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Data & Digital Communications - Module 4

Cable Testing

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Tawki Baki
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59 views5 pages

Data & Digital Communications - Module 4

Cable Testing

Uploaded by

Tawki Baki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data & Digital Communications

Module 4: Cable Testing


CCNA 1: Introduction to Networks

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only. inspired by Cisco Networking Academy

Agenda

Watch full discussion: https://youtu.be/4MtYO8PzO44

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Frequency-Based Cable Testing - Waves

• A wave is energy that travels from one place to another.


There are many types of waves, but all can be described
with similar vocabulary.
• The amplitude of an electrical signal still represents
height, but it is measured in volts (V) instead of meters
(m).
• The period is the amount of time that it takes to complete
1 cycle. This is measured in seconds.
• The frequency is the number of complete cycles per
second. This is measured in Hz.
• If a disturbance is deliberately caused, and involves a
fixed, predictable duration, it is called a pulse.

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Bandwidth

• Two types of bandwidth that are important for the study of LANs are:
• Analog bandwidth (in Hz)
• typically refers to the frequency range of an analog electronic system.
• could be used to describe the range of frequencies transmitted by a radio station or an electronic
amplifier.
• unit of measurement for analog bandwidth is hertz (Hz), the same as the unit of frequency.
• Digital bandwidth (in bps)
• measures how much information can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time.
• The fundamental unit of measurement for digital bandwidth is bps.
• Since LANs are capable of speeds of thousands or millions of bits per second, measurement is expressed
in kbps or Mbps.
• Physical media, current technologies, and the laws of physics limit bandwidth.

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Signals and Noise 1/3

• The two basic types of copper cable are shielded and unshielded.
• Purpose of shielding:
• shielding material protects the data signal from external sources of noise and;
• from noise generated by electrical signals within the cable.
• Two types of twisted-pair cable:
• shielded twisted-pair (STP) and
• unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair


Types of shielding that are used in shielded
twisted-pair (STP) cable:
• braided conductive/shield
• foil-screened/shield

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Signals and Noise 2/3

• UTP:
• contains no shielding
• more susceptible to external noise
• most frequently used because it is inexpensive and;
• easier to install.

Unshielded Twisted
Pair

Fiber-optic cable: binary ones and zeros are


represented in fiber optic installations by:
• light/no light
• increasing/decreasing light intensity

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Signals and Noise 3/3

Wire Connections

• When connectors are attached to the ends of UTP cable, the wire pairs should be
untwisted as little as possible to ensure reliable LAN communications.

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Cable Testing Standards

• TIA/EIA-568-B standard:
• This standard specifies ten tests that a copper cable must pass if it will be used for modern, high-
speed Ethernet LANs.
• All cable links should be tested to the maximum rating that applies for the category of cable being
installed.
• The ten primary test parameters that must be verified for a cable link to meet TIA/EIA standards are:
• Wire map
• Insertion loss
• Near-end crosstalk (NEXT)
• Power sum near-end crosstalk (PSNEXT)
• Equal-level far-end crosstalk (ELFEXT)
• Power sum equal-level far-end crosstalk (PSELFEXT)
• Return loss
• Propagation delay
• Cable length
• Delay skew

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Cable Testing Standards

• The Ethernet standard specifies that


each of the pins on an RJ-45
connector have a particular purpose.
• A NIC transmits signals on pins 1
and 2, and it receives signals on pins
3 and 6. The wires in UTP cable must
be connected to the proper pins at
each end of a cable.

Ethernet Standards

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Recap

All slides are customized by Engr. VernonD. For educational purposes only.

Copyright © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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