NOT

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Science
Quarter 3 - Module 1:
Week 1(Types of Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruption)

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What I Know (Pretest)

I. Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the BEST answer. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a sheet of paper.
1. What is a volcano?
A. The movement of the plate boundaries on the Earth’s crust.
B. A mountain created by the faulting and folding of the Earth’s crust.
C. An opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash, and gases escape onto the
surface.
D. A landform which has a summit but without a crater.

2. What is a volcanic eruption?

A. It is a sudden violent shaking of the ground, causing great destruction.
B. It is an event that happens when hot lava, ash and gases are discharged from a
volcanic vent.
C. It happens when the plate edges of the Earth’s crust move downward or
sideways.
D. It is a region deep within the Earth’s mantle from which heat rises.

3. The following are factors affecting the viscosity of the magma, EXCEPT:
A. Amount of dissolved gases contained in magma
B. Chemical composition of magma
C. Size of the volcano’s crater
D. Temperature of magma

4. Identify factor that affects the viscosity of the magma as shown in the figure.
A. high silica content
B. low gas content
C. low temperature of magma
D. high temperature of magma
5. Which type of volcanoes have broad bases and steep sides, usually have
a large crater at the top and are formed by alternating layers of magma andash?
A. cinder cones C. composite volcanoes
B. shield volcanoes D. calderas
6. Taal Volcano in Batangas is an example of .
A. cinder cone B. composite volcano C. shield volcano D. lava spire

7. Mt. Mayon is an example of a volcano because .

A. cinder cone, it is formed exclusively of pyroclastic materials
B. composite, it is composed of alternating layers of pyroclastic fragments and
solidified lava flows
C. shield, it is constructed of solidified lava flows
D. caldera, it was created when the summit was blown off by exploding gases
8. The picture on the right shows what type of volcanic eruption?
A. plinian B. phreatic C. strombolian D. phreatomagmatic

9. Which type of volcanic eruption is very explosive?

A. phreatic B. plinian C. vulcanian D. strombolian

10. Mount Pinatubo erupted last April 2, 1991. What kind of volcanic eruption was it?
A. plinian B. phreatic C. strombolian D. vulcanian

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 Types of Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruption
Lesson

1
Volcanoes come in a variety of cone shapes and eruption types. There are three common
volcanic cone shapes namely: shield, composite and cinder cones. On the other hand, there are five
types of volcanic eruptions with different features: phreatic, phreatomagmatic, strombolian, vulcanian
and plinian.

What I Need to Know

At the end of the module, you will be able to:

1. Define a volcano and a volcanic eruption.

2. Identify the factors that affect the viscosity of the magma.
3. Describe the following:
A. Types of volcanoes according to shape.
B. Types of volcanic eruption.

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 What’s In?
Activity 1. Volcano Crossword (20 minutes)

Complete this activity. Use the word bank below.

pyroclastic magma tephra volcano cone lava vent

summit slope base crater caldera gases chamber

2 3
A A
4 5

7 8
E
9

10 11 12

13

A
14
E
E
E

Across
2 the lowest supporting layer of a volcano
6 opening in the earth’s crust from which lava, ash, and hot gases are ejected during
an eruption
7 passage way for magma flowing up during a volcanic eruption
11 rock fragments and gases erupted by a volcano
13 a large volcanic crater, especially one formed by a major eruption
14 released by an erupting volcano in a form of water vapor

Down
1 a term after a hot material erupts from a volcano and reaches the earth’s surface.
3 the sides or flanks of a volcano that radiate from the main or central vent
4 hill-shaped landform that forms around a volcano
5 highest point of a volcano
8 particles and fragments ejected by a volcanic eruption
9 molten materials beneath the earth’s crust
10 liquefied by heat
12 it is where magma is collected when the volcano is not yet going to erupt
13 mouth or opening of a volcano

Congratulations! You made it! The terms in the puzzle are very important because you will
encounter them in the next activities and discussions.

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 What’s New

Volcanoes are fascinating but even with their majestic natural beauty, they can cause
destruction to properties and harmful effects to our environment like the ones that happened in the
Philippines many years ago. We also have learned about the relationship between the occurrence of
earthquakes (that may happen after a volcanic eruption) and the location of the Philippines along the
Ring of Fire, which made our country a home to many volcanoes.
Let us start this module by gathering your insights about volcanoes. To find out, let’s do the
following activity.

Activity 2. Introduction to Volcanoes (20 minutes)

Objective:
Define a volcano and a volcanic eruption.

Direction: Read the information about volcanoes. Use the word bank to fill in the paragraphs below.
A (1) is an opening in
the Earth’s (2) through
volcano
which underwater
lava, ash, and gases escape onto mountain volcanic eruption crust viscosity
the surface. When these materials ooze
out of the opening, thus, a (3)
happens. It
begins deep inside the Earth where the
heat is so high and is able to melt the
rock underground. Earthquakes may
occur during this time. Molten rock
called magma which also contains
dissolved gases, silica, and
other materials rise through the cracks in the Earth’s crust. Lava is the term used when magma from
the chamber reaches the Earth’s surface. The property of the magma or lava’s resistance to flow is
called (4) . Lava with less silica content has low viscosity and flows freely
allowing gas bubbles to escape readily. Lava with more silica content is more viscous (high resistance
to flow) thus trapped gases cannot escape easily.
Most of the Earth’s volcanoes are found (5) . When a volcano originates deep in
the ocean, the lava drops back into the ocean floor slowly building up a (6) . After
many years, the mountains in the oceans reaches the earth’s surface
and becomes an island.

Questions:
1. What is a volcano?
2. What is a volcanic eruption?
3. What materials oozes out when a volcano erupts? , , ,

The next activity will let you discover about the behavior of the magma as it forces its way up onto
the Earth’s surface.

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 Activity 3. They Affect Me A Lot!!!! (10 minutes)

Objective:
Identify the factors that affect the viscosity of magma.

Directions: Examine the illustrations below. Infer the factor that affects the viscosity of magma as
shown. Refer to the given choices inside the parenthesis. Write your answer on the blank. (high
temperature, low gas content, high silica content)

1.

2.

3.

4. What are the factors affecting the viscosity of magma? , ,

Activity 4. Oh! What Volcano Am I? (30 minutes)

Objective:
Describe the different types of volcanoes according to the shape of their cone.

Directions: Underline the type of volcano on the first column. Then fill in the statements by using
the word bank below.
broad, warrior’s shield steep, wide almost, uniform

Shape of volcanic cone Statements

It has slope and

1. (shield, composite, cinder) crater.

It has sides.

2. (shield, composite, cinder)

3. It is slightly - structured
cone and looks like a .
(shield, composite, cinder)

Question:
Which volcano do you think
a. is composed of alternating solidification of lava and pyroclastic deposits?
b. is formed from alternating ejected lava fragments and volcanic ash with wide crater?
c. is formed from non-viscous oozing lava?

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 What Is It

What is a volcano and a volcanic eruption?

A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash, and gases escape onto
the surface. It usually has a summit, slope, and base. An opening at the summit is called a crater or a
caldera. A crater is a funnel-shaped opening at the top of a volcano while a caldera is formed when a
part of the wall collapses after an explosive eruption. Volcanoes are described according to its cone
shape and type of eruption.
A volcanic eruption is an event that happens when magma, gases and other molten materials
are discharged from the opening. Since volcanic eruptions are caused by magma expelled onto the
earth’s surface, we must first identify the factors that affect the viscosity of the magma.

Factors Affecting the Viscosity of the Magma

Viscosity is the property of the material’s resistance to flow. The more viscous and thicker
the magma is, the greater is its resistance to flow.

1. Temperature

If the temperature of magma is higher, then

its viscosity is lower. As lava flows, it travels far
before it begins to harden. On the other hand, if the
temperature of magma is lower, the higher is its
viscosity so the lava does not travel far.

2. Chemical composition

Magma with high silica content is more viscous

than those with low silica content. It is too viscous so it
does not travel far, and tends to break up as it flows.
The magma that contains less
silica is relatively fluid, so it travels far
before solidifying.

3. Amount of dissolved gases it

contains.

When magma has high amount of

gas (mainly water vapor), lava flow is less
viscous and increases its ability to flow.
Magma has high viscosity when it has low
amount of gas as it rises. The ability of the
lava to flow decreases, so it
piles up at a vent resulting into a columnar or a dome.
Types of Volcanoes
After a volcanic eruption, a cone-shaped structure may be produced. Its slope also changes.
The following are the three (3) general types of volcanoes according to the shape of their cones:

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 Shield volcanoes are formed by the pile-up of non-
viscous lava that oozes out from the volcano. Since lava can
flow freely, a broad, slightly domed structure is formed that
resembles like a warrior’s shield. Mauna Loa Volcano in
Hawaii is an example of this type.

Composite volcanoes are formed due to alternating

solidification of both lava and pyroclastic deposits which
make it nearly a perfect sloped structure. Pyroclastic flows
occur when these volcanoes erupt. Mount Saint Helens in
Washington, Mt. Vesuvius in Italy and Mt. Mayon in the
Philippines are examples of this type.

Cinder cones are formed from alternating ejected lava

fragments and ash. They have a steep slope, wide
crater on top and are the most abundant of the three major volcano
types. Although small, they are also destructive since they release
high amounts of pyroclastic materials. Mt. Paricutin in Mexico which
has erupted in 1943, Taal Volcano in Batangas are examples of this
type.

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanoes erupt differently and not all of them are violent. Magma may explode from the
vent, or it can flow out of the volcano. In addition to the top vent, magma and gas may escape through
cracks and weak areas on the sides of the volcano. Aside from lava, pyroclastic flows, ash clouds and
mudflows(lahar) can be extremely dangerous. The levels of silica and dissolved gases in the magma
determine whether a volcano erupts explosively or not.

a. Phreatic or hydrothermal – is a steam-blast small eruption as hot

rocks heat the ground water or surface water. This eruption tears
down surrounding rocks and can produce ash columns, but do not
include new magma. Taal Volcano which erupted last January 12,
2020, is an example of this type.

b. Phreatomagmatic - a violent and explosive eruption resulting

from the interaction of new magma or lava with water. It results to
a large column of very fine ash, high-speed and sideway emission
of pyroclastics.

c. Strombolian - the least violent type of explosive eruption

characterized by a fountain of lava fragments. Eruptions are weak
to a little more violent which has thicker lava flows and small
explosions.

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d. Vulcanian - small to moderate explosive eruptions characterized
by tall columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow
and ashfall tephra. They have larger explosions of rocks and ashes
which rise in dark clouds lasting for seconds to minutes. Paricutin
Volcano eruption in Mexico is an example of this type.

e. Plinian - excessively explosive type of eruption of gas

and pyroclastics like that of Mount Pinatubo eruption in
1991. The explosive eruptions, lasting for seconds to
minutes have 20 to 35 km tall gas, rock particles and ash
columns.

What’s More
Activity 5. Types of Volcanic Eruptions:(30 minutes)

Objective: Describe the types of volcanic eruptions.

Direction: Fill in the table below. Some example answers are given.
Pictures of Volcanic Eruption Type of Volcanic Brief Description
Eruption
1. 2.

Plinian 3.

4. - a violent eruption due to the

contact between water and new
magma.

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 Phreatic 5.

6. - characterized by tall eruption

columns that reach up to 20 km
high with pyroclastic flow and
ashfall tephra

Question: What is the difference between strombolian from a plinian eruption?

What I Have Learned

Activity 6. Volcanoes: FACT or BLUFF? (10 minutes)

Now that you have a deeper understanding of volcanoes, it’s time to verify the statements below if it is
a fact or a bluff. In the RESPONSE COLUMN, encircle the happy face ( )in the box if the
statement is a fact and a sad face ( ) if the statement is a bluff.

STATEMENTS RESPONSE
1. All volcanoes are cone-shaped.
2. Volcanoes are found only on land.
3. A volcano has an opening at the top (or in some case, on the sides) through which
lava, ash, and gases escape onto the surface.
4. Hot thick cloud of gas, molten rocks and ash come out of a volcano’s opening.
5. All volcanoes erupt violently.
6. A volcano is not dangerous if it does not produce lava.

7. Volcanoes are described according to their shape and type of eruption.

8. A volcanic eruption happens when there is an earthquake beneath the earth’s crust.

9. The pressure of dissolved gas building up in the magma causes a volcanic

eruption.
10. Volcanoes only erupt straight up through the top vent and not on the sides.

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 Activity 7. Concept Mapping (30 minutes)

Accomplish the concept map by using the word bank to fill in the blank boxes.

magma compositionvulcanian shield temperature of magma strombolian

molten rock, ash, and gases escape onto the Earth’s surfaceamount of gases in magma plinian

phreatomagmatic compositecinder cone phreatic both land and underwater

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 What I Can Do
Your goal in this section is to apply what you have learned about volcanoes and volcanic
eruptions.

You will be given a task to demonstrate your understanding.

Activity 8. It’s Fun in Camiguin (60 minutes)

Read the situation below and follow the directions for the task you will do in this section.
Hibok-Hibok Volcano (also known as Catarman volcano), located on the island of
Camiguin, is one of the volcanoes in the Philippines. Given that you are the mayor of the town to
where the volcano is situated, how would you promote tourism industry in this place?
Use the planning process for a successful tourism project, present it by making a travel
flyer/advertisement (use a short bond paper). Shown below is a sample flyer template. You can
create your own design/template. Your flyer/advertisement will be graded based on the rubric in
the following page.

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 Criteria 15 points 10 points 5 points

Graphics/ Most of the graphics Several portion of the No graphics made.

Originality used in the graphics used in the
Does not show any
flyer/advertisement flyer/advertisement
(20%) creativity.
shows exceptional shows minimal
creativity. creativity.

Content/ Four (4) accurate facts/ Three (3) accurate facts/ Two(2) accurate facts/
Accuracy information guide (e.g. information guide(e.g. information guide( e.g.
cone shape, eruption type cone shape, eruption type cone shape, eruption type
(60%)
and other interesting and other interesting and other interesting
features like observatories features like features like
that detect and forecast observatories that detect observatories that detect
volcanic activity) are and forecast volcanic and forecast volcanic
displayed on the activity) are displayed on activity) are displayed on
flyer/advertisement. the flyer/advertisement. the flyer/advertisement.

Attractiveness The flyer/advertisement is The flyer/advertisement The flyer/advertisement

exceptionally attractive in is attractive regarding is less attractive in terms
(20%)
terms of design and layout. design and layout. of design and layout.

Have fun!
How did you find the performance task? How did making a flyer/advertisement task help you see
the real world on volcanoes?

Summary
A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash, and
gases escape onto the surface. The viscosity of the magma depends on three factors,
namely:
a. temperature
b. composition
c. amount of gas
Volcanoes are described according to
a. type of eruption- phreatic, phreatomagmatic, strombolian, vulcanian or plinian
b. shape of volcanic cone – as composite, shield or cinder

Volcanic eruption is an event that happens when hot lava, ash and gases are discharged from a
volcanic vent.

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 Assessment: (Post-Test)
II. Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the BEST answer. Write the letter of your
answers on the space provided before each number.
1. What is a volcano?
A. An opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash, and gases escape onto the
surface.
B. A landform which has a summit but without a crater.
C. A mountain created by the faulting and folding of the Earth’s crust.
D. The movement of the plate boundaries on the Earth’s crust.
2. What is a volcanic eruption?
A. It is an event that happens when hot lava, ash and gases are discharged from a
volcanic vent.
B. It happens when the plate edges of the Earth’s crust move downward or
sideways.
C. It is a region deep within the Earth’s mantle from which heat rises.
D. It is a sudden violent shaking of the ground, causing great destruction.

3. The following are factors affecting the viscosity of the magma EXCEPT
A. temperature of magma
B. size of the volcano’s crater
C. chemical composition of magma
D. amount of dissolved gases contained in the magma

4. Identify factor that affects the viscosity of the magma as shown in the figure.
A. high silica content
B. high temperature of magma
C. low gas content
D. low temperature of magma
5. Taal Volcano in Batangas is an example of
A. composite volcano B. cinder cone C. shield volcano D. lava spire
6. Which type of volcanoes have broad bases and steep sides, usually have a large crater at
the top and are formed by alternating layers of magma andash?
A. calderas B. composite C. shield D. cinder cones
7. Mt. Mayon is a volcano because .
A. cinder cone, it is formed exclusively of pyroclasts.
B. composite, it is composed of alternating layers of pyroclastic fragments an d
solidified lava flows
C. shield, it is constructed of solidified lava flows
D. caldera, it was created when the summit was blown off by exploding gases
8. The picture on the right shows what type of volcanic eruption?
A. plinian B. phreatic C. strombolian D. phreatomagmatic

9. Which type of volcanic eruption is very explosive?

A. vulcanian B. plinian C. phreatic D. strombolian
10. Mount Pinatubo erupted last April 2, 1991. What kind of volcanic eruption was it?
A. vulcanian B. phreatomagmatic C. strombolian D. plinian

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 Key to Answers

What I Know (Pretest)

1. C 6. A
2. B 7. B
3. C 8. C
4. D 9. B
5. A 10. A
What’s In?
Activity 1. Volcano Crossword
Down Across
1. lava 2. base
3. slope 6. volcano
4. cone 7. vent
5. summit 11. pyroclastic
8. tephra 13. caldera
9. magma 14. gases
10. molten
12. chamber
13. crater
What’s New
Activity 2. Introduction to Volcanoes
1. volcano
2. crust
3. volcanic eruption
4. viscosity
5. underwater
6. mountain
Answer to Questions:
1. A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash, and gases escape
onto the surface.
2. A volcanic eruption is an event that happens when molten material oozes out of the
opening.
3. Materials include lava, ash, gases, silica etc.

Activity 3. They Affect Me A Lot!!!!

1. high silica content
2. high temperature
3. low gas content
4. temperature, gas content, silica content

Activity 4. Oh! What Volcano Am I?

1. cinder steep, wide
2. composite almost, uniform
3. shield broad, warriors shield
Answers to Question:
a. composite
b. cinder cone
c. shield
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