70°.
2 2

74 Circles
 Property
The angle formed by two tangents and the
A
angle of the minor arc intercepted by these
tangents are supplementary.
180° – a
a P

B α + m(AïB) = 180°

EXAMPLE 77 In the figure, PA and PB are tangent to the

circle at A and B. If m(∠P) = 40°, find A
m(AùCB).
C 40° P

Solution m(AïB) + 40° = 180° by the property just B

given. So
m(AïB) = 180° – 40°
= 140°.

So m(AùCB) = 360° – 140°

= 220°.

EXAMPLE 78 Lines PA and PB are tangent to a circle at points A and B, and C is a point on the minor
arc AB. Find m(∠ACB) if m(∠APB) = 50°.

Solution Look at the figure.

m(AùCB) + 50° = 180° A

m(AùCB) = 130°.
C 50° P
Also, m(AïB) + m(AùCB) = 360°
m(AïB) + 130° = 360° B
m(AïB) = 230°.
Since m(∠ACB) is an inscribed angle,
m(AïB) 230°
m(∠ACB) = = = 115°.
2 2

Angles and Circles 75

EXAMPLE 79 In the figure, A and B are points of tangency
on the larger circle, and D and E are points of A
tangency on the smaller circle. Given
D
m(∠APB) = 80°, find m(∠F).
P 80°
F ? C

E
B
Solution m(AïB) = 180° – m(∠P)
= 180° – 80°
= 100°.
A
m(AïB) 100°
m(∠ACB) = = = 50°. D
2 2
100°
P 80° 130°
m(DïE) = 180° – m(∠ACB) F ? 50° C

= 180° – 50° E
B
= 130°.
m(DïE) 130°
Finally, m(∠DFE) = = = 65°.
2 2

EXAMPLE 80 In the figure, AB is tangent to both circles A

B
and m(∠ABC) = 40°. Find m(∠ADC) = α.
40°
a
D
C

Solution Let us draw the common tangent d,

as shown.
m(BïC) A 80° 100°
= m(∠ABC) ⇒ m(BïC) = 80°. K B
2 100° 80°
By complementarity, a 40°
D
C
m(∠BKC) = 180° – 80° = 100°.
So m(∠AKC) = 80°. d
m(AïC) = 180° – m(∠AKC)
= 180° – 80°
= 100°.

m(AïC) 100 °
So α = = = 50°.
2 2

76 Circles
 b. The angle between two secants

Theorem
The measure of the angle formed by two secants of a circle is half the difference of the
intercepted arcs.

Proof Look at the figure. In ΔADP, β = α + θ. A

So θ = β – α. a C
As we have seen, this m(AïB) – m(CïD) = 2β – 2α = 2(β – α ) 2b
theorem is also true for 

θ 2a q
tangents: the measure O P
of the angle formed by Therefore m(AïB) – m(CïD) = 2θ, and so b
D
two tangents to a circle
is half the difference of m(AïB) – m(CïD) B
the intercepted arcs. m(∠P) = θ = , as required.
2

EXAMPLE 81 Find m(∠CPD) = x in the figure. C

88° A
O
20°
x
m(CïD) – m(AïB) 88° − 20°
Solution x= = = 34 ° D B P
2 2

EXAMPLE 82 Find m(AïB) in the figure, using the P

information given. 35°

D

20° C
A

?
B

Solution 1 m(∠DAC) = 20° ⇒ m(DïC) = 40° P

Let m(AïB) = α. Then 35°

D
40°
α − 40°
35° = (by the theorem above) 20° C
2 A
α − 40° = 70 °

α =110 °. a
B

Solution 2 By the triangle exterior angle theorem in ΔPAC, m(∠ACB) = 20° + 35° = 55°.
So m(AïB) = 2 ⋅ 55° = 110°.

Angles and Circles 77

EXAMPLE 83 In the figure, AB = CD, O is the center of C

the circle and AB ⊥ CH.

Find m(BïC).
D O

52°
P A H B

Solution Let us extend CH to make it a diameter. C

Since OE bisects AB, let us write 2a
180 – a
m(AïE) = m(EïB) = α.
Since AB = CD, m(AïB) = m(CïD) = 2α. D O

m(EïB) = α ⇒ m(BïC) = 180° – α. 52°

B
P A H
Now, from the theorem we have just seen, a a
E
m(BïC) – m(AïD)
m(∠P) = .
2
180 ° − α – (180 ° − 3 α)
52° = . So α = 52 °.
2
Therefore, m(BïC) = 180° – α = 180° – 52° = 128°.

EXAMPLE 84 Find the angle measure α in the figure.

C
B
100°
F 40°
A
a
E
Solution m(∠CED) = α ⇒ m(CïD) = 2α. D
In ΔDEF, m(∠EDF) = 80° – α.
m(BïE) = 2 ⋅ m(∠EDF) = 160° – 2α.
C
m(CïD) – m(BïE) B
Now, m(∠A) =
2 2a
100°
F 160 – 2a 40°
2α – (160 ° − 2 α) 100° A
40° = a
2 E
D
80° – a
40° = 2 α – 80 °

120° = 2 α

60° = α.

78 Circles
 EXAMPLE 85 In the figure, BD = DC, A
AB ⊥ CF and AC ⊥ BE. 70° E
Find m(∠FDE) = α. F

Solution Since ED and FD are medians to the a

hypotenuse in the right triangles ΔBEC and
B D C
ΔBFC, BD = DC = ED = FD.
This means that we can draw a circle A
Remember! centered at D in which BD, DC, ED and FD 70°
2a E
The length of the median are all radii.
to the hypotenuse of a F
right triangle is equal to So m(EïF) = 2α.
half the length of the
hypotenuse. 180° – 2 α a
Finally, m( ∠A ) =
2
B D C
180° – 2 α
70° =
2
70° = 90° – α

α = 20°.

c. The angle between a secant and a tangent

Theorem
The measure of the angle formed by a secant line and a tangent is half the difference of the
intercepted arcs.

Proof Look at the figure. We need to prove

A
m(AïB) – m(AïC) a
m(∠P) = .
2 2a 2b
q P
In ΔABP, α = β + θ. So θ = α – β.
m(AïB) – m(AïC) = 2α – 2β = 2(α – β) C
b
Therefore,
B
m(AïB) – m(AïC) 2 ⋅ (α – β)
= =α – β=θ .
2 2

m(AïB) – m(AïC)
So = m(∠P) as required.
2
As you can see, this proof is very similar to the proof that the angle formed by two secants
is half the difference of the intercepted arcs.

Angles and Circles 79

EXAMPLE 86 In the figure, PA is tangent to the circle at A,
100°
m(AïC) = 160° and m(BïC) = 100°. C
B
Find m(∠P).
? P
160°

A
Solution m(AïC) + m(BïC) + m(AïB) = 360°
160° + 100° + m(AïB) = 360°
m(AB) = 100°

m(AïC) – m(AïB)
So m(∠P) =
2

160 ° − 100 °
=
2
= 30°.

EXAMPLE 87 In the figure, O is the center of the circle and

B y
B is a point of tangency. Find the values of x,
y and z.
40° x z
A C P
O

Solution Since m(∠BAC) and m(∠CBP) intercept the

same arc, they are congruent.
So y = 40°.
B 40°
Also, m(∠ABC) = 90° because it intercepts a 100°

semicircle. 80°
40° 50° z
A
So x = 50°, which gives us m(AïB) = 100°. O C P

m(AïB) – m(BïC)
Finally, z =
2

100 ° − 80 °
=
2
=10°.
In summary, x = 50°, y = 40° and z = 10°.

80 Circles
 EXAMPLE 88 In the figure, PA is tangent to the circle at A. A
Find the values of x and y. P
x 40°
140°
B

140 ° − x
Solution 40° =
2 y
C
80° =140° − x
x = 60°.
A

140° + x + 2 y = 360° x 40° P

140°
140° + 60° + 2 y = 360° B

2 y =160°
y 2y
y = 80°. C

Check Yourself 8
1. A, B, C and D are four points located counter-clockwise on a circle. PA and PC are tangent
to the circle, and 2 ⋅ m(∠ABC) = 3 ⋅ m(∠ADC). What is m(∠APC)?

2. In the figure, the two lines are tangent to

:O. Find the angle measure α.

50° P
O
a

3. AB is the diameter of a semicircle centered at O. C and D are two points on the semicircle,
and P is a point outside the circle such that P, B, A and P, C, D are collinear. Given
m(∠DAP) = 60° and m(∠P) = 22°, find m(∠DCO).
C

4. Find the angle measure α in the figure.

D
60°
35°
P a
A B
Answers
1. 36° 2. 25° 3. 38° 4. 12.5°

Angles and Circles 81

C. CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS
Definition cyclic quadrilateral

A quadrilateral which can be inscribed in a D

circle is called a cyclic quadrilateral. In the
figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
C
A

Theorem
Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

Proof Look at the figure. Let m(∠C) = α and

m(∠A) = β. D
C
Since ∠C and ∠A are inscribed angles, a 2b

m(BùAD) = 2α and m(BùCD) = 2β. b

A
Since BùAD and BùCD form a complete arc, 2a
Remember!
Supplementary angles 2α + 2β = 360°
add up to 180°. B
α + β = 180°.
Therefore ∠A and ∠C are supplementary angles. By similar reasoning, we can show that ∠B
and ∠D are also supplementary.

EXAMPLE 89 Find α and β in the figure. D

98°
C
84°
A a
O

Solution Since ABCD is cyclic, opposite angles are b

supplementary. So
B
α + 84° = 180°
α = 96°, and

β + 98° = 180°
β = 82°.

82 Circles
 EXAMPLE 90 d is a line tangent to a circle with diameter AD at point A, and A, B, C and D are located
clockwise on the same semicircle. If the measure of the angle between d and AB is 46°, find
m(∠C). d

Solution The figure illustrates the problem. Since d

A 46°
is tangent to the circle,
B
m(∠BAD) = 90° – 46° = 44°.
Since ABCD is cyclic, O a
C
α + 44° = 180°.
So α = m(∠C) = 136°. D

EXAMPLE 91 In the figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. D

Find m(∠DBA) = x + 10°. 5x – 20°

C

x + 10°
Solution Let us draw the circle around ABCD. A B

Since ∠ACD and ∠DBA intercept AïD, they

are congruent. So D

x + 10° = 5x – 20° C
5x – 20°
30 = 4x
7.5° = x, and so x + 10°
A B
m(∠DBA) = x + 10° = 17.5°.

EXAMPLE 92 A, B, C and D are four points located counter-clockwise on a circle, and P is a point outside
the circle such that P, A, B and P, D, C are collinear. m(∠BAD) = 75° and m(∠PBC) = 63°
are given. What is m(∠APD)?

Solution Since ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, C

m(∠C) = 180° – 75° = 105°.
D 105°
In ΔPBC,
?
m(∠APD) + 105° + 63° = 180° P
75°
63°
A
m(∠APD) = 12°. B

Angles and Circles 83

EXAMPLE 93 The figure shows two intersecting circles.
D
L C
Find m(∠BCD) = α. a
94°

Solution Let us draw the common chord KL, so

AKLD ad BCLK are cyclic quadrilaterals. A K B
Then
m(∠D) + m(∠AKL) = 180°
L C
94° + m(∠AKL) = 180° D
a
m(∠AKL) = 86°. 94°

So m(∠BKL) = 94°.
86° 94°
Finally, 94° + α = 180° A K B
α = 86°.

EXAMPLE 94 ABCD in the figure is a cyclic quadrilateral. D

Find the angle measure α.

Solution Let us draw the circle around ABCD. 62° E

A a C
Since ∠ACB and ∠ADB both intercept AïB, 54°
50°
they are congruent. So B
m(∠ACB) = m(∠ADB) = 54°. D
In ΔADB,
54°
54° + 62° + α + 50° = 180°
α = 14°.

62° E
A a C
54°
50°
B

Property
If two opposite angles in a quadrilateral are supplementary then the quadrilateral is a cyclic
quadrilateral.

84 Circles
 EXAMPLE 95 In the figure, AB ⊥ BC, DE ⊥ AC, A
m(∠AFB) = 80° and
m(∠EBC) = 20°.
E
Find m(∠C) = α.
F
80°
a 20°
C D B
Solution m(∠AED) = m(ABD) = 90°, so ∠AED and
∠ABD are supplementary. Therefore, by the
property we have just seen, ABDE is a cyclic
A
quadrilateral. Since EB is a chord,
m(DïE)
m(∠EBD) = 20° = ⇒ m(DïE) = 40°. E
2 120°
F 80°
m(AïB) + m(DïE) 40°
80° = a
2
Remember! C D B
D A m(AïB) + 40° 20°
80° =
2
a
m(AïB) = 120°.
C B

m(AïB) + m(CïD) m(AïB) – m(DïE) 120 ° − 40 °

α= Finally, α = = = 40 °.
2 2 2

A
Check Yourself 9 A
D
E
b 1. Find the angle measure α in the figure.
C B O D
a
m(AïB) – m(CïD) 76°
β=
2 B C

D
2. In the figure, m(∠BCD) = 110° and
m(∠DBC) = 15°.
Find the value of α. A C
a
15°

B
3. D and E are the intersection points of two circles. A and B are two points on the major
arc of one of the circles, and C is a point on the major arc of the other circle so that A,
E, C and B, D, C are collinear. Given m(DïC) = 70° and m(∠BAC) = 60°, find m(∠C).
Answers
1. 152° 2. 55° 3. 85°

Angles and Circles 85

 EXERCISES 2
A. Inscribed Angles and Arcs 5. O is the center of the C D
semicircle shown at
1. In the figure, the right. CD & AB, 15
A 20
m(AïC) = 108°. y AD = 20 cm and
B x 108° AC = 15 cm are A O B
Find the angle measures
given. Find CD.
x, y and z. O z
B
C
C 74°
6. Find the value of α in
O
the figure. D a
2. In the figure, 73°
E
A B
x y
m(AïC) = 64° and
A
64°
m(BïD) = 146°. E O
z 7. Find the indicated E 82°
Find the angle 146°
C measures by using the A
measures x, information given. D

y and z. D
a. m(∠E)
O 61°
b. m(AïE)
c. m(BïD) C B
3. Find the angle A 84°
23°
d. m(∠D) 92°
measures using the
information in the figure. B E
A
a. m(∠C) O a
70°
b. m(CïD) 8. Find the value of α in
the figure. O
c. m(∠BAC) C D B 20°
C
d. m(∠E)
e. m(∠BAD)
9. O is the center of the
A
circle shown at the 36°
24° C
right. Given
4. In the figure, AD = CD, D B
m(∠OAC) = 36° and O
m(CïD) = 80° and 80°
A m(∠ACB) = 24°, find
3 ⋅ m(∠ADB) = m(∠BDC).
m(∠BOC).
Find m(BïC). C
10. A, B, C, D and E are five points located
B
counter-clockwise on a circle. m(∠AED) = 145°
and m(∠BCD) = 100° are given. Find m(∠ADB).
?

86 Circles
B. Angles Formed by Secants, 16. A and B are two points on a circle centered at O.
Tangents and Chords A line PA is tangent to the circle, and the points
B, O and P are collinear. Find m(∠ABP) if
11. In the figure, B d
y m(∠APB) = 44°.
m(AùKB) = 264° and
d is tangent to the
circle at A. Find the K O x
17. AB is the diameter of D
degree measures 264° C
A the semicircle shown a
x and y. 125°
at the right.
If m(∠BCD) = 125°
and BC = CD, A O B

12. Two circles are externally tangent to each other at find the value of α.
point C. A, B and C are located counter-clockwise on
the smaller circle, and B, C and D are collinear
such that DE is the diameter of the larger circle. 18. Given that O is the O

Given m(∠BAC) = 62°, find m(∠CDE). center of the arc in a

the figure, find A 52° 63° C
m(∠AOC) = α.
13. In the figure, A
m(∠BAC) = 52° and 52° B
B E
m(CïE) = 110°.
Find m(∠BDE) = α.
a
19. In the figure, 24°
A
T and S are points of
D T
C tangency, BS = CS
E ?
and m(∠A) = 24°.
C
14. O is the center of the A Find m(∠ETS).
circle in the figure
and OA & BC. 87°
O B
Find m(∠CBO). D ? B S F

C
20. O is the center of the A
circle shown at the
15. In the figure, m(∠ADB) = m(∠BAC) = m(∠DBA)
D right.
and m(∠DAC) = 30°.
a C AB = x + 5 cm, B C
Find the value of α. O
AC = x – 2 cm and
30°
BC = x + 6 cm are
given. Find the
B
A radius of the circle.

Angles and Circles 87

21. In the figure, AB is C 26. A, B, C and D are four points located clockwise on
the diameter of the a circle, and P is a point outside the circle such
circle and CD = BD. D that P, D and C are collinear. PA is tangent to the
Find the radius of the circle, AD = AB, m(∠P) = 40° and m(AùBC) = 140°.
circle if AC = 10 cm. Find m(∠BAC).
A O B

27. AB is tangent to the A

semicircle shown at a
the right. Find the
angle measure α by
22. P is a point outside a circle :O and PA is tangent using the information
to the circle at A. A, B, C are located clockwise 50°
in the figure. 40°
around :O, and PC is a secant line where P, C
B E O C
and B are collinear. If PA = AC and m(∠P) = 80°,
find m(∠OCB).
28. In the figure, O is C
A
the center of the
76°
23. AB is the diameter C circle, A is a point
of the semicircle at D of tangency and
m(∠BAC) = 76°. O
the right. a

Given AB = 12 cm, 80° 55° Find the angle B

A O B measure α.
m(∠DAB) = 80°
and m(∠ABC) = 55°, find DC.
29. In the figure, O is ?

24. P and O are the the center of the E D

E circle, F 30°
centers of the two T 80°
m(∠DFC) = 80° and O
semicircles shown C
m(CïD) = 30°.
opposite. Given
A P O B
TB = 6ñ2 cm, find Find m(DïE). A B P
OB.

30. In the figure, A

25. In the figure, AB is C m(AïE) = 2 ⋅ m(EïD).
a diameter, 32° E
Find the value of α. 78°
CH = 3ñ3 cm and 3ñ3
F
AH = 3 cm. A 3H B
G a D
Find the radius of B

the circle. C

88 Circles
31. In the figure, O is the A 35. The figure shows
A
center of the quarter D two tangents to :O.
circle and C Find the value of α.
a 64° 2a – 15° C
m(∠ODB) = 64°. O a P
Find m(∠ACO) = α.
O B B

36. Find the angle E

D
measure x using the
x P
information in the A 106° 52°
O
32. In the figure, E figure.
D 66° C
BC = CD = DE and
m(∠BAE) = 84°. B

Find the value of α. O a C

37. In the figure, PA A
84°
A
and PB are
a P
B tangents, D 80°
m(∠AED) = 80° E
66°
and m(CïD) = 66°. B
C
Find the value of α.

33. A and B in the P

figure are points of 42° A 38. Find the value of y A
tangency. Given 60° in terms of x using
y
m(BïC) = m(CïD) O the information
a O
and the angle B D given in the figure.
x D
measures shown, C B
C
find the value of α. 40°

39. E

D
34. A and B in the A
44°
figure are points of a 18°
tangency on :O. A B C
O
34° P
Find m(∠PBC) if ? AB is the diameter of the semicircle shown. Find
m(∠APB) = 34°. C B m(∠DAB) = α.

Angles and Circles 89

40. The points D, E and A 44. In the figure, PA and E

F are points of PC are tangents, 35° D

tangency on the m(∠APB) = 100°,
a C
circle at the right, D E
m(∠BEC) = 35°
28° A
and O is the center and AE = DE.
O 100° B
of the circle. Find the value of α.
63° a P
Find the value of α.
B F C

45. Given that the three

41. The figure shows D lines are tangents, y
:O with C
y find the value of
66°
AD & OC and 40° x x + y in the figure.
m(∠COB) = 40°. A B
O P

Find the value of

x
x + y.

42. In the figure, C is a P 46. Find the value of A

point of tangency α in the figure. D
66°
and AB = AC.
A
Find the value of α. a T
C a
B
65° C
B

43. In the figure, T is a 100° B 47. In the figure, P is a m

point of tangency, point of tangency on P
A C
m(∠BPT) = 60° a :O. Find the value D
a
and m(AïB) = 100°. P 60° of α using the 132°
A B
Find the value of α. information given. O
T

90 Circles
48. m is tangent to the m 52. The two circles in D
A
circle in the figure at the figure are 95°
C a
D. Find the value of tangent to each E
α. D 25° other at C, and B C

48° a m(∠CDE) = 95°.

B
Find the value of α.

A
53. Find the diameter O

of :O in the figure. M P
30°
4

N
49. The circles in the P
4
figure are internally A
tangent at P. Find
5 x 54. In the figure, AB is B
C A
the length AB = x. a common tangent, 6
B
11 AD = 4 cm and 4 C

BE = 6 cm. E
D D
Find the length of F
the segment AB.

50. In the figure, DE is E 55. The figure shows

F
:O and a tangent D
an arc of :O and B
C line FG. Find the
OABC is a square.
value of α. O 24°
Find m(∠DBA) = α. a A
E
C

48° a

O A D B
G

56. A and B are the E

51. In the figure, O is E centers of the

quarter circles in ?
the center of the 65° D

semicircle, C
the figure shown. D C
ED = DC and O
Find EC. F
a B
m(∠AED) = 65°. 4
Find the angle
measure α. A A B

Angles and Circles 91

57. In the figure, O is D C. Cyclic Quadrilaterals
the center of the C
? 61. Find the value of α in C
circle and EF = AO. E F
the figure. A
Given m(AïE) = 15°, A B
32°
25°
O D
find m(BïC).
F
E

B
58. In the figure, AB C

and AC are tangents a F

and m(EïF) = 150°. 150°

Find the value of α. D

62. ABCD in the figure is C

E a cyclic quadrilateral.
72° 33°
A B
BE = EC and E

CD = CB are given.
Find the value of α. B
D
a

59. In the figure, O is A

A
the center of the
circle and BD = AC. O
B
If m(∠ACB) = 56°,
find the value of α. a
63. A, B, C, D and E are five points located clockwise
D
C on a circle, and P is a point outside the circle
such that P, D, E and P, C, B are collinear.
m(∠BAE) = 120°, m(∠ABC) = 110° and
m(CïD) = 60° are given. Find m(∠AED).

60. In the figure, A T

and C are points A
of tangency,
?
AB & CD, 64. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with AB = 8 cm,
AB = AP and D
BC = 7 cm, CD = 6 cm and DA = 5 cm.
AD = CD. AC
B C P Find .
Find m(∠BAD). BD

92 Circles
A. SEGMENTS FORMED BY TANGENTS
Theorem
The two segments tangent to a circle from a point outside the circle are congruent. The
line joining this point and the center of the circle is the bisector of the angle formed by the
segments.

Proof Look at the figure. We need to show that A

PA = PB and m(∠OPA) = m(∠OPB). a
Let us draw AB. Since ∠BAP and ∠ABP r
P
intercept the same arc, namely AB, they are O
congruent. So ΔABP is an isosceles triangle. r
a
Therefore PA = PB.
Also, OP = OP (common side) B

AO = BO (radii), and
PA = PB.
By the SSS congruence theorem, ΔAOP and ΔBOP are congruent triangles.
So m(∠OPA) = m(∠OPB).

EXAMPLE 96 The radius of the circle in the figure is 3 cm

and m(∠P) = 60°. Find the length of A
segment PA. ?

60° P
O

Solution O is the center of the circle, so OP is the

angle bisector (by the above theorem) and A

m(∠OPA) = 30°. So ΔAOP is a 30°-60°-90° 3

triangle. 60° 30°
30° P
O
Therefore AP = 3ñ3 cm.

Segments and Circles 93

EXAMPLE 97 P is a point outside a circle centered at O, and PA and PB are tangent to the circle at C and
D respectively. CE is a diameter of the circle, and m(∠BDE) = 30° and PC = 9 cm are given.
Find the radius of the circle.
Solution The figure illustrates the problem. P
Let us construct CD.
Then CD ⊥ DE because the two chords 9

inscribe a semicircle. 9
So m(∠PDC) = 180° – 30° – 90° = 60°. C 60°

30° 9
Hence ΔPCD is an equilateral triangle, A 60°
O D
which gives us CD = PC = 9 cm and
m(∠DCE) = 30°. 6ñ3 3ñ3
30°
Therefore ΔCED is a 30°-60°-90° triangle. E B
So CE = 6ñ3 cm, which is the diameter of
the circle.
So the radius is 3ñ3 cm.

EXAMPLE 98 Show that any two perpendicular segments drawn from a point on the angle bisector to the
legs of the angle are congruent.

Solution Look at the figure. Considering the theorem l1

we have just seen, for any point on l2 we can B1
B2
draw a circle such that the point is the
center of the circle and l1 and l2 are tangents P l2
K A
to the circle. l2 becomes the line joining the
C2
point outside the circle and the center of the
C1
circle. Since the lengths from the point to l1 l3
and l3 are each radii of a circle, they are
congruent.

94 Circles
 1. Circumscribed Polygons
Recall that a polygon is called a circumscribed D C
polygon if all of its sides are tangent to the
same circle. This circle is called the inscribed
circle of the polygon.
O
In your previous studies, you probably learned
that the angle bisectors of the interior angles
A B
O of a triangle intersect at the center of the
ABCD is a circumscribed polygon.
inscribed circle of the triangle (called the :O is its inscribed circle.
incenter of the triangle). We can prove this
The angle bisectors of a by using the theorem we have just seen. Can you see how?
triangle intersect at its
incenter O. We can draw inscribed circles of other polygons as well. The center of the inscribed circle is
always the intersection point of the bisectors of the interior angles of the polygon.

EXAMPLE 99 Find the perimeter of each circumscribed polygon, using the information given.

a. b. 14 cm
c. D
A 2 I
D G C E
D H 7 cm
6 cm
K
12 cm

E C

15 cm
H F 5 cm
A G
A F2 cm 8 cm
B 13 cm F 7 cm C E B B
9 cm

Solution a. AE = AD = 6 cm,
A
m
EC = CF = 7 cm and 6c
D 6 cm
BF = BD = 13 cm. cm E
13
So P(ΔABC) = 12 + 14 + 26 = 52 cm. 7 cm

B 13 cm F 7 cm C

b. EB = BF = 9 cm, so
14 cm
CF = GC = 15 – 9 = 6 cm. D 8 G 6 C

So DG = DH = 14 – 6 = 8 cm, which gives 8 6

12 cm

15 cm

H F
us AH = AE = 12 – 8 = 4 cm.
4
9
Therefore the perimeter is 54 cm. A 4 E
B
9 cm

Segments and Circles 95

 c. AK = AF = 5 cm,
1 D
2 I
BF = BG = 2 cm, E 1
2 H 7 cm
GC = CH = 8 – 2 = 6 cm, K 6
5 C
DH = DI = 7 – 6 = 1 cm 6
A G
5
and EI = EK = 2 cm. F 2 2 8 cm
B
Therefore the perimeter is 32 cm.

EXAMPLE 100 The figure shows a pentagon and its A

10
E
inscribed circle. Find the perimeter of the
3
pentagon, using the information given. 12

B D
9
C

Solution Let us add the points of tangency K, L, M, N

and O. Then AK = AO = 3 cm, 10

OE = EN = 10 – 3 = 7 cm and A 3 O 7 E
3 7
ND = DM = 12 – 7 = 5 cm. N 12
K
Let BK = BL = a and LC = CM = b. a 5
Then a + b = 9 cm (since BC = 9 cm). B a D
L b 5
So the perimeter is 9 C
b M

30 + 2(a + b) = 30 + (2 ⋅ 9)
= 48 cm.

Theorem
In a triangle ABC, K, P and T are the points of
A
tangency with the inscribed circle on the
sides a, b and c respectively. If BC = a,
u–
a

AC = b, AB = c and the perimeter of the

u–

c b
triangle is a + b + c = 2u, T P

then AT = AP = u – a, BK = BT = u – b and
b

u–
u–

CK = CP = u – c.
B u– b K u– c C

96 Circles
 A

Proof Let x x

AT = AP = x ⎫ c b
⎪⎪ T P
BT = BK = y ⎬
⎪ y z
CK = CP = z. ⎪⎭

So B y K z C

AB + BC + CA = 2u a

(x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) = 2u
 
  
  

c a b

2(x + y + z) = 2u, which means

x + y + z = u. (1)
Then x = u – (y + z) = u – a. (by (1))
So AT = AP = x = u – a.
Similarly,
y = u – (x + z) = u – b
BK = BT = y = u – b and
z = u – (x + y) = u – c
CK = CP = z = u – c.

EXAMPLE 101 The circle in the figure is inscribed in A

ΔABC. Given that the perimeter of the 12
triangle is 62 cm, find BX. Z
Y
B
? 10
X

Solution The perimeter is 2u = 62 cm, so u = 31 cm. A

We know AZ = AY = 12. 12
12
So by the theorem we have just seen, Z
Y
BZ = BX = u – AC
B
BX = 31 – 22 10
X
= 9 cm.
C

Segments and Circles 97

EXAMPLE 102 The inscribed circle in the figure is tangent A
to ΔABC at D, F and G. AB = 10 cm,
AC = 14 cm and BC = 12 cm are given.
Find DE.

G F

B DE C

Solution Since AE passes through the center of the A

circle, it bisects ∠BAC. By the angle bisector
theorem,
AB BE 10
= 14
AC EC G F
10 BE 4
=
14 12 − BE
Angle Bisector Theorem:
B 4
A BE = 5 cm. DE C
5 7
If 2u = 10 + 14 + 12 then u = 18, and so
BG = BD = u – 14
B N C = 18 – 14
If AN is the angle bisector = 4 cm.
AB BN
then = .
AC NC Therefore DE = 5 – 4 = 1 cm.

Definition escribed circle

The circle that is tangent to one side of a
triangle and the extensions of the other two
sides is called an escribed circle of the
A¢
triangle. In the figure, :O is an escribed
A
circle of ΔABC. O

B C C¢

98 Circles
 Theorem

Let ABC be a triangle such that the center of

its escribed circle is O, BC = a, AC = b,
AB = c, and a + b + c = 2u. If D, E and F are
D
the points of tangency on BA, BC and AC y
A
respectively, then AD = AF = u – c, c y
b O
CE = CF = u – a and BE = BD = u.
F
x
Proof The figure illustrates the theorem. Let
B C x E
FC = CE = x ⎫
⎪ a
⎬ b = x + y.
AD = AF = y ⎪
⎭
By the properties of tangents, BD = BE, which gives us
c + y = a + x. (1)
Also, a + b + c = 2u, so a + x + y + c = 2u.
By (1), a + x = y + c = u. (2)
So BE = BD = u.
By (2), x = u – a. So FC = CE = u – a.
Similarly by (2), y = u – c. So AD = AF = u – c.
In summary, BE = BD = u, CE = CF = u – a and AD = AF = u – c as required.

EXAMPLE 103 In the figure, AB = 8 cm, A

D
BC = 10 cm and 8
AC = 6 cm. B F 6
10 ?
Find the length FC.
C
E

Solution Let CE = FC = x, and let the perimeter of

D
the triangle be 2u. So A
8
2u = 10 + 8 + 6
B F
u = 12 cm.
x
By the theorem we have just seen, BE = u and 10
C x
E
x = u – BC
= 12 – 10
= 2 cm = FC.

Segments and Circles 99

EXAMPLE 104 The radius of :O in the figure is 5 cm, A
A and B are points of tangency, and C
PO = 13 cm. Find the perimeter of ΔCEP. D
P O

E
Solution Let us draw AO. B

Then AO ⊥ AP.
In ΔAOP,
A
AO2 + AP2 = PO2 C
52 + AP2 = 132 D
5
AP = 12 cm. P O
13
If P(ΔCEP) = 2u then AP = PB = u.
E
So 2u = 2 ⋅ 12 = 24 cm. B
Therefore the perimeter of ΔCEP is 24 cm.

Theorem
The sum of the lengths of opposite sides of a circumscribed quadrilateral equals the sum of
the lengths of the other two sides.

Proof Look at the figure. Let C

M c
d
AK = AN = a, D c
BK = BL = b, d
N L
CL = CM = c and
DM = DN = d. b
a
So AB + DC = a + b + c + d and B
b
BC + AD = b + c + a + d. a
K

Therefore AB + DC = BC + AD as required. A

EXAMPLE 105 In the figure, AB = 15 cm, BC = 10 cm and D

C

AD = 16 cm. Find CD.

10 cm

16 cm

Solution AD + BC = AB + CD by the theorem we B

have just seen. So
16 + 10 = 15 + CD A 15 cm

CD = 11 cm.

100 Circles
 EXAMPLE 106 ABCD is a parallelogram. A circle is drawn inside ABCD such that it is tangent to the sides
AB, BC and CD. E is a point on CD such that AE is also tangent to the circle. Given AE = BC,
AD = 12 cm and CE = 7 cm, find the perimeter of ABCD.
10 7
Solution Look at the figure. Since ABCD is a D E C
parallelogram, AD = BC. Since AE = BC
(given), we have AE = BC = AD = 12 cm. 12 12
By the theorem we have just seen, 12
AB + CE = AE + BC
AB + 7 = 12 + 12 A B
AB = 17 cm. 17

So the perimeter of the parallelogram is 2 ⋅ (17 + 12) = 58 cm.

EXAMPLE 107 In the figure, ABCD circumscribes :O, D 9 C

AD = 12 cm and CD = 9 cm. E
Find BE.
12 O

Solution Let us construct FG through :O so FG ⊥ CD A B

and FG ⊥ AB.
Then FG = 2r = AD, 2r = 12 ⇒ r = 6 cm. D 6 G 3 C
So GC = CD – 6 = 3 cm, and so CE = 3 cm. 3
6 E
r
Now let BE = x. r
H O 12
In the right triangle ΔBCK, BC = x + 3, x
6 r
BK = x – 3 and CK = 12 cm.
Therefore (x + 3)2 = (x – 3)2 + 122, i.e. A 6 F 3 K x–3 B
x = BE = 12 cm.

EXAMPLE 108 In the figure, BD, CD, BE and CE are all A

angle bisectors. Prove that
q
θ
a. α = 90° +
2
D

θ a
b. β = 90° –
2 B C

Segments and Circles 101

 Solution Let us draw the inscribed circle :D and the escribed circle :E, and mark the points K, L, M,
N and T as shown.
a. Let m(∠DBA) = m(∠DBC) = x and A
m(∠DCA) = m(∠DCB) = y.
So m(KïL) = 180° – 2x and q

m(KïM) = 180° – 2y.

The central angle α intercepts an arc
which measures (90° – x) + (90° – y). So L M
D
α = 180° – (x + y). In ΔABC, we know that 90–y
90–x
a
θ + 2( x + y) = 180° x y
90–x 90–y
x y C
B
180° – θ 90 K
x+ y = . –x

–y
90–y
90–x
2

90
180° − θ 180° + θ
So α = 180° − ( )= N T
2 2 x y
θ x b y
α = 90° + , as required.
2
b. Since m(∠DBE) = m(∠DCE) = 90°, E
m(∠EBK) = 90° – x and m(∠KCE) = 90° – y.
Hence m(KïN) = 180° – (180° – 2x) = 2x,
and similarly m(KïT) = 2y.
180° − θ θ
So m(∠BEK) = x and m(∠CEK) = y. β = x + y ⇒ β = = 90° − .
2 2
Check Yourself 10
1. P is a point outside a circle and PC and PD are two tangents with points of tangency C and
D respectively. P, A, C and P, B, D are collinear such that AB is tangent to the circle.
If PC = 14 cm, find the perimeter of ΔPAB.
A
D
2. In the figure, AC = 15 cm, AB = 20 cm and D, E, F are E
?
points of tangency. Find BD.

B F C

D G 3 C

3. The radius of the inscribed circle in the figure is 6 cm. Find

F
the perimeter of the quadrilateral ABCD.
H O 4

B
Answers E
7
1. 28 cm 2. 15 cm 3. 40 cm
A

102 Circles
 2. Common Tangents
Definition common tangent
A line that is tangent to two or more circles is called a common tangent of the circles.

Common tangents can be external or internal. We will look at each type in turn.

a. Common external tangents

A common tangent that does not intersect the line joining the centers of the circles is called
a common external tangent.
The figures show some common external tangents of different types of circle.

non-intersecting circles externally tangent circles

Internally tangent
circles have one
intersecting circles common external
tangent.

Theorem

The two common external tangent segments of two circles are congruent.

Proof Two circles are either congruent or D C

non-congruent.
♦ Assume that the circles are congruent.
O1 O2
Since O1D ⊥ DC and O2C ⊥ DC,
O1D & O2C.
A B
So O1O2CD is a rectangle.
Hence O1O2 = CD.
By the same argument, O1O2 = AB.
So AB = CD, as required.

Segments and Circles 103

 ♦ Now assume that the circles are not
congruent, as in the figure. Let us y C
extend AB and CD and assume that they
D
intersect at the point P, as shown opposite. x
Consider the circle centered at O1 and P O1 O2
the point P. x
A
Let PA = PD = x. y
B
Now consider the circle centered at
O2 and the point P. Let PB = PC = y.
Since P, D and C are collinear points, CD = PC – PD = y – x.
Similarly, AB = y – x. Therefore AB = CD, as required.

Note
This theorem also holds for intersecting or tangent circles.

EXAMPLE 109 The figure shows two common external B

tangents with AB = 2x + 3 cm and 2x + 3
A
CD = 3x – 2 cm. Find AB.

O1 O2
Solution AB = CD (common external tangents)
C 3x – 2
2x + 3 = 3x – 2
D
x = 5.
So AB = 2x + 3 = 13 cm.

EXAMPLE 110 AB is a common external tangent segment of two non-intersecting circles with radii r and 2 2
1

r2. If the distance between the centers of the circles is d, prove that AB = d – ( r1 – r2 ) .

Solution The figure illustrates the problem. B

A
We know AO1 ⊥ AB and BO2 ⊥ AB.
r2
Let us draw O1C such that O1C ⊥ BO2. r1 C

O1 d O2
So AO1CB is a rectangle, and so
AB = O1C.
In ΔO2CO1, O1C2 + O2C2 = d2.
We can replace O1C by AB,
so AB2 + (r1 – r2)2 = d2.

In conclusion, AB = d 2 – ( r1 – r2 )2 .

104 Circles
 EXAMPLE 111 A line d is tangent to two circles :O and :O2 at points A and B respectively. Given
1

AB = 30 cm, O1O2 = 34 cm and r1 + r2 = 22 cm, find the radii of the two circles.

Solution Look at the figure. In ΔO1HO2, d

B
30
302 + (r2 – r1)2 = 342 A
r2 – r1 = 16. (1) H
30 r2 – r1
We are given that r1 + r2 = 22. (2) O1 C D O2

Combining (1) and (2) gives us 34

r2 + r1 = 22
+ r2 – r1 = 16
–––––––––––––––––
2r2 = 38
r2 = 19 cm.
So r1 = 22 – 19 = 3 cm.

EXAMPLE 112 The radii of the tires of the toy tractor in the
figure are 5 cm and 12 cm. The distance
between the points of contact of the tires with
the ground is 24 cm. What is the length AD?

Solution In the figure, AD2 = 242 + 72, so

D
AD = 25 cm.
x
7
A 12
5 5

B 24 C

EXAMPLE 113 Given that AB is a common external tangent segment of two externally tangent circles with
radii r1 and r2, prove that AB = 2 r1 ⋅ r2 .

Segments and Circles 105

 Solution Look at the figure. AO2 ⊥ AB and BO1 ⊥ AB.
B
Let us draw O2C so that O2C ⊥ BO1. Then r1
A
C
CO1 = BO1 – BC. So CO1 = r1 – r2. r2 r1 – r2

Remember! In ΔO2CO1, O2C + O1C = O1O2

2 2 2
O2 r2 r1 O1
Externally tangent circles
share a single common
AB2 + (r1 – r2)2 = (r1 + r2)2
point.
AB2 = 4r1r2
AB = 2 r1 ⋅ r2 .
Note that this is a special case of the theorem in Example 110 for d = r1 + r2. By the theorem,

AB = d 2 – ( r1 – r2 )2 = ( r1 + r2 )2 − ( r1 – r2 )2 = r12 + r2 2 + 2r1r2 − r12 − r2 2 2 r1r2

= 4r1r2 = 2 r1 r2 .

EXAMPLE 114 d is a common tangent of two externally tangent circles centered at O and O , the points of 1 2

tangency to d are A and B such that AB = 10 cm. Find r1 ⋅ r2.

Solution By the result we have just seen,

AB = 2 r1 ⋅ r2
r1
O1 r2
10 = 2 r1 ⋅ r2
O2
r1 ⋅ r2 = 25.
d
A B

Theorem

The intersection point of the two common external tangents of two circles lies on the line
which joins the centers of the circles.

Proof Look at the figure. Let us assume that the

d
common tangents d and l intersect at point P.
C
Consider the circle centered at O1 and the
point P. By the property of tangent lines, D

PO1 is the bisector of ∠APD.

P
O1 O2
Similary, PO2 is the bisector of ∠BPC.
A
So PO1 and PO2 are bisectors of ∠P. Since the
bisector of an angle is unique, PO1 and PO2 B
coincide. Therefore P, O1 and O2 lie on the l
same line.

106 Circles
 EXAMPLE 115 The figure shows two tangent circles :O 1
B
and :O2 with two common external
tangents. PO1 = 6 cm, r1 = 4 cm and A

r2 = 15 cm are given. P
O1 O2
Find PB.

Solution When we extend PO1 it will pass through O2

by the theorem we have just seen. B
A 15
Since PB is tangent to :O2, PB ⊥ BO2.
4 15
P
So in ΔPBO2, O1 O2
2 2 2
PB + BO2 = PO2
6
PB2 + 152 = 252
PB = 20 cm.

EXAMPLE 116 A, B and C in the figure are points of A

E B
tangency to the two tangent circles.
60°
Find the ratio of the radii of the circles if
O2
m(∠BEC) = 60°. C

O1

Solution m(∠BEC) = 60° ⇒ m(∠AEC) = 120°. 120°

A
So m(AïC) = 60°, i.e. m(∠AO1C) = 60°. E B
60°
Therefore ΔDO1O2 is a 30°-60°-90° triangle. D 60°

DO1 1 r –r 1 r2 O2
Hence = , i.e. 1 2 = . 60° r C
O1O2 2 r1 + r2 2 1
O1
r1 30°
2r1 – 2r2 = r1 + r2 ⇒ r1 = 3r2 ⇒ = 3.
r2

Segments and Circles 107

EXAMPLE 117 ABCD in the figure is a rectangle and N and D C
L are the centers of the two tangent circles.
If AB = 6 cm, what is the radius of the
N L
tangent circle centered at O?

O
A B

Solution Look at the figure. We can see that M, N, K D C

and L are collinear and MN = NK = KL = 2 cm
(radii) since AB = 6 cm. 2 2 K 2
M L
Let the radius of :O be r. N
2 –r
2 2
r
Then in ΔKOL, KO2 + KL2 = OL2 rO
(2 – r)2 + 22 = (2 + r)2 A B

4 = 8r
1
r= cm.
2

b. Common internal tangents

Definition common internal tangent

A common tangent that intersects the line joining the centers of two circles is called a
common internal tangent of the circles.
We can draw common internal tangents for two non-intersecting circles or for two
externally tangent circles. If the circles are non-intersecting then there are two common
internal tangents. If the circles are tangent then the common internal tangent is unique.

d d
l

O1 O2 O1 O2

non-intersecting circles externally tangent circles

Theorem

The intersection point of the two common internal tangents of two circles lies on the line
which joins the centers of the circles.

108 Circles
 Proof Look at the figure. Let P be the intersection
point of the external tangents.
A
Since PA and PB are two tangents, PO1 C
P
bisects ∠APB. Similarly, PO2 bisects ∠CPD.
O1 O2
We know that A, P and D are collinear. Also,
B, P and C are collinear. So ∠BPA and D
B
∠CPD are two vertex angles. We also know
from the basic properties of angles that the
bisectors of two vertex angles are opposite rays. Therefore the lines PO1 and PO2 coincide.
So O1, P and O2 are collinear.

Theorem

The common internal tangent segments of two circles are congruent.

Proof Look at the figure. We need to show that

AD = BC.
A
Since P is the intersection point of two C
tangents for both circles, we can write P

PA = PB and PC = PD.
So AP = BP D
B

+ PD = PC
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––
AP + PD = BP + PC.
Since A, P and D are collinear and B, P and C are also collinear, we can conclude that AD = BC.

EXAMPLE 118 AB is a common internal tangent segment of two non-intersecting circles with radii r and r . 1 2

If the distance between the centers of the circles is d, prove that AB = d2 − ( r1 + r2 )2 .

Solution The figure illustrates the problem. We have

O2B ⊥ AB and AO1 ⊥ AB. Let us draw O1O2 A
r1
and O1C such that O1C ⊥ O2C.
O1 O2
Then in ΔO1O2C, O1O22 = O1C2 + O2C2. r2
Since ABCO1 is a rectangle, O1C = AB. B
2 2 2
r1
So d = AB + (r1 + r2) , i.e. C
2 2 2
AB = d – (r1 + r2) .

Hence AB = d 2 − ( r1 + r2 )2 , as required.

Segments and Circles 109

 Check Yourself 11 A

1. The product of the radii of the externally B

tangent circles in the figure is 16 cm. Find the

length of segment AB. O1
O2

2. The distance AB between the centers of the

gears of the bicycle in the figure is 61 cm. The
radii of the gears are 4 cm and 15 cm. What is
the length of the chain between the points C
and D?

3. In the figure, AB = 15 cm, r1 = 5 cm and

r1 B
r2 = 3 cm. What is the shortest distance
O1 r2
between the two circles?
O2
Answers
A
1. 8 cm 2. 60 cm 3. 9 cm

B. SEGMENTS FORMED BY SECANTS AND

CHORDS
1. The Power of a Point
Definition power of a point
A point A and a circle are given. A line that
Q
passes through A intersects the given circle
at P and Q. The product AP ⋅ AQ is called the P
A
power of the point A with respect to the given
circle.
p = AP ⋅ AQ
It is an amazing fact that P is independent of is the power of point A

the choice of the line APQ. In other words,

the power of a point is unique for a given
point and a given circle. For example, in the Q

figure opposite we can write the power p as P

A
The concept of the power p = AP ⋅ AQ = AB ⋅ AC = AD ⋅ AE.
of a point was first B
described by the Swiss C
mathematician Jakob D
Steiner in 1826. E

110 Circles
 The line APQ (or the line ABC, or both) may be tangent to the circle. In this case, P and Q
(or B and C) become the same point. However, the property of the power of a point still holds:

P, Q P, Q

A B A
C

B, C
AP × AQ = AB × AC AP × AQ = AB × AC
AP2 = AB × AC AP2 = AB2
AP = AB

The point A may also lie either inside or outside

the circle. When the point is inside the circle, Q

the lines through the point become chords and B

the power equality becomes A

AP ⋅ AQ = AB ⋅ AC. P
In all cases, the same equality holds. It is
C
known as the power of a point theorem.
When the point is inside the circle, the
theorem is also called the intersecting chords P

theorem. When the point is outside the circle, r

the theorem can be called the intersecting
secants theorem. The proof of each theorem A O
will be shown later. d
Now consider a point A outside a circle
centered at O with radius r. If the distance
between A and O is d then AP2 + r2 = d2 by the Pythagorean Theorem. So AP2 = d2 – r2.
We know that the power P of A with respect to :O is AP2. Therefore we can write the
equality as p = AP2 = d2 – r2 and p = d2 – r2.

2. Segments Formed by Intersecting Secants

Theorem intersecting secants theorem
If two secants intersect outside a circle, the product of the lengths of one secant segment and
its external segment is equal to the same product for the other segment.
We can summarize this rule informally as ‘outer × whole = outer × whole’.

Segments and Circles 111

 Proof Look at the figure. We need to show that A
PC ⋅ PA = PD ⋅ PB. C

In the figure, m(∠A) = m(∠B) because they

intercept the same arc, namely CD. P

Similarly, m(∠ACB) = m(∠ADB). D

So ΔADP and ΔBCP are similar triangles by B
the AAA similarity theorem.
PD PA
So we can write = , which means
PC PB
PC ⋅ PA = PD ⋅ PB, as required.

Remember that this result is one case of the power of a point theorem.

EXAMPLE 119 Find the length x in the figure. B 6 A

5
P
Solution By the intersecting secants theorem,
O 6
PA ⋅ PB = PC ⋅ PD
C
x
5 ⋅ (5 + 6) = 6 ⋅ (6 + x)
D
55 = 36 + 6x
19 = 6x
19
x= .
6

EXAMPLE 120 ΔABC in the figure is an equilateral triangle. A

AE = 6 cm and CD = 2 cm are given.
Find the length AB = x. 6
x
E

B D 2 C

Solution Since ΔABC is equilateral, A

EC = x – 6 cm and BD = x – 2 cm.
6
So CD ⋅ CB = CE ⋅ CA x
2 ⋅ x = (x – 6) ⋅ x E
x–6
x = 8 cm.
B x–2 D 2 C

112 Circles
 Theorem
If a secant and a tangent intersect outside a circle then the product of the secant segment
and its external segment equals the square of the length of the tangent segment.
We can summarize this rule informally as ‘outer × whole = tangent squared’.

Proof Look at the figure. We need to show that A

PA2 = PC ⋅ PB.
P
Since ∠CAP and ∠ABC intercept the same
arc, they are congruent. As ∠P is a common C
angle for ΔACP and ΔBAP, by the AAA
similarity theorem the triangles are similar. B

PA PC
So = , which gives us PA2 = PC ⋅ PB,
PB PA
as required. Recall that this is also one case of the power of a point theorem.

EXAMPLE 121 Point A in the figure is a point of tangency. A

6
Find the length BC = x.
P
O 2
Solution By the theorem we have just seen, C

PA = PC ⋅ PB
2 x
B
62 = 2 ⋅ (2 + x)
36 = 2 ⋅ (2 + x)
18 = 2 + x
x = 16.

EXAMPLE 122 In the figure, O is the center of the G

semicircle and E and F are points of F
E

tangency. Given AF = CD, find the length x

DE = x.
A 4 B 6 O C D
Solution AF2 = AB ⋅ AC
= 4 ⋅ 16 G
AF = CD = 8. E
F
DE2 = x2 = CD ⋅ BD x

x2 = 8 ⋅ (6 + 6 + 8) (CD = AF is given) A 4 B 6 O 6 C D
x = ó160
= 4ò10.

Segments and Circles 113

EXAMPLE 123 A, B and C are three points located clockwise on a circle. P is a point outside the circle such
that PA is a tangent and P, B and C are collinear. If AB = 6 cm, AC = 8 cm and PA = 16 cm,
find PB.
C
Solution Look at the figure. m(∠PAB) = m(∠PCA) B a
since they intercept the same arc. The angle
P b 6 O
P is common to both ΔPAB and ΔPCA. 8
a
So ΔPAB ∼ ΔPCA by AAA similarity. 16
A
6 PB
So = ⇒ PB = 12 cm.
8 16

EXAMPLE 124 In the figure, AE = EB and D

12 C
DE = DC = 12 cm.
Find DF. ?
O F

E B
Solution Since AB = CD = 12 and AE = EB, A

AE = EB = 6 cm.
D
By the power of E, AE2 = EF ⋅ ED 12 C

Also, ED = DC = 12 cm (given).
O F
So 62 = EF ⋅ 12
36 = EF ⋅ 12 E 6
B
A 6
EF = 3 cm.
Finally, DF = DE – EF = 12 – EF = 12 – 3 = 9 cm.

EXAMPLE 125 In the figure, C is a point of tangency. P

2
Find the lengths x and y. 3
D
A x

Solution PC2 = PD ⋅ PE (1) y 7

C
B
x2 = 2 ⋅ 9 E
x = 3ñ2.
Similarly, PC2 = PA ⋅ PB. (2)
By (1) and (2) we can write
PD ⋅ PE = PA ⋅ PB
2 ⋅ 9 = 3 ⋅ (3 + y)
18 = 3 ⋅ (3 + y)
y = 3.

114 Circles
 EXAMPLE 126 In the figure, A is a point of tangency, P
A

PA = 8 cm and PB = BC.
B O
Find CD.
C
?
Solution PA = PC = 8 cm, so PB = BC = 4 cm.
D
In the larger circle,
PA2 = PB ⋅ PD
82 = 4 ⋅ PD
64 = 4 ⋅ PD
PD = 16 cm.
Finally,
CD = PD – PC
= 16 – 8
= 8 cm.

EXAMPLE 127 AB is the diameter of a semicircle centered at O, and C and D are two points located
counter-clockwise on the semicircle. PD is tangent to the semicircle at D and PO intersects
the circle at C. If PC = 3 cm and PD = 6 cm, find the radius of the semicircle.

Solution The figure illustrates the problem. P

Let BO = r and extend PO to point K.
6
Then CO = OK = r. 3
D
By the power of point P, C
2
6 = 3(3 + 2r) r

36 = 3(3 + 2r) A
O r B
12 = 3 + 2r r
r = 4.5 cm. K

EXAMPLE 128 In the figure, O is the center of the circle,

BF = 2 cm and BE = 4 cm.
C
Find the length of chord CD. ?
D
O

F
2
A E 4 B

Segments and Circles 115

 Solution BE2 = BF ⋅ BC
42 = 2 ⋅ BC C
BC = 8 cm. 3
O 4
Since FC = BC – BF, D
5
H
3
FC = 8 – 2 5 5
F
= 6 cm. 2
A 5 E 4 B
If we draw DO and extend through BC,
DH ⊥ BC and CH = HF (can you see why?).
So AEOD becomes a square, and DH = AB = 9.
Finally, in ΔCDH, DH2 + CH2 = CD2
92 + 32 = CD2
90 = CD2
CD = ò90
= 3ò10 cm.

EXAMPLE 129 The radius of the circle in the figure is C

B A
10 cm, and BC = 12 cm. 12
?
Find AD.
D

Solution Let O be the center of the circle, and let us

C H B4 A
draw OH such that OH ⊥ BC. 6 6
So CH = HB = 6 cm.
D
Since ADOH is a rectangle (can you see O 10

why?), OD = AH = 10 cm.
Then AB = AH – HB = 10 – 6 = 4 cm.
Then by the power of point A,
AD2 = AB ⋅ AC.
= 4 ⋅ 16
= 64.
So AD = 8 cm.
As an exercise, try to find another solution to this problem without using the power of a point.
Can you do it?

116 Circles
 EXAMPLE 130 In the figure, DP = DB, PA and DB are
tangent to :O. BC = 11 cm and A
PB = 9 cm are given.
D
What is the radius of the circle? O

P 9 B
Solution By the power of P, 11 C
PA = PB ⋅ PC
2

PA2 = 9 ⋅ 20
PA = 6ñ5 cm.
Since AD and BD are tangents from a
common point, they are congruent. A
Notice that OA ⊥ PA. Constructing the line D
AB, we can also say that m(∠ABC) = 90° O
because of the congruency of BD, AD and DP
P 9 B
in ΔAPB. So the segment AC is a diameter of 11 C
the circle.
Now, in ΔACP,
AP2 + AC2 = PC2
(6ñ5)2 + AC2 = 202
180 + AC2 = 400
AC2 = 220
AC = 2ò55 cm. Therefore the radius is ò55 cm.

EXAMPLE 131 In the figure, PB is a common tangent, B

PA = AB, CD = 5 cm and DE = 3 cm. ?
A
Find AB.

5 3
P C
D E
Solution Let AB = AP = x and PC = y.
Then x2 = y(y + 5). (1)
2
Also, (2x) = (y + 5)(y + 8). (2) B
x
A
(2) y+8
⇒ 4= ⇒ 4y = y + 8 x
(1) y
3y = 8 P y
5 3
C
D E
8
y= cm.
3

Segments and Circles 117

 2
Finally, x = y( y + 5)
8 8
= ( + 5)
3 3
8 ⋅ 23
=
9
2
x = AB = 46 cm.
3

EXAMPLE 132 In the figure, DE and AC are the diameters B

of the semicircles and F and G are points of
G
tangency. Given AF = 3 cm and CG = 12 cm, F
3 12
find AC.

Solution Look at the figure. A D O E C

m(∠B) = m(∠OGB) = m(∠OFA) = 90°

(Can you see why?) B
r
So ΔOGC ∼ ΔABC. r G
F
r 12 3 12
Then = ⇒ 12r + 36 = 12r + r2 r
r
r + 3 12 + r
r r
r = 6 cm. A D O E C

In ΔΑBC, AB2 + BC2 = AC2

92 + 182 = AC2
AC = 9ñ5 cm.

EXAMPLE 133 The figure shows :O with a point of B4 A

tangency at D. AB ⊥ AE, AB = 4 cm, 8
AD = 8 cm and OE = 15 cm are given. O D
Find DE.
?

Solution Let us extend AB to C as shown. Then

B4A
C
AD2 = AB ⋅ AC 6H 6
8
82 = 4 ⋅ AC ⇒ AC = 16 cm. O
10
D

So BC = 16 – 4 = 12 cm.
Let us draw OH so that OH ⊥ BC. 15

Then CH = HB. (Can you see why?) E

118 Circles
 Since ADOH is a rectangle, AH = DO = 10 cm.
In ΔDOE, DO2 + DE2 = OE2
102 + DE2 = 152
DE2 = 125
DE = 5ñ5 cm.

Check Yourself 12
1. Two secant lines passing through a point P intersect a circle at points A, B, C and D such
that P, D, A and P, C, B are respectively collinear. A, B, C and D are located clockwise on
the circle, and PC = 4 cm, BC = 8 cm and AD = 3 ⋅ DP are given. Find PA.
2. ABC is a triangle and AE and CD are two altitudes inside the triangle. BE = 6 cm,
EC = 8 cm and BD = 9 cm are given. Find AD.

PB A
3. In the figure, PC = 4 ⋅ PA. What is ?
BC

P B C

A
4. In the figure, AB = 14 cm, AC = 8 cm and
D
BC = 9 cm. Find the length BE = x.
B 8
x
E

5. In the figure, m(DïE) = m(DïC), A

4
E
AD = 6 cm and AE = 4 cm. 6

Find the radius of the semicircle with D

diameter BC.

B O C

Answers
1 1
1. 8ñ3 cm 2. cm 3. 4. 4 cm 5. 9 cm
3 15

Segments and Circles 119

 3. Segments Formed by Intersecting Chords
Theorem
If two chords of a circle intersect inside the circle then the products of the two segments of
each chord are equal.

Proof Look at the figure. We need to show that D A

PA ⋅ PC = PB ⋅ PD.
P
Since ∠A and ∠D intercept the same arc,
namely BïC, they are congruent.
Similarly, ∠C and ∠B are also congruent. B

m( ∠A ) = m( ∠D) ⎫ By the AAA similarity

C
⎪⎪ theorem, ΔAPB and
m( ∠B) = m( ∠C ) ⎬
⎪ ΔDPC are similar
m( ∠APB) = m( ∠DPC ) ⎪⎭ triangles.
PA PB
So = , which gives us PA ⋅ PC = PB ⋅ PD, as required.
PD PC
Recall that this is exactly the power of the point theorem for a point which is inside the circle.

EXAMPLE 134 Find the value of x by using the information C

in the figure. A 2
E
4
3 B
Solution By the theorem we have just seen,
O x
AE ⋅ BE = CE ⋅ DE
4⋅3=2⋅x D

x = 6 cm.

Corollary
If the chords of a circle intersect at a point P .. . B
4

inside the circle then the products of the B3

lengths of the segments of the chords are all
equal because of the power of the point P. A1 B2
P
For example, in the figure,
A2
B1
PA1 ⋅ PB1 = PA2 ⋅ PB2 = PA3 ⋅ PB3 = PA4 ⋅ PB4 = ... A3
A4
= ... = PAn ⋅ PBn, . ..

i.e. PAi ⋅ PBi is constant for i ∈ {1, 2, 3, ..., n}.

120 Circles
 EXAMPLE 135 Find the value of x + y in the figure. E
D
F
x 4
y
P 2
C
Solution By the corollary we have just seen, 3
6
PA ⋅ PD = PB ⋅ PE = PC ⋅ PF, i.e. B

6 ⋅ 4 = 3 ⋅ x = 2 ⋅ y. A

So x = 8 cm and y = 12 cm, and x + y = 8 + 12 = 20 cm.

EXAMPLE 136 A, C and B are three points located counter-clockwise on a circle centered at O, and D is the
intersection point of AB and OC. If AD = 4 cm, CD = 3 cm and BD = 6 cm, find OD.

Solution Look at the figure. Let OD = x and let us

E
extend CO to point E on the circle. 3+x B
Then OC = OE = 3 + x. 6
O x
By the power of a point theorem, D 3
4
6 ⋅ 4 = 3(3 + 2x) C

8 = 3 + 2x A
5
x= = 2.5 cm.
2

EXAMPLE 137 The two circles in the figure are internally E

tangent at C. EF = FC, AF = 4 cm and
BD = 9 cm are given. Find the length EC.
A 4 F
B

9
D
C

Solution BD = BF = 9 cm (common tangent segments). E

So
AF ⋅ BF = EF ⋅ FC 4
A F 9
4 ⋅ 9 = EF2 B

EF = 6 cm. 9
D
So EC = 2 ⋅ 6 = 12 cm. C

Segments and Circles 121

EXAMPLE 138 Find the values of x and y using the D y
C
information in the figure, given that 3 E
4
F x
A is a point of tangency. P
5
B
8

Solution AP = PE ⋅ PD
2
A
2
8 = 4(4 + x + 3)
16 = 7 + x
x = 9.

DF ⋅ FE = BF ⋅ FC
3⋅x=5⋅y
3 ⋅ 9 = 5y
27
y= .
5

EXAMPLE 139 In the figure, m(∠BAD) = m(∠BCD) = 90°. D

Find the length x. 3
A C
4 6

Solution Since m(∠A) = m(∠C) = 90°, they

D
are supplementary.
3
So ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and AC and A C
Remember! 4 6
DB are chords.
If opposite angles in x
a quadrilateral are Hence 4 ⋅ 6 = 3 ⋅ x
supplementary, the
quadrilateral is a x = 8.
cyclic quadrilateral. B

122 Circles
 EXAMPLE 140 O is the center of the semicircle in the A
figure and AH ⊥ BC. Find the length AB.
?

B 5 O 3 H 2 C
Solution When we reflect the semicircle along BC we get
BH ⋅ HC = AH ⋅ HA′
8 ⋅ 2 = AH2 A

AH = 4.
In ΔABH,
AB2 = AH2 + BH2 B 5 O 3 H 2 C
2 2 2
AB = 4 + 8
AB = 4ñ5. A¢

EXAMPLE 141 The figure shows :O with OH ⊥ BC, C

BP = 4 cm, AP = 8 cm and H
5 ⋅ OH = 3 ⋅ OA. Find OA. B
O
4
Solution PA = PB ⋅ PC
2 ?

82 = 4 ⋅ PC A 8 P
PC = 16 cm.
So BC = 16 – 4 = 12 cm. C
E
Since OH ⊥ BC, BH = HC = 6 cm. 6 2kH
3k
Let us extend OH to make it a diameter. O 6 B

Then let OH = 3k and OA = 5k. 5k 4

5k
So HE = 2k and DO = 5k. D
A 8 P
Then BH ⋅ HC = DH ⋅ HE
6 ⋅ 6 = 8k ⋅ 2k
36
k2 =
16
3
k= .
2
3 15
Finally, OA = 5k = 5 ⋅ = cm.
2 2

Segments and Circles 123

EXAMPLE 142 O is the center of the semicircle in the D
C
figure. Find the length BD.
12

Solution Let us draw AC. Then AC ⊥ BC. (Can you see

A 10 O 10 B
why?)

In ΔABC, since BE is an angle bisector, by the

angle bisector theorem we have C
D
E
BC CE 12 3 CE 3k
= ⇒ = = . 12
AB AE 20 5 AE 5k
Now let CE = 3k and AE = 5k. Also,
A 10 O 10 B
AB2 = BC2 + AC2
202 = 122 + AC2
AC = 16 cm.
So 16 = 5k + 3k = 8k ⇒ k = 2 cm. Hence CE = 6 cm and AE = 10 cm.
In ΔBCE, BC2 + CE2 = BE2
122 + 62 = BE2
BE = 6ñ5 cm.
Then AE ⋅ CE = BE ⋅ DE
60
10 ⋅ 6 = 6ñ5 ⋅ DE ⇒ DE = = 2 5 cm.
6 5
Finally, BD = BE + ED = 6ñ5 + 2ñ5 = 8ñ5 cm.

EXAMPLE 143 What is the radius of the circle in the A

figure?
13 10
Solution Let us draw BE such that BE ⊥ AC.
Since BH ⊥ AC and ΔABC is an isosceles B C
13
triangle, AH = HC = 5.
In ΔABH, AH2 + BH2 = AB2
BH2 + 52 = 132 A

BH = 12. 5
H E
13
So BH ⋅ HE = AH ⋅ HC 5
12 ⋅ HE = 5 ⋅ 5
B 13 C
25
HE = .
12

124 Circles
 25 169
Then BE = BH + HE = 12 + = .
12 12
169 1 169
Since BE is a diameter (can you see why?), r = ⋅ = .
12 2 24

EXAMPLE 144 In the figure, AH ⊥ BC. A

Prove the Euclidean theorem
h2 = p ⋅ k. h

B p H k C

Solution Since m(∠A) = 90°, we can construct a

circumscribed circle such that BC is a A
diameter. Reflecting ΔABC along BC gives us
AH = HA′ = h.
h
By the power of H, p k
B C
H
AH ⋅ HA′ = BH ⋅ HC
h
h⋅h=p⋅k
h2 = p ⋅ k, as required.
A¢

C. PTOLEMY’S THEOREM
Theorem Ptolemy's Theorem
Let A, B, C and D be four points such that no three points are collinear in the plane.
Then (AB ⋅ CD) + (AD ⋅ BC) ≥ (AC ⋅ BD). If and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic,
(AB ⋅ CD) + (AD ⋅ BC) = AC ⋅ BD. These two results are together known as Ptolemy’s
Theorem.

Proof We will prove only the result for cyclic D

quadrilaterals here. C

The figure shows a cyclic quadrilateral.

We want to show that A

(AB ⋅ CD) + (AD ⋅ BC) = AC ⋅ BD.

B
We know m(∠DCA) = m(∠DBA) and
m(∠DAC) = m(∠DBC) because they intercept the same arcs respectively.

Segments and Circles 125

 Look at the figure below. We have rotated ΔADB counter-clockwise around the point D so
Claudius Ptolemy that D, C and B1 become collinear.
(c. 100-170) was a
Roman mathematician, Similarly, we rotate ΔBDC clockwise around the point D so that D, A and B2 become collinear,
geographer, astronomer as shown in the figure. As we can see,
and astrologer. He lived
in Egypt under the ΔABD ≅ ΔA1B1D and
Roman Empire, and D
described the theorem
ΔBCD ≅ ΔB2C2D.
presented here in his C
famous book, Almagest.
In Almagest, Ptolemy
We can also see that AC and DC2 intersect at P. B1

wrote about the P

movements of the stars We can write the following equalities by using
and the planets. The the triangle similarities: A1
book was originally called A
Mathematical Treatise, AD AP DC PC C2
= (1) and = (2). B
but was renamed DB2 B2 C2 DB1 A1B1
Almagest (‘the Great
Book’) by Arab scholars.
So ΔADP ≈ ΔB2DC2 and ΔPDC ≈ ΔA1DB1.
B2

Since DB2 = DB, B2C2 = BC,

DB1 = DB and A1B1 = AB,

we can rewrite (1) and (2) as

AD AP CD PC
= and = .
BD BC BD AB

So AD ⋅ BC = AP ⋅ BD
+ AB ⋅ CD = PC ⋅ BD
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
(AB ⋅ CD) + (AD ⋅ BC) = BD ⋅ (AP + PC).

Since A, P and C are collinear, AP + PC = AC.

In conclusion, (AB ⋅ CD) + (AD ⋅ BC) = BD ⋅ AC.

Note
Not every quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle. Only quadrilaterals which satisfy
Ptolemy's Theorem for equality can be inscribed in a circle.

126 Circles
 EXAMPLE 145 ABCD in the figure is a cyclic quadrilateral. D
4
Find the value of x by using the given
4 2 C
lengths. 4
3
A E

8
x

Solution We have AE ⋅ EC = DE ⋅ BE by the property of intersecting chords. So

3 ⋅ 4 = 2 ⋅ BE
BE = 6.
By Ptolemy’s Theorem,
(AB ⋅ CD) + (AD ⋅ BC) = AC ⋅ BD
x⋅4+4⋅8=7⋅8
4x = 24
x = 6.

EXAMPLE 146 Prove the Pythagorean Theorem by using Ptolemy's Theorem.

Solution Let us draw a rectangle inscribed in a circle. C
D
Since the opposite angles are supplementary,
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
O
Applying Ptolemy’s Theorem gives us
A B
(AB ⋅ DC) + (AD ⋅ BC) = AC ⋅ BD. (1)

However, AB = DC ⎫
⎪⎪
AD = BC ⎬ by the properties of rectangles.
⎪
AC = BD ⎪⎭

Therefore we can rewrite (1) as

AB2 + BC2 = AC2.
This is the Pythagorean Theorem, as required.

Segments and Circles 127

 Check Yourself 13
1. Find the radius of the circle by using the given D
measures.

ñ5 E ñ5
A 1 B

C
2. AB is a diameter of a circle centered at O and CD is chord perpendicular to AB. E is the
intersection point of AB and CD. If AO = 6 cm and CD = 10 cm, find the lengths EB and
OE (EB < radius).

3. What is the length of the shortest chord which A

9
passes through C in the figure? C
4
B
O

Answers

1. 3 2. EB = (6 – ò11) cm and OE = ò11 cm 3. 12

128 Circles
 EXERCISES 3
A. Segments Formed by Tangents 5. The radii of the
›
circles opposite
1. The figure shows :O P
are 8 cm and 3 cm.
and two tangents. 5
What is the
B A 12 B
Find the radius of distance between
the circle. 8 the circles at their closest point?
A
O C

6. In the figure, ABCD D C

›
is a rectangle and O
and C are the E
6
2. A and B in the P 4ñ3 centers of the arcs. K
60° A F
figure are points of
Given AD = 6 cm 2
tangency on :O. B
and BF = 2 cm, A O
Find the length BC. O
find FK.
B
?

7. In the figure, :T K P
3. In the figure, C ››
and :S are circles T
AB = 8 cm and and MNPK is a 6 S
AC = 6 cm. rectangle with
Find CD. MN = 8 cm and M N
8
MK = 6 cm.
Find TS.
A D B

4. The radii of the

›
B 8. In the figure, K
two circles shown at ››
8 KL = 20 cm and T
the right are 4 cm
PL = 15 cm. P
and 2 cm. A ?
Find KM.
What is the shortest
distance between the two circles? M L N

Segments and Circles 129

B. Segments Formed by Secants and 13. AB and AC at the A
Chords right are tangent to 6
:O. Find the radius E
9. Find the length B 4 A 8
DC = x in the 6 of :O.
P
figure. 5 B O D C
x C
D

10. A, B, C and D are four points located 14. Find the length CD B 6 A 4
counter-clockwise on a circle. P is point outside P
in the figure. E 2
the circle and PA is tangent to the circle at A. P, C
?
D and B are collinear and E is the intersection D
point of AC and BD. If AP = 8 cm, PD = 4 cm and
DE = 5 cm, find AE ⋅ EC.

15. Find the lengths P

11. ABCD in the figure D F C x and y in the y
is a rectangle and K 6
figure. 4
and E are points of A
C B
E
tangency.
x
Given CG = 16 cm
and BG = 2 cm, G
D
find DF. B
A K

16. In the figure, A

12. CB in the figure is 1
C P
E PA = 4ñ3 cm, C
tangent to the B
circle :O. Find the BC = PC and O E

radius of :O. 2PE = DE.

30°
D
A O ? B Find PE + BC.

130 Circles
17. In the figure, P 21. In the figure, E
D
PA = 8 cm, PA = 12 cm, ?
B
PC = 14 cm and 8 PB = 6 cm and C
B
AC = 12 cm. C BC = 2 cm. 6
A D?
Find CD. Find DE.
A 12 P

22. In the figure,

18. O is the center of A AE = 4 cm and F

the quarter circle EB = 2 cm.

?
shown at the right. B Find the length
Find the length of of segment AC.
E
segment AE using
D
the information 8 C
B E A
given.
O C 4 D

19. Find the radius of 23. Find BE in the A

B
the circle :O in the figure, using the
6 A
figure. 2 information given. H
O O
P
C 6
2ñ5
D B E 4 C

20. O is the center of 24. AB is a diameter of P

the semicircle at the 4 2

the circle in the
T
figure. Given O right. E

AC = 5 cm and D Find AB.

3
OA = 3 cm,
A B ? C
find BC. A H 1 B

Segments and Circles 131

25. In the figure, P A H B 29. OA is a radius of a circle centered at O, and BC is
PA = AH = HB, ñ7 a chord of this circle such that AO ⊥ BC. D is the
PT = 3ñ3 cm and 3ñ3 O intersection point of OA and BC. Given AD = 3 cm
and CD = 6 cm, find OD.
OH = ñ7 cm.
T
What is the radius
of :O?

26. O is the center of A

30. O is the center of D
› 8
the semicircle D
10
the semicircle shown F
E C
shown at the right. E in the figure.
7 2

AE = 10 cm, ?
Find OF by using the
AD = 8 cm and A 6 O B
information given.
m(DïE) = m(EïC) B ? C
O
are given.
Find the radius of :O.

27. In the figure, O is A 31. In the figure, C A

›
the center of the 2 CE = 9 cm, 9
E
semicircle, EF = 3 cm and E F
3
G
AE = 2 cm and FG = 2 cm. ?
O D
OC = 3 cm. Find GD. B D
3
Find BG.
C G? B

28. In the figure, C

D
m(AùDC) = m(BùCD), 2 32. AùCB is an arc of :O B
CP = 2 cm and ?
in the figure. If
P
AP = 3 cm. CD = 2 cm and C 2D
3
B 6
Find DP. DO = 6 cm, ?

find AD. A O
A

132 Circles
33 . Find the radius of C 37. O is the center of A
C
the circle in the ›
the circle in the 2ñ3
figure, using the 6 figure. D 30°
given information. A
H 12
B m(∠ADC) = 30°, O

4 AD = 2ñ3 cm and 4ñ3

BD = 4ñ3 cm are
D
given. Find CD. B

34. A, B, C and D are four points located clockwise on

›
a circle centered at O such that BD is a diameter
of the circle. AC and BD intersect at E,
m(∠BAC) = 60°, DE = 4 cm and BE = 8 cm.
Find BC.
38. In the figure, A O C
› B
AC & EF and
EF is tangent to the
D
semicircle at F.
E F
If AB = 8 cm and
35. In the figure,
BD = 12 cm, find DE.
M is the center of 2 N
the circle, 3
P
MP = 3 cm and M
PN = 2 cm.
What is the length
of the shortest chord which passes through P?

39. In the figure,

›
36. O is the center of A AC = 2 cm and
› A 2
the circle shown at BC = 8 cm. C O
?
ñ6
the right. Find the length of 8
C
AH = ñ6 cm and P D H O the shortest chord
HC = 3 cm are which can be drawn B
given. Find AP. B through C.

Segments and Circles 133

40. AB is a diameter of D 43. O and M are the C
› ››
the semicircle at the centers of the two
12 G
right. EC & AB, E
K
C circles in the figure
DK = FK = KC and and D is a point of A
E F
B
O
EK = 12 cm are A F B tangency. Find OF if M
given. Find the radius of the semicircle. OG = 12 cm and
AE = 6 cm.
D

41. ABCD in the figure 20

D C
› 44. In the figure, C
is a rectangle and O ››
10 O is the center of
is the center of the 16
O the semicircle,
semicircle. 6
A ? E B BD = 3 cm and
If AD = 16 cm, E
F CD = 6 cm. D
CD = 20 cm and
OC = 10 cm, find AE. Find AE. ?
3

A O B

42. O1 and O2 are the

››
centers of the
circles shown A
45. In the figure, A
O1 ›› ?
opposite. AB = AC,
13 O2
AE = 8 cm and 8 C
If BC = 3 cm and
C DE = 6 cm.
AC = 13 cm, what is 3 E
B Find AC.
the sum of the radii B 6
of the circles? D

134 Circles
 CHAPTER SUMMARY
1. Basic Concepts • Chords and arcs theorem: In a circle or in congruent
circles, congruent chords create congruent arcs.
• The set of all points in a plane which are equidistant from
a given point is called a circle. The given point is called • Congruent central angles have congruent chords.
the center of the circle, and the common distance is • Congruent arcs have congruent central angles.
called the radius of the circle. :O means a circle with • Converse of the chords and arcs theorem: In a circle or in
center O. congruent circles, congruent arcs have congruent chords.
• Any three non-collinear points in a plane determine a circle. • In a circle or in congruent circles,
• A line segment between any two distinct points on a 1. congruent chords are equidistant from the center of
circle is called a chord. the circle.
• A chord that contains the center of a circle is called a 2. chords equidistant from the center are congruent.
diameter of the circle. A diameter is the longest chord in • A diameter or radius that is perpendicular to a chord
a circle. bisects the chord and its arc.
• The length of a diameter is called the diameter of the circle. • In a circle, if two chords are not congruent then the longer
• Any unbroken part of a circle is called an arc. Arcs are chord is nearer to the center of the circle. Conversely,
denoted by their endpoints and the symbol ï : AïB is an chords nearer to the center of the circle are longer.
arc with endpoints A and B. • In a circle, the shortest chord passing through a given
• If the endpoints of an arc lie on a diameter of the circle, point P is the chord with midpoint at P.
the arc is called a semicircle. • In a circle,
• If an arc is shorter than a semicircle, it is called a minor 1. a diameter or radius that bisects a chord is perpendicular
arc. to the chord.
• If an arc is longer than a semicircle, it is called a major 2. the perpendicular bisector of a chord contains the
arc. center of the circle.
• An angle in a plane whose vertex is the center of a circle • A line in the plane which intersects a circle at two
is called a central angle of the circle. different points is called a secant line of the circle.
• The arc of a circle which lies between the two sides of a • A tangent line to a circle in the plane is a line which
central angle is called an intercepted arc. intersects the circle at exactly one point. This point is
• The measure of a central angle is equal to the measure of called the point of tangency.
its intercepted arc. m(AïB) means the angle measure of • A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to
the arc AïB. the point of tangency.
• The measure of a complete circle is 360°. The measure of • If a line is perpendicular to a radius at its endpoint on the
a semicircle is 180°. circle then the line is tangent to the circle.
• The length of the complete arc of any circle is called the • A line perpendicular to a tangent at its point of tangency
circumference of the circle. contains the center of the circle.
• The ratio of the circumference of any circle to the length • Two circles in a plane can have different positions relative
of its diameter is always the same number, called pi ( π) to each other:
and pronounced like the English word ‘pie’. 1. Non-iintersecting circles have no common point.
• The circumference of a circle with radius r is 2πr. Non-intersecting circles with the same center are called
concentric circles.
• If a circle has radius r and if the measure of a central
α 2. Tangent circles share exactly one common point.
angle is α, the length of the intercepted arc is ⋅ 2πr. Tangent circles can be internally tangent or externally
360°
We write AïB to mean the length of an arc AïB. tangent.

Chapter Summary 135

 3. Intersecting circles have two common points. If two • The angle formed by two tangents and the angle of the
circles intersect each other at right angles, they are called minor arc intercepted by these tangents are supplementary.
orthogonal circles.
• The measure of the angle formed by two secants of a
• The line connecting the centers of two tangent circles circle is half the difference of the intercepted arcs.
contains the point of tangency and is perpendicular to
the common tangent. • The measure of the angle formed by a secant line and a
tangent to a circle is half the difference of the intercepted
• A line that is tangent to one of two internally or externally
tangent circles at their point of tangency is also tangent arcs.
to the other circle. • A quadrilateral which can be inscribed in a circle is called
• The line which joins the centers of two intersecting a cyclic quadrilateral.
circles is the perpendicular bisector of their common • Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
chord. Conversely, if two opposite angles in a quadrilateral are
2. Angles and Circles supplementary then the quadrilateral is a cyclic
• An angle whose vertex lies on a circle and whose sides quadrilateral.
contain chords of the circle is called an inscribed angle. 3. Segments and Circles
The arc of the circle between the sides of the inscribed
• The two segments tangent to a circle from a point outside
angle is called the intercepted arc of the inscribed angle.
the circle are congruent. The line joining this point and
• The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half the
the center of the circle is the bisector of the angle formed
angle measure of its intercepted arc.
by the segments.
• The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of
the central angle which intercepts the same arc. • In a triangle ABC, K, P and T A

• The measures of all the inscribed angles which intercept are the points of tangency with

u–
u–
the same arc of a circle are equal. the inscribed circle on the

a
c b
T P
• Any inscribed angle α which intercepts a semicircle is a right sides a, b and c respectively.
angle. Conversely, if an inscribed angle is a right angle then

b
If BC = a, AC =b, AB = c and

u–
u–
it intercepts a semicircle.

c
the perimeter of the B C
• The arcs between two parallel chords in a circle are u–b K u–c
triangle is a + b + c = 2u, a
congruent.
• The measure of the acute angle formed by a secant line then AT = AP = u – a,
and a tangent line is half the measure of the intercepted BK = BT = u – b and CK = CP = u – c.
arc of the corresponding central angle.
• The circle that is tangent to one side of a triangle and the
• The two corresponding angles formed by a chord (or a
extensions of the other two sides is called an escribed
secant) and the two tangents which intercept the same
arc are congruent. circle of the triangle.

• The acute angle between a chord and a tangent is • In a triangle ABC, if the center
congruent to the inscribed angle which intercepts the of the escribed circle is O,
D
same arc. BC = a, AC = b, AB = c, Ay
• The measure of the angle formed by two secants (or two a + b + c = 2u, and D, E and c y b O
chords) that intersect in the interior of a circle is half the F
F are points of tangency, then x
sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle
AD = AF = u – c, B C x E
and its vertical angle.
a
• The measure of an angle formed by two tangents to a CE = FC = u – a and
circle is half the difference of the intercepted arcs. BE = BD = u – c.

136 Circles
• The sum of the lengths of opposite sides of a circumscribed
Concept Check
quadrilateral equals the sum of the lengths of the other two
1. If two inscribed angles are congruent, can we say that
sides.
they intercept the same arc? Justify your answer.
• A line that is tangent to two circles is called a 2. Is a circular cross-section of an orange a true circle?
common tangent of the circles. A common tangent that Explain your anwer.
does not intersect the line joining the centers of the circles 3. How many points are needed to determine a circle?
is called a common external tangent. A common internal 4. Can any three points determine a circle? What about
tangent intersects this line. any four points?
• The two common external tangent segments of two circles 5. What do we call the longest chord in a circle?
are congruent. 6. What do we call an arc which is intercepted by a straight
• The intersection point of the two common external angle?

tangents of two circles lies on the line which joins the 7. How is the number π related to a circle? Give an
approximate value for π.
centers of the circles.
8. State the relationship between the measure of an arc
• The common internal tangent segments of two circles are and the length of its corresponding chord.
congruent.
9. A line that is drawn through the center of a circle
• The intersection point of the two common internal is perpendicular to a chord. State the relationship
tangents of two circles lies on the line which joins the between the two parts of the chord.
centers of the circles. 10. Can every circumscribed triangle be inscribed? Justify
your answer.
• If A is a point lying on a line which intersects a circle at
11. What is the difference between a secant and chord?
P and Q, the product AP ⋅ AQ is called the power of A.
12. What can we conclude about two circles if the distance
The power of a point is unique for a given point and a
between their centers is less than the sum of their radii?
given circle.
13. State one property of the line which joins the centers of
• ‘Outer × whole = outer × whole’: If two secants intersect any two circles.
outside a circle, the product of the lengths of one secant 14. State the relationship between the radii of two orthogonal
segment and its external segment is equal to the same circles and the distance between their centers.
product for the other segment. 15. State the relationship between an inscribed angle and
• ‘Outer × whole = tangent squared’: If a secant and a the central angle which intercepts the same arc.
tangent intersect outside a circle, then the product of the 16. What is the greatest possible integer value of the
secant segment and its external segment equals the measure of an inscribed angle?
square of the length of the tangent segment. 17. Draw figures to show the angle(s) created when the vertex
of an angle is
• If two chords of a circle intersect inside the circle then
a. on a circle. b. inside a circle. c. outside a circle.
the products of the two segments of each chord are equal.
State one property of the angle(s) formed in each case.
• If the chords of a circle intersect at a point P inside the
18. What is a cyclic quadrilateral? What is one of its
circle then the product of the lengths of the segments of
properties?
the chords is a constant value.
19. How many escribed circles exist for any given triangle?
• Ptolemy’s Theorem: Let A, B, C and D be four points such 20. State the definition of the power of a point with respect
that no three points are collinear in the plane. Then to a circle.
(AB ⋅ CD) + (AD ⋅ BC) ≥ (AC ⋅ BD). If and only if the 21. Describe how to use Ptolemy’s Theorem to determine if
quadrilateral is cyclic, (AB ⋅ CD) + (AD ⋅ BC) = (AC ⋅ BD). a quadrilateral is cyclic.

Chapter Summary 137

CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 1
1. OS ⊥ PR, 65°
P 5. m(AïB) = 65° and A
B
OS = 4 and 7 m(AïC) = 135°. a
OP = 7.
S
4 O Find m(∠CAB) = α.
Find PR. O

135°
R

C
A) 5 B) ò33 C) 10 D) 2ò33 E) ò65
A) 60° B) 65° C) 70° D) 75° E) 80°

2. OH ⊥ AB and
OH = HB.
6. d is tangent to the B
circle and d
Find m(AïB). A O
m(PùBA) = 224°.
Q
H Find m(∠APQ) = x. O
? x
B A P

A) 60° B) 85° C) 90° D) 95° E) 100°

A) 112° B) 120° C) 124° D) 130° E) 136°

3. What is m(∠OAP)?
7. AB is the diameter 94°
4 P of the semicircle,
B
D C
O AB & CD and
8
6 ? m(CïD) = 94°. a
A O B
A Find the angle
measure α.
A) 60° B) 70° C) 80° D) 90° E) 95°
A) 20.5° B) 21° C) 21.5° D) 22° E) 23°

4. Find m(∠BCD).
C 8. AB is the chord of A
6
? D the circle :O. Find C
4
the length of the B
A 61°
shortest chord O

passing through C.
B

A) 30.5° B) 61° C) 65° D) 122° E) 125° A) 2ñ6 B) 4ñ3 C) 4ñ6 D) 2ñ5 E) 4ñ5

138 Circles
 9. PA and BP are B 13. Find the length A 8
P
tangent to the PB = x. x
circle centered at O. B
O 123° x P 12
Find the angle
measure x. C
A

A) 53° B) 54° C) 55° D) 56° E) 57° A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8

14. Find the length D

10. Find the perimeter D C
3 PC = x. 8
of the quadrilateral 4
C
ABCD.
x

6 B 4 A 3 P
A B
5 1 3 7 21
A) B) C) D) E) 4
A) 34 B) 36 C) 38 D) 40 E) 42 8 8 8 8

11. The perimeter of A 8 K 7

B
15. Find the length of
ΔABC is 42 cm. segment PA.
D
Find MC. O 12
B
P3
L M
2 C
?
? A

C
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8
A) 4 cm B) 5 cm C) 6 cm D) 7 cm E) 8 cm

16. m(∠B) = 73°, C

12. AD = 12, D C
m(∠C) = 88°, 88°
AB = 15, m(∠A) = x and D
BC = 16 and y
m(∠D) = y.
CD = (4x – 3). Find y – x. 73°
x
Find the value of x. A B
A B

A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 2 A) 15° B) 16° C) 17° D) 18° E) 19°

Chapter Review Test 1 139

CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 2
1. The diameter of the A 5. PA & BC,
circle is 26 cm and K A
m(∠P) = 65° and
AC = 24 cm. x C m(∠C) = 55°. C 55°
Find the length O 65°
Find the angle a
P
OK = x. measure α. B
D
B
A) 50° B) 55° C) 60° D) 65° E) 70°
A) 8 cm B) 7 cm C) 6 cm D) 5 cm E) 4 cm

6. AB & CD and D

m(∠CAB) = 24°. a
A
2. ABCD is a rectangle D E 4 C Find the value of α. 24° C
and D is the center O
of the quarter 4 G
B
circle. Find GB. ?
F
2
A) 48° B) 46° C) 44° D) 42° E) 40°
A B

A) 8 B) 7 C) 6 D) 5 E) 4
7. CD is tangent to the A

circle at C. Find
m(∠ACD). D
3. KL is tangent to the L ?
circle. Find the 52°
B C
angle measure x. 48°
O
x
M 124°
K A) 68° B) 66° C) 64° D) 62° E) 60°
A) 10° B) 9° C) 8° D) 7° E) 6°

8. m is tangent to the B

circle at A, m
110°
4. MK is tangent to K m(BïD) = 110° and
circle. Find the 12 m(AïC) = 54°. O t
x
z
length x. Find the value of D y A
M 6 T x O
t – y.
x
C 54°

A) 9 B) 10 C) 11 D) 12 E) 13 A) 28 B) 29 C) 30 D) 31 E) 32

140 Circles
 9. Find m(∠BAC). A 13. Find the value of D
x
x – z. 64°
?
143°
O
20° A 88° O
38°
C
C y
B z
B

A) 54° B) 55° C) 56° D) 57° E) 58° A) 55 B) 56 C) 57 D) 58 E) 59

10. Find the value of A 14. PA and PB are A

64°
x + y. D
tangent to the
P 45°
52° circle. Find the
y O x
C a
value of α. P
65°

C B
B 76°

A) 184 B) 186 C) 188 D) 190 E) 192 A) 40° B) 45° C) 50° D) 55° E) 60°

15. Line m is m
11. A and C in the A A
K
tangent to the B
figure are points of C
circles at A and B,
tangency and x
P
B 116° KC = 2 and
m(∠ABC) = 116°. CM = 8.
Find the angle C M
Find AB.
measure x.
A) 2ñ3 B) 2ñ5 C) 5 D) 4ñ5 E) 8
A) 52° B) 54° C) 56° D) 57° E) 58°

A
16. HB = 2ñ3 cm and
12. Find m(∠ACB) = α. A CH = 2 cm.
Find the radius of
C a 54° P O
the circle.
2ñ3
A B
H 2
B
C

A) 63° B) 62° C) 61° D) 60° E) 59° A) 7 cm B) 6 cm C) 5 cm D) 4 cm E) 3 cm

Chapter Review Test 2 141

CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 3
1. O is the center of 5. O is the center of O B ? C
C B
the semicircle, the quarter circle,
AOBC is a square OA = 4 and 4
and DE = 20. AE = EC. E
D A O E
Find AD. Find BC.
A
A) 5ñ2 B) 10 – 5ñ2 C) 10 – 2ñ5
A) 4ñ3 B) 2(ñ3 – 1) C) 2ñ3 – 3
D) 3 E) 2
D) 4(ñ3 – 1) E) 4ñ3 – 3

2. AB + CD = 20. D
6. MT = 5,
C T
MP = 4 and
Find AD. 5 6
TR = 6. ?
O E
Find PT. R
M 4 P
B
A

24 11 13 15
A) 14 B) 16 C) 18 D) 20 E) 22 A) B) C) D) 7 E)
5 2 2 2

3. The radius of the B

7. m(∠APC) = 30°, 86°
A B
smaller circle is m(AïB) = 86° and P 30°
6 35°
1 cm. Find the m(AïC) = 35°.
O C
radius of the bigger D Find m(CïD).
C
circle. 6
? D

A) 136° B) 138° C) 140° D) 142° E) 144°

A) 8 cm B) 9 cm C) 10 cm D) 11 cm E) 12 cm

8. AB = AP and A
P
m(AïD) = 62°.
4. AP = AB = 12. 44°
A Find m(AùBC). D
Find PC. E

B C
P ? C O B

A) 2ñ3 B) 4ñ3 C) 6ñ3 D) 8ñ3 E) 10ñ3 A) 208° B) 210° C) 212° D) 214° E) 216°

142 Circles
 9. 3x = 2y and C 13. Find the value of α. B
m(∠CAE) = 60°. x
B
Find the value of x. a 60° E C
D
40° P

D
A 60°
A
y
F
E
A) 15° B) 20° C) 25° D) 30° E) 35°
A) 10° B) 20° C) 24° D) 30° E) 35°

14. O is the center of A

10. PC = 5, A
the circle,
CD = 4 and C AK = KC and
5 O
PD = 6. P
OK = KD. B a K
D
E
Find PA. 6 Find the value of α.
D
B C

A) 60° B) 55° C) 50° D) 45° E) 40°

15 13 11
A) B) 7 C) D) 6 E)
2 2 2
15. CE is an arc of the E
circle centered at A, ?
D
11. ABCD is a rectangle AB = 6 and
G H
which is tangent to D 2 C m(∠DAB) = 30°
the two semicircles Find DE. 30°
A 6 B O C
and AE and AF are
A 12 E ? B F
diameters of the
semicircles. AE = 12 and DG = 2. Find BE. A) 18 B) 6ñ3 C) 12 – 6ñ3

D) 6ñ3(ñ3 – 1) E) 12ñ3
A) 7 B) 6 C) 5 D) 4 E) 3

16. ABCD is a rectangle, D C

12. The length of one
K 4 P and the quarter
side of the square
circle centered at A
MNPK is 4 units
O and semicircle with 6
and NT = 1. E
diameter BC are
Find the radius of T
tangent to each
the circle. M N A F ? B
other at E. Find BF.

3 5 7 A) 6ñ2 B) 6 C) 6ñ2 – 6
A) B) 2 C) D) 3 E)
2 2 2 D) 3ñ2 E) 6 – 3ñ2

Chapter Review Test 3 143

CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 4
1. ΔMNP is an M 5. O is the center of
equilateral triangle, circle, OA = 4ñ5
G is the centroid of and AB = 16. O
K
6ñ3 4ñ5
ΔMNP and Find BC. ?
MP = 6ñ3. A B
G C
N is the center of
the arc. Find the A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 7
N L P
length of KïL.

A) π B) 2π C) 3π D) 4π E) 5π
6. m(BïC) = 120° and B

C is a point of D
2. AB is the diameter C
D a C O2
of the semicircle, tangency. O1
AC = 6, 6 Find the value of α.
AB = 10 and A
A 10 B
m(AïC) = m(BïD).
Find AD. A) 55° B) 60° C) 65° D) 70° E) 75°

A) 5 B) 6 C) 7 D) 8 E) 9
7. KH = HL and T
M
3. BE is the diameter ?
A NP = PM. K L
H
of the semicircle and ?
Find m(∠M).
D
P
BD is the bisector of
∠ABC.
Find m(∠BAC). B E C N

A) 75° B) 80° C) 85° D) 90° E) 95°

A) 40° B) 45° C) 50° D) 55° E) 60°

4. O1O2O3P is a
P
rectangle and the 5 8. AC is the bisector of A
radius of the circle O1 ∠A and D
centered at O1 is
m(∠AED) = 95°. 95°
5. Find O2K. K O3
Find m(∠ADC). E
O2
B

5 7 8 9 C
A) B) C) D) E) 3
3 5 5 4 A) 85° B) 90° C) 95° D) 100° E) 105°

144 Circles
 9. O and B are the E F D 13. MN = 39, K 18 P
centers of the 55° PN = 13,
20 13
semicircles and KP = 18 and
r r
m(∠OED) = 55°. A O B C MK = 20.
M 39 N
Find m(∠DOE). Find the radius of
the two congruent circles.
A) 80° B) 85° C) 90° D) 95° E) 100°
A) 7 B) 6 C) 5 D) 4 E) 3

14. The radii of the

10. O is the center of A E
C
circles centered at D
the circle and
2 ⋅ PD = BC. A, B and C are A B
B a D
7
Find the value of α. , 5 and 1
O 2
24°
C respectively, and AC ⊥ BC. Find DE.
P
5 3 1
A) B) 2 C) D) 1 E)
2 2 2
A) 50° B) 51° C) 52° D) 53° E) 54°

15. DE & AB, E

AH = 2 and
A H
11. Find m(∠KHT) K m(∠BOD) = 30°. D

Find the radius of 30°

using the O
C
information given. T the circle. B

L H M
A) 8ñ3 + 4 B) 4ñ3 + 2 C) 4(ñ3 + 2)
A) 50° B) 45° C) 40° D) 35° E) 30° D) 2ñ3 + 4 E) 8ñ3

16. The ratio of the C B

a
radii of the circles
12. MN = 5 cm, M
centered at O2 and O1
NP = 10 cm and T H O2
K
R O1 is ñ2. CH ⊥ AB
MP = 9 cm.
A
L and AB is tangent to
Find TR.
:O1. Find the value
N S P of α.
A) 5 cm B) 4 cm C) 3 cm D) 2 cm E) 1 cm A) 15° B) 17.5° C) 22.5° D) 30° E) 45°

Chapter Review Test 4 145

 EXERCISES 1
24π 56 π 64π 36π 80 π
1. 25.5° 2. a. b. 3. a. m b. m 4. a. 9π cm b. cm 5. 3ñ5 cm 6. 135° 7. 17 cm
5 5 15 5 9
29 4
8. 12 cm 9. 2ò17 cm 10. 8 cm 11. cm 12. 9 cm 13. 30° 14. 8 15. cm 16. 3 cm 17. 3 cm 18. 8 cm
3 3

19. 6 cm 20. 13 cm 21. 4.5 cm 22. 4ò14 cm

EXERCISES 2
1. x = 54°, y = 90°, z = 36° 2. x = 73°, y = 32°, z = 75° 3. a. 42° b. 46° c. 35° d. 35° e. 58° 4. 150°

5. 7 cm 6. 57° 7. a. 75° b. 40° c. 58° d. 110° 8. 70° 9. 156° 10. 65° 11. x = 48°, y = 96° 12. 28° 13. 73°

14. 62° 15. 50° 16. 23° 17. 117.5° 18. 130° 19. 76° 20. 6.5 cm 21. 5 cm 22. 30° 23. 6ñ2 cm 24. 6 cm

25. 6 cm 26. 40° 27. 70° 28. 14° 29. 50° 30. 79° 31. 97° 32. 124° 33. 51° 34. 163° 35. 70° 36. 48°

37. 46° 38. y = 50° – x 39. 14° 40. 61° 41. 100° 42. 104° 43. 95° 44. 57.5° 45. 132° 46. 65° 47. 6°
44
48. 107° 49. 50. 22.5° 51. 80° 52. 85° 53. 8 54. 2ñ6 cm 55. 18° 56. 4(ñ3 – 1) 57. 45°
9
41
58. 45° 59. 59° 60. 72° 61. 61.5° 62. 120° 63. 100° 64.
43

EXERCISES 3
10
1. 2. 4 3. 2ò10 cm 4. 4 cm 5. 2 cm 6. (4 – 2ñ3) cm 7. 2ñ5 cm 8. 16 cm 9. 7 10. 35
3
6 10
11. 4 cm 12. ñ3 13. 14. 4.5 15. x = 5, y = 6 16. (4 + 2ñ6) cm 17. 3 cm 18. 4.5 19. 5
5
7 6
20. cm 21. 6 cm 22. 12 cm 23. 14 24. 10 25. 4 cm 26. 12.5 cm 27. cm 28. 2 cm 29. 4.5 cm
5 5

30. ò22 31. 6 cm 32. 2.8 cm 33. 5ñ2 34. 6ñ3 cm 35. 8 cm 36. 5ñ6 cm 37. 2(ñ7 – 1) cm 38. 1 cm
64
39. 8 cm 40. 4ñ5 cm 41. 12 cm 42. cm 43. 6(1 + ñ3) cm 44. 3ñ3 cm 45. 4ñ7 cm
5

146 Circles
TEST 1 TEST 2 TEST 3 TEST 4
1. D 9. E 1. D 9. E 1. B 9. C 1. B 9. D
2. C 10. B 2. C 10. B 2. D 10. A 2. D 10. E
3. D 11. C 3. E 11. A 3. C 11. B 3. D 11. B
4. B 12. C 4. A 12. A 4. B 12. C 4. A 12. E
5. E 13. A 5. C 13. B 5. D 13. B 5. D 13. B
6. A 14. D 6. D 14. A 6. A 14. A 6. B 14. D
7. C 15. E 7. B 15. D 7. E 15. D 7. B 15. C
8. C 16. A 8. A 16. D 8. C 16. C 8. A 16. D

Answers to Exercises 147

 common internal tangent: a common tangent that
intersects the line joining the centers of the circles.
arc: an unbroken part of the circumference of a circle.
concentric circles: two or more circles which have the
same center.
congruent circles: two or more circles which have the
same radius.
center of a circle: all the points on a circle are cyclic quadrilateral: a quadrilateral whose vertices all
equidistant from a given point. This point is the lie on the same circle. Opposite angles in a cyclic
center of the circle. quadrilateral are supplementary.
central angle: an angle formed at the center of a
circle by two radii or the lines which contain them.
The measure of a central angle is equal to the
measure of its intercepted arc.
chord: a line segment between two points on a given
circle. diameter: 1. a straight line segment through the
circle: the set of all points in a plane which are center of a circle whose endpoints lie on the circle.
equidistant from a given point (called the center of 2. the length of any diameter in a given circle.
the circle).
circumcenter: the center of a circumscribed circle;
the point at which any two perpendicular bisectors of
the sides of a polygon inscribed in the circle intersect.
circumcircle (of a polygon): a circle that passes
through all the vertices of a polygon. Its center is escribed circle: a circle that is tangent to one side of a
called the circumcenter at the polygon. triangle and to the extensions of the other two sides.
circumference: the length of the complete arc of a externally tangent circles: If two tangent circles share
given circle, equal to 2π times the radius r. no common interior region, they are externally
circumscribed circle: a circle which passes through all tangent.
the vertices of a triangle or a polygon.
circumscribed polygon: a polygon whose sides are all
tangent to the same circle. The circle is called the
inscribed circle of the polygon.
common tangent: a line that is tangent to two or more
circles.
common external tangent: a common tangent that incenter: the center of an inscribed circle; the point at
does not intersect the line joining the centers of the which the bisectors of the angles of a triangle or a
circles. regular polygon intersect.
inscribed angle: an angle whose vertex lies on a circle power of a point: the product of the lengths of the
and whose sides contain chords of the circle. The line segments AP and AQ created by a line through A
measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of which intersects a circle at P and Q. The power of a
its intercepted arc. point is unique for a given point and a given circle.
inscribed circle: a circle inside a polygon which
touches all the sides of the polygon. Its center is called
the incenter of the polygon.
internally tangent circles: If the interior of a tangent
circle lies inside the other circle, the circles are
internally tangent. quarter circle: quarter of a circle; an arc which
intercepted arc: the part of a circle that lies in the measures 90°.
interior of an inscribed or central angle. The measure
of the intercepted arc is equal to its central angle and
is exactly twice the measure of its inscribed angle.

radius: 1. a straight line segment between the center

of a circle and its circumference. 2. the length of any
radius in a given circle. The radius of a circle is half
major arc: an arc which is longer than a semicircle. its diameter.
minor arc: an arc which is shorter than a semicircle.

secant, secant line: a straight line which intersects a

circle at two different points.
orthogonal circles: circles that intersect each other at
semicircle: half of a circle; the arc between one end of
right angles.
a diameter and the other.

tangent: 1. a line which intersects a circle at a single

pi (π pronounced ‘pie’): the ratio of the circumference point, called the point of tangency. 2. A line or circle is
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of any circle to its diameter. and 3.142857 are two tangent to a circle if it touches the circle at exactly one
7
approximations of π. point.
point of tangency: a point that is the only common tangent circles: two or more circles which have only
point of two or more figures. one common point.