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Types of Research

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RYAN JONES RUBIO
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82 views30 pages

Types of Research

Uploaded by

RYAN JONES RUBIO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TYPES OF RESEARCH

Applied Research
- refersto scientific study and research that seeks to
solve practical problems. Applied research is used
to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness,
and develop innovative technologies, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.
•For example, applied researchers may investigate
ways to: improve agricultural crop production
•Treat or cure a specific disease
•Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or
modes of transportation
TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. According to Purpose
A. Fundamental/Pure/Basic
- Lab research
B. Applied
- evaluation
-action
- social impact
Basic Research
- starting point for the search of new
knowledge.
- provides a foundation for knowledge and
- foundations that are generalizable to
many policy areas, problems or area of
study
- Source of the tools – methods, theories,
ideas
Basic Research
• research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in
a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand
man's knowledge, not to create or invent something.
There is no obvious commercial value to the
discoveries that result from basic research.
• For example, basic science investigations probe for
answers to questions such as:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed
of?
• How do slime molds reproduce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
Basic Research
• – application of the methods, ideas, theories
from basic research
• -Want to apply and tailored knowledge to
address a specific practical issue;
• - towards development of more efficient
technologies or particular way of doing things.
- Address issue of application
• - It asks “does it work”
Action Research
• advances the aims of basic and applied
research to the point of utilization. -
concerned with the production of results
for immediate application or utilization. -it
improves practices and methods and
generates technologies and innovations for
application to specific technological
situations. -the emphasis is here and now
Correlational Research
–refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study of
relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily
determining cause and effect.
– It Seeks to establish a relation/association/correlation between
two or more variables that do not readily lend themselves to
experimental manipulation.
–For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to music lowers
blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
•Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to
music and then compare the bp levels
•Survey – ask people how they feel ? How often they listen? And
then compare
According to Methods
1. Historical Research
– The purpose is to collect, verify, synthesize
evidence to establish facts that defend or refute
your hypothesis. It uses primary sources,
secondary sources, and lots of qualitative data
sources such as logs, diaries, official records,
reports, etc. The limitation is that the sources
must be both authentic and
Historical Research
•Historical research is research involving analysis of
events that occurred in the remote or recent past
Application:
•Historical research can show patterns that
occurred in the past and over time which can help
us to see where we came from and what kinds of
solutions we have used in the past.
•Understanding this can add perspective on how
we examine current events and educational
practices. The steps involved in the conduct of
historical research Here
Descriptive Research
• refers to research that provides an accurate
portrayal of characteristics of a particular
individual, situation, or group. Descriptive
research, also known as statistical research.
•These studies are a means of discovering new
meaning, describing what exists, determining
the frequency with which something occurs,
and categorizing information.
Descriptive Research
• It attempts to describe and explain
conditions of the present by using
many subjects and questionnaires to
fully describe a phenomenon. Survey
research design /survey
methodology is one of the most
popular for thesis/dissertation
Descriptive Research
• In short descriptive research deals with
everything that can be counted and studied,
which has an impact of the lives of the people it
deals with.
• For example:
• •finding the most frequent disease that affects
the children of a town. The reader of the research
will know what to do to prevent that disease
thus, more people will live a healthy life.
Case and Field Research Design
• Also called ethnographic research, it uses
direct observation to give a complete
snapshot of a case that is being studied.
It is useful when not much is known
about a phenomenon.
• Uses few subjects
Developmental or Time Series
Research Design
• Data are collected at certain
points in time going forward.
There is an emphasis on time
patterns and longitudinal
growth or change.
Quasi Experimental Research Design

• This research design approximates


the experimental design but does
not have a control group. There is
more error possible in
the results.
Experimental Research
• is an objective, systematic,
controlled investigation for the
purpose of predicting and
controlling phenomena and
examining probability and
causality among selected
variables.
Experimental Research
• Experimental Research Design - This design is
most appropriate in controlled settings such as
laboratories. The design assumes random
assignment of subjects and random assignment
to groups (E and C). It attempts to explore cause
and affect relationships where causes can be
manipulated to produce different kinds of effects.
Because of the requirement of random
assignment, this design can be difficult to execute
in the real world (non laboratory) setting.
Experimental Research
• The simplest experimental design includes
two variables and two groups of participants.
• •The two variables (Independent versus
Dependent variables).
• •The IV is the predictor variable whereas the
DV is the outcome variable.
• •Researchers manipulate and control the IV to
study it's effect on the DV.
Experimental Research
• The two groups of participants (Control versus
Experimental group).
• •Before beginning the experiment, the
researcher (randomly) assigns his/her sample to
two different groups: the control group and the
experimental (treatment group or clinical group).
• •The control group receives no manipulation of
the IV (no treatment), whereas the experimental
group receives the manipulation of the IV
Causal Comparative or Ex Post Facto
Research Design
• This research design attempts to
explore cause and affect
relationships where causes
already exist and cannot be
manipulated. It uses what already
exists and looks backward to
explain why
Correlational or Prospective Research
Design
• Correlational or Prospective
Research Design - It attempts to
explore relationships to make
predictions. It uses one set of
subjects with two or more
variables for each.
Exploratory Research
• Exploratory research can be quite informal,
relying on secondary research such as
reviewing available literature and/or data, or
qualitative approaches such as informal
discussions with consumers, employees,
management or competitors, and more formal
approaches through in-depth interviews, focus
groups, projective methods, case studies or
pilot studies.
Exploratory Research
• is a type of research conducted for a problem
that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory
research helps determine the best research
design, data collection method and selection
of subjects.
• •The results of exploratory research are not
usually useful for decision-making by
themselves, but they can provide significant
insight into a given situation
Phenomenological Research

• an inductive, descriptive research


approach developed from
phenomenological philosophy; its
aim is to describe an experience
as it is actually lived by the
person
Phenomenological Research
• Phenomenology is concerned with the study of
experience from the perspective of the individual,
‘bracketing’ taken-for-granted assumptions and usual
ways of perceiving.
• •They are based in a paradigm of personal knowledge
and subjectivity, and emphasise the importance of
personal perspective and interpretation.
• •As such they are powerful for understanding
subjective experience, gaining insights into people’s
motivations and actions, and cutting through the
clutter of taken-for-granted assumptions and
conventional wisdom
References
• Calderon, Jose and Gonzales, Expectacion.
Methods of Research and Thesis Writing.
Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, Inc.
• Dr. Susan Carroll
http://www.dissertation-
statistics.com/research-designs.html
• Introduction to Research.
http://www/introductiontoresearch-
140801210306-phpapp01.pdf
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
-Hard sciences -Soft sciences
-Studies natural data driven -Studies human behavior in
Phenomenon a scientific manner
-Objective -Subjective
-Tests Theory -Develops theory
-Numbers -Words
-Cause and Effect -Knowing meaning &
Relationship discovery
Statistical Analysis & • Researcher’s
Generalizations interpretation
Examples: Examples: Examples:Sociology,
Biology, Chemistry, Psychology,
Physics, Political Science,
Astronomy, Earth Science Economics, Anthropology,
History

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