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(DBMS) Database Management System Text Book

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(DBMS) Database Management System Text Book

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Database Management Systems ‘Semester V - Computer Engineering (Savitribai Phule Pune University) Pankaj B. Brahmankar Director, Phoenix InfoTech, Pune, Maharashtra, India. "Mech-Maxransin ne Innovation Throughout : | Engineering Division _ nt Database Management Systeras ‘(Semester V - Computer Engineering, ‘Savitribai Phule Pune University) Pankaj B. Brahmankar Copyright © by Author. All rights reserved. No patt of this publicetion may be reproduced, copied, or stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopy, ‘evordng, or oher electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written perinission of the publisher. ‘This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by the way of trade or otherwise, be lent, esold, hired out, or ‘otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior writen consent in any form of binding or cover othe than which itis published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copycight reserved above. Sune 2017 June 2018 ‘This edition is for sale ia india, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanke and designated countces in ‘South-East Asia, Sale and purchase ofthis book ontside of these counties is unauthorized by the publisher, Printed at : Image Off, Dugune Ind. Area, Survey No’28/25, Dhayai, Near Pari Company, Pune -41, Maharashtra State, India, E-wail:rhulshahimage @ gmail.com ISBN. 978-93-5224-577.2 Published by / ‘Tech-Max Publications / Head Oftice : B/S, First floor, Maniraina Complex, Taware Colony, Aranyeshwar Corner, Pune - 411009. Maharashtra State, Indian Pha: 91-20-24225065, 91-20-24217965. Fax 020-24228978, Email [email protected], ‘Website : www techmaxbooks.com £310242] (FID : TP463) (Book Code : PO265B) ‘My dear students, Tam extremely happy to come out with this book on “Database Management Systems?” or the students. This Sook has been silly writen as per the syllabus, Lbave divided the syllabus into small chapters so that the topics can be arranged and understood properly. The topics within the chapters have been arranged in a proper sequence to ensure smooth flow of the subject. T am thankful to Shri. Pradeep Lunawat and Shri. Sachin Shah for the exicouragement and support that they have exiended. I am also thankful co the staff membérs of Tech-Max Publications and others for their efforts to make this book as ‘g00d as it is. We have joinily made every possible efforts to eliminate all the errors in this book. However if you find any, please let me know, because that will help me to improve further. Tam also thankful to my family members and friends for ‘patience and encouragement. 310242 : Database Management Systems Prerequisites Courses Diserete Mathematics (210241), Data Structures (210243 & 210252) Companion Course Database Management System Lat (310247) Course Objectives ‘To understand the fundamental concepts of database management, These concepts include aspecis of database design, database languages, and database-system implementation, ‘To provide a strong formal foundation in database Concepts, echaology and practice, ‘To give systematic database design approaches covering conceptual design logical design and an overview of physical design. Be familiar with te basic issues of transaction processing and concurrency contro. ‘To lear and understand various Database Architectures sind Applications. To lear a powerful, flexible and scalable general purpose database to hanile big data, Course Outcomes }On completion ofthe course, student willbe able 10 - Design E-R Model forgiven roquireaneats aid conver the same into database tabies, Use database techniques such as SQL gPLsaL. ‘Use modem database techniques such as NoSQL. ‘Explain transaction Management in relational database System. ‘Describe diftereat database architecture and analyses the use of appropriate architecture in realtime environment. ‘Use advanced database Programming concepts . Course Contents Unit |: introduction (07 Hours)| fuwroduetion to Database Management Systems, Purpose of Database Systems, Database System Applications, View of Data, Database Languages, Database System Structure, Data Models, Database Design and ER Model : Entity, Atributes, Relationships, Constraints, Keys, Design Provess, Entity Relationship Model, ER Diagram, Design Issucs, Extended E-R Features, converting E-R & EER diagram into tables. Unit il: SQL AND PLUISQL SQL : Characteristics and advantages, SQL Data Types and Literals, DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, SQL Operators, ‘Tables : Croating, Modifying, Deleting, Views: Creating, Dropping, Updating using Views, Indexes, SQL DML] Queries : SELECT Query and clauses, Set Operations, Predicates and Joins, Set membership, Tuple Vaciables, Set comparison, Ordering of Tuples, Aggregate Functions, Nested Queries, Database Modification using SQL Tnsert, Update and Delete Queries. PL/SQL + concept of Stored Procedures & Functions, Cursors, Trigger, Assertions, roles and privileges , Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL. {Refer Chapter 2) Unit it : Relational Catabase Design (08 Hours)| Relational Mode! ; Basic concepts, Attributes and Domains, CODD's Rules, Relational Integrity: Domain, Refereatial Lategnities, Enterprise Constraiats, Database Design : Features of Good Relational Designs, Normalization, Atomic Domains and First Normal Form, Decomposition using Functional Dependencies, | Algorithms for Decomposition, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, Modeling Temporal Data. (Refer Chapter 3) [Unit 'V : Database Transactions and Query Processing (08 Hours) Basic concept ofa Transaction, Transaction Management, Properties of Transactions, Concept of Schedule, Serial Schedule, Serializability : Conflict and View, Cascaded Aborts, Recoverable and Non-recoverable Schedules, Concurrency Control : Need, Locking Methods, Deadlocks, Time-stamnping Methods, Recovery methods : ‘Shadow-Poging and Log-Based Recovery, Checkpoints, Query Precessing, Query Optimization, Peformance ‘Taning [Unit V : Parallel and Distributed Databases: Introduction to Database Architectures: Multi-user DBMS Architectures, Case study- Oracle Architecture, Parallel Databases : Speedup nd Seale wp, Arcitectures of Parallel Databases. Distributed Databases : Architecture of Distributed Databases, Distributed Database Design, Distibuted Data| Storage, Distributed Transaction : Basics, Failure modes, Commit Protocols, Concurency Contol in istibuted Darabase, (Refer Chapter 5) Unit Vi : NoSQL Database Introduction to NoSQL Database, Types and examples of NoSQL Database - Key value store, document store, ‘graph, Performance, Sirictured verses unstructured data, Distributed Database Model, CAP theorem and BASE Properties, Comparative study of SQL and NoSQL, NoSQL Data Models, Case Study-unstructured data from social media. introduction to Big Data, HADOOP : HDFS, MapReduce. (Refer Chapter 6) i | 310247 : Database Management System Lab ‘Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Scheme Practical : 4 Hours/Week 02 Practical ‘Term Work 30 Marks 25 Marks ‘Companion Course Database Management System (310242) Course Objectives «To develop basic, intermediate and advanced Database programming skills. |e To develop basic Database adrninistration skills: To percept transaction processing Course Outcomes 1On completion of the course, student willbe able to ~ Je Develop the ability to handle databases of varying complexities Js Use advanced database Programming concepts Guidelines for instructor's Manual “The instnictor's manual is fo be developed as a hands-on resource and reference, The instructor's manval need to ‘include prologue (about Universty/program institute! departmendforeword preface etc), University syllabus, conduction & Asseesment guidelines, topics under considration-coucept, objectives, ovtvomes, set of typical applications/assignmeats/ guidelines, and references. Guidelines for Student's Journal ‘The laboratory assignments are to be submited by student in the form of journal, Joumal consists of prologue, Certificate, table of contents, and handwritten write-up of each assigament (Title, Objectives, Problem Statement, Outcomes, sofware & Hardware requirements, Date of Completion, Assessment glade/marks and assessor's sign, ‘Theory- Concept in brief, Database design, test cases, conchsion/analysis. Program codes with sample output of al performed assignmenis are tobe submitted as softeop. yy lab Tn-charge is highly encouraged. For reference one or two journals may be maintained with program prints at Laboratory.“ Guidelines for Assessment ‘Continuous assessment of laboratory work is done based on overall performance and lab assignments perforiaence of student. Each lab assignment assessment will assign gradefmarks based on parameters with appropriate ‘weightage. Suggested parameters for overall assessment as well as cach lab assignment assessment inclade- timely ‘completion, perforraace, innovation, efficient codes, punctuality and neatnes. Guidelines for Practical Examination ‘Both interaah and external examiners should jointly set problem statement. During practical assessment, the expert ‘evaluator sbould give the maximum weightage tothe satisfactory implementation of the problem statement. The Supplementary and relevant questions may be asked at ube tm of evaluation to test the studeu's for advanced Teaming, understanding of the fundamentals, effective and efficient implementation. $o encouraging ffors, ttansperent evaluation and fair approel of the evaluator wil not create any uncertainty or doubt.n the minds of the ‘udents. So adhering to these principles will consummate our team efforts to the promising start of the studeat's academies t I he Guidelines for Laboratory Conduction ‘The insirucor is expected to fran the assignments by understanding the prerequisites, echnological aspects, uflty and recent trends related to the topic, The assignment framing policy need to address the average students and inclusive of an element to attract and promote the intelligent students. The instructor may set multiple sets of assignments and distribute among batches of students. It is appreciated ifthe assignments are based on real world problems/applications. Encourage students for appropriate use of Hungarian notation, proper indentation and ‘comments. Use of open source software is to be encouraged. In addition to these, instructor may assign one real life application in the form of « mini-project based on the concepts learned, Instructor may also set one assignment or rmini-project that is suitable to respective branch beyond the scope of syllabus. Set of suggested assignment list is provided in groups- A and B, Bach student must perform atleast 13 assignments (@-Mandotory plus 4 from remaining & assignments) from group A, from group B and 2 mini projects from Group C ‘Operating System recommended :- 64-bit Open souzse Linux or its derivative Programming tools recommended : SQL, PLISQL, Front End: Java/Per/PHP/Pythow/Ruby/.net, Backend Monod/MYSQLOrecle, Database Connectivity : ODBCIDBC Suggested List of Laboratory Assignments (Group A : Database Prograrnming Languages - SOL, PUSQL 1.__ | Study of Open Source Relational Databases : MySQL. 2 | Design and Develop SQL DDL statements which demonstrate the use of SQL objects such as Table, View, index, Sequence, Synonym. 3, | Design at least 10 SQL queries for suitable database application using SQL DML statements : Insert, Select, Update, Delets with operators, functions, and set operator. 4. | Design at ieast 10 SQL queries for suitable database application using SOL DML statements: al types of in, Sub-Query and Viow. 5. | Unnamed PUSQL code block ; Use of Contol structure and Exception handling is mandatory. ‘Wite @ PLISQL block of code forthe folowing requirements : Sohema 1. Borrower(Rollin, Name, Dateoflssue, NameofBook, Status) 2, Fne(Rol_o,Date Ant) » Accept rofl_ad & name of book from user. ~~ Check the number of days (from date of issue), if days are between 15 to 30 then fine amount will be Rs Sper day. + If no. of days>30, per day fine will be Rs 50 per day & for days less than 30, Rs. 5 per ay. + Alor subiting the book, stats wil change fom Ito ‘+ tt. condition of fine is true, then details will be stored into fine table. Frame the problem statement for wilting PL/SQL bluck nine with abave stalerment. 6. | Cursors: (Al ypes : implicit, Expfct, Cursor FOR Loop, Paramoterzed Cursor) White a PLISQL. block of code using pavamaterized Cursor, that wil morge he data available in the newly created table N_RoliCall ‘ith the data avaiable inthe table O_RolCal If tho data in the fist table already exist inthe second tabla ‘hen that data should be skipped Frame the separate problem statement for writing PLISQL block to Imploment all types of Cursors intine with above statement, The problem statement should clearly state the requirements. PUSAQL Stored Procedure and Stored Function. ‘Write a Stored Procedure namely proc_Grade for the categorization of student. if marks scored by students in examination is <=1500 and marks>=990 then student wil be placed in distinction category if ‘marks scored are between 989 and 900 catagory is fist class, if marks 899 and 825 catagory is Higher Seeond Class ‘Waite a PLISQL block for using procedure creatad with above requirement, Stud_Marksiname, total marks) Result(Rot, Namo, Class) Frame the separate problem statement for writing PL/SQL Stored Procedure and function, inline ‘with above statement, The problem statement shoud clearly state the requirements, Database Trigger (All Types : Row level and Statement level tiggers, Before and Alter Triggors). Wile a database trigger on Library table. The Systam should keep track of the records that are being updated or deleted, The old value of updated or deleted records should be added in Library_Aucit aie. Frame the problem statement for writing Database Triggers of all types, intine with above statement. The problem statement should clearly state the requirements. Group B : Large Seale Databases ‘Stuy of Open Source NOSQL Database : MongoDB (Installation, Basic CRUD operations, Execution) Design and Develop MongoDB Queries using CRUD operations. (Use CRUD operations, SAVE metnad, logical operators) implement aggregation and indexing with suitable example using MongoDB. Implement Map reduces operation with suitable example using MongoD8. Design and implement any § query using MongoDB ‘Greate simp objets and array objects using JSON ‘Encode and Decode JSON Objects using JavalPed/PHP/Pythoa/Ruby ‘Group C : Mini Project : Database Project Lite Cycle ‘Write a program to implement WogoDB database connectivity with PHPY python/Java Implement Database navigation operations (edd, delete, ed ete.) using ODBCLUDBC, Implement MYSQUOresle database connectivity with PHPY pythoniJava Implement Database navigation ‘poratone (add, delete, ed.) using ODBCHIDEC. Using the database concepts covered in Part! & Partll & connectivity concepts covered in Part C, students in group are expected to design/and develop database application with folowing detalls: ‘Requirement Gathering and Scope finalization Database Analysis and Design ‘* Design Entity Relationship Model, Relational Model, Database Normalization | implementation ‘© Front End : Jave/PeMiPHP/Python Ruby/.net Backend: MongeDBMYSQLOracie ¢ ~~ Database Connectivity : ODBC/JDBC ‘Testing : Data Validation Group of students should submit the Project Report witich will be consist of documentation related 10 Uilferout phases of Software Development Life Cycle ; Till of the Project, Abstract, Intuckicion, supe, Requirements, Data Modeling features, Data Dictionary, Relational Database Design, Database Normalization, Graphical User Interface, Source Cade, Testing document, Conclusion. instructor should rata progress repo of min project throughout the semester tom project group andl assign marks as a art ofthe term work, 3 i | i | gE Tabie of Contents DeMs (SPPU-Como) Chapter 1: Introduotion to DBMS. $1 101-98 Sytabus Purpose of Database Systems, Database-System Asplicaions, View of Data, Database Languages, Database System Struct, Data Madals, Database Dosign and ER Model: Entiy, Atbutes, Relatonships, Constraints, Keys, RRelatonstip Moda, ER Diagram, Design issues, Extended E-F Features, Converting ER & EER diagram ino tables. 124 122 123 124 125 13 ry 14a wats 142 143 18 154 182 18 Ww ara waa aan 1713. 1A 174s 1748 ta tat 182 epee + Inoducton 10 Database Management “Systems, Design Process, Entity ‘Syllabus Yople: Intoduction to Database Management Systems, - Insoduction to Database Management Systems. ‘Syllabus Tople : Purpose of Database Systems... Purpose of Database Systems. Fila Processing Sytem. o (ravbacks of Traditional Fe Processing Systems... 12 Advantages of Dalabase Management System... Cisadvartages of Database Management System, Ditference betiteen File Processing and DBMS {GPPU- Dec. 13, May 14, Dee. 15). ‘Syllabus Tople : Database-Sjstam Appcations... Database-Systom Applicaton... syllabus Tople: View Of Data. ioe of Bat nso sat een Lal of Abstacon SPPU “Dee. 2). Schema onmnnnnaeee 18 M208 oe Lan 18 ‘Syllabus Tophe : Database Languages. Database Languages. (ata Datiition Language (ODL) wan ninnnninn 19 ‘Data Manipulation Language (DML)... 8 ‘Syllabus Topic : Database Syston StUctiT@ uuu 19 Database System Structure (SPPU - Dee. 13). Ww ‘Sylabus Topic : Data Moca. 140 Dat MOMS a 140 1490 of Data hc (SPU ay 13) co Rolatona! Model. ierrchcal Med cones MY Netwock Database Modes... Entity Retationstip (E-A) Meda ‘Object Oriented Database Model. Phyical Data Medel. 49 Sys Tope: Oatabase Desk and ER Mode! 1-13 Database Design and ER Mode conse HB Database Dasign en ER Modo 14 senna ¥ Syllabus Topic: Entity 1.8.2.1 Entity and Enity Sat... ¥——Syflabus Tople = Atibutes 1822. Atrbete... 2 Sys Tope: Relatonsip... 1828 AaHIONSTIBE oncsessnninnsn ¥ Syllabus Tople : Constants... . 1824 Constraints 7 ¥ Syllabus Tople : Keys... nan AR 1.825 Keys (SPPU-Deo. 18)... 4419 ¥ Syllabus Tople : Design Pr20288 ener 720 1.8 Database Dasign Proooss sn 20 ¥——_Sylabus Tople : Enty Relasonship Modo 110 Ently Relationship Model. ¥ Syllabus Tope : ER Diagram, nis BN 121 mr 1at ERDiagram.. 121 1.114 Mapping Caray n£ agra 1112 Samples of ER Diagram ¥ —_Sylabue Tope: Design lose. 342 Design isues Y-——Syabus Tope: Extend ER Fates, 113 Evonded BR Features (SPPU- Dec. 13, May 14, Dac. 16. LAB Speciizs80N nnn 1332 Goneralizaton.. 1433 Aputagaton. ¥Sylabus Tole Cuverng ER EER Bagram Into Tales... snes 114 Convering ER & EER Olagram nto Tables (SPPU- May 19). ee Syflabus : SOL + Characteristics and advantages, SQL Oata ‘Types and Literals, DL, DML, OGL, TCL, SOL Operas, Tables: Creating, Moiying, Oseting, Vins: Creating, Dropping, Updating using Views, Indexee, SQL DML Quorits; SELECT ‘Query and eiuses, Set Operations, Predicts and Joins, Set ‘membership, Tuple Variables, Set comparison, Ordering oF Tops, Aggregate Functions, Nested Quavies, Calabase Modification sing SOL ised, Updata and Oelete Qustes, USGL: Concept of Stored Procedures & Functions, Cursors, Triggers, Asserions, Roles “sic privileges, Embedded SOL, Dynamic SOL. ¥ Syllabus Topo: SOL. cece BA 21 SOL Characteristics and Advantages. sat ¥ ——S¥llabus Tople : Characteristics of SOL. 22 RAN Characteristics of $b enon sna Syllabus Topic : Advaniagas of SOL. 22 21.2 Advantages of SOL. ¥ Syllabus Topic : SOL Data Types... 22 | | 242 243 24a 248. 2s 254 2saa 282 28a 28 26. 283 a7 274 272 273 ara 28 2e4 282 209 204 292 293 210 Sylabus Topic: SOL Leas SL Lio.. Sylabus Tople DOL, ML OC, TCL. DDL, DML, DCL, TCL (SPPU- May 13, May 14) Data Det Langit (04) ‘Date Maniputation Language (DML) smn Data Contro! Language (DCL)... ‘Transaction Control Language (TCL}. ‘Syllabus Topic : SOL Operators... 80. Op 88 nen Athenee Ope nn COMPANION OPETALOE ernie Logical Operators ncnmninnnn Bitwise Operators, Compound Operators. v Syllabus Tope :Tattes-Croting, Moding, Deleting Tables : Creating, Modiying, Deleting Cretng Tabe.. Updating View. ‘View : Creating, Dropping Updating View Slab ope: LOM cans Se ery ‘Syl Tople: Oates Modcabon sing ‘SOL Inser, Update and Dslota Ques... Data Noda ig SO, hoe, pte and Delete Quotes. eo BAS vo BB 218 218 248 2416 2105 2802 2103 2.104 “ an 2a aaa ane naa 2ansa 24s 2a angr 2siee 2n123 [Ef opm (sPPU-com) “Tabla of Contents thon ‘Uri At IR NES Sylatue Topi: Peccatos and Joins. vee 27 Pracieats and Joins Prodieates . Comparisen Preicate Between Prodicate In Prodeale Uke Preical. ‘sqNoT]NULL.. Joins (SPPU - Dec. 13, Mey 14) Inner Jin (Equ4 Jon... ter Join SELF Jo Syl Tope: Tl varabios Tupe Variabas.. Sys Tope: Ondcng of Tus. Concatof Sore Procadres and Puntos. ‘Stored Prooodures (SPPU - May 13}. Tigger (SPPU- May 12). Syfibus Tope: Asserion Assertion. Asserion Vs Tiggrs. Sfisbus Tope : Roles and Prvlogos Palos and Pavieges.. EE ne «sn Prog... 7 ‘Sytiaous Topke Embedded SOL, Embedded $l osenne nn Aavanlages of Embodied SOL, Syllabus Topi : Dynaic SOL... ‘Oynamic SOL (SPPU - Dee. 19). DEMS (SPPU.Comp) = Base concept, AtMBuaS and Sorts ues. Ratonal tagity: Dorin, Rar *Pfs9 Constants. Database Design Fostures cf Designs, Nomalzaton, atic Domains and Fist ‘a Form, Decompositon ‘using Functional Dependencies, Decomsiion, NF, ON, BCNF. Modeing 8 Tople : Codes Rus Cocks Ruts (SPU tay 14, S¥tlabus Topi: Raton nog. Pelationalitegaty (SPPU- egy 13, Dee. 19). 8 Topic: Rational tog Domain. Domain inogity Constants... cs NO NULL. - Datatase Design . esa BF S¥ilabus Topic: Featros Peto Orage me Features of Good Relatonal Designs Topic: Normatza... a) Nomalzaon (SPPU -Dec. 4, Deo. 1, May 8). 310 Need of Normaizaon.. Anomalies... Sy nema Po sua 3102 an aan ang s24 Table of Contents Fist Alonmal Form (INF) - 342 ‘Sylabus Topie : Dacompestton using Functional OepENENCI ns o sonnne AZ Decomposition using Functional Dependency ...3-12 Functional Dependency cnn B12 “Types of Functional Dependencies 343 (Cosure of Functional Dependency... 918 Infersace Rules for Functonal Dependent. 3618 Syflabus Tople : Algorithm tr Decompositon.... 3-47 Decompastion SPPU- Dec. 3, may 14) a7 Desirable Propo of Decompsiton, 348 Syllabus Tople : 2NF.. 3.18 ‘Second Normal Form (2NF) (SPPU--Dec. 18, May 16, Oot. 1)... son BAD ‘Syllabus Tople: aN. sine AD ‘Thiet Nora Fon (SNF) (SPU May 19, Dec. 13, May 18, MaY 16. OC 18) smear nrerin ener -AB ‘Syllabus Tople : BON Soyee-Cosd Normal Form (BCNF) (SPPU- May 14)... a Ditorence Between SNF and BCNF Fourth Noemal Form (SPPU - ay 19). Diferance between 4NF and BCNF Syllabus Tople : Modeling Temporal Data. Moding Temporal Data Sevial scheduia, Sevatzabilty : Conti and View, Cascaded ‘bors, Racoverabis and Nen-acoverabl schedules, Concurenty Gontiot : Need, Locking Methods, Deadlocks, Time-Stamping Methods, Recovery Mothods : Shadow-paging” and Lop asad Recovery, Chackpoints, Query Processing, Query Optinizaton, Pesformance Tuning, ¥ ——_Siflabus Topic : Basic Concept of Transaction. 41 Basle Concopt of Trng260 econ 44-1 Transaction (SPPU- May 13, Doo. 13, May 1), Y .Sflabus Tople : Properties of Transaction... 42 Prepares of Transaction {SPPU- May 19, D6. 13, May 14) 43° Transaction States (SPPU- Get. 16) ¥ Syllabus Topic: Transaction Management. 44° Traneacton Management... o ¥ Syllabus Topic: Concept of Sched... Re g DBMS (SPPU-Comp) of Contents. 45 4 ‘ 452 453 484 4s 481 462 493 4631 4632 47 ana a2 473 4734 474 478 4a 402 4a24 4022 4823 403 484 4032 4033 49 492 4944 492 410 ‘Concapt ot Schade Sched, se ‘Syllabus Topic: Sarai Sched, Types of Sched es Agvantagas of Concurrent Execution of ‘Transactions, Diferance between Sari) Seda and ‘Sevslizable Schacle (SPPU- Deo. 14, May 18) an. 67 ‘Types of Seiaizabiity (SPU - May 14, May 16)... 49 Contict Sodaizabiy 4 ‘Vow Serizabity 4st Syllabus Tople: Racoverabi and Noncecoverable Schedules, ate Types ol Schoo Based on Reco. 412 ‘Racovarable Schedule (SPU May 14, Dec. 16)... 412 Non Rscoverable Sched... 412 412 aia Cascada Scud (SPPU Woy 38) ne Sit SH a9 Silas Tope: Coney CaN Hee nn 413 Conceney COM nn aa Noo of Conca Cre SPPU- DE. 18). 8 Dien Coneunerey Cone Proeats i (SPPU - May 18).. Syllabus Tepe: Losing Moo Leg Mate on Lock Based Prot “eet Bato Prac (SPPU-Hy 13. Siflabue Topic: Deaton (Deadtock (SPPU - Dec. 19)... Dasa REOMEHY stan Tope: Reon Methods. Precovery Methods nn Syabus Topi: op Based Reorey Log Basar Recovery (SPPU - Deo. 13, Deo. 18)... 1 ‘Syllabus Tope = Checkpoints. Chace ene Sylabus Tope: Shadow Paging. ‘Shadow Paging (SPPU- Dee. 18) nn. ‘Syllabus Tople: Query Processing... Quory Processing. 4101 Basle Slope in Quary Processing {SPPU- Doo. 13, MAY 18) nnn ‘Syflabus Tople : Query Optinzaton ‘Query Optimization Syflabue Topic: Performance TUBING son Performance Tuning. oA 2D Chapter 5: Parallel and Distributed Databases 5110 5.21 Syllabus + Ioducton to Database aritecures = Muliuser DBMS areriectires, Case Stdy- Oracle Arctitecture, Patt Databeses : Speedup and Scaaup, ArcitOcies of Paral Ostebases. Distibted Databases : Arhitstire of Ostibted (Oatbases,Disttbuled Database Design, Distibuted Data Storage Distbuted Transaction: Bais, Falure moses, Coment Pretec, ‘Goncurency Control in DetrbutedDatabono, . 84 84 513 ‘Sylebus Tople: Inroducton To Database Architecture - aitiusar DBMS Arcitecutes. Introduction to Database Arcitectur : Multiuser DBMS Architectures. BA Slats Tl Case Sly Orde roe. 8 Cave Suc - Orci Acectre ‘Syllabus Topo: Peal Databaso. Syllabus Tope: Speedy ant Sain Speedy and Seaoup (SPPU- tty 15, May 16, Dec. 16)... DifrartFetos Affecting tha Speedup and Soap Attuts (SPPU- Ose. 16)... ‘Syllabus Tope: Architecture o Paral Databese.. ~ 510 ‘Architects of Pell Databasa (SPPU-Dec. 14, May 18) Shared Mamory(SPPU-Dee, 15). ‘Shar Disk Architect. 7 ‘Shased Nothing Acticin (SPPU - Dec. 16. Hlorarchical ACHReCD nn Syllabus Tople:Distibed Dnabae... Citttos Database {SPU -Dee. 18, Dec. 15, May 18) Distributed Database Inrecucton. ‘dnigos of istuted Detaboss (SPPU-May 14, Doc. 18)... 56 58 553 354 saat 5542 555 5851 8552 5553 558 $561 5562 5583 58 561 882 87 874 872 i 873 Chapter 8: NoSQL Database 6-1 to 6-18 Disacvantages of Oistibeted Database... 53 “Types of Distbuted Database System (SPPU- Dec. 14, May 16) Homogeneous Disidbuted Database Systems Heterogeneous Distibuted Catabase System. Syabus Topic: Architecture of Distbutod Dateba$08 ene Architoctura of Distrouled Database (SPPU-May 16, Doc. 18) st ‘Giant Server Architecture for DEMS. a4 Pose-o-PearAzcitecturs for DDBMS. 54 Muti - DBMS Arte nn 518 Sylabus Tope: lsrbied Dabs Desig 15 Distitutad Database Desig.. BAS ‘Design Problem, 516 Design Strategies nn BAB yan Tople :Ostbuted Oat Storage 516 Oistibuted Data Storage secre 216 ‘Syllabus Topic: Disibuled Transaction Basics... 547 Distibuted Transaction . SAT Distibuted Transaction BASS. .uenineen SAT ‘Syllabus Tope: Faure Moses, oe AB Faure Modes... Syllabus Tope : Commit Preto Comat Protocok. (On-phase Commit Protect (1 PC)... ‘Two-pase Commit Protood (2 PC} {SPPU-Dec. 15). “Threo-phase Commi Protocol (3 PC) (SPPU- Dec. 15). Syllabus Tople : Concurrency Control in Distbuted Database... ‘Concurrency Contre in Distbuted Database. ‘Syliabue £Inracuction to NoSQL, Database, Types and examples ‘of NoSQL Databeso- Key vals store, dooument store, graph, Porformance, Structured vorses unstuctured data, Distibuted Database Model, CAP theorem and BASE Properties, Comparative study of SOL and NoSOL, NoSAL Dela Models, . (Case Study - unstructured data fom social media, nivoduction to i ig Data, Hadoop : HOFS, MepRteduoo. - 6A 62 | A ‘Syllabus Tople: introduction o NeSQL Database... 6 Aotroduction to NOSOL Database ee enee nin OA ‘Syllabus Topic : Types and Bxarples of NoSOL Databesa, - en yp and xaos FNS ODA. 4 Syllabus Topic: Key Valo S008 nnn 4 621 64 4a 642 643 | g DEMS (SPPU-Come) Table of Contents Koy Vauo Stora (SPPU-Oet. 18) 64 Syllabus Tople : Document Store... cS Document Sor Colum Store. . Sylfabus Topia: Graph Graph Sie ‘Syllabus Topic: Performance, nd Performance Syllabus Topic : Stuctued varees Unstructured Dat. sens ‘Sinuctured verses Unstructured Data. Unstructured Data... . (Comparison batwoon Structured and Unstructured Data. Sylabus Tople istvtedOalabass te. Distributed Database Model... Syllabus Tople : CAP Thoorom and BASE Propertas. CAP Theorem and BASE Popes. CAP Theorem... ASE Froporne (PU Mey 16)... Sau Tepe: Compare Sy of OL ‘Syflabue Tople : NoSCL Data Mode! aencrnen PA NOSQL Data Models... 62 ‘Sylabue Topic: Case Sud -Uneuctwed ata rom Soctal Mec... (Case Study -Unetructured Data trom ‘Sodal Media 7 ‘Sytlbus Tophe: Introduction to Big Data... Syllabus Tope: HADOOP - HOFS, MepFledice. 6-16 sno BAB Hadoop (SPU - Dec. 16) 616 odes (Compo) of Hadoop {SPAU- Des. 14, Doo. 15, May 16, Dec. 16)... 816 ‘MapReduce (SPPU - May 16, May 18)... scan 847 Hadoop Distributed Fle Systm (HDFS) ecu 7 Lab Alana, romance LOA (Questions and Anewors for In Semester xamination . Exam Oriented Key PoInS nnn KA £0 KAS Fully Sotved University Question Papers ga0 DBMS (SPPU-Come), 6 EReaaamene BNO Group A : Database Programming Languages - SOL, PLISOL. Table of Contents ‘Study of Open Source Relational Databases : MySQL LID Ls, Design and Develop Sl, DDL statements which demonstrate the use of SQL objects such as Table, View, Index, Sequence, Synonym THO to L416 ‘Design at feast 10 SQL querios for suilable database application using SOL DML statements: Insert, Select, Update, Delete wih operators, functions, and set operator. Tele ‘Design al least 10 SQL queries for sulable database application using SCL OML statements a ypes of Join, Sub-Query and View. Le wLat Unnamed PLSQL code block: Use of Control structure and Exception handing is mandatory. Write & PL/SQL block of code for he following requirements: ‘Schema: 1. Bowrowerfafin, Name, Dateotissue, NameofBook. Status) 2, Fin@(Ro_no,Date, Amt) ++ Accept roil_no & name of book from user. Check the numberof days trom dae of issue). if days are between 110-0 then {ine amount wil be Rs Sper day. + tno, of days>20, per day fine vill be Fs 50 per day & for days less than 30, Re, § per day. ‘+ Alter submitting the book, status wil change from I 9 ‘+ tf condition of fine is true, then detals wil be stored into fine table, Frame the problem statement for writing PUSGL block Inline with above statement. Laat Las ‘Cursors: (A ypest Imp, Expl, Cursor FOR Loop, Parameterized Cursor) Wile & PLISOL block of code using parameterized Cursor, tht wil merge the dala avaible in ‘the newly created table N_RollGal with the data availabe in the table O_ Rola, I the data in the frst table airoady exist inthe second table then that data shou'd be skipped. Frame the seperate problem statement for writing PLISQL block to implement all {types of Cursors inline with above statement. The problem statement should leary stat the requirements. Latta PUISQL Stored Procedure and Stored Function. ‘Wie 6 Stored Procedure’namaly poc_Grade forthe categorization of student. marks scored by students in xamination ie <=1600 and marks>960 then student will be placed in distinction catagory # marks scored are between $89 and900 catagory is first dass, if marks 899 4nd 826 category is Higher Second Class ‘Write @ PLISOL. block for using procedure created with above requirement. ‘Stud_Marks(name, total marks) Resul(Rol Namo, Class) Frame the separate problem statement for writing PL/SQL Stored Procedure and function, inte with above statement, The problem statement should clearly state the requirements. Cs Database Trigger (All Types: Flow level and Statement level triggers, Before and After Triggers). Witte a database trigger on Library lable. The System should keep track of the records that are being updated or deleted. The old vaiue of updated or deleted ‘records should bs added in Library Audit table. Frame the problem statement for writing Oalabese Triggers of all types, in-line ‘with above statement. The problem statement should clearly state the L360 La? requirements ‘Group 8 : Large Scale Databases. ‘operations, Execution) ‘Stuy of Open Source NOSOL Database: MongoDB {Instalation, Basic CRUD LS? to beat aoa i i ec Introduction to DBMS Introduction to Database Management Systems Purpose of Database Systems Database-System Applications View of Data Dalabasé Languages Database System Structure Data Models Database Design and ER Model : Entity, Attributes, Relationships, Constraints, Keys, Design Process, Enfity Relationship Mode! ER Diagram... Design Issues Extended E-R Features Converting ER & EER diagram into tables NE ‘Syllabus Topic : Introduction to Database Management Systems 1.1 Introduction to Database Management Systems ~ Data : Data is the information which has been translated into a form that is more convenient to process or move, ’ - Database : The collection’ of related data is termed as Database which-is organized in such a ‘way that it can be easily retrieved and managed. - Database Management System © A Database Management System (DBMS) is system software which manages the data, It can perform various tasks like creation, retrieval, insertion, modification and deletion of data to manage it in a systematic way as per requirement. © Database systems are designed to manage large amount of data by providing security from accidental -crash of system and unauthorized access. DBMS provides convenient and efficient environment which used to handle the data Syllabus Topic : Purpose of Database Systems 1.2 Purpose of Database Systems — Programming languages like Java, .Net are used to develop customized software's. Bvery software or application has its data to be stored permanently. - Progranmirig languages cannot store data permanently. For this purpose we have to use the Database Management System. The DBMS plays a significant role in storing and managing data, = Inn application we store data in DBMS and for operations like insertion; modification or deletion we write code in programming languages i.e. software is usually created wita the help of both Programming language and Database, When the application is executed on client side, the client or user interacts with interface of application which is created in programming language. DBMS (SPPU-Comp} = The database always remains backside and do not come in front of the user. Hence the database is ‘known as backend while programming language is termed as frontend. = To understand the purpose or need of database system, we need (0 study the previous option to store data which is called as File Processing System. 1.2.1 File Processing System = Tn our day to day life, number of times we need to store data in such way that it should be easily accessible whenever required. ‘The data may be of bank transaction details, daily expenses, employee details, product details ete. Before computers such data was stored with the help of papers. "After invention of computers, it becomes easy to store data with the help of files. ln the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems. Traditional File Processing System is a computer based system in which all the information is stored in various computer files. = Itstores data ina systematic way that the different departments of an organization can store their data ‘in set of files which helps fo manage and differentiate the data. = Initially the Traditional File Processing System seems to be useful but as the requirement of data processing and the size of dati increases, the drawbacks of this system comes‘in picture. ’ 1.2.2 Drawbacks of Traditional File Processing Systems Consider an example of {T company database system where the data of all the employes is stored. In 4 professional IT firm the. tasks are always done as teamwork. Different teams are assigned for different Introduction to DBMS. projects. Hence the data is stored indifferent files so as, {o differentiate 1. Data Redundancy © Sometimes as per requirement same data may be stored in multiple files. Consider an employee having record in both Employee and Team files. The name and address of employee is stored in both of these files. © Means the data get duplicated. If such data ‘increases, it leads to higher storage and access cost. This duplication of data in various files is termed as data redundancy. (© Intraditional file system, it is very difficult to avoid this data redundancy. 2. Data Inconsistency © When dala is to be updated the data redundancy may lead to data inconsistency. Data inconsistency occurs when data is not updated in all the files simultaneously. ‘0 For example if the designation of employee get changed,” then the respective changes should be made in both Employee and Team file. If for some reason, itis nct done, then it leads to data inconsistency. © Because for the sample employee, we may get different information” which may create problems in the processing of data. 3, Limited Data Sharing © is difficult to share data in traditional file system. Each application has its own private files and users have little choice to share the data Gutside their own applications. © To share data, we have to write complex programs. 4. Difficulty in Accessing Data © The need of data access varies time to time, Means different types of information is needed at different situations. © For example just consider that we want to retrieve the data of eimployees who do not have taken any leave throughout the quarter, In such case we have two options. © Wecan access the data by manual method or we have to write an application program to g DBMS (SPPU-Comp) Introduction to OBMS retrieve such customized data, Both the options are not convenient as both of them leads to wastage of time. © If we do it, then also it may be possible that after some time we may require data with some another filter criteria, The data retrieval for customized information becomes difficult because the conventional files system does not provide any efficient and convenient way to retrieve the data, 5. Data Dependence © In the files, data is stored in some specific format tab, semicolon or comma. If the format of any of the file is changed, then we hhave to make changes in program which processes the file. © But sometimes there may be many programs elated with the same file. In such case changes in all such programs should be dooe. Missing changes in single program may lead to failure of whole application. 6. Poor Data Control © The Traditional File System does not have centralized data control; the “data is de- centralized or distributed, In this system the same field may have different names iny files of different depertinents of an organization. © This situation may lead to.different meaning of same data field in different context or samie meaning for different fields. This causes poor data control. Y 7. Problem of Security =“ © Itis very difficult to enforce security checks and access rights in a traditional file system, To the file we can set password protection, © But what if we have to give access to only few records in the file? For example, in our database system, the project manager should bbe able to see all the data regarding teams uunder him © The team leader should be able to see data about his specific team. But payment details of one project manager should not be aocessible to his team members or any another project manager. In-the conveational Ble processing system, the application programs are added in ad hoe manner (for specific purpose) which makes it difficult wo enforce security constraints. 8 Conourrency Problems © Concurrency means access of same data by multipic users at the same time, This is very important aspect as it leads wo increase in performance of a system and faster response. Many advanced systems allow the concurrent access and manipulation of data, © Forexample, in our system, consider a record of an employee is accessed and updated by rmaultiple users simultaneously at atime. This may lead to inconsistency of data, if the concurrency is not controlled in a proper manner. © In another example if multiple: uansactions are make updations on a sate bank account, then it may show incorrect balance, if any other transactions try to access balance amount in between. © Itis very difficult to implement concurrency control mechanism on file processing system, which leads to incorrect or wrong dala retrieval, 9%. Poor Data Modelling of Real World © It is difficult for File Processing System to represent the complex data and. interfile relationships. This results in poor data ‘© That means the real world applications are difficult to implement using File Processing System, 10. Data tsolation © Itis difficult to store the entire data ina single file. It is distributed in different files as per the category. © These files may be in different formats because of which it becomes difficult to write application programs to access the desired data from these files. 11. integrity Problems © Every enterprise has its own constraints while maintain data in the files. Suppose in employee files the employee ID must start with ‘E’. Such constraints can be added while ‘writing application programs. ‘DBMS (SPPU-Comp) © But later on if any new constraints are introduced by the enterprise, and then it becomes difficult to add these constraints again. The File processing system does not provide any functionality to handle this situation. 12, Atomicity Problem co Pailure in a computer system may occur any time. When failure occurs, if any transaction is in its midway then it may lead to some incorrect data updation inthe system. © Consider another example of bank transaction where some amount is transferred from account A to account B. Initially the balance from account A is accessed and debited by Rs. 1000. Then we are going to credit it in account B. But before that system crash occurs which halts the transaction, © Now this situation leads to incorrect data updation in the balance of account A. In file processing system, it very difficult to handle such situation to maintain the atomicity of database. The purpose of Database Management System is to solve all these problems and give functionality to store and manage data in efficient and convenient way. : 1.2.3 Advantages of Database Management System 1. Controlling Data Redundancy © In File Processing System the different applications has separate filés for data storage. In this case, the du copies of the same data are created afénany places. © In DBMS, all the data 6f an organization is integrated into a single database. © The data is recorded at only one place in the database and it is not duplicated. Por example, the Employee file andthe Team file contain several items that are identical. © When they are converted into database, the dota is integrated into a single database so that mukiple copies of the same data are reduced ‘to-single copy. © Controlling the data redundancy helps to save Storage space. Similarly, it is useful for retrieving data from database using queries. 14 troduction OBMS 2, Data Consistency © The data consistency is oblained by ‘controling the data redundancy, If 2 data item appears only once, any update to its value has to be performed only once and the updated value is immediately available to all users. For example if there is change in designation of employee, then the changes are made in single centralized file which is available to all the users, 3 Sharing of Data © In DBMS, data can be easily shared by different applications, ‘The database administrator manages the data and gives rights to users to access the data, © Multiple users can be authorized to access the same data simultaneously. The remote users ‘can also share same data, 4, Data Independence © In DBMS we can completely separe the dala structure of database and programs or applications which are used to access the data. © This is called as data independence. If any changes are made in structure of database then there is no need to make changes in the programs. For example you can modify the size or data type of a data items (fields of a database table) without making any change in application program. 5. Data Controt © The DBMS provides centralized data storage, Hence keeping control on data is very much easy as compared to Traditional File Processing System, © Asdata is common for all the application, no possibilty of any confusion or complication, 6 Security 0 In DBMS the different users can have different levels of access to data based on their roles. In the college database, students will have access to their own data only, while thei teachers will have access to data of all the students whom they are teaching, | j { i | DBMS (SPPU-Comp) © Class teacher will be able to see the reports of all the students in that class, but aot other classes. The principal will have access to entire data, co Similarly, in a banking system, individual ‘operator and clerk will have limited access to the data while the bank manager ean access the entire data. © All these levels of security and access are not allowed in file system. 7. Control over Concurrency Ina computer file-based system, if multiple users are accessing data simultaneously, it is possible that it maylead'to some imelevant data generation. For example, if both users attempt to perform update operation on the same recon, then one may overwrite the values recorded by the other. © Most database management systems have subssystems to control the concurrency so that transactions are always recorded with accuracy. 8. Data Modelling of Real World co The DBMS has many functionalities are provided to represent the complex data and interfile relationships. © This helps to map the database viith real ‘word applications. 1.2.4 Disadvantages of Database Management System Increased Costs a / © To install Database Systems, we require standard software afd hardware. Also to handle the Database System, highly skilled personnel are required. © The cost of maintaining the software, hardware, and personnel required to operate and manage the database system is more, © The cost of training, license, and regulation compliance also increases the overall expenses. 2. Complexity ‘© Sometimes because of higher functionality expectations, the design of Database may become very complex. Introduction to DBMS © To utilize such database with complete efficiency, all the stakeholders like database designers, devetopers, database administrators and end-users must understand — the Functionality. © Failure in understanding the system can lead to wrong design decisions, because of which serious consequences for an organization may occur, 3. Size ‘The DBMS becomes extremely large piece of software because of the complexity of functionality occupying large amount of disk space and requiring substantial amounts of memory to run efficiently. 4. Frequent Upgrade/Replacement Cycles © New functionalities are often “added into DBMS by their vendors. These new features ‘often come bundled in new upgraded versions of the same software. © Sometimes these versions require hardware upgrades which increases. expenses. Also work to tain database users and administrators to properly use and manage the new features get increased. 5. Higher Impact of a Failure © The DBMS is placed at centralized location which increases the vulnerability of the system. ‘© That means the DBMS may get attacked and hharmed. Since all users and applications rely ‘on the centralized database, the failure of any ‘component can bring operations to a halt. 6. Performance o Usually, a File Based system is written for a specific application. Hence, the performance is generally very good. © While the DBMS is written fo be more ‘general, to cater for multiple applications rather than any specific one. ‘0 Because of which some applications may not fu as fast as they used to. © There are number of advantages of DBMS over File System. DBMS (SPPU-Comp) 1.25 Difference between File Processing and DBMS 1. | Duplicate data may exist in multiple files which lead to data redundancy. ‘The data is integrated which avoids - data redundancy. Introduction to DBMS Concurrency problems means updation of same data by multiple ‘users may generate intelevant results. DBMS have sub- systems to contzol the concurrency. into a single database | It is difficult for File Processing System to ‘epresent the complex data and interfile relationships. This results in poor data ‘modelling. ‘The DBMS has many functionalities are 2 | Data inconsistency | The data consistency occurs when data is| is obtained — by not updated in ali the | controlling the data files simultaneously. | redundaney 3. | It is difficult 10 share | In DBMS, data can data in traditional file | be easily shared by system, different applications, 4. [in the files, data is] In DBMS we can stored in specific | completely separate format. If the format| the data structure of of any of the file is | database and. changed, then we have | programs or to make changes in| applications — which program, which | are used 16 access the processes the file. date, 7 5. | The Traditional File | The‘DBMS provides System does not have | ceftralized data centralized data | storage Hence control; the data is de- | keeping control on centralized or| data is very much distributed. easy. 6. | It is very difficult to] In DBMS the ~ | enforce security | different used can checks and access tights in a traditional file system. hhave different levels of access to” data based on their roles which provides strong security to data, Syllabus Topic : Database-System Applications 1.3 _Database-System Applications For any enterprise, its data is very important which helps to manage the business as well as decide some strategies to survive and grow the business in this competitive world A Database “Management System is a computerized record-keeping system. It ‘works as a container for collection of computerized data files. : ‘The overall purpose of DBMS is to provide functionality to the users to create, store, retrieve and ‘update the information contained inthe databese as per requirement. Information can be of an individual or an organization, Databases touch all aspects of our lives. Some of the major areas of application are as follows : = Telecom : In Télecom sector database is, maintained to keep track of the information about calls made, customer details, network usage ete. Without using database systems it is dificult to maintain such huge amount of data which keeps track of every second. Banking : In benking sector the data related to transactions of customers is very huge, Such data can be comfortably stored in the Database ‘Management System. The DBMS is also used for storing customer personal information, tracking day to day credit and debit transactions, generating bank statements etc. DBMS (SPPU-Comp) = Industry : In industry database management plays ‘an important role. in departments like production, sales or account it is very eosential to store the dala im systematic format For example in production department the data about. ‘manufactured products is stored which is very useful for sales department to keep track of orders. ~ E-commerce : There ae number of online shopping websites such as ebay, Flipkart Amazon, etc. ‘These sites store the information about various products, user addresses, their preferences and credit details. It can be implemented using Database Management System only. ~ Airlines : In airlines, the data of ticket booking, flight schedule, employee details, and customer detais is very huge. Such data can be managed using the Database Management System. ~ Edueation System : In education sector, the schools, colleges, private institutes have to store daia of students, teachers, exam schedules, accounts etc which can be handles by Database Management System, — Railway Reservation System: Database ‘Management System helps in keeping record of ticket booking, deperture and arrival status of train etc. ~ Library Management System : In the jibrary there are thousands of books which make it very difficult t0 keep record of all the books in a register. The DBMS can be used to maintain this information about book issue dates, names of the ‘books, authors and availablity of the book. friends. Daily millions of uisers signed up for these social media accounts like Facebook, Whatsapp, Twitter, and Google plus, The data of these millions of users and their chats can store using Database Management System. Syllabus Topic : View Of Data 1.4 View of Data AS we have seen a data base system is collection of relaied data and system software which manages the data. The data is gonerally stored in a detailed and complex manner. [tis important to provide an abstract, view of data to the user. Untroduction to DEMS. To understand the view of data, first we have to Jearm the concept of abstraction. 1, .4.1 Abstraction Abstraction is an important feature of Database Management System. Extracting the important data by ignoring the remaining relevant details is known as abstraction, Database systems are usually made-up of complex data structures as per their requirements. To make the user interaction easy with database, the internal irelevant details can be hidden from users, This process of hiding irrelevant details from user is called data abstraction. ‘The complexity of database can be hiding from user by different level of abstraction as follows. 1.4.1.1 Levels of Abstraction EEZTEDSSER? Fig. LAL |. Physical fevel In data abstraction Physical level is the lowest level. This level describes how the data is actually stored in the physical memory. The physical memory may be hard disks, ‘magnetic tapes, etc. In Physical level the methods like hashing 272 used for organization purpose. Developer would know the requirement, size" accessing frequency of the records clearly in this level which makes easy to design this level, Logical tevet This is the next higher level of abstraction which is used to describe what data the database stores, ‘and what relationships exist in between the data items. The logical ievel thus describes an entire database in terms of a small number of relatively simple structures. ‘Although implementation of the simple structures at the logical level may involve complex physical level structures, the user of the logical level does ‘not need to be aware of this complexity. This is ‘considered as physical data independence. Database administrators use the logical level of abstraction to decide what information to keep ina database, View level Ie is the highest level of data abstraction. This level describes the user interaction with database system. In the logical level, simple structures are used but still complexity remains because in the large database various type of information is stored. Many users are not aware of technical details of the system, and also they need not to access whole {information from the database. Hence it is necessary to provide a simple and short interface for such users as pet their requirements. Muliple views can be created for same database for multiple users, Example : Consider that we are storing information of all the employees of an organization in employee table. Af physical level these records can be described as blocks of storage (bytes, gigabytes, terabytes’ etc.) in memory. ‘These details are usually hidden from the developer. The records can be described as fields and attributes along with their data types at the logical fevel. The relationship between these fields can be implemented logically. Usually the--developer ‘works at this level because they have knowledge of such things about database systems. End usec interacts with system with the help of GU and enters the dels at the screed at view level. User is not aware of how the data is stored and what data is stored; such details are hidden -from them. g ‘DAMS (SPPU-Comp) {ntroduction to DBMS Schema =» The design of a database is called the schema, To understand schema we can consider an example of ‘3 program of an application. A variable or array declaced with its structure (data type and/or size) is schema. The changes in schema or not frequent. = Types of Schema : According to the level of abstraction, the database schema is divided into three types : Physical schema, Logical svhemma and ‘View schema, (® Physical schema is the design of « database at physical level, ic. how the data stored in the blocks of storage is described in this level. (li) Logical schema is the design of database at logical level, Developers and database administrators work at this level. Here the data can be described ascertain types of data records gets stored in data structures, however the internal dolails like the implementation of data structure are hidden at this level. (it) View schema refers'to design of database at view level. This usually describes the end user interaction with database systems. There may be multiple schemas af view level 14.3 Instance Jn database changes are quite frequent i.c. insertion, deletion ot updation are the frequent operations on database. The data is stored in the database at particular moment is called as instance of the database. In the example of application program, the value of a variable at particular time or situation is called as instance of database schema. ——$_— ‘Syllabus Topic : Database Languages 1.5 Database Languages In general in a database system, the Data Definition Language is used to specify schemas (design) of # database while the data manipulation Tanguage is used to fire queries (commands) on database in order to manipulate it. Both are the main pillars of database language like SQL. With DDL and DML the database system also has the languages like DCL and TCL for different functionalities. The database languages are categorized 4 DDL, DML, DCL and TCL. (fons iseru-com) 1.5.1 Data Definition Language (DDL} ‘The DDL specify the schema of database by set of definitions. This language allows the users to define dats and their relationship to other types of data, It is used to create data tables, dictionaries, and files, within databases. ‘The DDL is also. used to specify the structure of each table, set of associated values with each attribute, integrity constraints, security and authorization’ information for all the tables and physical storage structure of alt the tables on the disk. ‘The data values stored in the database should satisfy some constraints for consistency purpose. For example the salary of an employee. should never be negative or the employee id should start with ‘E’ etc. The .Data Definition Languages provides functionality to specify such constrains, 1.5.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML) ‘The Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used for accessing and manipulating data in a database, DML provides a set of functionalities to support the basic data manipulation operations on thé data stored in the database. ‘The DMS is basically of two types. 1) Procedural DML ~ There is acequirement of user to specify which data’is required and how get this data. é 2) Declarative DML - Here is also requirement of user to specify which data is required and without specifying how get this data, This is easier (0 understand and useful than procedural DML. A concept of query is used for processing. Query isa statement or command which requests the retrieval of information from the database, The part of DME which involved information rettieval is known as query language. The tee levels of abstraction are used in defining structure of data as well as to manipulate the data. 19 Introduction to DBMS ‘Syllabus Topic : Database System Structure DBMS (Database Management System) acts as an interface between the user and the database. The user requests the DBMS to perform various operations (retrieve, insert, delete and update} on the database, ‘The components of DBMS perform these requested operations on the database and provide necessary data to the users. The various components of DBMS are as shown below Fig. 1.6, : Database System Structure ‘Structure of DBMS The Structure of DBMS contains following components 1, DDL Compiler © The DDL Compiler converts DDL. commands into set of tables containing metadata stored ina data dictionary. ‘©The metadata information is name of the files, data items, storage details of each file, ‘mapping information and constraints ete. fan | | DBMS (SPPU-Com; 2. DML Compiler and Query optimizer © The DML commands such as retrieve, insert, update, delete ete. from the application program are sent t9 the DML compiler for compilation. It converts these commands into object code for understanding of database, ©The object code is then optimized in the best way to execute a query by ihe query optimizer and then send to the data manager. 3. Data Manager © The Data Manager is the central software component of the DBMS also known as Database Controt System, © The main functions of Data Manager are : © It converts the requests received from query optimizer to machine understandable form. Tt makes actual request inside the database. © Controls DBMS information access that is stored on disk. © It controls handling buffers in main memory. © Tt enforces constraints to maintain consistency and integrity ofthe date, © It synchronizes . the simultanepus ‘operations pecformed by the concurrent users, © [also controls the backup and recovery operations, 4 Data Dictionary / Data Dietionary is a repository of description of data in the database: It contains information about © Data names ofthe tables, names of attributes of each table, length of attributes, and number ‘of rows in each table, ‘© Relationships between database transactions and data items referenced by them which are useful in determining which transactions. are affected when certain data definitions are changed. o Constraints on data ic. range of values permitted, © Detailed information on physical database design such as storage structure, access paths, files and record sizes, Introduction to DBMS © Access Authorization - is the Description of database users their responsibilities and their access rights, © Usage statistics such as frequency of query and transactions. © Data dictionary is used to actually control the data integrity and accuracy. It may be used as ‘an important past of the DBMS. Importance of Data Dictionary © Data Dictionary is necessary in the databases ddue to following reasons: 0 It improves the control of DBA over the information system and users understanding for the use of the system, © It helps in’ documenting the database design process by storing documentation of the result of every design phase and design decisions, © Ithelps in searching the views on the database. definitions of those views. © It provides great assistance in producing a report of which daia elements (ie. data values) are used in all the programs. Data File It contains the data portion of the database i. it has the real daia stored in it. It ean be stored as ‘magnetic disks, magnetic tapes or optical disks. ‘Complled DML. © The DML complier converts the high fevel ‘Queries into Jow level file access commands known as compiled DML. © Some of the processed DML statemeats (insert, update, delete) ae stored in it $0 that if there is similar requests, the data can be reused. End Users ‘They are the real users of the database, They can be developers, designers, administrator or the actual users of the database... Syllabus Topic : Data Models Data Models ‘Basic Concept of Data Models ‘The process of analysis of data object and their database. It is the first step in database designing. Data models define how data is connected to each other and hhow they ace processed and stored inside the system. A data model provides a way to describe the design of a

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