COMMUNICATION

- is an interaction between 2 or more person transmitting or

exchanging information, and ideas.
- must have a sender (active) and a receiver (passive).
In order for the communication to be effective there should be two
successful entities, the speaker and the listener.
Using words, symbols and actions.
-Verbal and non-verbal communication
Basic forms of communication
NON-VERBAL VERBAL
- Unstructured - Rule-Specific
- Spontaneous - Almost always planned
- Transmission of behavior using - Interactions with the use of
actions words

Non-verbal communication
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
-The face can express a variety of emotions.
GESTURES
- Using of hands to express an emotion.
PROXEMICS
- Use of space to show a relationship.
Intimate Zone (1-1.5 ft)
Personal Zone (1.5-4 ft)
Social Zone (4-12ft)
Public Zone (12+ ft)
BODY LANGUAGE (KINESIS)
- The way one moves and carries himself.
PARALINGUISTICS
- The way in which you say a word.
- Vocal characteristics : Rate, Pitch, Volume, and Quality.
EYE CONTACT
- Use of eyes to menifest interes, attention, affection, attraction,
indifference, or hostility.
HAPTICS (TOUCH)
- Slap on the face or on the back, a tap on the shoulder, a weak or firm
handshake, and a lot more have meaningful messages.
APPEARANCE
- How we interpret the other things that a person possess or wears.
 verbal communication
DIVIDED INTO:

- Active verbal communication (functions as sender of a message)

- Passive verbal communication (functions as receiver of a message)
Both are still rule-specific because when utilized, there are rules
governing their use. They are also planned because using them
would entail preparation on the part of the communicators.

Examples of Verbal forms of communication:

1. Listening
2. Speaking
3. Reading
4. Writing

EXPRESSING YOURSELF USING VERBAL COMMUNICATION

APPROPRIATENESS
-say what is rightly demanded
- should always fit the context
BREVITY
- short, direct to the point, and note-worthy
- simple and easily understood
- meaningful
CLARITY
- always understandable
- shouldn’t be difficult to comprehend
ETHICS
- be mindful of a person’s gender, role, ethnicity, preference, and status
- you would be able to craft a message without compromising the person’s
background
VIVIDNESS
- have a wide array of vocabulary
- know how to play with words
- variety is important
 TENETS of COMMUNICATION
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
- It is a two-way process.
- Communication occurs between two or more people.
- Communication can be expressed using words, actions, or sometime both.

TENETS of COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION HAS TWO LEVELS OF MEANING - CONTENT AND
RELATIONSHIP
- Ideas and understanding of which may depend on intended meaning
and the relationship between the sender and the receiver.
COMMUNITY IS DYNAMIC
- There are many variables that affect meaningful interaction.
COMMUNICATION IS IRREVERSIBLE
- Ideas communicated to others cannot be taken back.
COMMUNICATION IS CONTEXTUALIZED
- It may occur in various settings and circumstances.
COMMUNICATION IS CONTINUOUS
-It may involve constant interaction between the sender and the receiver.
COMMUNICATION IS A TRANSACTION
-Since it is continuous, the participants assume the roles of sender and
receiver simultaneously.
COMMUNICATION IS LEARNED
- It can be mastered through practice.
COMMUNICATION IS A SHARING OR MEANINGS
- Effective communication requires that both parties are on the same
page.

WAYS ON IMPROVING VERBAL & NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION refers to an interaction in which words are
used to relay a message
IMPROVING YOUR VERBAL SKILLS
APPROPRIATENESS
-verbal forms of communication should fit the context for which it is used
BREVITY
- simple, but precise and meaningful
 CLARITY
- understandable
ETHICS
- consider g-r-e-p-s (gender, roles, ethnicity, preference, status)
VIVIDNESS
- focus on the concrete rather than the abstract
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION refers to transmission of information
or message by means of facial expression, body language, tone of voice,
and gestures.
IMPROVING YOUR NON-VERBAL SKILLS
Maintain eye contact
Use posture to show interest
Probe for more information
Avoid out of context non-verbal
Study cultural diversities
Improve your decoding skills
Observe yourself in the mirror
Don't forget how appearance says something

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Has 6 stages
- Stage: 1-3 (senders)
4-6 (receivers)
CHANNEL MEDIUM
- may be verbal or non verbal - the tool you will use to transmit
- how do you plan to communicate your message

communication process
IDEA RECEIVING
- the speaker generates an idea - the receiver gets the message
ENCODING DECODING
-the speaker encodes an idea or -the receiver interprets the
converts it into words and message base on the context
action. FEEDBACK
TRANSMISSION - the receiver sends or provides
- the speaker transmits or sends feedback
out the message
 SAMPLE
Teacher notices the student who's about to fall
1. I think (IDEA) thinking ways to convey the message : want to inform the
student
2. Deliberate (ENCODING) try to use email
3. I throw (TRANSMISSION) Channel - Verbal : Medium: Email : send
message
4. I obtain (RECEIVING) received the message
5. I interpret (DECODING) how the student interpret
6. I react (FEEDBACK) response: I promise to submit on time.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
ARISTOTEL'S MODEL (BEFORE 300BC)
It is considered as one of the first and the simplest. It tells us that the
speaker delivers a speech on a specific occasion to an audience and there
is an expected effect of the message to the audience.
It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements:
speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect

LASWELL'S MODEL (1948)

Laswell states that a convenient way to describe an act of communication
is to answer the following questions:
1. WHO : the person who formulates the message
2. WHAT : the content of the message
3. CHANNEL : the medium by which the message is being communicated
4. WHOM : the person or persons who received the message
5. EFFECT : the outcome of the message
 SHANNON - WEAVER MODEL (1949)
Sometimes considered as the Mother of Communication models.
Communication includes the following concepts : sender, encoder,
channel, decoder, receiver. Furthermore, there is also concept of noise
included in the model.

SCHRAMM'S MODEL (1954)

The model uses a plain Venn diagram to illustrate the communication
process.
What is new to this model is the field of experience and common
experience of the sender and the receiver.

BARNLUND'S MODEL ((1970)
1970)
The model articulates the sending and receiving of messages happens
simultaneously between people.
 JULIA WOOD'S MODEL ((2009)
2009)
This model is similar to that of Schramm with the addition of time as
another variable to consider
As communication progresses over time (t1, t2, t3...), the shared world
between communicators is enlarged. As people communicate they learn
each other's values, beliefs, attitudes, predispositions to situations, moods
and interests.

BERLO'S MODEL ((1960)
1960)
Berlo's model has mainly, four components to describe the
communication process. They are sender, message, channel and receiver.
EACH OF THE COMPONENTS IS AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS.
 COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
communication requires both the sender and the receiver to participate in
a series of stages in order to achieve meaningful interaction
there are some experts who view the communication process is somewhat
inclusive of what we call noises
communication barriers these may be referred to as those elements that
may prevent the sender and the receiver from understanding each other
no matter how the participants in the communication process fulfilled
their duties and responsibilities in the interaction
factors that might impede communication and these are what we call as
noises or communication barriers

Factors of communication barriers

PERCEPTION AND LANGUAGE
perception refers to a person's concept of reality it is a summation of
the experiences of a person acquired through time
the experiences of people may vary consequently if two persons with
two different sets of experiences would interact with each other
their own concept of reality the wider their differences are the more
difficult they would be able to understand each other
languages are communication barrier too even though it is primarily
invented to make people understand each other it can at times serve
as a cause for miscommunication
when people are forced to use a language they're not adapted
POOR LISTENING
when people only listen to what they feel is important to them
there is a high chance that they miss out on some pieces of
information as they are communicated to
EMOTIONAL INTERFERENCE
when emotions get in the way of what we want to say or when it
makes us say what we would not say
can be a cause for miscommunication
afraid to express your ideas your listener won't be able to understand
you
when you let your emotions run high this might result in you saying
things you would be regretting later
strong emotions also prevent us from saying what we want to say
can't seem to find the right words when we're too angry or when we
were extremely sad
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
the way people communicate with each other maybe sometimes
dictated by culture
this reality renders to communicators to vary as well in the way they
might send or receive messages
PHYSICAL DISTRACTIONS
refer to miscommunication brought by the environment or any
malfunction in the channel and medium utilized to send and receive
messages
INFORMATION OVERLOAD
when the receiver gets too much information and this results in
mismanaging the processing of it
incorrect filtering
TWO WAYS:
FRAGMENTATION - when the message of the sender becomes
lacking in details when it reaches the intended receiver
DISTORTION - refers to when the message of the sender
becomes completely different when it reaches the intended
receiver
CLOSED COMMUNICATION CLIMATE
when there is a misunderstanding between a company and its
employees

COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Ways how to cope up with the communication barriers

MESSAGE ABANDONMENT
happens when the speaker just stops talking to express
himself/herself
TOPIC AVOIDANCE
happens when the speaker tries to change the topic or talk about
something else instead of the issue that needs to be discussed
USE OF ALL-PURPOSE WORDS
happens when you use a general expression to refer to an idea you
think the other person already knows about in order to save you from
using the actual word
WORD COINAGE
happens when you invent a term based on your knowledge of rules in
forming words in a particular language
LITERAL TRANSLATION
happens when you translate a word or expression from one language
to another word-per-word even when its essence is compromised
FOREIGNIZING
happens when you pronounce a word in your native language as if it is
a word in the target language
CODE-SWITCHING
happens when you combine words in your native language and target
language in one sentence
USE OF (GAP) FILLERS
happens when you try to use unnecessary words or expressions in
order to stall your message or to avoid dull moments or dead air
CIRCUMLOCUTION
happens when you try to work your way around an idea by describing
it vividly instead of calling it by its real name
APPROXIMATION
happens when you try to look for a closely related word in order to
refer to something
USE OF NON-VERBAL CUES
happens when you try to look for a non-verbal cue that would best
say what you want to say
APPEAL FOR HELP
happens when you ask someone else to explain what it is that you
want to say

INTERCULTARAL COMMUNICATION
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES - what is acceptable to one may not be
acceptable to another
Communication between people from two different cultures.
On one hand, lack of knowledge on cultural differences promotes
ethnocentrism and stereotyping
On the other hand, knowledge of which promotes tolerance.
ETHNOCENTRISM - a negative trail of a person that believes that
there are only one culture or your culture is the best or superior.
STEREOTYPING - label someone or things as like this or that
- basing them in their cultural background
TOLERANCE - familiar or aware about other culture
- more understanding and patient with other people
 factors of INTERCULRURAL COMMUNICATION
SOCIAL VALUES
refers to a group's expectations from its people
makes us different from other culture
set of expectation of country to its people
People in the US vs. People in Asia
ROLES AND STATUS
differences in how people contribute to the society
how you behave on a particular culture
behave on what they do because the society dictates
Erudite, Dauntless, Candor, Abnegation, Amity
DECISION-MAKING CUSTOMS
differences in the length of time spent to come up with a decision
Canadian vs. Japanese
CONCEPTS OF TIME
differences in the value of time
JUST IN TIME= few minutes before
AHEAD OF TIME = 2 hours before
ON TIME = 30 minutes before
PERSONAL SPACE
differences in proximity when communicating
American vs. Latin American
CULTURAL CONTEXT
differences in how meaning is conveyed
HIGH CONTEXT - implicit communication and non verbal cues
- greater amount of patience and details
LOW CONTEXT - relies on explicit communication
- straight forward
BEHAVIOR AND MANNER
differences in the concept of what is rude and polite
Filipinos on parties hosted by guests
GESTURE AND BODY LANGUAGES
differences in non verbal meaning
hand shake, eye contact, thumbs up, "ok"/"money"/"zero" sign,
smile
LEGAL AND ETHICAL
differences in the laws of the land and society
In Hawaii, it is illegal to sing loudly after sunset.
In Victoria, Australia, it is illegal to change a lightbulb unless
you are a licensed electrician (for safety)
CORPORATE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
differences between companies
ABS-CBN vs. GMA
 developmental model of intercultural sensitivity
tell the level of sensitivity
1. DENIAL
ethnocentrism
believe that your culture is the only culture
2. DEFENSE
aware but your culture is the superior
3. MINIMIZATION
accept other culture, but have reservations
generalizing other culture
4. ACCEPTANCE
accept existing cultures, appreciating other culture
5. ADAPTATION
appreciate but imitating or adapting without contemplation
adopt even if its not ok
adopt but not even analyzed
6. INTEGRATION
tolerant
more patient and understanding
imitating and reflecting

COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS
reasons, purposes, motivationing factors in communication with other
people.
why do we communicate?
REGULATION/CONTROL
we communicate because we want people we interact with, to
manage their behavior or sometimes, because we want them to do
things as we please.
Parents telling their children to do house chores.
SOCIAL INTERACTION
we communicate because we want to form bonds with other people,
or it is our way of forging friendships with them.
Students who are new to a school, and strangers to each other,
opening a conversation to break the ice.
MOTIVATION
we communicate because we want to persuade, convince, or inspire
others.
Convincing your parents to buy you something that you like.
 EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
we communicate because we want to appeal to the emotions of other
people.
Informal settlers begging their LGUs to speed up the process of
distributing financial assistance during ECQ.
INFORMATION
we communicate because we have ideas base on facts, statistics, and
other reliable sources that we want to share with others.
The government's regular release of update on the COVID-19.

SPEECH CONTEXT & COMMUNICATION STYLE

SPEECH CONTEXT
are varying circumstances
depends on the number of participants involved in the communication
process
Types of speech context
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION (1)
this type of communication happens when the same person acts as
both the sender and receiver of the message.
Making decisions
Self Criticism
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION (2)
this type of communication happens when the sender and receiver
are two different persons.
sometimes referred to as dyadic communication.
has 2 TYPES:
INTIMATE & PERSONAL - family or love ones, talks about personal
things
FORMAL & IMPERSONAL - formal and not personal
GROUP COMMUNICATION
this type of communication happens when there are more than one
sender and receiver interacting with one another
Working in teams
the success and/or failure of group communication may be dependent
of the behavior of the members of the group.
TYPES OF PEOPLE IN GROUP COMMUNICATION
CONTROLLING - dominates the discussion.
EGALITARIAN - not only willingly gives information, but allows others
to do the same.
STRUCTURING - sees to it that all members follow a systematic way
of doing things.
 DYNAMIC - encourages other people to participate.
RELINQUISHING - gives way to others to avoid conflict.
WITHDRAWING - does not want to have anything to do with the
group.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
this type of communication happens when there is one sender giving a
message to a large group of receivers.

SPEECH STYLES
refers to speaker's manner of speaking.
highly dependent on the context, tone, and type of relationship
interlocutors have with one another.

INTIMATE STYLE
Types of speech styles
we use this style when our relationship with the receiver is very
private.
You and your best friend inventing code names for each of your
crushes.
CASUAL STYLE
we use this style when we interact among friends and acquaintances.
Socially interacting with your peers during break.
CONSULTATIVE STYLE
we use this style when there is a professional transaction/exchange
between the sender and the receiver.
A doctor giving his diagnosis to the patient.
FORMAL STYLE
we use this style when we have to follow conventions as we deliver a
message to the receiver.
Mr. Barrientos when he discusses a lesson in oral communication.
FROZEN STYLE
we use this style when the pattern and features of the message to be
delivered to the receiver is non negotiable.
Reciting the preamble.