Introduction

Everyday English in Conversation will

change the way you learn English. Each lesson
presents a typical situation in your lives, and
through these lessons you will assist you to
respond confidently. The aim of this course is to
help students not only overcome their fear of
communicating in English but also enlarge their
outlook in different spheres.
Just many students came to England and
had very painful experiences. These students
knew a lot of grammar. They knew a lot of
vocabulary. Some could even speak and
understand formal English quite well. They
arrived in England feeling very confident.
Then they went on the street and they
were shocked! They could not understand what
people said. In this case students say, “We can
understand CNN and the BBC, but we can’t
understand what real people are saying at
business meetings, at the bus stop, in the store,
or at parties.” These students were always quite
worried and upset.
We found the cause and the answer. The
cause was simple– real English speakers use a lot
of idioms and slang. Real people do not speak like

1
TV announcers. Real people use “street English”
and that kind of English is filled with casual
idioms & slang. Our goal– to teach these phrases
(idioms, slang, etc.) to the students.

2
 MODULE
I
Make a Good Impression
Impressions are important: they leave an
initial taste in people's mouths that can remain
prevalent for the entire relationship. If you are
paranoid about what kind of impression you
make, run through seven list items and see if you
are consistent with them; if you are, then you
will probably expose the best of yourself. If not,
then work to meet these standards. There are
some tips to make a good first impression for
building relationships with other people.

dress speech confidence

hygiene smile open

attention punctuality
courteous on time

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Dress
The absolute first impression you will
make on someone will be through your clothing,
because that is what is seen from a distance, and
cannot change throughout your meeting. Make
sure to dress according to the situation-don't
over or under dress-and maintain within the
limits of good taste. If you aren't sure if what
you're wearing looks good, ask people for an
honest opinion. One more thought: always, and I
mean always, pull up your pants.

Impression management is important to

any job seeker. You are taking a chance if you
don't pay attention to the way you present
yourself. You actually start making an impression
from the moment you send in your resume. How
you look can significantly impact your interview,
and have a longer lasting impact on your career.

Here are a few tips for dressing the

part:

 Dress Appropriately
 Dress Consistently
 Dress With Special Attention to Color
 Dress For Your Body Type
 Dress in The Best Quality You Can Afford

4
 Dress With Finesse
 Dress Into The 21st Century
 Dress For The Part You Want to Play

5
 The type of dress or clothes you put on
says so much about you. The first judgment that
interviewers make is basically based on your
dress code. Do not dress in casual or dirty
clothes. Instead, look for official clothes and
make sure that you are groomed properly. By
doing this, you will definitely stun the
interviewers and they will have to think so hard
before saying no to you.

Women Should Avoid:

1. Hair that is over styled, teased, or

moussed. It is best to keep hair conservative
styles.

2. Dangling or Large earrings

3. Too many earrings, rings, necklaces, or

bracelets.

4. Too much make-up. Too little is always

better than too much.

5. Too much perfume- none is better

6. Low- cut, tight, or short apparel

7. Exposed undergarments

8. Leather, suede apparel

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 9. Ruffles, bows, or fringe (they do not
project a professional or businesslike image)

10. Patterned nylons. Plain are best

11. Very high heels.

12. Glittery, silver, gold, or open toes shoes.

13. Showing of tattoos or body piercings-

cover with clothing or make-up if possible.

Men Should Avoid:

1. Earrings, bracelets, pinkie rings, or similar

jewelry

2. Too much aftershave or cologne- none is

better

3. Unbuttoned shirts

4. Tee shirts

5. Patterned T -shirts under dress shirts

6. White socks with dress pants. Wear dark

colored dress socks

7. White pants

8. Novelty or Leather Ties

9. Sneakers

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 10. Showing of tattoos or body piercing-
cover with clothing or makeup if possible.

Hygiene
It is said, “Hygiene is next to godliness.”
It is because we can achieve nothing physically,
mentally or spiritually if we are unclean in our
body, mind, or soul. Nobody likes an unclean child
or adult and a clean one is loved, desired and
respected everywhere.
First of all, we should keep our body
clean. We should have a daily bath with toilet
soap or shampoo well-applied to all parts of our
body and hair so that not a speck of dust or a
drop of perspiration keeps sticking to us. We will
feel unpleasant and lethargic instead of being

8
alert. Hygiene is also very important for good
health. A large number of bacteria keep sticking
to our bodies and clothes.
If we do not wash them regularly, we can
acquire several diseases. Dirty and unwashed
clothes are not only a source of bad smell, but
also, these are hotbeds for disease causing
germs. We should brush our teeth and comb our
hair regularly.
Similarly, we should cut our nails
frequently as many germs enter our body
through our fingers or toes. We should also
protect our feet from dust and must put on
socks and shoes. It is very important that the
utensils, in which we take our meals, are neat and
clean. The drinking water should be pure and
clean and preferably filtered.
Take a shower! Shave! Brush your teeth!
You must be fully bathed and groomed before
you meet with someone for the first time,
because scruffy looking people generally don't
seem as neat and mature. Pay attention to the
little elements like breath: keep a pack of mint
gum with you wherever you go, and periodically
check to make sure you aren't killing bugs every

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time you breathe out. If you sweat heavily, keep
a small stick of deodorant or anti-per spirant
close, and if you notice you're stinking you can
freshen up. People notice the minutiae!

Speech
Speeches are talks delivered in public on
formal and informal occasions.
There are many types of speeches such as
'welcome speech', 'thank you speech' and
'farewell speech'. Besides, there are also
speeches on topics of interest and social issues.
In order to make a good first impression on a
person people need have clean, clear diction and
speak sans "like" or "you know." It is important
to be articulate because that inspires a feeling

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of intelligence and education in the person you
are meeting with. Always leave out profanity, and
whatever you do, make sure to speak loud enough
for all to hear, because conversationalists are
easily agitated if you force them say "excuse
me?" more than a few times.

Be cautious in everything
you say not to be ignored !!!!

Be on Time

Punctuality is the most important

characteristic of all successful People. The
student, the official, the trader and even the
lay-man all have to observe punctuality in order
to win glory and success in life.
Someone you are meeting for the first
time is not interested in your "good excuse" for

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running late. Plan to arrive a few minutes early.
And allow flexibility for possible delays in
traffic or taking a wrong turn. Arriving early is
much better that arriving late, hands down, and
is the first step in creating a great first
impression.

Be Open and Confident

When it comes to making the first
impression, body language as well as appearance
speaks much louder than words.
Use your body language to project
appropriate confidence and self-assurance.
Stand tall, smile (of course), make eye contact,
greet with a firm handshake. All of this will help
you project confidence and encourage both you
and the other person to feel better at ease.

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 Almost everyone gets a little nervous
when meeting someone for the first time, which
can lead to nervous habits or sweaty palms. By
being aware of your nervous habits, you can try
to keep them in check. And controlling a nervous
jitter or a nervous laugh will give you confidence
and help the other person feel at ease.

Be Courteous and Attentive

It goes without saying that good manners
and polite, attentive and courteous behavior help
make a good first impression. In fact, anything
less can ruin the one chance you have at making
that first impression. So be on your best
behavior!
One modern manner worth mentioning is
"turn off your mobile phone". What first

13
impression will you create if you are already
speaking to someone other than the person you
are meeting for the first time? Your new
acquaintance deserves 100% of your attention.
Anything less and you'll create a less than good
first impression.

A Winning Smile!
Another significant tip for making the
best impression is to wear a smile. "Smile and
the world smiles too." So there's nothing like a
smile to create a good first impression. A warm
and confident smile will put both you and the
other person at ease. So smiling is a winner when

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it comes to great first impressions. But don't go
overboard with this – people who take this too
far can seem insincere and smarmy, or can be
seen to be "lightweights".

15
 REMEMBER
Idioms
• leave an impression (on someone) - to
provide a lasting memory for someone after one
has left.
• make an impression on someone - to
produce a positive memorable effect on someone
while one is present.
• Discretion is the better part of valor -
to avoid a dangerous or unpleasant situation is
sometimes the most sensible thing to do.
• Break the ice - do something friendly in
order to overcome shyness or to ease tension in
a social situation.
• Do things by halves - does things in a
careless and incomplete way.
• Make a splash - do something that
attracts attention
• Catch-22 - no chance of winning or
succeeding
• Chew the fat - casual chat or a nice little
talk
• Gut feeling - an impression that comes
from one's innermost self

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• Cast one’s mind back - return to past
• Fly off the handle – lose self-control
• Fall into line – come to be in agreement
with

Add your own new words and expressions

17
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the following
questions and express your ideas.
1. When you look at someone, what makes you
think they are…

 Dangerous?
 Greedy
 Intelligent
 Kind
 Not smart
 Crazy
 Generous

2. When and where did you meet most of

your friends for the first time?

3. When are the most important times to make a

good first impression?

4. What are the best ways to make a good first

impression?

5. Do you make first impressions based on what

people wear?

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6. What kind of impression are you trying to
make with your clothes?

7. Do you try to make a different first

impression now than you did in high school?

8. In what jobs do people have to make very

quick decisions based on first impressions?

II. Express your ideas about the following

idioms.

1. Fly off the handle

2. Make a splash
3. Break the ice
4. Make an impression on someone
5. Do things by halves
6. Fall into line
7. Chew the fat
8. Fall into line
9. Cast one’s mind back
10. Gut feeling

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 MODULE
II

OLD AND NEW

From the beginning of the world we are
really born naturally to fulfill the curiosity which
we have in mind. That is why anywhere we go we
can see different inventions, in fact they come
now in variety of brands that we are opted to
select. As advance technology vastly developing,
name it and we can have it all because we are
operated with computers and electronic devices.
In fact, as young as six years old, children are
already become hook to computers and other
gadgets like online games. Let us see how really
technologies greatly develop from nothing to
Stone Age and lastly into a world full of
machines and equipments which can change our
lives forever.
The television that we enjoy watching
today comes from many processes. In ancient
time, televisions are usually in optical screens,
black and white images, few channels, and with

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an antenna attach to their back. But today there
are many huge varieties of televisions which we
can have and hold. They really appear in liquid
crystal display and plasma display, with great
sound systems and in flat screens for a clearer
vision.
On the other hand, computers are one of
the technologies that greatly evolve, most
especially because they can make our work
easier, well-organize and convenient than using
the old ways of writing and computing files. From
bulky computers with CPU, keyboards and mouse,
have changed into portable laptops and net book
which help us access Internet immediately. New
inventions of computers include the changes of
their different screens like becoming glass
touch screen. We better take note that we don’t
have to use our mouse or keyboard because they
are operated with just a touch of our hand. It
feels like we are writing in our notepad, yet so
easy.

DVD AND VIDEO

Many people think that when it comes to
picture quality, DVD wins hands down. Well, not
exactly. A one-hour video in digital format would

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use up about 21GB of space. A DVD of the same
length would be less than 4.7GB and any time you
compress images, there was a loss of quality. In
other words, a 2-hour high quality video would
actually look better than a 2-hour DVD. And
when it came to durability, video wins here as
well. You had to be careful handling DVDs as
they could be easily scratched and rendered
unplayable whereas a video tape was within a
case, which provided a certain amount of
protection – it was usually the video player that
destroyed a video tape. However when it came to
playing durability, a DVD still wins hands down.

MOBILE PHONES AND LANDLINES

These days, leaving home without your mobile
phone is almost like walking out the front door
without your pants on. And, you can’t walk out of
your house with your landline —unless its
connected to an endless length of cable. The
fact is, there is no contest between these two
technologies. Think of all the things you can do
with a mobile that can't be done with the a
landline, such as like blaming a bad signal or low
battery when you want to hang up; fooling your
boss when you pull a sickie; getting the latest

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information at your fingertips; and of course,
you could never look cool in a nightclub with a
landline stuck to your ear.

E-MAIL AND SNAIL MAIL

About the only people that don’t have e-mail
are those that are in a coma or on Death Row in
some top security US penitentiary. Email is how
we communicate these days—quickly, cheaply and
at our own convenience. Let's face it, e-mail is
cheaper, faster and more user-friendly than the
posted letter. You can also send programs,
pictures, games and other downloadable items
via this media. However, at the same time, it
does limit one’s creativity and unless you are a
lawyer or a celebrity stalker, most e-mails tend
to be relatively brief and therefore short on the
emotional intelligence. That said, going without
email is almost unthinkable nowadays, and
another technology that might be the victim of
e-mail could be the fax machine.

PAPER MAPS AND GPS

Being a recent convert to the wonders of the
in-car GPS, the thought of having to use a paper-
based map doesn't bear thinking about. Being

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honest, a paper map will never update itself and
you need to buy a new map every time they are
republished. And what better way to be lost in
some dodgy part of your home city than to have
a soothing voice telling you to turn left at the
next burnt out car wreckage. Of course if you
like to walk, carrying a GPS unit is much easier
than a paper map or book. And, once you have
found your destination, you can turn the GPS
unit off and put it in your glove box, backpack or
pocket.
The Internet may be the world’s newest
communication medium, and books may be among
the oldest, but the two have met in lots of
interesting ways. The easy availability of used
books online, however, is hurting the traditional
brick-and-mortar bookstores, with more and
more shutting down. Publishers are also feeling
the effects. The Internet is inevitably changing
the face of book publishing no less than it’s
changing newspapers, magazines, film, music,
television, education, shopping, dating, and
virtually every other aspect of society. The
Internet is the biggest machine ever built.
We can hardly identify everything that
has change because all of them even us people

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have revolutionize and already adapted these
modern era’s way of living. Such like, we prefer
to run in the treadmill than go outside for our
exercise. We select to buy online than taking our
family to shop in the mall. It is also easier if we
order food then to cook our own. But one thing is
sure from all of these, these make our lives more
comfortable and trouble-free. But we should not
also be abusing these gadgets and equipments
because we are made being human, therefore we
also need to work hard.

Invent the
NEW, don’t
forget the
OLD!!!!!

25
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS
 Feel like a new person- to feel refreshed
and renewed.
 Ring in the New Year- to celebrate the
beginning of the New Year at midnight.
 To take a new turn- to begin a new
course or direction.
 There is nothing new under the sun-
everything that is happening now has
happened before.
 You cannot teach an old dog new tricks-
it is difficult to make someone change the
way they do something.
 An old head on young shoulders- a child
or a young person who thinks and talks like
an older person, who has more experience
of life.
 Old enough to be a mother- as old as
someone’s parents.
 Open old wounds- to make someone
remember an unpleasant event or
situation.

26
  There is many a good tune played on a
fiddle- old people can be very capable.
 Be as tough as old boots- if the food is
as tough as old boots, it is difficult to cut
or to eat.
 Chip off the old block – closely resemble
a parent

Add your own new words and expressions

27
 ACTIVITIES
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and express your ideas.
1. Have you made any recent changes in your
life?
2. Do you think change is important in
people’s life?
3. Do you think that it is easy to mend our
old ways?
4. Do you prefer old or new technology?
Why/why not? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of old and new
technology?
5. If you won a million dollars what things
would you change about your life? What
things would you keep the same?
6. Have you ever had to change the way you
speak, or the way you act? Why?
7. Have you ever decided to change the way
you dress? If so, why?

28
 8. Have you ever decided to change the way
you eat, or your form of exercise?

II. Say the definitions of the following

idioms and explain them.

1. Open old wounds

2. Feel like a new person
3. Be as tough as old boots
4. To take a new turn
5. You cannot teach an old dog new tricks
6. There is nothing new under the sun
7. Old enough to be a mother
8. An old head on young shoulders
9. Chip off the old block
10. Ring in the New Year

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 MODULE
III

Being Confident
Confidence is a feeling that makes you
think that you are capable of doing something
with ease and calmness. It makes you optimistic
and pleased with you. It can also be a plus for
you to enjoy doing things and enjoying life. But
confidence is not the feeling where you think you
are superior to others.
Self-confidence is a feeling that makes
you think that you will do better after your
efforts, a feeling that you can know more over
time, a feeling that you can change yourself to
adapt to the environment. Confidence also
concerns your own attitude to life. Being calm
and analysing yourself leads you to know what
your weaknesses and strong points are. As you
know, psychological analysis always has an
important influence on success. So confidence
should make you being strong psychologically.
The purpose of self-confidence is to maximize
your ability and future potential. Remember that

30
self-confidence has nothing to do with other
people because it has to come from within you.
The denotation of confidence is the
“belief in oneself and one’s powers or abilities.”
Everybody is lacking confidence in something;
not everyone is perfect. Whether it be giving a
speech in front of the class, competing in a large
competition, or accepting one’s appearance,
people lack the confidence needed to enjoy life.
Helen Keller said, “Optimism is the faith that
leads to achievement. Nothing can be done
without hope and confidence.” This quote is
absolutely true because if one does not have
confidence they can never achieve or go beyond
what they want to do.

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How to improve self-confidence?

Spend time Understand

each day with that
confident confidence is
people only a feeling

Make a
Preparation
public
makes perfect
declaration

List your
Find a
reasons to
mentor
be confident

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1. Spend time each day with confident
people - Their energy and inner strength is so
inspiring that you will find yourself feeling more
empowered just by listening to them talk.
2. Find a mentor - Nearly all successful people
have a mentor. You too need someone who has
already done what you are working to
achieve who is willing to advise you and offer
confidence tips. This person will help you to
succeed even more quickly than you can imagine.
Remember, two minds are better than one.
3. Understand that confidence is only a
feeling - This is one of those unusual confidence
tips but still very useful. Spend 15 minutes a day
reliving occasions in your life when you felt
confident. Imagine it all in rich detail and pay
very close attention to the feelings
of confidence. After only a few days, feeling
confident will become a good habit.
4. List your reasons to be confident - Make a
list of at least 50 reasons why you can be
confident today. Include previous successes,
your skills and qualities. After you have done
this you will have tapped into the power of
consistency. You will be under pressure to be
consistent with your own logic that stated you

33
can be confident. Again, using confidence tips
like this is the only way to see how powerful they
are - thinking about it will make no difference.
5. Make a public declaration - Tell someone
whose opinion you value that you will
be confident at a particular event. Your desire
to impress this person will cause you to do all
that you can to be at your very best. And when
you demand more of yourself you will be amazed
at what you can do. You will start finding
solutions to problems that left you stuck and you
will seek advice from people who can help you.
This will force you to get moving, only then will
the other confidence tips make complete sense.
6. Preparation makes perfect -
Practice, practice and more practice. For ex,
Pavarotti, the opera singer, he said he practices
daily and he still learns something new about his
voice each day! When you spend more time
honing your skills your confidence will soar
because you will know with certainty that you
can and will perform when the curtain goes up.

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 REMEMBER
Idioms
• Good sport – a person who has good
qualities
• Have confidence in someone -
to trust someone; to know that someone wil
l be true
• A good skate – a good fellow
• A heart of oak – courageous man
• A broken reed – an unreliable person
• A round peg in a square hole – a person
unsuited to the position he fills
• Poor fish - spiritless
• Spoil sport – a person who does things that
interfere with enjoyment of other people
• All talk and no trousers - Someone who
talks about doing big, important things, but
doesn't take any action.
• Tell tales out of school – tell something
about another person that he wishes to be
kept secret
• A millstone about one’s neck – heavy
burden

35
 • In the strictest confidence -
trusting that something said will not be tol
d anyone else

Add your own new words and expressions

36
 Activities
I. Discuss the following sayings and
express your thoughts. Say whether
you agree or disagree.

1. Vincent Van Gogh.

If you hear a voice within

you say “You cannot paint”,
then by all means paint, and
that voice will be silenced.

2. Unknown author

Success comes in cans, not

can’ts.

3. Samuel Johnson

Knock the “T” off the can’t.

37
4. William Shakespeare

God has given you one face and

you make yourself another.
5. Andre Gide

It is better to be hated for

what you are than to be loved
for something you are not.
6. Richard Kline

Confidence is preparation.
Everything else is beyond your
control.

7. David Brinkley

A successful person is one who

can lay a firm foundation with the
bricks that others throw at him
or her.

38
 II. Match the following idioms with their
definitions.

a. a good fellow
b. tell something about another person that he
wishes to be kept secret
c. an unreliable person
d. spiritless
e. courageous man
f. a person who has good qualities

1.A heart of oak _______ .

2. Poor fish _______ .

3.Good sport _______ .

4.Tell tales out of school _____.

5.A broken reed ______ .

6.A good skate ______ .

39
 MODULE
IV

Pros & Cons

The term has been in use since the 16th
century and is a shortening of a Latin phrase, pro
et contra, which means “for and against.”
Considering the pros and cons of an issue is a
very useful way to weigh the issue thoughtfully
and reach an informed decision.
Many people find themselves
considering pros and cons in daily life, although
they may not be aware of it. For example,
someone shopping at a supermarket might weigh
the cost of an item and the quality to decide
whether or not to purchase it. People making
larger decisions, like purchasing a new car or
home, often spend a great deal of time thinking
about the pros and cons of the purchase so that
they can be sure that the right choice will be
made.
“Pro” means for, and "con" means against;
"the pros and cons" are the reasons for and
against doing something. Example: "Should we do

40
it or not?" Answer: "First let's look at the pros
and cons." Before you decide to do it or not, you
should try to understand the reasons for doing it
(the pros) and the reasons against doing it (the
cons). Example: "Before we decide, let's be sure
we understand the pros and cons." A "pro" is a
reason to do something; a "con" is a reason to
not do it. Example: "I've considered the pros
and cons and I've decided: it is going to be
expensive, but I still want to go to college." The
pros and cons are the good (advantages) and bad
(disadvantages) aspects of something.
The closest topic of nowadays is “What
is the best University to study?” or “What is the
best country to master the knowledge?”
Studying abroad, to some people, sounds
like a dream come true. The opportunity to
travel and experience a new way of life can be a
great opportunity. To others, however, studying
abroad may appear like a complete nightmare –
being away from your family in a strange culture
can be very scary. The reality is that studying
abroad is only a good idea if it is something you
may enjoy otherwise you will not be able to have
a positive experience. But if you do decide to
study abroad, it is important to know the

41
benefits and downsides before you make that
final decision.
Pros of Studying Abroad
Some of the pros of studying abroad are
very clear: you are allowed the opportunity to
learn to stand on your own two feet, whilst at
the same time not only learning an academic
subject, but also learning about other cultures
and ways of life. You could even learn to speak
another language.
Studying abroad can teach you invaluable
life lessons about what you do and don’t enjoy
and you learn great independence skills. Some of
these things may sound trivial, but it may be the
first time you have had to budget for yourself,
cook and clean for yourself, do the shopping, and
so on. You will also get a great sense of freedom,
meaning you will have to learn how to discipline
yourself. It is all too easy to forget that one of
the reasons you came abroad is to study, and it
is important that you focus a large part of your
time on your academic studies and not solely on
your new found freedom and social life of
course!
Also, you will probably meet new friends,
who you will share valuable experience with that

42
will stay with you for a lifetime. Possibly, these
new friends are foreign students themselves,
meaning you could even gain some extra holiday
destinations and see even more of the world at a
later stage.
Another pro of studying abroad is that
you could potentially enroll in a course that is not
available in your own country. Of course,
studying a course abroad will also show you how
other cultures perceive that subject. This can
be a very important lesson on any subject and
will really allow you to further your academic
career.
Furthermore, once you come to writing
your curriculum vitae, being able to enclose
international exposure is a definite selling point.
It shows potential employers that you are
independent, dedicated and hard working as well
as being aware of global and international issues.
In addition, as discussed above, you will have
learned a certain subject from a different
cultural perspective, meaning you have extensive
knowledge on this subject that other people may
not have.

43
Cons of Studying Abroad
Of course, if you are studying abroad,
you will be leaving behind your existing friends
and your family for a period of time. This can be
very hard, particularly if you have never been
away from home for any great length of time.
You will also need to interrupt any activities you
are involved in at home, such as a sports team or
voluntary activity. However, many of these
activities can also be continued abroad.
Another con is that you do not exactly
know what to expect, and you could be in for a
disappointment. Being independent in a foreign
country means you will have to learn how to
budget, and this can be very hard. Furthermore,
your accommodation might not be up to
standards, or you may have very annoying
neighbors or roommates. This may be something
that is harder to sort out whilst abroad,
especially if you are struggling with the language.
It is also possible that you find you
cannot settle in the foreign culture. Different
cultures have different habits, and you may find
it very hard to learn how to live with these, or
how to live without certain habits that come so
naturally to your own culture.

44
 Something to definitely look into is
whether or not the credits you obtain from
studying abroad can be transferred back to a
college or university in your own country. Of
course, if you can’t transfer the credits, this
does not necessarily mean that the time you
spent abroad has been a waste of time, as you
can see from the many pros, it is an invaluable
experience.
Another issue is, of course, the potential
language barrier. You may have a rudimentary
knowledge of the language in the country you are
hoping to study in, meaning you are able to make
your way around when you are on holiday, but it’s
an entirely different thing to study in a foreign
language. However, many schools in foreign
countries now offer their main colleges and
seminars in English, so you may be able to take
advantage of this.
If you do decide to study abroad, try not
to give up at the first sign of trouble. You have
made the decision to accept the challenge of
studying in a different country to improve your
own life and dealing with obstacles is part of life
and will offer your further learning
opportunities. Once you know the pros and cons

45
of studying abroad and you decide to go for it,
stand by your decision and believe in yourself.
But most of all enjoy!

46
 REMEMBER
Idioms
• If you're keeping your head above
water - you are making just enough money to
survive.
• Like clockwork - it is punctual and
regular.
• Pull a fast one - to gain an advantage over
someone by deceiving them.
• Prime of one's life -a person is the most
successful or in their best physical condition.
• Prick up your ears - suddenly pay
attention to what is being said.
• Push the envelope - do something in an
extreme way
• A needle in a haystack - means that it is
very difficult or impossible to find.
• Neck and neck - it is impossible to say
who will win.
• New lease of life - has a chance to live
longer or with greater enjoyment or satisfaction.
• Nitty-gritty - to discuss the most
important points or the practical details.

47
• Keep your fingers crossed- hope that
something will be successful.
• Know which way the wind blows - This
expression means that it is advisable to know
how a situation is developing in order to be
prepared for the changes that are likely to
happen.

Add your own new words and expressions

48
 Activities
I. Group work: Split into two groups;
group A and group B. Each group will
read the following situation. Group A
will try to speak about pros and group
B will try to speak about cons of this
situation. (Teacher is the presenter.
She will ask some questions in order to
find out more about their views on the
subject.)
Your name’s Sandy Taylor and you are the
presenter of a radio debate show. On today’s
show you are going to be discussing whether
films, TV and computer games are a danger to
society. You’ve invited four guests to the
show. Dr Young, a psychologist, and Sam
Smart, the director of a children’s charity,
will argue that they are a danger to society.
Film director Chris Cook, and Professor
Whatley, a media expert, will argue that they
are not.

49
II. Tell the definitions of the following
idioms.
1. Keep your fingers crossed
2. Like clockwork
3. A needle in a haystack
4. Nitty-gritty
5. If you're keeping your head above water
6. Know which way the wind blows
7. Push the envelope
8. Neck and neck
9. Pull a fast one
10. Prick up your ears

50
 MODULE
V

GETTING TO KNOW EACH OTHER

In order to know a person, it is very
necessary that you spend significant amount of
time with him or her. However, in the fast-paced
world of today, we hardly get time to even call
one another, forget about finding the time to
meet and explore the other person. So,
whenever you get the time to meet a person,
make sure to talk about the right stuff and ask
the right questions, so that you are able to
extract more information about him and know
him better.

51
The best ways of getting to know each other.

Observation
can Reveal a
Lot

know someone Common

Communication better... Friends Can
Help

Ask
Sociometric
Questions
Directly

52
Observation can Reveal a Lot
Meeting someone at a party or a get-together
is probably one of the best ways to getting to
know each other. The setting is very casual and
you can always strike a very normal conversation.
Alternately, merely observation can tell you a lot
about a person. In such a situation, the person
under observation is unaware of the scrutiny and
behaves normally. This helps us to understand a
lot about the behavior of a person. Body
language, movements and gestures can reveal a
lot about a person and the compatibility factor.
For example, a man may treasure his old torn
jeans. This does not mean he is reluctant to buy
a new pair of jeans. This shows that he is
attached to his belongings and does not discard
his old possessions on getting new ones.

53
Ask Sociometric Questions Directly
Sociometry is a science of measuring the
degree of relatedness among people. The term
was coined by Jacob Levy Moreno. Sociometry is
based on the choices that people make while
dealing with interpersonal relationships. You too
can get a list of sociometric questions for free
on the net. With the questions, you can also
access related readings on them. A question or
its various possible answers may seem absolutely
normal to you. But they convey a certain hidden
meaning which only trained professionals can
identify. Sociometric questions can also be one
of the best ways to getting to know each other.
For example, if asked why a girl dresses up? The
possible answers could be many. The answers will
reveal not only the real reason but also the level
of her self-esteem and her perception about the
society in general.

54
Common Friends Can Help
Friends and known people can be of
immense help when it comes to knowing a person.
They can provide many views which may coincide
or even contradict with each other at times. One
of the best ways to getting to know each other
is to keep these pointers in mind but form an
opinion only after validating the information.
Keep in mind that the only person who knows the
truth is the person himself. Try to find out
information, without making it too obvious or
being nosy. Your method of getting information
should seem like a genuine interest in the other
person and not like an investigation into the
depths of someone’s character or morality. The
kind of friends that a person hangs around with,
will also give you a lot of insight about a person
and his or her likes and dislikes.

55
Communication
Often when relationships sour, we tend to
cite a very common reason “Lack of
communication”. And indeed, this reason is very
big. Creating a channel of open communication is
also one of the best ways to getting to know
each other. Letting someone do guess-work as to
what the other person wants out of a
relationship is neither the right thing to do nor
is possible. There are many issues which need a
lot of time, patience and perseverance to settle.
For example, asking questions about marriage,
children, career, style of parenting etc can
reveal a lot about the person. Such questions
cannot be discussed in an hour or two. You need
to spend a good amount of time to get to know
the person before promising your commitment
towards a relationship.

56
 How to start communication?
Have you ever wanted to know your
partner better, but didn't know which questions
to ask, or how to ask them? It's not that easy
because each of us has certain areas in which he
or she wouldn't want to discuss or answer
questions about. That's a real shame, because it
prevents most couples from getting to know each
other as well as they should. The best way to
start asking questions is to find fun question for
couples. There are some things which most
people find easy to talk about and can be very
revealing. Here are some fun topics you can use:
1. Pets - How does your partner feel about
them, what is his or her favorite animal, had he
ever had a pet, would he like one in the future...
2. Vacations - Where has your partner been on
vacation before meeting you, where would he or
she like to travel too, is traveling or hiking a
hobby...
3. Hobbies - What does your partner like to do,
what were their hobbies as children, what would
they like to do if they had more time/money...
In order to know a person, it is very necessary
that you spend significant amount of time with
him. However, in the fast-paced world of today,

57
we hardly get time to even call one another,
forget about finding the time to meet and
explore the other person. So, whenever you get
the time to meet a person, make sure to talk
about the right stuff and ask the right
questions, so that you are able to extract more
information about him and know him better.

58
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS
• Be in the know (informal) - to know
about something which most people do not
know about The resort is considered by
those who are in the know to have the
best downhill skiing in Europe
• Keep someone at arm's length - If you
keep someone at arm's length, you do not
allow yourself to become too friendly with
them. "It's not easy to become friends
with Sophie; she tends to keep everyone
at arm's length."
• Know your stuff (informal) - to know a lot
about a subject, or to be very good at
doing something when it comes to
restoring grand pianos, Mr. Morley really
knows his stuff.
• Good walls make good neighbors - This
expression means that respecting one
another's privacy helps create a good
relationship between neighbors. "We try

59
 not to disturb the people next door. Good
walls make good neighbors!"
• Know someone/something inside out - If
you know someone or something inside out,
you know them very well. “Sue and Anne
have been friends since childhood. They
know each other inside out.”
• Don’t see eye to eye - An idiom is used
to say if people are not getting along, if
they don’t understand each other.
• To be on different wavelengths means
“not to understand each other” - We’re
just on different wavelengths. We just
don’t understand each other.” It’s like
we’re in two different worlds. She’s in a
different world than me.
• Get on like a house on fire - Two people
who get on like a house on fire have
similar interests and quickly become good
friends."The two boys were in the same
class and got on like a house on fire."
• Build bridges - If a person builds bridges
between opposing groups, they help them
to cooperate and understand each other
better. "The mayor spent years trying to

60
 build bridges between the different
communities."
• Know no more about something than a
frog knows about bed sheets - to have no
knowledge of something. Don't let Bill fix
your car. He knows no more about cars
than a frog knows about bed sheets. When
I first started studying French literature,
I knew no more about it than a frog knows
about bed sheets.

Add your own new words and expressions

61
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and express your
ideas.
1. Do you enjoy meeting new people?
2. What are some good things to ask
someone you just met?
3. What are some things you shouldn't ask
people you just met?
4. Are you nervous when you are introduced
to someone new?
5. What are some ways to overcome being
nervous about meeting new people?
6. Where are some good places to meet
people?
7. Do you usually shake hands with when you
meet a new person? Why/Why not?
8. What is the favorite topic for new
acquaintances in your country?
9. Do people in your culture use a lot of body
language when they communicate, or do
they keep their bodies relatively still?

62
10. Do people in your culture show their
emotions when communicating with others
or do they hide some feelings? How do
they show their emotions? What kind of
feelings might they hide?
11. Are you a person who approaches someone
first? Or are you a person who waits for
someone to approach you?
12. Do you like to kiss, shake or bow when you
meet a new person?

II. Group work: Split the class into small

groups. (4 or 5 students) Give one
idiom for each group. Ask each group
to perform the given idioms. (Choose
any of the idioms relating to the topic.)
The instructor can use the cards with
idioms.

63
III. Work in groups and discuss the
questions.
1. Look at the photos. Who are the
people?
2. Write a short conversation for each
photo.

64
 IV. Watch the video and tick (✓) the
expressions you hear.

Hello Goodbye

1. Can I take your coat? It’s been great seeing

you.

2. Good afternoon See you.

3. Good evening. Bye.

4. Good morning. See you sometime.

5. Hello I’m ... I had a lovely time.

6. Hello. It was lovely to see you.

7. How are you? Cheers.

8. Nice to meet you. Take care.

9. Nice to see you Goodbye.

10. Please come in. Look forward to seeing you

soon.

11. This is ... See you around.

12. Welcome to my house. Nice to see you.

65
 MODULE
VI
To Be Guilty
Guilt is an emotion that occurs when a pe
rson believes that they have violated a moral sta
ndard that they themselves believe in.
Guilt, like worry, is an emotion that is
created by our imaginations following an event,
or non-event. It is a feeling that comes when you
feel you have not done something, or you feel
you have done something badly – it is what is
generated when you feel unsatisfied with your
performance.
Feeling guilty is what happens when you
are not taking full responsibility for your action,
or your inaction, it is the nagging in your head
that tells you, you have let yourself down, let
other people down, that you have failed.This may
seem to you like you are taking responsibility,
but blaming, even if it is directed at yourself,
does not equal taking responsibility.
Whether created by your imagination or
not, when it transcends into feelings and

66
emotions, Guilt is very real and can become a
debilitating factor in life.

Why do we feel guilty?

Feelings of guilt occur because deep
down in your subconscious you have become
emotionally attached to an event that you feel in
some way responsible for, either you feel that
you did something wrong, feel that you didn’t do
enough or feel that you should have done
something – all of these feelings stem from an
apparent lack on your part.

In all of the cases you are feeling guilty

because of your attachment to a situation,
however valid or however responsible you should
feel, and you are punishing yourself as a result.

67
• Do you feel guilty about spending money on
yourself?
• Is it okay to feel guilty for spending
money?
• How can you avoid that nagging feeling
It’s funny how people have different
emotions when it comes to spending money. Some
feel excited and enjoy spending their hard-
earned money, and others don’t like spending at
all. Some even feel guilty almost every time they
buy something.
• Here are some hints to figure out if the
guilt is warranted or not.
• In the following instances, guilt can be a
good thing. It’s essentially your conscience
motivating you to change your ways and do what’s
right in order to lose the guilty feeling.

 You Break a Promise

Let’s say that you and your significant
other agreed not to make any purchases this
month, but you go out and buy a new pair of

68
shoes anyway. Or perhaps you agreed not to buy
a television until Friday, but you just can’t wait
any longer.
If you said you weren’t going to spend
money, then stick to your word. How can
someone trust you if you go back on your word?
Even worse, how can you trust yourself?

 You Are Already Over Budget

If you allow yourself $50 of fun money

each month, go and enjoy it. But once you hit
that limit, practice self-control and wait until
next month to buy yourself a new pair of shoes
or whatever else it is that catches your eye. You

69
are only cheating yourself and your household
by indulging through overspending

 It’s Not Your Money

I’m not talking about stolen money.

Instead, you may feel guilty if you did not
actively contribute to the money you are
spending (i.e. common with income inequality in
marriage). This doesn’t have to mean earning it
outright. You can contribute by taking
on household cleaning , watching the kids, and a
smiling face to your family members. But if

70
 you’re a couch potato living and not actively
contributing to your household at all, your guilt
is not warranted.

 Conditioned Response

The conditioned response is the learned

response to the previously neutral stimulus. For
example, let's suppose that the smell of food is
an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in
response the smell is an unconditioned response,
and the sound of a whistle is the conditioned
stimulus. The conditioned response would be

71
feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the
whistle.
While studying classical conditioning, you
might find it helpful to remember that the
conditioned response is the learned reflexive
response.
Some examples of conditioned responses
include:
Many phobias begin after a person has
had a negative experience with the fear object.
For example, after witnessing a terrible car
accident, a person might develop a fear of
driving. This is a conditioned response.
The sound of a can opener or bag being
opened can trigger excitement in pet. If your
pet is accustomed to being fed after hearing the
sound of a can or bag being opened, he or she
might become very excited whenever they hear
that sound. This behavior is a conditioned
response.
Many children receive regular
immunizations, and a child may cry as a result of
these injections. In some instances, a child might
come to associate a doctor's white jacket with
this painful experience. Eventually, the child
might begin to cry whenever they see anyone

72
wearing a white jacket. This crying behavior is a
conditioned response.

 The World "Should" Be A Certain Way

This is one that causes a lot of grief. Hanging

on to those "shoulds" no matter what makes
things so much harder than it needs to be. You'll
think something like, "I should have known
better", "I shouldn't upset people", "I shouldn't
make mistakes". Whenever you catch yourself
saying "should" know that it's a clue to why
you're in so much pain. Thinking the world should
be a certain way is a waste of energy. It's the
way it is.

73
 When you catch yourself saying "should"
about something, ask yourself how you would feel
about the situation if you simply dropped that
word? A lot of times, just by doing that, you'll
suddenly feel so much better about the
situation.

Reasons Why You Feel Guilty

There are times when feelings of guilt

are appropriate. For instance, if you have done
something wrong, then it would make sense to
feel guilty. If you have done nothing wrong, then
you should not feel guilty. It is either
appropriate to feel guilty in a situation or it isn’t.

74
 Different reasons cause the feeling of
guilty. Here are the set of them but we can
continue the diagram.

Avoiding something/someone

Reacting to a situation instead of

choosing your response

Not making the partner happy

Not being the perfect

Not forgiving yourself

75
Dealing with Feeling Guilty
Learning how to deal with guilt comes
down to understanding what's really happening
behind your feelings of guilt. Once you do that,
then you take control over your emotions and you
choose how you want to respond. You won't be
blindly reacting and finding that nothing you do
eases your guilty conscience. This way, you rule
your life, not your emotions and fear. You're also
back to making the best decisions for you and
those you interact with.
It is really a powerful moment when you
see behind the simple emotion and realize that
you were giving up your own power for no reason.
No more feeling guilty, or at least, only for a few
short moments until you discover what it's really
trying to tell you. Use those emotions so you can
confidently move forwards.
Appreciate your feelings of guilt because
they really can tell you a lot about what's really
going on.

76
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

• Drop a brick – make an embarrassing

mistake
• Be up a stump – be in difficulties
• Throw up the sponge – admit defeat or
failure
• Be in hot water – get into trouble
• Stick in the mud – be unprogressive
• Live above one’s income – spend more
than one receives
• Live from hand to mouth – spending
money as soon as it is received
• Be in low water – short of money
• Be barking up the wrong tree – be
making a mistake, a complaint or
accusation against the wrong person
• Come down in the world – lose social
position

77
• Lay a trip on someone – to criticize
someone

Add your own new words and expressions

78
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and express your
ideas.

1. Do you sometimes feel guilty for helping

others?
2. Do you sometimes wish you could do more
to help?
3. Do you sometimes feel guilty for not
seeing someone enough?
4. Do you sometimes feel guilty when things
go wrong?
5. Do you feel guilty if someone tells you
they could have done better?
6. Do you feel guilty at work, and carry the
world on your shoulders?
7. When do you feel guilty?
8. How do you get rid of feeling guilty?
9. Who helps you stop feeling guilty?
10. What influence you to change your
feelings?

79
II. Group work. Looking at the pictures
describe them and tell the reasons
why the people feel guilty. In
conclusion note the best ways how
they can deal with the guilt.

80
III. Pair work. Write down the idioms
that the given definitions explain.

1. Getting into trouble -

…………………………………………………………………………….
2. When we have little money -
……………………………………………………………………………
3. To lose social position -
……………………………………………………………………………
4. Making a big mistake when you feel
ashamed -
……………………………………………………………………….. .
5. Waste one's efforts by pursuing the wron
g
thing or path
…………………………………………………………………………….
6. To judge somebody -
…………………………………………………………………………….
7. To give up a contest; to acknowledge
defeat-
………………………………………………………………………….. .
8. Not to gain progress -
………………………………………………………………………….. .

81
 MODULE
VII

Finding time

Time management is one of the most

important skills a person should learn. With a
good time management system you can easily
find the time to do the things that are
important to you, whether in your professional or
personal life.

How To Find Time For Everything!

Below are seven tips to help you better
manage your time and find the time to
participate in the things that are important to
you.

Tips to manage
time
82
Work Space

Time Tools

Deadlines

Plan Ahead

Say “No”

Prioritize

Goals

83
  Separate Work Space from
Everything-Else Space
You need to have a dedicated workspace.
If you work in an office, this is easy enough to
manage. But if you work from home, you’ll need
to put a bit more effort in. Here are a few tips
for creating a workspace if you don’t have space
for a dedicated office

• Get a desk. Don’t try to work from your

coffee table or dining room table. It’s

84
 inefficient and you’ll constantly find
yourself having to pick things up just to
bring them back out later. It’s better to
have a space where you can leave your
work things set up all the time.
• Go into “work mode” when you’re in your
workspace. This might mean wearing
“work clothes” when you’re working. Or it
might mean putting shoes on when you’re
at your desk (this is one I do most of the
time).
• Steal unused space. Is there an unused
room, corner of a room, or even closet
somewhere in your home? Is it big enough
for a desk? If it is, then you might have
just found your dedicated office. If your
space is part of a larger room, consider
buying an office armoire to hide away your
work stuff when you’re not using it.

 Take Advantage of Time Management

Tools
There are hundreds of tools out there for
organizing and managing your time. You have a
dry-erase calendar for your monthly schedule.
Previously, you’ve used those yellow Post-It

85
notes to keep your to-do list organized (you’d
stick them to your desk in front of your
keyboard). Both tools worked well, but you
finally decided you wanted to have a to-do list
you could access from anywhere.

86
  Set Goals
Setting goals is one of the most important
things you can do to manage your time. If you
don’t have any goals, how do you know what’s
important? What deserves your time and
attention? The short answer is: you don’t. Goals
don’t need to be formal. They don’t need to be
long-term either. What they do need to do is
focus your attention on what’s important. One of
your goals might be to get all of your work done
by Thursday so you can take Friday off, or use
Friday to work on a personal project. Your goals
should be attainable and specific. You can set
recurring goals (“I want to take every Friday
off.”) or one-time goals (“I want to finish my new
website design by next Tuesday.”) or any
combination of the two. You might write them
down somewhere or you can just keep them in
your head. Just make sure you always have a
goal.

87
  Set Deadlines
Deadlines are sort of like a built-in goal for
a project. If you know something is due next
Monday, then you’re more likely to structure
your work on it to make sure it gets done by
Monday. (If not, you definitely need this article
more than most.) If you don’t have deadlines
imposed by clients or a boss, then you’ll need to
have self-imposed deadlines. Think about when
you want to finish something or when you’d like
to move on to the next project. Put that date in
your calendar or mark it on your to-do list as the
deadline for your current project. For added
accountability, tell someone else about your
deadline. I’ll sometimes post self-imposed
deadlines on Twitter or Facebook so my friends
there can hound me about it if I miss a deadline.

88
  Plan Ahead
Keep some kind of big-picture plan. This
might be monthly, or yearly, depending on your
industry and the particular types of projects you
take on. You can also mark down appointments,
important dates, and other information that
might interfere with your deadlines or regular
work schedule. Most of your deadlines are on a
weekly or monthly calendar works great for you.
If you have longer deadline periods, you’ll need
to adjust the amount of time you need to look at
once to get an idea of how much work you’ve
committed yourself

89
  Prioritize
You have to prioritize the work you do. For
the most part, work due immediately should be
completed first. Then the work comes due within
the next week or two, and then everything else.
Don’t forget to include family priorities, too.
Doctor’s appointments, school plays, parent-
teacher meetings, date nights, and parties also
need to be taken into account when you’re
planning your work schedule. Decide what things
you absolutely must attend whether your work is
finished or not, what things you want to attend
if you get to a certain point in your work, and
things that you may or may not attend if all of
your work is finished.
Set up a system of marking the priority of
different items on your schedule. This might be
using different-colored pens to write in
different items, or it might be putting a star
next to the most important things, or even
keeping separate lists for each priority. Again,
just make sure whatever you choose to do makes
sense in your lifestyle.

90
  Learn to Say “No”
One of the biggest time-management
pitfalls you can experience is taking on too much
work. You have to learn to say “no” to some
people. If you take on more work than you can
handle, not only will you have problems meeting
deadlines, but the quality of your work and your
relationships will suffer. Before taking on any
new work, look at your schedule. Do you really
have time for another project? If not, simply
explain to the client that you have too many
projects going to devote the time necessary for
their project. Most will thank you for it. And if
you really can’t bring yourself to turn down work,
give them a realistic timeline for when you can
complete their project. Don’t say you can have it
done the following week if you already have
commitments taking up your time between now
and then. Learn to say no to your friends, family,
neighbors, and others in your life so you have
time to say “yes” to the things that are really
important to you.

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 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

• Against the clock - to have very little

time to do something
• In the blink of an eye - hardly enough
time to notice something
• Cut it/things fine - to leave barely enough
time to do something.
• Day late and a dollar short - it comes
too late and is not good enough.
• Down to the wire - the situation can
change up until the last possible moment.
• Five o'clock shadow - this expression
refers to a patch of stubble on the face of a
man who hasn't shaved for at least a day.
• Just around the corner - If something is
just around the corner, it will happen very soon.
• Never in a million years - this expression
means "absolutely never"
• Living on borrowed time - this expression
refers to a period of time after an illness or
accident which could have caused death.

92
• Nick of time - happens at the last
minute, when it is nearly too late.
• Pressed for time - to have hardly enough
time to do something.
• Stand the test of time - people continue
to find something valuable or useful after many
years.

“TIME” PHRASES
• on time - to be on time means not to be
late. You arrive at the right time.
• time flies - means that time passes
quickly.
• in the nick of time - means that you
arrive or finish something just before it is too
late. At the last possible moment.
• turn back the hands of time - means to
go back to the past.
• save time - when we do something the
quick way.
• spare time - the same meaning as free
time.
• as time goes by - means as time passes or
moves. The passing of time.

93
• out of time - means that there is no more
time left to do something. The time limit or
deadline has been reached.
• make time - means to find the time to do
something. We have to clear some time in our
schedules to do something.
• time for a change - means to stop what
you are doing and start doing something else
with your life.
• time is money - means that your time is a
valuable commodity.
• time heals all wounds - means that our
feelings of hurt will leave us time passes by.
This expression usually refers to emotional
hurts and not physical ones.
• only time will tell - means that we cannot
find out the truth or the answer yet. We will
have to wait and then we will find out in the
future.
• kill time - means to do something that is
not very interesting or important to pass time.
We usually use to kill time when we are waiting
for something that will take place later.

94
• time after time - means that it happens
again and again. The action repeats.
• time off - means to take a holiday from
work.
• a waste of time - refers to anything that
is not a useful way to spend your time. Doing
something pointless or useless.
• a hard time - means to do something that
is difficult or to suffer hardship.
• too much time on my hands - means that
you have too much free time and not enough
things to do.
• a whale of a time - means to have a
great time. To do something really fun.
Add your own new words and expressions

95
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and try to explain
your answers.
1. Are you on time? If you are late, what
message do you send to the person who is
waiting for you?
2. If time travel were possible, which period
of world history would you like to return
to? Why?
3. What is your busiest day of the week?
4. Do you like to be busy, or do you like to
have an easy schedule?
5. What takes up most of your time?
6. Do you think you manage your time wisely?
7. Do you manage time, or does time manage
you?
8. If you have power to stop time, would you
like to stop it or not? Why/why not?
9. How much time do you spend sleeping?
10. Do you think time moves slowly or quickly?

96
 11. What would you do if you had a few extra
hours in a day?
12. Would you rather have more time or more
money?

II. Group work: Split the class into small

groups. (4 or 5 students). Give one
idiom for each group. Ask each group
to perform the idioms.

III. Match the idioms with their

definitions in the box.

a. to have hardly enough time to do something;

b. to have very little time to do something;
c. absolutely never;
d. happens at the last minute, when it is nearly too late,
e. it will happen very soon

1. Never in a million years _____

2. Just around the corner _____
3. Pressed for time _____
4. Against the clock _____
5. Nick of time _____

97
 IV. Comprehensive activity on “Time”
phrases. Tick ( ✓ ) the correct
phrases to complete the statements.

1. I spent 5 hours writing that report and

then my boss told me that he didn't need it.
What a ___!
waste of time
kill time
in the nick of time
time heals all wounds

2. I like to play the guitar? What do you do

in your ___?
time flies
hard time
on time
spare time

3. I got on the train a second before it left.

I was just ___.
make time
save time

98
 time for a change
in the nick of time

4. Look! I can't believe it. It's 5pm already.

___ when you are having fun!
Time flies
A whale of a time
Out of time
Turn back the hands of time

5. I don't want to go on holiday to Spain

again this year. I think it's ___ and to go
somewhere different.
time for a change
time is money
on time
as time goes by

6. ___ he forgets my birthday. Every year is

the same. He never remembers.
A hard time
Too much time on my hands

99
 Time after time
Time heals all wounds

7. ___ if the price of oil will fall in the

future.
Have a whale of a time
As time goes by
Only time will tell
Out of time

8. You are sad now, but you will be ok in a

couple of weeks. Remember, ___.
time after time
time is money
kill time
time heals all wounds

9. I'm never late for work. I always arrive

___.
spare time
as time goes by

100
 right on time
too much time on my hands
10. That nightclub is fantastic! I had ___.
a waste of time
a whale of a time
time is money
a hard time

101
 MODULE
VIII
Be Creative

Creativity is the act of turning new and

imaginative ideas into reality. Creativity is
characterised by the ability to perceive the
world in new ways, to find hidden patterns, to
make connections between seemingly unrelated
phenomena, and to generate solutions. Creativity
involves two processes: thinking, then
producing. If you have ideas, but don’t act on
them, you are imaginative but not creative.
So what are the implications for someone
who wants to be more creative, either as a
professional or keen amateur? It boils down to
doing the following things:

102
 Hang
around
creative
people

Assume you
are creative

You are responsible

for your own
experience

Never compare your

inside with somebody
else’s outside

103
 Assume you are creative.
Don’t worry about labeling yourself a
creative or uncreative person. Just assume that
creativity is humanly possible, and you are a
human, therefore it’s possible for you.

 Follow your heart.

Your passion for creativity is your guide
to developing your talent. When your curiosity is
aroused, when you feel yourself becoming
absorbed, fascinated and excited by a creative
task – that’s your talent telling you you’re
getting warm – it’s saying “Do more of this”.
Creativity can be hard work, and it requires
dedication and commitment to keep going, but if
you apply yourself and follow your heart, sooner
or later you will taste creative flow, at the point
where your motivation, talent and experience
blend together.

 Hang around with creative people.

Get involved. Go to work in somewhere
creativity is encouraged; go to readings,
galleries and concerts; attend classes and stay

104
 behind for a drink and a chat with the other
students; read books; read magazines. Get
familiar with the whole of your chosen field, its
history as well as its present – that way you
have a chance of contributing to its future.
The other reason is that the “creatives” don’t
put any limits on their creativity, which makes
them very exciting to work with. They are not
essentially any different from other people, but
they are doing the three things listed above,
consistently – which means they are enjoying
their work more and producing better and
better creative results, working towards the
possibility of creating something extraordinary.

 You are responsible for your own

experience.
Nobody can tell you if what you’re doing
is good, meaningful or worthwhile. The more
compelling the path, the more lonely it is.
Every creative person is looking for “The Big
Idea”. You know, the one that is going to catapult
them out from the murky depths of obscurity

105
and on to the highest planes of incandescent
lucidity.

 Never compare your inside with

somebody else’s outside.
The more you practice your craft, the
less you confuse worldly rewards with spiritual
rewards, and vice versa.

106
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS
• Can of worms - means that it
is complicated, unpleasant and difficult to
deal with.
• Burn the candle at both ends -
means that they are trying to do too much
and that they go to bed very late and get
up very early.
• As unstable as water – tending to change
suddenly
• Play the goat – behave in a foolish and
excited way
• Play cat and mouse - means to treat them
alternately cruelly and kindly, so that they
do not know what to expect.
• Cherry pick - choose something with
great care and select only the best.
• On somebody's tail – to follow somebody
closely.
• Take a back seat - you choose to have a
less important function
and become less involved in something.

107
• Take the law into one's own hands - If,
instead of calling the police, you act
personally against someone who has done
something wrong
• Take it upon yourself - do it without
asking for permission or agreement.
• As thick as thieves – very close friends
• Throw money at something - try to solve
a problem by spending money on it,
without using any other methods

Add your own new words and expressions

108
 Activities
I.
II. Questions to discuss:
Here are some thoughtful questions about
creativity. Remember, there are no "right" or
"wrong" answers, just practice expressing your
opinions!

1. What is creativity?
2. Do you consider yourself a creative
person? Why?
3. What is something creative that you have
done?
4. Is creativity a good thing? Why or why
not?
5. Do you think creativity comes with time
and thought or you are born with creative
talent?
6. What creative activities did you do as a
child?
7. In which professional field do you think
people are most creative? e.g science

109
8. Do you think it's possible to teach people
how to be more creative?
9. What do you think is the true value of
creativity in our society?
10.Do you think the number of creative
people in the world is increasing or
decreasing?

III. Express your ideas about the

following idioms.
1. As unstable as water
2. Throw money at something
3. Take the law into one's own hands
4. Play cat and mouse
5. As thick as thieves

110
 Module
IX

Forgiveness

To forgive means to "give up", to let go. It

also means to restore oneself to basic goodness
and health. When we forgive, we are willing to
give up resentment, revenge and obsession. We
are willing to restore faith not only in ourselves,
but in life itself. The inability or unwillingness to
do this, causes harm in the one who is holding
into the anger.
Forgiveness is not a feeling but a decision.
Moreover, forgiveness is not only praying for
those who have hurt us or treating them politely.
We know if we have made the decision to forgive
when we show it in acts of love and mercy to
those who have offended us.
Forgiveness is a gift you give to yourself. It
is not something you do FOR someone else. It is
not complicated. It is simple. Simply identify the
situation to be forgiven and ask yourself: "Am I

111
willing to waste my energy further on this
matter?" If the answer is "No," then that's it!
All is forgiven
Forgiveness is an act of the imagination. It
dares you to imagine a better future, one that is
based on the blessed possibility that your hurt
will not be the final word on the matter. It
challenges you to give up your destructive
thoughts about the situation and to believe in
the possibility of a better future. It builds
confidence that you can survive the pain and
grow from it.
There is nothing so bad that cannot be
forgiven. Nothing! Forgiveness is the experience
of finding peace inside and can neither be
compelled nor stopped by another.
"The weak can never forgive.
Forgiveness is the attribute of the
strong." Mahatma Gandhi
HEALTHY love relationships are not
possible without forgiveness! You cannot have a
loving and rewarding relationship with anyone
else, much less yourself, if you continue to hold
on to things that happened in the past.
Forgiveness is the most important single
process that brings peace to our soul and

112
harmony to our life. All of us, at some point in
our lives, have been hurt and wounded by the
actions or words of another. Sometimes the
grievances have been so great we thought, "no
way, this I cannot forgive!" Resentment and
hostility can run so deep that forgiveness
becomes very difficult. We feel we have a right
to our indignation!

When it is hard to forgive

Write on a piece of paper what happened
and how that made you feel. To show that you

113
won’t keep a record of the wrong, you could do
one of the following things with that paper:
• tear it up (or let your pet rip it to shreds);
• soak it in water for a few minutes and then
squeeze it into a tiny ball. Practice throwing
the ball into a waste paper bin from a
distance;
• bury it in the garden (in a secret place);
think of some other unusual way to destroy it.
• ask the closest person to help you get over
the feelings of hurt.
Any act of kindness done for the person
who has been unkind will show your love in action
and will help you get over your hurt more easily.
Remember, forgiving is
something you must do. The other person doesn’t
need to do anything, and he doesn't owe you a
favour in return. In fact, the other person might
not even be sorry!

What if someone keeps hurting me?

Forgiveness does not mean that you should
let the other person keep on hurting you. If
someone keeps on being unkind and nasty, speak
to your mom or dad, or let your teacher know
about the problem. Hurting others is never okay!

114
 What if I don’t forgive?
Your feelings for others may become
unfriendly as your heart is hardened by angry,
unforgiving thoughts.
You will probably start to feel miserable and
become crabby. But when you set someone free
by forgiving them, you set yourself free to enjoy
life!

115
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

• Forgive and forget - forgive a person for

what they have done, and not continue to
be angry

• To err is human, to forgive divine -

when people do things wrong we should try
hard to forgive them because all people
make mistakes

• Bear a grudge against someone -

continue to be angry about it; not willing
to forgive

• Have a grudge against someone - not

willing to forgive that person and forget
what that person did

116
SAYINGS

It takes a second to make a mistake,

but a lifetime to try and forget it was
your fault.

Jenn

When you forgive, you in no way

change the past - but you sure do
change the future.

Bernard Meltzer

"It is the fragrance that flowers give

when they are crushed..." If you
apologize, it doesn't mean you're weak.
It means you value the relationship and
the person you have near.

Ilaha Aliyeva

117
 Refusing to forgive someone is like
drinking poison, and waiting for the
other person to die.

Stephanie

The stupid neither forgive nor

forget; the naïve forgive and
forget; the wise forgive but do not
forget.

Thomas Szasz

Forgiveness will not be possible until

compassion is born in your heart.

Zen Master

It is easier to forgive an enemy

than to forgive a friend.

William Blake

118
Add your own new words and expressions

119
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and give your
expanded ideas.

1. What is forgiveness?

2. How often must we forgive?

3. Are there any sins committed against you

which you don't have to forgive?

4. Must you forgive if the person offending

you isn't sorry?

5. Have you ever forgive and not forget?

6. How do you forgive yourself?

7. How do you know if you have forgiven?

8. What can cause your forgiveness?

9. Have you ever forgiven but not forgotten?

120
 10. What do you do to be forgiven if you have

done something wrong?

II. FORGIVE ACROSTIC: On a chalkboard

or a long piece of banner paper, write
FORGIVE and then let the students go
to the board and write a word to
describe the lesson word FORGIVE
today! Let the students discuss the new
word and how THEY can forgive
someone!

F _____________________________

O _____________________________

R _____________________________

G _____________________________

I _____________________________

V _____________________________

121
 MODULE
XEM

Fear
Fear is "an unpleasant and often strong
emotion caused by anticipation or awareness of
danger." Fear is completely natural and helps
people to recognize and respond to dangerous
situations and threats. However, healthy fear -
or fear which has a protective function can
evolve into unhealthy or pathological fear, which
can lead to exaggerated and violent behavior.
Some scholars lay out several stages of
fear. The first is real fear, or fear based on a
real situation. If someone or something hurts
you, you have a reason to fear it in the future.
Second is realistic, or possible fear. This is fear
based in reality that causes a person to avoid a
threat in the first place (i.e. waiting to cross a

122
busy road for safety reasons). Next,
exaggerated or emotional fear deals with an
individual "recalling past fears or occurrences
and injecting them into a current situation." This
type of fear is particularly relevant to conflict.
Emotional fear affects the way people handle
conflictual situations.
Fear can be described with different
terms in relation to the degree of fear that is
experienced. Fear is widely considered to be the
worst emotion of all, it varies from
mild caution to extreme phobia and paranoia.
Fear is related to a number of additional
cognitive and emotional states including worry,
anxiety, terror, horror, panic and dread.
According to surveys, some of the most
common fears are of: ghosts, the existence
of evil powers, cockroaches, spiders, snakes,
heights, water, enclosed spaces, tun-
nels and bridges, needles, social
rejection, failure, examinations and public
speaking
Causes of Fear
"Having the fear" is a phrase that has
entered the English language and means exactly
what it says. The definition can be applied to

123
numerous situations. It has been used both
humorously and seriously to describe situations
people face when they are going through crisis.
People who face a mid-life crisis and wish
to quit their jobs, have been suddenly hit with -
"having the fear". The term is used to describe
the unknown; what will happen if they have no
job to go to. They will still have responsibilities
to meet and bills to pay. It is these factors that
give people "the fear". The "fear" is the unknown
factor of what will occur if they give up
their day job.
Conflict is often driven by unfulfilled
needs and the fears related to these needs. The
most common fear in intractable conflict is the
fear of losing one's identity or security.
Individuals and groups identify themselves in
certain ways (based on culture, language, race,
religion, etc.) and threats to those identities
arouse very real fears - fears of extinction,
fears of the future, fears of oppression, etc.
For many people, the world is changing rapidly
and their lives are being altered as a result. For
some religious people, this change leads to the
fear that young people will abandon the Mosque,
that the media will become more important and

124
influential in the lives of their children, and that
they are losing control of their own future.
These threats to identity result in fear.

125
Why Fear Matters
Fear is a very important factor in
intractable conflict. Emotions like fear can often
cause extreme and seemingly irrational behavior
in people, which can result in escalating conflict.
People are social in nature, with shared
values, religion, tradition, language, etc.
Whenever the basic characteristics that tie a
group together are threatened, the group will
fear for its survival. As a result, the group will
also attempt to get rid of the threat, sometimes
through distorted or violent means.
It is also important to note the impact
that elites, or leaders, have on fear and conflict.
Oftentimes, leaders use fear to their political
advantage. Leaders need support from those
they lead, and one way to gain this support is by
playing on the fears of the people.

126
Dealing with Fear
There are many ways of approaching fear
in the context of conflict. However, since fear is
such a personal issue, most approaches focus on
the individual. There are various ways to deal
with your own fear, including
 becoming aware of it,
 identifying the ways you express fear
 recognizing the situations which trigger
fear,
 using behavioral techniques to reduce fear
and stress.
We know various methods that can be
tried to stop fear; this includes facing the fear
head on, attending therapy to discuss and
overcome the root cause of the fear, or
practicing methods of relaxation to stop the
effects of fear. Each person's method for
stopping fear may be different.
There are many reasons one might need
to stop fear. Some fears are based off of
frightening or stressful events that happened in
one's past; other fears might seem irrational
and are not based on any real events, but still
feel very real. The brain is not generally capable
of distinguishing between fears real or imagined,

127
and the methods for dealing with both types of
fear may be the same. Some people find that one
of the most effective ways to stop fear is to
actually face the fear in a safe environment.
Obviously this method will not work in
every situation, but in many cases, it can be very
helpful. If one has a fear of public speaking, for
example, one of the best ways to stop fear
might be to put oneself in the situation. It may
take more than once, and it may be necessary to
practice relaxation methods while confronting
the fear, but many people find that their fears
are not nearly as scary as they had imagined
once they finally confront them.
Other people find that when they feel
fear or anxiety beginning, they can stop it with a
simple word or action. One might say "Stop!" to
oneself, for example, or may say something
positive such as "There is nothing to be afraid
of," or "You can do it." Though it may seem silly,
positive affirmations and a refusal to entertain
negative, fearful thoughts in the brain is one of
the simplest and most effective ways to stop
fear. Taking some deep, diaphragmatic breaths
can also help to prevent fear from worsening.

128
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS
• Can't stand the pace -not to be able to do
things well when there is a lot of pressure.
• Like a cat on hot bricks - person who is
very nervous or restless.
• On the edge of one's seat - Someone who
is very interested in something and finds it
both extremely exciting and nerve-wracking.
• Get your fingers burnt - to suffer as a
result of an unsuccessful action
• Our heart misses a beat – to have a sudden
feeling of fear or excitement.
• Have kittens - worry, anxiety or fear.
• Jump out of one's skin – to be extremely
surprised, scared or shocked.
• Get your knickers in a twist – to be
nervous or upset faced with a difficult
situation
• Scare somebody out of their wits – to make
somebody very frightened or worried

129
• Whistle in the dark - to try to hide
somebody’s fear in a frightening or
dangerous situation.
• Be at your wits' end – to be very anxious
or worried about something and do not know
what to do
• Tongue-tied - to have difficulty in
expressing yourself because you are nervous
or embarrassed.

SAYINGS

Love is what we were born with.

Fear is what we learned here.

Marianne Williamson

Fear makes strangers of those who

would be friends.

Shirley MacLaine

130
 The greatest mistake you can make
in life is to be continually fearing
you will make one.

Elbert Hubbard

Add your own new words and expressions

131
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and explain your
answers.
1. What phobia do you have? (snakes,
heights, elevators, Big Foot)
2. What is the greatest fear you have ever
overcome?
3. What would you do if you had no fear?
4. What animal do you think is the most
scary?
5. How do you react when you see something
frightening?
6. Is there anyone/anything you are afraid
of?
7. What is your biggest fear in life? Are you
afraid that it might come true?
8. Do you believe people can be cured of
phobias by hypnosis?
9. How do you cope with your fears? How
would you help someone to get over their
fear?

132
10. Do you have public fear? How do you feel in
front of many people?

II. Discuss the following sayings about

fear and say whether you agree or
disagree with them.
1. Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only
to be understood (Marie Curie)
2. No one is afraid of heights, they are afraid
of the fall.
No one is afraid to play, they are afraid to
lose.
No one is afraid of the dark, they are afraid
of what’s in it.
The scariest moment is always just before
you start. (Stephen King)
3. There is much in the world to make us
afraid. There is much more in our faith to
make us unafraid. (Frederick W. Cropp)
4. Fear has a large shadow, but he himself is
small. (Ruth Gendler)
5. To conquer fear is the beginning of
wisdom. (Bernard Russell)
6. Fear cannot take what you do not give it.
(Christopher Coan)

133
7. To lead is difficult when you are a
follower of fear. (T. A. Sachs)

III. Tell the definitions of the following

idioms and discuss your own
approaches to them.

1. Like a cat on hot bricks

2. Jump out of one's skin

3. Tongue-tied

4. Your heart misses a beat

5. Be at your wits' end

6. Have kittens

134
 MODULE
XII

How to be HAPPY

Happiness. It is not measurable,

profitable, nor tradable. Yet, above all else in
the world, it is what people seek. They want to
have happiness, and want to know they have a lot
of it. But happiness, like air or water, is a hard
thing to grasp in one’s hand. It is intangible.
Happiness is not measured by material
wealth. A new car or television, a waterskiing
boat or a three-level house does not equate to
joyful feelings. They are status symbols, surely,
and ones that make others assume a person is
happy, but they do not guarantee a happy life.
The clichéd phrase, “money can’t buy happiness,”

135
is heard often… because it is true. People who
have wealth can be unhappy, just as the poor can
be living on cloud nine. Possessions can be gained
and lost, and with that comes fear. And fear
rarely leads to happiness.
While people have many and varied goals
that they pursue, there is an almost universal
underlying goal to virtually all pursuits: the goal
to be happy. People who spend a lot of time
making money generally do so because they
believe that the money itself will make them
happy, or will guard them against things that will
make them unhappy. If the focus isn’t on the
money, but on the jobs that bring the money,
those jobs are generally thought to make people
happy.
Being happy with who you are and what
you have, is a decision that has to be consciously
made. Goals can help lead to happiness. Finding
laughter in life is important. But at the end of
the day, a person needs to make a choice about
happiness. They need to agree they want it,
deserve it, and have it.

136
What Makes a Person Happy?
Positive Psychology experts—those who
study human happiness and the factors that
contribute to it--have identified several key
areas of life that seem to be more related to
personal happiness. If you’re satisfied with
these areas of your life, you tend to be happier
in general. So what are the things in life that are
correlated with personal happiness? Some of
them are the things that you would expect:
money, friends, health, and living conditions;
others are things you may not think of in your
daily life, such as your neighborhood, spirituality,
community involvement, and sense of meaning in
life.
In rough order of importance, here are
the factors that make us happy and what you can
do to increase happiness in your life.

Family and relationships

Meaningful work
Positive thinking Marriage
Gratitude Personal freedom
Forgiveness Good health
Success Religion

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Family and relationships
The happiest people spend time with those
they love including family, partners or friends.
Intimacy with others fulfills two basic human
needs – the need for social connections with
others of our kind, and the need for personal
growth which makes us feel fully alive.
A simple strategy for happiness is to accept
social invitations whenever possible, or to
initiate social gatherings with family and friends.
Face-to-face meetings make us happier than
online networking, especially because hugging and
other forms of physical touch releases
endorphins. So use technology to set up
meetings, but get out there and hobnob the old-
fashioned way.

Gratitude
Perhaps this is a subset of positive thinking,
yet it is such an important aspect that it
deserves a place all by itself. Grateful people are
happy people. Gratitude is best expressed in
writing or talking. Keeping a gratitude journal or
saying prayers aloud every night is a surefire
way to increase your happiness.

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Positive thinking
One attitude contributing to happiness is
the refusal to compare you with others. Be
content that the house you have is “enough
house” instead of envying your neighbor’s bigger
house. If you really have to compare, compare
down and not up. For example, Olympic bronze
medalists who consider themselves lucky to get a
medal are happier than silver medalists who feel
that they missed the gold medal.
Another useful attitude is to choose to
believe the better option. For example, if your
partner often works late, accept that he is
overwhelmed with deadlines instead of telling
yourself that he just doesn’t care enough to
spend time with you.
In addition to optimism, happy people
tend to have an internal locus of control; they
tend to believe that they are the masters of
their fate, rather than the victims of
circumstance. When you view the stressors of
your life as a challenge rather than a threat, you
tend to come up with more effective solutions
and feel more exhilarated (rather than drained)
as you tackle these circumstances.

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Here are a few actions and tips to help
you develop the power of positive thinking
 Always use only positive words while
thinking and while talking. Use words such
as, 'I can', 'I am able', 'it is possible', 'it
can be done', etc.
 Allow into your awareness only feelings of
happiness, strength and success.
 Try to disregard and ignore negative
thoughts. Refuse to think such thoughts,
and substitute them with constructive
happy thoughts.
 In your conversation use words that evoke
feelings and mental images of strength,
happiness and success.
 Before starting with any plan or action,
visualize clearly in your mind its successful
outcome. If you visualize with
concentration and faith, you will be
amazed at the results.
 Read at least one page of inspiring book
every day.
 Watch movies that make you feel happy.
 Minimize the time you listen to the news
and read the papers.

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  Associate yourself with people who think
positively.

Forgiveness
Those who cannot forgive become angry and
depressed over time, and suffer poorer health
due to the physical reactions to these negative
emotions. Let go of these toxic feelings, and you
increase your happiness.

Religion
A person’s specific religions belief or
denomination does not seem to matter as much
as the fact that she beliefs in something.
Religion provides a personal creed, a direction in
life, and this sense of purpose contributes to a
person’s well-being and happiness.

Personal freedom
While everybody needs freedom to varying
degrees, some people simply cannot be happy
unless they determine their own fate and are
left to make their own choices. For such people,
choosing to quit a job in order to freelance or

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start their own business is a great contributor
to happiness.

Good health
Surprisingly, health does not contribute much
to happiness. Health, like money, is a hygiene
factor. This means that its absence makes us
unhappy but its presence tends to be taken for
granted without any further increase in
happiness. So keep yourself in reasonably good
health so that you can enjoy life, but do not
obsess over it thinking that more health brings
more happiness.

Set The Right Goals for Happiness

Another quick look at the list of factors
that promote happiness shows that many things
contribute to personal happiness; finding a
balanced lifestyle so that you can include social
support, personal development, physical health
and meaningful pursuits,in addition to career
success and financial security (features that
more often steal the focus) is much more likely
to bring happiness than a lifestyle where only
one or two of them receives the lion’s share of

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energy and resources, to the exclusion of other
important lifestyle factors.

Work Toward Your Goals the Smart Way

If you’re trying to make positive changes
in your life, it’s important to set yourself up to
succeed:
First, set small, attainable goals. Work your
way into a new habit with baby steps, and you’ll
feel more successful every step of the way, and
be less likely to give up.
Next, reward your progress; for each small
goal you reach, allow yourself to feel pride, and
perhaps give yourself a small reward. Don’t
forget to enlist social support! Tell the
supportive people in your life what you’re
attempting to achieve, and tell them of your
successes. This will give you added strength, and
will make it less appealing to give up (and have to
explain yourself to those close to you)!

143
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

 On cloud nine- a person who is on cloud nine

is very happy because something wonderful
has happened.
 Like a dog with two tails- if somebody is
like a dog with two tails, they are extremely
happy.
 Down in the dumps- someone who is down in
the dumps is depressed or feeling gloomy.
 Down in the mouth- when someone is down in
the mouth, they look unhappy, discouraged or
depressed.
 Face like a wet weekend- if someone has a
face like a wet weekend , they are wearing a
sad expression and look miserable.
 Fool’s paradise- if someone is leaving in a
fool’s paradise, they are in the state of
contentment that will not last because their
happiness is based on illusion or false hope.

144
 Full of the joys of spring- if you are full of
the joys of spring, you are happy,
enthusiastic and full of energy.
 Grin from ear to ear- if somebody is
grinning from ear to ear, they look very
satisfied and happy.
 Happy camper- to refer to someone as a
“happy camper” means that they are
generally content or satisfied with what is
happening in their lives and have no cause for
complaint.
 Happy as a flea in a doghouse- if someone
is as happy as a flea in a doghouse, they are
very happy and contented.
 As happy as Larry- if you are as happy as
Larry, you are very happy indeed.
 Happy-go-lucky- if you are a happy-go-lucky
person, you are cheerful and carefree all the
time.

145
Add your own new words and expressions

146
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and explain
your answers.
1. Are you a happy person?
2. What is happiness for you?
3. What do you think is the color for
happiness?
4. Do you think that happiness lies within you?
Or does it depend upon other people and
external things?
5. Can money buy happiness?
6. What makes you feel happy?
7. What are the three most important things
for you to be happy?
8. Can you be happy if you are rich?
9. Can you be happy is you are poor?
10. How often do you feel really happy?
11. What makes you unhappy?

147
12. Do you need money to be happy?
13. What is missing in your life that would
make you very happy?
14. How does one know if they have
happiness?
15. Is it just a feeling?
16. If someone does not feel happy, how can
they go about achieving that feeling?

III. Discuss the following sayings about

happiness and say your reasons.

1. "Happiness depends upon ourselves."

…………………………………………………………(Aristotle)
2. "Remember this, that very little is needed to
make a happy life." (Marcus Aurelius)
3. "I wake up every morning with a great desire
to live joyfully."………… (Anna Howard Shaw)
4. “If you want happiness for an hour — take a
nap.’
If you want happiness for a day — go fishing.
If you want happiness for a year — inherit a
fortune.

148
 If you want happiness for a lifetime — help
someone else.”……………………..(Chinese Proverb)

IV. Tell the definitions of the idioms.

1. As happy as Larry

2. Down in the mouth

3. Fool’s paradise

4. On cloud nine

5. Down in the dumps

6. Happy as a flea in a doghouse

7. Like a dog with two tails

V. Individual work. Hand out A4 lists to

students. Ask them to draw a picture how

they imagine or in what they see HAPPINESS.

Then the students describe their drawings

expressing their feelings.

149
 MODULE
XIII

Success is everybody’s dream.

Success is within the mind of the
individual. A large portion of one’s life is spent
working to become successful. People are told
throughout childhood to work hard so they can
grow up and make lots of money. But success
takes many different forms. Different people
have different interpretations of what success
means to them. For some, success is measured

150
by social status and wealth; for others success is
determined only by the amount of happiness one
feels.
There are many different
interpretations of what success is. Some relate
success to money, others relate success to
happiness, but it all depends on the type of
person.
There is no right or wrong idea of success.
Success can only be achieved if one is willing to
believe he is successful. There are people who
want to give success an exact definition, but the
truth is success can only be what one wants to
believe it is. Anyone can achieve success it just
takes desire.

The key to success is making yourself as

useful as possible to others.
But how do you do that? Here are some ideas:

Be observant of needs. To be useful to

others, you should always be aware of even
the slightest clues of needs. The more
sensitive you are to the needs of others, the
more appreciative people will eventually
become. The best scenario is being able to

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anticipate a need before the other people
are even aware of it.
2. Find solutions to the needs. Now that
you are aware of needs, the next step is
finding solutions to them. The solutions
you offer should be as useful as possible.
To be able to do so, there is no other way
but to continuously build your own value.
It is from the value you have that you
could give value to others.

Be proactive to help. Do not wait for the

other person to ask for your help. Be
proactive. Give your help even before they
ask.

Be sincere. What matters is not only the

solution you offer, but also the way you
deliver it. Being sincere means being glad
to help others without expecting anything
in return. Make it your joy to give
something to others. People can somehow
distinguish whether or not you are
sincere.

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 Go the extra mile. Doing the above four
steps is good, but add this one if you
can: give more than expected. First, give
what is expected, and then add a little
more. If you do the above four steps
people will be appreciative, but if you add
this one step they will be impressed.

KEYS TO SUCCESS

One dictionary defines success as “the

satisfactory accomplishment of a goal sought
for.” To be successful, you must achieve the goal

153
and be satisfied with the outcome. With this
definition one wonders if “success” that does not
include personal satisfaction–a sense of well-
being–is really true success at all.
Someone once said, “The key to happiness
is having dreams. The key to success is making
your dreams come true.” Now we want to talk
about making your dreams come true. We want to
talk about 5 keys that will help turn your dreams
into reality.

SUCESS

Golden Rules Confidence

Work Preparation

Preparation

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Preparation
• “The secret of success in life is for a man
to be ready for his opportunity when it
comes.” Benjamin Disraeli
• Success loves preparation. If the perfect
opportunity presented itself today, would
you be ready? It’s better to be ready and
not have an opportunity, then to have an
opportunity and not be ready.
• To succeed, you must be ready when
opportunity comes. Spend your time
preparing for success, when your
opportunity comes, you’ll be glad you did.

Work
 “Success is simply a matter of luck. Ask
any failure.” ~Anonymous
 All failures know that success is simply a
matter of luck, they know it’s just a
matter of being at the right place at the
right time, they know with assurance that
success is directly linked to good ole
fashion chance.
 However, those who have succeeded know
that success is directly and proportionally
linked to work. Even an amazing strategy

155
 can’t guarantee success. Zig Ziglar said,
“The most practical, beautiful, workable
philosophy in the world won’t work – if you
won’t.”
 You have to put in the time. However,
when you put in the time, it makes success
all the more sweet. When you come from
“behind” and do the impossible, it makes
success as sweet as a honeycomb. John H.
Johnson said, “I believe the greater the
handicap, the greater the triumph.”

Remember the Golden Rule

 “Success is still the constant
application of the Golden Rule.”
~Anonymous
 Never forget the golden rule, “Do to
others as you would have them do to
you.” That’s the key to success. Serve
your clients as you would have them
serve you. Meet their needs as you
would have them meet your
needs. Give them prices that you
would want to pay, exceed their
expectations in a way that you would

156
 want your expectations to be
exceeded.
 When you follow the golden rule, you
open the door to success.

Confidence
 “Confidence is the companion of
success.” ~Anonymous
 If you don’t believe in your abilities,
don’t be surprised if no one else does
either. Your negative thoughts about
yourself send a signal throughout the
world that others pick up on and
respond accordingly. If you’re
broadcasting the station “Depression
108.7” then others will treat you like
you’re depressed.
 But, when you believe in yourself and
your potential, people pick up that
signal, and they will treat you
according to how they believe, you
believe, you should be treated. Did
you get that?

Lead

157
• “A most important key to successful leadership
is your ability to direct and challenge the very
best that is in those whom you lead.”
~Anonymous
• To be successful you must be a great
leader. There’s probably nothing more difficult
than being a great leader. It’s easy to be
selfish, it’s easy to only be concerned with your
needs, your wants and your desires. But to
succeed you have to lead! You have to do what’s
best for the people; you must bring the best out
of those in whom you lead.

158
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

• alive and kicking- to continue to be well, healthy

or successful
• back the wrong horse - to support someone or
something that later cannot be successful
• dead loss - something described as a dead loss
is absolutely unsuccessful or useless
• dog-eat-dog - said about a world where people
do anything to be successful
• every dog has its day - everyone has a time of
success and satisfaction
• the mother of all - an extreme example which
is the biggest, most impressive, or most
important of its kind
• alive and kicking- to continue to be well, healthy
or successful
• back the wrong horse - to support someone or
something that later cannot be successful
• ace a test – if you obtain a very high score or
an excellent result

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• bear fruit – it produces positive or successful
results
• blow up in the face – when working on a plan or
project, if it suddenly goes wrong or fails

Add your own new words and expressions

160
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and explain your
answers.

1. What comes to your mind when you hear

the word “success”?
2. Are you successful?
3. Who is the most successful person you
know?
4. Is success important to you?
5. What does the success taste like?
6. How do you measure success?
7. What is the key to success?
8. How can you be successful?
9. How do you pave your way to success?
10. How do you become more successful?

II. Collect feedback on students’

understanding at the end of a class
161
 and provide the students with an
opportunity to reflect on what they
have learned. They can be helpful
in prompting the student to begin to
synthesize and integrate the
information gained during a class
period. For example, a muddiest
point prompt: “What was the
muddiest point in today’s class?” or
“What questions do you still have
about today’s lecture?”.

III. Write the idioms to the given

definitions.

1. To support someone or something that

later cannot be successful -
…………………………………….
2. To continue to be successful -
…………………………………………………………………………….
3. When people do everything to get success
- ………………………………………………………………………...
4. Everybody has time of satisfaction -
…………………………………………………………………………….

162
5. When something (any work) goes wrong -
……………………………………………………………………………
.
6. When a project has a successful result -
… ………………………………………………………………….. .

163
 MODULE
XIV

HOW TO HAVE GOOD MANNERS

Good manners are an important thing to

learn. Acting appropriate in a way that's socially
acceptable and respectful, display respect, care,
and consideration for others. Excellent manners
can help you to have better relationships with
people you know, and those you will meet. If you
want to have good manners, then you have to
master dining etiquette, phone etiquette, as well
as to learn basic etiquette, which includes being
polite and holding doors for people. Good
manners convey respect to those you interact
with, and also commands respect from those you
interact with.

164
165
 It's always good to start having good
manners at a young age.
"Good Manners" display respect, care,
and consideration. Everyone has a basic right to
help another and feel positive about themselves
and others around them. In our age of self-
satisfaction, technology and instant internet
gratification, it is often hypothesized that we
care more for our equipment than those for
whom they are made.

166
Think before speaking, especially if you are
poor at finding the right words.

 Don't start sentences with awkward 'ums'

and 'ers' in between. Practice speaking to
a mirror, it works! It increases confidence
in speaking, and it sounds much clearer;
you may find you'll be using fewer 'ums'
and 'ers' next time!
 Avoid the word 'like'. It has become a
stumbling word of similar context to 'um'.
Try to eliminate the word from your
entire vocabulary, even if you use it
correctly. Say 'such as' or' similar to'
instead.

 Don't speak loudly. You will quickly lose

respect if you do, as this is seen as
overbearing and rude. It can also make
others angry and upset before you even
establish a relationship with them. They
will think of you as a 'big mouth'! If you

167
 naturally speak loudly, practice turning
your volume down.
 Speak with respect to and of others by
avoiding negative or insulting remarks.
Avoid expressions or theoretical examples
implying disrespect, degradation or that
invite people to imagine offensive
scenarios, like "What's up your butt?" or
"How would you feel if someone..."
followed by a description of violent or
degrading acts. You may not intend this as
offensive, but it is. General rule: if you
don't want someone to speak about you
that way, then don't speak this way to
others.

 Don't ever speak of bodily functions, such

as using the bathroom or telling crude
jokes

168
Always respect all elders, listen to them, and
learn. They have been around, and can teach you
plenty.

Using the terms 'Thank you', 'Please', and

'You're welcome' indicates good manners.
People lacking in manners avoid these terms.

say
say
" please"
"thank you"

Hold open a door for anyone, male or female,

following you closely. This is good manners and
will never change.

Speak highly of your parents and show

respect for them, even if you don't always
feel that way. If you can't, avoid speaking about
them at all. It's tacky to insult those who

169
brought you into this world or raised you. Don't
air family dirty laundry: it's tacky and rude.
Do not swear, use filthy language, or tell
irritable jokes. It can make you sound cheap
and disrespectful sometimes. People doing this
are usually very immature and lack self-control
or respect for themselves and others! Curse
words not appropriate and you'll begin to feel
more comfortable avoiding them. Profanity
indicates an angry person and it puts people off
immediately as it's distasteful and offensive.
Using decent vocabulary gives the impression of
intelligence, self-respect, and character.

Greet others appropriately even if you know

someone well. If you are a man, you do not want
to greet a woman by saying, "Hey baby, what's
shaking?" Instead, try something like, "Hello or
good morning/evening [name]," anything making
you appear respectful.
Show interest in others by asking questions
about them. Don't steal their spotlight by just
talking about yourself. Don't come off as selfish.
Continually talking of yourself is boring and
others will find you arrogant.

170
Pay attention to how you carry yourself. Have
some class, which is the same as manners. Don't
slouch; have a neat appearance; shake hands
firmly; be and smell clean; hold your head high
and don't hide behind sunglasses inside or wear
other "trying to be cool" looks at the wrong
time: it gives the impression of arrogance and
immaturity. Don't put others down, belittle
them, or spread gossip.
Never criticize someone in an attempt to demean
or to elevate yourself. If you wouldn't like it
done to you, then don't do it! Be complimentary
and positive, for example, avoid criticizing an
article someone has written. Their grammar and
spelling may not be as good as yours but they
tried. Having an opinion is fine, but being
insulting reflects bad manners. Never tell
secrets, especially those about your close
friends. If someone is gossiping or belittling
another, show you understand in a neutral way (a
small nod to show you comprehend or an
"mmhmm" should do).
Don't interrupt, cut off, or override others
unless they are insulting or swearing, etc.

171
Ask for clarification properly. If you missed
something someone said, or if you need
clarification, ask "Could you say that again for
me, please?" or "I'm sorry?" "Pardon?" also
sounds polite enough. Avoid solely using the
words "What?" or "Huh?" as it's often brash and
unrefined.

Think about phone manners and observe

appropriate phone etiquette at all times. If
you need to use the phone, excuse yourself
outside or to a quiet room/hallway.

Make meaningful introductions. If someone

tells you their name, either by shaking your hand
and saying their name or by saying "Nice to meet
you, I'm John!" etc., do not just say "Okay!" or
"Hi!". State your name too! This may seem
obvious, but people overlook this and come
across as not wanting to know the other person.

If you are visiting a friend's parents' home,

offer the parents help with anything needed
there, such as taking out trash or preparing the
table for dinner. Don't forget to thank them for
their hospitality and opening up their home, as

172
well as allowing you to eat with them. Then they
will be sure to have more respect for you when
you return.
Improve your manners when speaking. Here are
other common etiquette mistakes and their
solutions:
 Never say "Yeah". It's "Yes" or
preferably "Yes, please".
 It's never "Huh?" or "What?", it's
"Pardon?"
 Instead of "Nah", say "No, thank you."
 Always use "May I...?" instead of "Can
I...?"

Don't send letters or notes written in red ink

or pencil. It's a sign of disrespect. You can use
red ink for lists, or notes to yourself. It's
different when it's part of the job, like
teachers who may use it for grading.

Use proper grammar and spelling. Use a

dictionary or the computer's spell check when
composing a note, letter, or email. It's essential.
Your words and the context of your message will
be understood and not require re-reading.

173
Try to speak to others as you would like to be
spoken to and treated. Having manners is the
Golden Rule of social behaviour.

Practice good driving manners. Obey all traffic

laws dutifully. If you are shown a courtesy by
another motorist, raise your hand to say thank
you. Be sure they can see you. Wait for
pedestrians to cross the street, even when you
have the right of way. Drive slowly and quietly.
No honking.

Don't be overly clingy. A lot of people find

clingy behavior intrusive and annoying, and
besides, you'll only make yourself look
desperate.

 Good manners doesn't mean that you can't

joke and cut-up, and have a sense of
humor, don't confuse good manners with
being a stuffed shirt and reserved, so to
speak. Manners are the stitches that hold
the fabric of society together.

174
 Do not get intimidated or feel ashamed if
your friends make fun of you for opening
the door for a girl or helping an older
person do something they cannot do alone.
Being good mannered may seem out of
fashion and even silly to some, but it only
shows how mature and bright you are,
because in the long run, that good you did
to others will be returned. (Even if it
isn't, you still did the right thing.)

 Having bad manners can be associated

with having poor character.

175
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

• black tie This expression

event refers to a formal
event at which men are
required to wear a
dinner jacket, or
tuxedo, and a black bow
tie.

• bow and To say that someone

scrape is bowing and
scraping means that
they are being
excessively polite or
servile.

• the done The correct way to

thing behave in a particular
social situation is
called the done thing.

• excuse/pardon This expression is

my French used as an apology for

176
 using crude or offensive
language.

• mind/watch This is said to warn

your language someone to be careful
what they say so as not
to upset or offend
anyone.

• mind your Ps If you tell someone

and Qs to mind their Ps and Qs,
you are advising them to
be careful about how
they behave and what
they say.

• overstep the If you overstep the

mark mark, you go too far and
upset someone by saying
something or behaving
in a way that is
unacceptable.

• speak out of If someone speaks

turn out of turn, either they
intervene at the wrong
moment or they say

177
 something tactless or
inappropriate.

• stand on When people stand

ceremony on ceremony, they
behave in a very formal
way.

• take French If you leave an

leave official or social event
without notifying the
person who invited you,
you take French leave.

• time- A custom that is

honoured practice universally respected,
or a traditional way of
doing something, is
called so

178
Add your own new words and expressions

179
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and explain your
ideas.

1. What do you think are some good

manners/bad manners?
2. Can you think of some good manners that
are bad manners in another country?
3. Why are manners important?
4. What are some good table manners?
5. Can manners affect your success in life?
How?
6. What's the best way to teach manners to
children?
7. To what extent is the idea of good
manners used to control women's behavior
in society?
8. What manners are found only in your
country?
9. Why do we have manners?

180
 10.What are some manners in your country
that no longer exist?

II. Group work: Split the class into small

groups. (4 or 5 students). Give each group 5
minutes to think about good and bad manners.
Ask each group to express their attitude to
these manners. Let them express whether
they are good/bad for our children.

181
 MODULE
XV

Problems and Difficulties

Everything that happens in our life plays

an important role in shaping our future and
present. Difficulties and problems too have a
positive as well as negative aspect on our life. Big
players face bigger problems and small players
face small problem but each one of them sees
and treats them in somewhat similar fashion.
Every difficult situation or problem that we
solve or cross successfully increases our
individual ranking in life and adds to our list
of achievements in life.
These problems and difficulties that we
face in our day to day life are not forced on us
but they are natural ingredients of life. A
reaction for our wants, our greed or our
willingness to get more from life in society,
family, job, career, relationship, eduction,
health, children, satisfaction etc.

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 How much we achieve in life indicates
how well we performed our duties everyday. It
also indicates whether we looked at everyday
tasks, difficulties and surrounding problems as a
difficulty or problem only or as an opportunity to
find a solution.
A small change in our mind-set, in our
views and assumptions can bring a lot of change
in how well we perform and how much we can
achieve. Try to think about the solutions and you
will loose tension of the problems.

If we stand back and look at our lives,

almost our entire day is spent in either doing or
achieving something which will give us happiness,
satisfaction or pleasure. On the other hand, it
could also be spent trying to overcome a certain
problem or difficulty. As much as we would like
to pursue activities that would lead to
pleasurable feelings, as a matter of fact it would
seem to some of us, that the problems we
encounter far outweigh the good parts of our
lives.

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 These problems take different forms for
each one of us.
For some of us it is financial.
For others it is the loss of a loved one.
How do we generally tackle problems and
difficulties in our life?
There are typically three ways in which
we try to address problems in our life.

Superficial way

modern sciences

Religion

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The superficial way

This is when we do not address the

problem, but instead distract our mind by
focusing on something else to ease the pain.
An example of this would be when a woman after
a quarrel with her spouse goes shopping, while
her husband goes to the local pub to drown his
sorrows. Needless to say, the problem still
exists. It has been dealt with it at a superficial
level, i.e. brushed under the carpet.
Through modern sciences
Most of us try to overcome our problems
by identifying the cause and remedying it with
the help of modern sciences. This includes
expert advice that comes from many streams
such as legal experts, financial consultants,
physchologists etc.
For example, if a person has eaten
contaminated food and has a stomach pain he
would take an antibiotic to overcome the gastric
problem. Here, he has basically put the same
three steps in overcoming the problem.
Step 1 – Identifying the problem:
Stomach pain

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 Step 2 – Identifying the cause: Eating
contaminated food
Step 3 – Applying the remedy: Taking an
antibiotic to overcome the problem
This three step process generally plays
out in all cases where we use modern sciences to
overcome problems in life.

Religion
Some people turn to religion:
As a way to ease their pain many people
have experienced miraculous cures after going
on pilgrimages, resorting to prayers, promises to
God and visit to Saints.

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 Difference
Fear
Acceptance
Give up
Perception
Error
Need
No

187
Notice how all problems are caused by
"difference" - The notion of one option
preferable to another. One thing more important
than the other, and so on. If there would be no
difference there would be no problem. If
nothing has to be moved or changed there is no
problem. As soon as what "you want" equals
"what is" the problem is gone.

Some problems are just irritating but some

are accompanied by great feelings of
fear. The fear may be useful but it may also
paralyze or make you want so escape it or have a
quick solution. Great fear may overexpose the
picture and make the actual problem faint and
hard to deal with separately. If fear is a
problem then you have two problems instead of
one. Still, fear is information and should not be
ignored.

Practice acceptance. One way to solve a

problem is to alter what "you want" or what
"should be" to be equal to "what is". That is
called "acceptance". You solve the problem by
accepting the current situation or by dropping
the case.

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Give up with grace. Maybe you have more
important things to do. You may just have to
drop it?

Love the error. Notice that all regulators

depend on difference. Driving a car is impossible
without the "error signal". The further you get
off the track the more critical it becomes to
steer back. If there is a curb it is vital to have
the problem: "keep difference between curb and
actual track as small as possible". If you try to
solve the curb problem by looking away or leaving
the steering-wheel you will have an accident.

Need the error. To drive a car you NEED the

continuous problem of the deviation between the
road and your actual track.

Remember that problems exist because you

need them - because you need information and
instrumentation to guide you when you work on
changing something. While you work on a problem
there will be persistent difference. It is easier
if you know the process and that mass and
inertia of what you are trying to move. Maybe

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you have to be patient and look for small things
that indicate it is starting to move. Maybe you
need more signals instead of less to steer a lunar
rocket on its path.

Don´t ever say no to problems. A problem is a

notion of something you want that is different
from what you currently perceive.

Pay attention to perception. As you may have

noticed the same problem looks different if you
drink a bottle of wine. That indicates that the
information about "what is" and "what you can
do" and "what you want" is an illusion and not an
absolute truth.

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 REMEMBER
IDIOMS
• Have your back to the wall - you are in
serious difficulty
• Break the back of the beast-
overcoming a major difficulty.
• Bite off more than you can chew - you
try to do something that is too difficult
for you.
• Can't for the life of me -it is impossible
for you to do something, no matter how
hard you try.
• Carry the can -you accept blame or take
responsibility for something that goes
wrong, even if it is not your fault
• Cloud on the horizon - A problem or
difficulty that is predictable, or seems
likely to arise in the future
• Gone with the wind – to disappear
forever
• Come hell or high water -you will do it in
spite of difficulties involved.

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 • High and dry - find yourself in a difficult
situation without help
• Juggle frogs - A person who is juggling
frogs is trying to deal with many
different tasks at the same time and
finding the situation difficult.
• Last thing on one's mind - it is not an
important matter at all, especially when
you have more serious problems
• Left hanging in the air -, no decision has
been taken so it remains without a
solution.

Add your own new words and expressions

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 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and express your
thoughts.

1. Do you have any problems? What is your

biggest problem?
2. What do you think is the most serious
problem in the world? Why do you think so?
What can we do as individuals to solve this
problem?
3. How do you overcome your problems? Do you
ask your parents/ your best friends for
help?
4. What will you advise if anyone asks you for
help?
5. Is it easy / difficult for you to solve your
problems?
6. Do you like to use your power (strength) or
your mind in order to solve your problems?
7. Which is the best/the worst way for solving
problems?

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8. Who in your family would you turn to if you
had an emotional problem? Why?
9. If you had a financial problem, would you
expect your family to help?
10. If parents are both working, what
difficulties do their children have?

II. Tell the definitions of the following

idioms.

1. Gone with the wind

2. Last thing on one's mind
3. Break the back of the beast
4. High and dry
5. Cloud on the horizon
6. Carry the can
7. Bite off more than you can chew
8. Left hanging in the air
9. Juggle frogs
10. Come hell or high water

III. Here are two lists with different

stories. In groups skim the pieces of writing,
recognize problems and guess the ways out of
them.

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Paul had a demanding job in the Parks Department,
supplying both plants and equipment to the town gardeners.
He was also learning a new computer system for the control
of these supplies. Paul had been doing these jobs for only
two years and his responsibilities were growing. He had
saved nearly enough to buy a new car, and knew that his
prospects were good - but he was not happy. He dragged
himself out of bed to go to work, kept forgetting details of
the new computer programme and was never satisfied with
himself. It was becoming harder and harder to concentrate
on the job, and he had to make ever increasing efforts to
keep going. His girlfriend noticed that he seemed
depressed and asked him how he was feeling, but he simply
said that everyone was overloaded by the changes in the
office

Problems:

Solutions:

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 Mandy was a single parent, with a two years old
daughter, Lizzie. The break up with Lizzie's father had
been difficult and there were still arguments about his
access. As well as looking after Lizzie, Mandy often
looked after her friend's children and paid a daily visit to
her mother,Exceptional peopleShe wanted to be able to
who was unwell.
cope with whatever was thrown at her. But she felt
troubled. She had started to worry about '"silly" things,
like whether Lizzie would make friends at school, and
whether Lizzie was as happy and contented as she
appeared. Although she knew that Lizzie was fine, the
worries continued, and she became increasingly bad
tempered, both with Lizzie and her friends. She resented
it when people asked her what the matter was since it
only made her feel worse. She was angry that they could
not see how many demands were being made on her, and
did not make allowances for her moods.
Problems:

Solutions:
MODULE
XVI
196
 EXCEPTIONAL PEOPLE
It is always said that it is the ordinary
people who can do extraordinary things. There
are people who simply get ahead and get plans in
life accomplished no matter the circumstances
and the obstacles in their path. On the other
hand, there are people who work hard and do all
the right things and still do not seem to be
heading anywhere.
It is important to note that people who
do the extraordinary things are not any more
creative, smarter or even more hardworking than
those who don’t. In fact, the people who regard
themselves as “underachieving” often have the
exact same qualities as those who are truly
exceptional, they just haven’t unlocked them yet.
The answer lies in developing some
excellent habits. Exceptional people adopt simple
daily habits in their approach to life. The
cumulative effects of these simple habits will
lead to long term success and make these people

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exceptional everyday. Here is a list of some of
the things exceptional people do everyday:

They offer genuine support to others This is

one of the top things exceptional people do
everyday. They are genuinely interested in other
people’s success and well-being. They want
others to become exceptional just like
them. Make an extra effort to support others in
need, by offering support or advice.

They are focused on people Exceptional people

know that focusing on people, rather than simple
tasks in every plan is always a worthwhile
endeavor. In every decision they make, they
weigh whether the decisions will contribute to
the overall welfare of others.

They ask for help Exceptional people know

that asking for assistance is not a sign of
weaknesses. They know that we cannot
accomplish anything worthwhile by
ourselves. They are not afraid to ask for help
when they need it. Asking for help from others
also indicates that you value their knowledge and

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contributes to their sense of worth and self-
esteem.

They are not afraid to admit their mistakes

Ordinary people throw their hands up in
exasperation when they make mistakes. They’re
afraid of admitting they are wrong. Exceptional
people, on the other hand, thrive in the
environments where they make mistakes by
turning their mistakes into opportunities. They
are not afraid to admit they are wrong, learn
from it and promptly change course if certain
situations do not work to their advantage.
For the exceptional people, a dead end
simply eliminates a bad possibility and frees
them up to pursue new possibilities and paths for
pursuing success. For people who are truly
exceptional, a closed door simply means an
opportunity to look for an open window.

They give due credit and gratitude Giving

someone a compliment costs nothing yet some
people rarely do it. Compliments are free but for
the recipient, it can be worth everything. It is
always good to give someone the credit that they

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deserve. Do not hold it back for any reason. Just
get it off your chest and make their day!

They love life What is there to be loved about

life? Virtually everything. The pain, the love, the
joys, the accomplishments, the failures, the
growth process and the new discoveries. There
is nothing else in this world like life and the most
exceptional people know that you only live once.
They try to live each moment as intensely as
possible.
Life must be lived with intensity and
every moment must be worth something. Once
you love life itself, there is so much that
becomes possible and within reach. The less
exceptional see life as an obligation and not as a
precious gift which they must grab by the horns.

They push their limits Anyone who pushes

themselves to their extreme limits knows the
importance of life. Without pushing yourself
beyond your boundaries, you will never know your
true potential in life. Taking yourself out of your
comfort zone is a journey of self-discovery that
will help you understand more about yourself and

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 Human beings are capable of doing great
things. They just need to master their willpower
and mental strength to go the extra mile and
discover their destiny in life. At any moment
that you resolve to, you can put yourself on the
ladder to incredible achievements in life.
The main reason why extraordinary
people know their potential is that they are
constantly stretching the limits to achieve their
goals. Try pushing yourself hard today and you
will be amazed at how much you are capable of.
It will be difficult for you to know your true
potential in life if you do not begin stretching
yourself to the limits today. So start small, but
start now. Whatever you are doing, try doing
it 10 times as hard and see where the journey
will take you.

They believe in themselves This is another of

the things exceptional people do everyday. They
have a solid belief in themselves, their abilities
and their capacity to achieve their dreams and
goals in life. The mind actualizes what you think
of yourself and your abilities. This is one of the
most intriguing aspects of the powerful human
mind. If you think of yourself as a failure, you

201
will become a failure. Once you develop the self-
belief, it becomes possible for you to accomplish
the most extraordinary things.

They put their thoughts and words into action

Exceptional people understand the power
of doing things. They don’t just think and debate
with themselves and then shove good ideas aside.
They actually invest in action. They turn their
big thoughts and ideas into determined action.

They give themselves a break Exceptional

people clearly know that they are not supermen
and superwomen. They know success does not
come overnight. They plan long term, work very
hard to realize their long term goals, set very
high standards but also give themselves a well-
deserved break.

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 Let’s look at the people who seem to have
it all - a great job, an active social life and a
happy family life. What do these people have in
common?
They all have excellent communication
skills.
To join the people at the top and to live a
more fulfilling and enjoyable life there is no
alternative but to become one of the few that
have truly mastered advanced communication
skills.
There are at least a dozen good reasons
to learn the secrets of being exceptional people.
 Get paid more. Studies have proved that
the people who get ahead fastest are
those who network within the
organization. This ability is crucial when
you need to get things done. Plus, it is the
only reliable way to be informed of what
is really going on in the workplace

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 Become more successful at work.
Exceptional people skills cause your
superiors to hold you in high esteem.
When you project confidence others
become more confident in your abilities.
This in turn means you get to work on
more important projects.
 Improve the quality of your relationships
at home. When you express yourself with
clarity and skill there is less potential for
confusion, disagreements and relationship
problems.
 Understand other people better. Most
people do not know what makes others
tick. When you discover the patterns
that are the basis for all communication
you will effortlessly create deep rapport
with everyone you meet.
 Be in control of your life. As a master of
communication you can easily win the
approval of other people and enlist their
help when you need it.
 Never worry about rejection. When you
discover the right way to view encounters
that do not go your way you will laugh at

204
 those situations that used to leave you
vulnerable.
 Easily start conversations with anyone
you meet. This is a priceless skill to have
and will fill your day with joy. You will
quickly break down the barriers between
people when you always know what to say.
 Have clarity and purpose when you talk.
When you decide why you want to talk
and what you want to achieve with your
words you have the secret to a
conversation that takes on a life of its
own.
 Win the approval of people you admire.
You will talk to everyone as an equal once
you boost your self-esteem and let go of
needing approval. This is achievable with
the right tools.
 Master small talk. This seemingly
difficult skill is easier than you think
when you discover the secrets to doing it
right. When you know how - small talk will
open doors that were always locked to
you in the past.

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 REMEMBER
Idioms

 Cock of the walk - a person who thinks of

himself or herself as important or
possessing power.
 Cut people down to size - show them they
aren't as important as they think they
are.
 A man of one’s word – one who keeps his
promises
 Fair-weather friends – people who cease
to be friends when one is in trouble
 Big bug – important person
 A man of the world – one with wide
experience of business and society
 Cock of the walk – person who dominates
others
 A man of few words – silent person
 Good for nothing – worthless person
 Cheap skate – morally dirty and
unpleasant person

206
  A snake in the grass – person who
pretends to be a friend
 Not the clean potato – bad person

Add your own new words and expressions

207
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer he
following questions and express your
thoughts.

1. How do you like an exceptional person?

2. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of being an exceptional
person?
3. Do you consider yourself as an exceptional
person?
4. Are the exceptional people happy?
Why?/Why not?
5. What makes exceptional people feel happy
/sad?
6. What would your life be like if you were
exceptional?
7. What makes a person famous
(exceptional)?
8. What are you doing to be exceptional?
9. Is it important to be exceptional?

208
 10. Who is an exceptional person for you?

II. Match the following idioms with

their definitions.

a. worthless person;
b. bad person;
c. person who dominates others;
d. people who cease to be friends when one is in
trouble;
e. show ones they aren’t as important as they
think they are;
f. one with wide experience of business/society;
g. morally dirty and unpleasant person;
h. one who keeps his promises;
i. person who pretends to be a friend;
j. important person

1. A man of one’s word _____ .

2. Fair-weather friends ______ .
3. Big bug _____ .
4. Good for nothing ______ .
5. Cheap skate _______ .
6. A snake in the grass ______ .
209
 7. Not the clean potato _______ .
8. Cut people down to size _______ .
9. A man of the world ________ .
10. Cock of the walk ________ .

III. Brainstorm. Write down the words

describing exceptional people. For each
angle one word/ phrase.

EXCEPTIONAL
PEOPLE

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 MODULE
XVII

Shopping
A retailer or shop is a business that
presents a selection of goods or services and
offers to sell them to customers for money or
other goods. Shopping is an activity in which a
customer browses the available goods or
services presented by one or more retailers with
the intent to purchase a suitable selection of
them.

Shopping hubs
A larger commercial zone can be found in
many cities, called a "downtown" in the United
States or in Arab cities, souks. Shopping hubs,
or shopping centers, are collections of stores;
that is a grouping of several businesses. Typical
examples include shopping malls, town squares,
flea markets and bazaars

211
Stores
Stores are divided into multiple
categories of stores which sell a selected set of
goods or services.
Some shops sell secondhand goods. Often
the public can also sell goods to such shops. In
other cases, especially in the case of a nonprofit
shops, the public donates goods to these shops,
commonly known as thrift stores in the United
States or charity shops in the United Kingdom.
In give-away shops goods can be taken for free.
In antique shops, the public can find goods that
are older and harder to find. Sometimes people
are broke and borrow money from a pawn shop
using an item of value as collateral. College
students are known to resell books back though
college textbook bookstores. Old used items are
often distributed through surplus stores.
Various types of retail stores that
specialize in the selling of goods related to a
theme include bookstores, boutiques, candy
shops, liquor stores, gift shops, hardware stores,
hobby stores, pet stores, pharmacies and
supermarkets.

212
 Other stores such as big-box stores,
hypermarkets, convenience stores, department
stores, general stores.

Shopping mall
A shopping mall, shopping center/centre,
shopping arcade, shopping precinct, or simply
mall is one or more buildings forming a complex
of shops representing merchandisers, with
interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to
easily walk from unit to unit, along with a parking
area – a modern, indoor version of the traditional
marketplace.
Five of the world’s most famous luxury shopping
streets
If you love nothing more than indulging in
a little retail therapy, then you’re probably
already aware of some of the world’s most
famous shopping streets. Here, we look at 5 of
the best known shopping streets around the
world that are found in some of the most
exciting and glamorous cities on the planet!
Oxford Street, London
Perhaps the UK’s most well-known
shopping destination, Oxford Street stretches
for 1.5 miles from one end to the other and

213
boasts around 550 shops and restaurants
meaning there’s plenty of opportunity to splash
the cash.
As a general rule, shops here are open
from 10:00 to 19:00 Monday to Saturday, except
on Thursdays where they close an hour later.
Sunday trading times are 12:00 to 18:00,
although opening hours may vary on a store-by-
store basis.
Oxford Street is probably best known
for its large department stores, which you’ll find
in the section of the road running between
Marble Arch and Oxford Circus, including
branches of John Lewis, Selfridges and
Debenhams.
You’ll also find dozens of more
specialized retailers, so if you’re looking to pick
up some jewelry, you might want to visit the
street’s Ernest Jones and Fossil stores. For the
latest in men’s and women’s fashion, Gap, French
Connection and American Apparel are just some
of the places you can visit.
If you need to take a break from
scouring the shops for bargains, there’s a whole
host of restaurants, bars and cafes on the
street that serve refreshments, ranging from

214
fast food establishments like KFC to upmarket
Italian eatery Carluccio’s. There are also a
number of London hotels in the area so you can
base your stay on Oxford Street should you wish
to do so.
Fifth Avenue, New York
As one of New York’s longest
thoroughfares, Fifth Avenue in Manhattan is for
many shopaholics a dream destination to indulge
in some retail therapy.
As far as Fifth Avenue goes, it’s between
49th Street and 60th Street where you really
go to town with making some purchases. It is
here that you’ll find a selection of high-end
boutiques and luxury department stores.
Among the many iconic shops you’ll come
across is the flagship Saks Fifth Avenue branch.
Open since 1924 and selling a wide range of
men’s and women’s clothing made by
leading European and American designers, this is
a great place to upgrade your wardrobe, with
DKNY, Burberry and Diane von Furstenberg just
some of the brands sold.
If it’s designer jewelry and watches you
are after, the branches of Cartier, Omega and
Tiffany & Co are sure to delight. Numerous

215
mainstream retailers also have stores here,
including Abercrombie & Fitch and H&M.
Sports fans, meanwhile, may want to visit
the NBA Store. Here, you’ll be able to pick up
jerseys and memorabilia relating to the world’s
leading basketball league.
Many outlets stay open as late as 22:00,
although times vary between individual stores.
Avenue Montaigne, Paris
For fantastic shopping in continental
Europe, there is perhaps nowhere like Paris’
Avenue Montaigne
Situated between the bank of the Seine
and Champs Elysees Avenue, here you’ll find a
selection of high-end stores from some of the
leading names in French and international
fashion.
The street is some 600 metres long and
there are dozens of shops you’ll be able to visit,
including branches of Prada, Dior and Chanel. You
can also purchase men’s and women’s clothing at
the Versace and Ralph Lauren stores, so it
should come as little surprise that this is a great
place to head to if you want to dress like an A-
lister.

216
 Who knows, you may even spot some
celebrities browsing the aisles next to you! Katie
Holmes and Victoria Beckham have both been
spotted at the Giorgio Armani store here.
Via Monte Napoleone, Milan
Located in the heart of Milan’s fashion
district, Via Monte Napoleone is known
throughout Italy as being a fantastic place to
buy watches, jewelry and clothing from the
world’s leading high-end brands.
There’s the chance to browse more than
200 stores here, from Marc Jacobs and Rolex to
Borsalino and Audemars Piguet.
Ladies looking for the perfect pair of
shoes to complement a new outfit may well be in
luck. Ugg, Jimmy Choo and
Christian Louboutin are just some of the names
to have stores here.
Via Monte Napoleone is also a great place
to get some designer homewares, as it is home to
branches of Royal Doulton, Wedgwood and
Waterford Crystal, so there’s bound to be
something for you.
Rodeo Drive, Beverly Hills
Visit the stores found along Rodeo Drive
in Beverly Hills and you’ll be shopping in what is

217
commonly regarded as one of the best places for
luxury shopping in the world.
Stretching for three blocks along the
Californian city, there are around 100 chic
stores, boutiques and hotels for you to visit,
with Juicy Couture, Dolce & Gabbana and Guess
among the many high-end fashion outlets where
you can splash some cash.
Breguet and Battaglia are just two places
where you’ll be able to buy beautiful watches and
jewelry, while the four-floor Rodeo Collection
mall has interior design stores and spa and
beauty centers. While enjoying a spot of retail
therapy along Rodeo Drive, you could well bump
into some of the world’s most famous actors and
musicians.
Britney Spears, Leonardo Di Caprio and
Danny DeVito are just a selection of the stars to
have been seen browsing the shops and boutiques
here, so well as walking away with some new
clothes you might even be able to get a couple of
autographs too!
Those who visit any of the above
shopping streets will be able to not only shop but
explore the wonderful sights throughout the
cities in which they are found. The only problem

218
is whether you’ll be able to tear yourself away
from the shops long enough to see what else the
cities have to offer!

219
 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

 Shop around - If you shop around, you visit a

number of shops selling similar articles in
order to compare the prices.
 Shop till you drop - If you shop till you drop,
you go shopping for a very long time, until
you’re exhausted.
 A shopping spree - If you go on a shopping
spree, you enjoy a lively outing, usually with
much spending of money.
 Shopping therapy - This term refers to the
idea that buying things can make you feel
better.
 Talk shop - If you talk shop, you talk about
your work or business in a social situation
with someone you work with, and make the
conversation boring for the others present.
 To shop someone - To tell someone in
authority of someone else’s wrong doings.
 Window shopping - If you do some window
shopping, you look at things in shop windows,
without actually purchasing anything.

220
 Be like a bull in a china shop - to often
drop or break things because you move
awkwardly or roughly.
 Shut up shop (British & Australian) also
close up shop (mainly American) - to stop
doing business, either temporarily or
permanently.
 To shop lift - To steal goods from a shop

Add your own new words and expressions

221
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and explain your
thoughts.
1. Do you like shopping?
2. How often do you do shopping?
3. What do you like to buy mostly? Why?
4. If you have a million dollar what would you
like to do with this money; would you like to
spend money on shopping or to set up your
own business?
5. Imagine that you are abroad, what would you
prefer to buy? (souvenirs, jewelry, clothes)
6. What would you advise foreigners to buy in
our country?
7. What do you think of online shopping?
8. Have you ever used ebay?
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages
of ebay?
10. Do you prefer big markets or small shops for
shopping? Why?

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II. Express your ideas about the following
idioms.

1. Window shopping
2. To shop lift
3. To shop someone
4. Shut up shop (close up shop)
5. Shop around
6. Shopping therapy
7. Shop till you drop
8. Be like a bull in a china shop
9. Talk shop
10. A shopping spree

III. Group work: Split the class into small

groups. (4 or 5 students). Give each group 5
minutes to make up a dialogue at the baker’s;
at the grocer’s; at the butcher’s; at the
department store. Ask each group to perform
their dialogue.

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 MODULE
XVIII

Healthy Way of Life

Healthy way of life - is something

abstract and unreachable nowadays. Of course
not! Healthy way of life is absolutely real and not
so difficult lifestyle habits to bring in life for
everyone.
Certainly, it is not possible for every
person to make his lifestyle 100% ideally
healthy, and this is not required in most cases.
But just imagine - if you will improve and make
only 5 key aspects of your lifestyle healthier by
only 10-20% - what amazing benefits these
improvements will reward your life! Better
health, more energy, better work results, less
fatigue, more joy in family and everywhere,
great and constant feeling of happiness,
powerful stress resistance and more, and more…
Healthy way of life includes five key parts:

224
 Avoid
Good bad
Healthy mood habits
Keepin meal
Daily g fit
regime

Daily regime that presupposes enough of

sleeping hours, regular meals, proper time for
work and relax. All parts of your life organically
and significantly improve each other, when every
of them is treated at right time and in proper
manner.

Healthy meal. What can be better than a well-

balanced diet, that brings your body exactly
what it needs. When speaking about "well-
balanced" diet we mean a balance both between
the pleasure from your favourite meals and their
usefulness for your body. A proper diet is not
something about limiting yourself, it is about
harmony of properly selected foods especially
for you.

225
Being not addicted to bad habits - including in
the list of bad habits oversleeping and
overeating. Your mind and body should master
your habits, not vice versa. If some of your
habits make good for your mind, but the same
time are bad for your body - something should
be revised in your lifestyle. Everything you do
must bring harmoniously balanced benefits for
your mind, soul and body.

Keeping fit, that helps you to be in a good shape,

to feel more energetic after working out, to get
rid of stress with the help of physical charge.
Today you have a great variety of methods
helping to keep fit: morning exercises, gym,
swimming pool, jogging, aerobics, yoga, fitness
training.

Good mood. It is very important to be in a good

form physically and mentally - positive mood is
not just good emotions. Joy and good mood are
very powerful cleaning and healing energy for
your mind, body and soul. That's why a real
sincere joy may dramatically strengthen any
curing process. And very often - to replace it
fully.

226
 Nowadays there are a lot of methods,
tools, solutions, natural health remedies and
therapies to help you live in a balanced healthy
way of life. Try them, find the ones that are the
best especially for you. Healthy way of life - is
the way of love and harmony between your body,
mind and soul. And the wrong way is the way of
limiting some of your parts or struggle between
them - this is the fastest way to illnesses.
Following healthy way of life makes you
more energetic, active, gives you new emotions
and wonderfully changes all aspects of your living
- it guides you to the best life scenario.

HEALTHY FOOD
All food is made up of nutrients which
our bodies use. There are different kinds of
nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins and minerals. Different foods contain
different nutrients.

227
 Before we cut down on fat, sugar and
salt, we have to know a bit more about the
kind of food these things might be in. The
biggest problem comes when these things are
hidden in other foods: biscuits, crisps,
sausages, meat pies, soft drinks and so on.
The best way is to get into the habit
of checking the ingredients and nutritional
value on the sides of packets although this
isn't always easy to do. Another thing to know
is, for example, that we do need fat to live,
it's an essential part of our diet and physically
we couldn't exist without it.
But we all know that to eat much fat is
bad for our health. The matter is that there
are different kinds of fat. There are fats
that are good for us and fats that are bad for
us. Eating less of the bad ones and more of
the good ones can actually help us to live
longer! Bad fats are the saturated fats, found
in animal productions, like red meat, butter
and cheese.
Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats
found naturally in foods like nuts and seeds,
olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.
One more thing to know is that when

228
food is cooked, its structure changes. It can
change the vitamin and nutrient contents of
food.
More and more people feel strongly
about the way their food is produced.
Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat —
meat, fish, fruit and vegetables — is grown
using chemicals and additives.
Although fertilizers and pesticides
have greatly increased the quantity of food
and helped to improve its appearance, there is
a growing concern about the effects of
these chemicals in the food chain. This
concern has led to a growth in the demand for
organically grown products.
The food we eat, depends on lots of
things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, religion
and health also play a part in what food we
eat. Advertising and social factors also have a
big influence.
Income is also an important
factor. That is why not surprisingly, money,
rather than a lack of knowledge about how to
eat well, is at the heart of the problem.
Finally, there are three main messages to
follow for healthy eating: First, we should eat

229
less fat, particularly saturated fat. Secondly,
we are to cut down on sugar and salt. Thirdly,
we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.

HOW TO KEEP FIT

Staying fit is a great bonus to life and
can lead you to be a happy and healthier person.
By staying fit and healthy you not only look and
feel better but you decrease your chance of
medical problems such as diabetes, heart
attacks, high cholesterol and hypertension.
There are many helpful strategies to keep fit

230
and stay healthy that, with dedication and
ambition, can be done.
Exercising.
1. Start walking or jogging. No matter
what your speed is, walking and jogging are very
important parts of a healthy lifestyle as they
are both activities that keep your muscles active
and your blood flowing.
2 Exercise at home. Not everyone has
the time or money to go to the gym and there is
no need to. Working out at home is very easy and
can be very beneficial.
3. Exercise in the gym. If you like the
gym atmosphere and can afford the membership
then the gym is a great place to stay fit

MAINTAINING A BALANCED DIET

1 Get rid of any junk food. It is one of
the most important components of a fit lifestyle.
Many people ignore it, but if you exercise and
eat a lot of junk food you will not get any fitter.
This is because the junk food turns to fat almost
immediately. Junk foods contain little to no
nutrition and are high in sodium and sugar.

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Because of this, your body sugar levels drop
after consumption and you end up feeling
fatigued with a major lack of energy. Foods to
avoid are:
High in sugar: Donuts, cakes, cookies,
pudding, cereals, canned and dried fruits, and
sodas.
High in fat: Processed meats, butter,
hydrogenated oil (coconut and palm kernel),
shortening, cheese and animal fats.
High in cholesterol: Egg yolk, fried foods
and mayonaise.
Avoid anything containing: High fructose
corn syrup (HFCS) and Monosodium glutamate
(MSG).
2. Eat healthy. Maintaining a balanced
diet can be difficult to do if you do not have the
time to cook for yourself every day. But, it is
easy to find healthy solutions in restaurants and
take-outs as well. You will find that maintaining a
healthy and balanced diet can increase energy
and productivity, boost your metabolism and
make you a happier person because you will be
consuming the nutrients and vitamins your body
needs. Foods to eat are:

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 Fresh fruits and vegetables: Melons,
bananas, apples, oranges, carrots, onions,
broccoli and corn, etc. If you make a salad, the
more colorful the better!
Organic meats: Fish, poultry and beef for
protein. Instead of frying the meats, try to bake
them with extra virgin olive oil or lemon juice
with herbs.
Grains: Whole wheat toast, oatmeal
and pastas.
Foods high in protein: Tofu, soy beans,
egg whites, nuts, cottage cheese.
Foods high in fiber: Black beans, green
peas, pears, raspberries and oat bran.
3 Know when to eat. It is really
important to avoid skipping meals. A lot of people
might think that you will lose weight by skipping
a meal but that is very inaccurate. In fact,
skipping meals decreases the speed of your
metabolism and can result in losing nutrition your
body needs. Here are some examples of healthy
meals and snacks and when to eat them:
Light breakfast: Egg whites (you can mix
egg whites with some veggies like onions or
mushrooms, etc.) with a grapefruit and a piece of
toast.

233
 Mid morning snack: Yogurt with some
berries.
Lunch: A salad (be careful of the
dressing!) with a protein (i.e. grilled chicken or
turkey).
Afternoon snack: Apple, orange or a
banana with some almonds and a spoonful of
peanut butter.
Dinner: Lemon baked salmon with brown
rice and asparagus.
4 Drink a lot of water. The human body is
made of about 50-65% of water, and you need to
keep replenishing it. Your body sweats a lot of
that water so you need to put it back in.

AVOID BAD HABITS

Many people are trapped in some kind of
a bad habit that they wish they never had. Bad
habits are formed more easily than good habits,
and are usually the hardest to get rid of.
Smoking, drinking, gambling, overeating, and
eating fast food are all examples of bad habits.
Many people, who know of their bad habits, want
to change, but no matter how hard they try,
they usually find themselves not being able to.

234
 To change, we have to have an intention
and high motivation. It is easy to develop bad
habits, especially when a person is young. This is
because when a person is young, it is hard for
him/her to distinguish the difference between
right and wrong because of their inexperience.
Bad habit is a process that starts from our mind,
our thoughts.
Habit is formed by a step-by-step
process which involves thought, action, and
repetition. Thought is the backbone of creating
bad habits. Our mind plays a very important role
in creating habits. Being humans, we do not
realize the consequence(s) of turning our
thoughts into reality.
Everybody has a bad habit, whether it is
leaving your washed clothes in the washing
machine until the next day so that they come out
smelling like wet dogs, or ending every meal with
a chocolate donut. Whatever your bad habit may
be, breaking it is as difficult and painful as
pulling teeth.
Some habits aren't life-threatening or
particularly dangerous to our health. Abandoning
your socks under the kitchen table might get you

235
into trouble with your housemates, but it won't
result in any injuries.
But there are bad habits which really do
harm to our health and put us at risk of
becoming ill, developing diseases, or detract
from our quality of life. At first you may start
out sipping a glass of wine with your dinner at
night, but soon find yourself adding a beer to
breakfast, vodka to lunch, and need some rum or
brandy to help you sleep at night. What was once
a conscious choice now turns into an addictive
repetitive action that is extremely difficult to
put an end to. Smoking is also highly addictive
and, depending on the stress level, those
cigarettes really tend to multiply during the day.
Gambling ranks high on the list of addictive bad
habits that does have the potential to damage
your physical health as well as your mental
health.

236
  Bad Habit: Snacking non-stop, even when
not hungry.
Why It's Dangerous: Losing touch with
your body's natural hunger and satisfaction
signals can lead to chronic overeating and
unhealthy extra pounds that can lead to
diabetes, heart disease, and other serious
conditions. If it's junk foods you snack on,
you're also flooding your body with unhealthy
ingredients.
Reverse the Habit: - Stop eating before
you're stuffed: Finish when you feel just a little
bit full, you'll eat less this way. Eat for the right
reason: Because you're hungry—not because
you're stressed, bored, angry, or sad. Replace
junk food with real food: Once you've cleared
your pantry, stock your kitchen with fruits,
veggies, nuts, and low-fat, whole-grain products.
 Bad Habit: Spending too much time on the
couch watching TV.

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 Why It's Dangerous: The more TV you
watch, the less physical activity you're getting,
increasing your odds of being overweight and
developing type 2 diabetes. A large-scale study
of over 9000 people found that those who
watched more than two hours of TV a day ate
more, while downing more sugary soft drinks and
high-fat, high-calorie, processed snack foods
than those who watched less. If television is
replacing time you'd spend on an old hobby,
visiting friends, or exercising your mind, it can
also speed up memory loss.
Reverse the Habit: Follow the 2/30 rule:
That means no more than 2 hours of TV a day—
and at least 30 minutes of exercise. Don't
channel surf: Only turn the TV on when you
have something specific to watch. Get out
instead of searching mindlessly. Don't snack in
front of the TV: It's far too easy to
eat hundreds of calories' worth of chips and
barely realize it. Resolve to leave home more
often: See more friends, do more interesting
things, and stimulate your mind every day.
 Bad Habit: Overspending your way into
debt.

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 Why It's Dangerous: Money worries can
have serious health consequences. Financial
stress contributes to high blood pressure,
depression, insomnia, headaches, digestion
troubles, aches and pains, ulcers, excessive
smoking and drinking, and gaining or losing
weight.
Reverse the Habit: Create a budget: How
much money is coming in each month? How much
are you spending on essentials, and how much
frivolously? Change money priorities: Stop
shopping as a form of entertainment or
distraction.
 Bad Habit: Eating too much fast food.
Why It's Dangerous: Double
cheeseburgers and fries washed down with an
oversize soda or milkshake often leads to a
bigger waistline and other related health
problems, like heart disease and diabetes. Trans
fat, often found in fast food, raises 'bad'
cholesterol and blood fats that contribute to
hardening of the arteries.
Reverse the Habit: - Replace soda with
coffee or water, burgers with grilled chicken,
and fries with a salad. Avoid popping into a fast
food joint just because you walked or drove by

239
one, especially if you aren't hungry or it isn't
meal time. Switch to grocery stores: Hungry and
need a fast meal? You can usually find healthier
prepared meals at your local grocery store. Make
your own: Eat with confidence in your own
kitchen, preparing yourself a healthy meal with
last night's leftovers, adding a side of fruits and
vegetables.
 Bad Habit: Drinking too much alcohol.
Why It's Dangerous: If you over-drink
on a regular basis, alcohol can be a poison.
Women who regularly consume two or more
drinks a day and men who regularly down three
or more are at higher risk for liver damage,
various cancers including those of the liver and
mouth, high blood pressure, and depression.
Women, who are more sensitive to alcohol, can
also develop heart disease, brittle bones, and
even memory loss.
Reverse the Habit: Stick to healthy
limits: That's two or less drinks per day for men,
one for women. Drink for flavor, not to get
drunk. Can't stop? Acknowledge the addiction:
Talk with your doctor.
 Bad Habit: Smoking cigarettes.

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 Why It's Dangerous: As far as health
goes, no popular habit on Earth is as harmful. It
directly causes 30 percent of heart disease
deaths, 30 percent of cancer deaths, and a
massive 80 to 90 percent of all lung cancers, not
to mention increasing the risk of developing
mouth, throat, and, bladder cancer. This bad
habit also astronomically raises your odds for
heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure.
Reverse the Habit: Treat it like an
addiction, not a habit. Ask your doctor about a
stop-smoking drug. Get support: Enlist your
friends and family. Time it right: Plan to quit
during a calm period - not over the holidays or
when you're under a lot of stress.
 Bad Habit: Overusing pain killers and
sedatives.
Why It's Dangerous: When they're not
taken properly, long-term habitual use can cause
more problems than it solves. Using drugs like
ibuprofen or aspirin for arthritis or muscle pain
can over time increase your risk for ulcers,
gastrointestinal bleeding, high blood pressure,
and heart attacks. Calming drugs and sleeping
pills can leave you feeling confused and prone to
stumbling and falling if you take them in higher-

241
than-prescribed doses. Since they make you feel
good, you may want to keep on taking them,
turning them into a habit or addiction before you
know it.
Reverse the Habit: For frequent
headaches see your doctor: Migraines can be
stopped quickly with the right medication. Don't
take habit-forming drugs for over four months.
Get help if you can't stop: There's no shame in
asking for help from family members, friends, or
your doctor.

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 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

 in bad shape A person who is in bad

shape is in poor physical
condition.

 back on your feet If you are back on your feet,

after an illness or an
accident, you are physically
healthy again.

 back into shape To get yourself back into

shape, you need to take some
exercise in order to become
fit and healthy again.

 bag of bones To say that someone is a bag

of bones means that they are
extremely thin.

 full of beans A person who is full of

beans is lively, active and
healthy.

243
 black out If you black out, you lose
consciousness.

 blind as a bat Someone whose vision is very

poor, or who is unable to see
anything, is (as) blind as a
bat.

 blue around the

look unwell or sick.
gills

 feel blue means to have feelings of

deep sadness or depression.

 kick the bucket To kick the bucket is a

lighthearted way of talking
about death.

 cast iron stomach If you can eat all sorts of

food and drink what you like,
without any indigestion,
discomfort or bad effects, it
is said that you have a cast-
iron stomach.

 clean bill of health If a person has a clean bill of

health, they have a report or
certificate declaring that

244
 their health is satisfactory.

 off colour look or feel ill.

 dead as a doornail a person is very definitely

dead.

 (like) death warmed

look very ill or tired.
up

 die with one's A person who dies with their

boots on boots on dies while still
leading an active life.

 dogs are barking When a person says that

their dogs are barking they
mean that their feet are
hurting.

245
Add your own new words and expressions

246
 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer to the
following questions and explain your
ideas.

1. What is healthy life for you?

2. Do you prefer to be healthy or wealthy?
Why? Explain your reasons.
3. What must a person do in order to be
healthy?
4. Does health depend on a person or not?
Why do you think so?
5. Is it easy to keep fit in every situation, in
different periods of age, in different life
styles?
6. Which role does environment (society)
play in a person’s health?

247
 II. Make your own sentences using the
following idioms in proper way.

1. full of beans
2. prime of one's life
3. frog in one's throat
4. in bad shape
5. fit as a fiddle
6. bag of bones
7. full of beans
8. cast iron stomach
9. have a hangover
10. feel blue

III. Group work: Split the class into

small groups. (4 or 5 students). Give
each group one idiom and 5 minutes to
think about it. Ask each group to
perform the given idiom. (Choose any
of the idioms relating to the topic.)

248
 MODULE
XIX

Natural Disasters

While some of the worst disasters to

befall people are the result of human activity,
the most widespread destruction is caused by
events that result from natural processes way
beyond the power of humans to contain or
control.
Natural disasters are extreme, sudden
events caused by environmental factors that
injure people and damage property. Earthquakes,
windstorms, floods, and disease all strike
anywhere on earth, often without warning. As
examples, we've chosen disasters that have
occurred around the world throughout history.

Droughts
Since ancient times droughts have had
far-reaching effects on humankind by causing
the failure of crops, decreasing natural
vegetation, and depleting water supplies.

249
Livestock and wildlife, as well as humans, die of
thirst; large land areas often suffer damage
from dust storms or fire.
Drought is a period of unusually dry
weather within a geographic area where rainfall
is normally present. During a drought there is a
lack of precipitation. Droughts occur in all
climatic zones. However, its characteristics vary
from one region to another.
Drought usually results in a water
shortage that seriously interferes with human
activity. Water-supply reservoirs empty, wells
dry up, and crop damage ensues. Its seriousness
depends on the degree of the water shortage,
size of area affected, and the duration of the
dry period.
Most precipitation depends on water
vapor carried by winds from an ocean or other
source of moisture. If these moisture-carrying
winds are replaced by winds from a dry region,
the weather is abnormally dry. If the drought
period is short, it is known as a dry spell. A dry
spell is usually more than 14 days without
precipitation, whereas a severe drought may last
for years.

250
 Statistics indicate that every 22 years a
major drought occurs in the United States, most
seriously affecting the Midwestern states. The
drought of 1933-35 is an example of a
disastrous drought that took place in the United
States.
Although drought cannot be predicted,
certain precautions can be taken in drought-risk
areas. These include construction of reservoirs
to hold emergency water supplies, education to
avoid overcropping and overgrazing, and
programs to limit settlement in drought-prone
areas.

251
Tsunamis

A tsunami (pronounced soo-nahm-ee) is a

series of huge waves that happen after
an undersea disturbance, such as
an earthquake or volcano eruption. Tsunami is
from the Japanese word for “harbor wave.”
The waves travel in all directions from
the area of disturbance, much like the ripples
that happen after throwing a rock. The waves
may travel in the open sea as fast as 450 miles
per hour. As the big waves approach shallow
waters along the coast they grow to a great
height and smash into the shore. They can be as
high as 100 feet. They can cause a lot of
destruction on the shore. They are sometimes
mistakenly called “tidal waves,” but tsunami have
nothing to do with the tides.
Hawaii is the state at greatest risk for a
tsunami. They get about one a year with a
damaging tsunami happening about every seven
years. Alaska is also at high risk. California,

252
Oregon and Washington experience a damaging
tsunami about every 18 years.

253
 Did You Know?

On Dec. 26, 2004, a 9.0 magnitude

earthquake—the largest earthquake in 40
years—occurred off the west coast of the
Indonesian island of Sumatra. The earthquake
triggered a tsunami in the Indian Ocean, the
deadliest in world history. More than 226,000
died and twelve countries felt the devastation.
Hardest hit were Indonesia (particularly the
province of Aceh), Sri Lanka, India, Thailand,
and the Maldives. Millions were left homeless by
the disaster.

254
Tornadoes
Although tornadoes can happen at any
time of year, they are especially common during
the spring and early summer. May and June are
the peak months in terms of numbers of
tornadoes, but April appears to be the deadliest
month. Two of the all-time worst tornado
disasters occurred in April. On April 3-4, 1974,
148 twisters struck 13 states, causing more than
300 deaths, and on April 27, 2011, 137 reported
tornadoes swept through the south, killing nearly
300 people in six states. Most of the fatalities
occurred in Alabama. May holds the record for
experiencing the most tornadoes. In May 2003,
there were 543 recorded tornadoes. On average,
60 people die each year as a result of tornadoes,
mostly from flying and falling debris.
What Is a Tornado?
A tornado is a dark funnel-shaped cloud
made up of violently rotating winds that can
reach speeds of up to 300 m.p.h. The diameter
of a tornado can vary between a few feet and a
mile, and its track can extend from less than a
mile to several hundred miles. Tornadoes
generally travel in a northeast direction

255
(depending on the prevailing winds) at speeds
ranging from 20-60 m.p.h.
Where Do Tornadoes Occur?
The conditions that lead to the
formation of tornadoes are most often met in
the central and southern U.S., where warm,
humid air from the Gulf of Mexico collides with
cool, dry air from the Rockies and Canada. This
area, dubbed "tornado alley," extends roughly
from the Rocky Mountains to the Appalachians,
and from Iowa and Nebraska to the Gulf of
Mexico. Tornadoes can also occur elsewhere,
though, including all U.S. states, Europe, Asia,
and Australia.

256
Volcano
When pressure from the molten rock
beneath the earth's surface becomes too great,
the rock, usually accompanied by lava or gases,
escapes through a fissure or vent in the crust of
the earth. This process in nature is called
volcano. "Volcano" is the term given to both the
vent and the conical mountain left by the
overflow of the erupted lava, rock and ash.
More than 80% of the earth's surface
comes from volcanoes. Innumerable volcanic
eruptions formed the sea floor and some
mountains; gaseous emissions from volcanoes
formed the earth's atmosphere.
The name "volcano" is said to have come
from Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian
Islands of Italy. The name Vulcano originates
from Vulcan, a god of fire in Roman mythology.
The study of volcanoes is called volcanology
(sometimes spelled vulcanology).
Seismographic monitoring, tiltmeters and
surveillance by satellite all serve to predict
activity in a volcano. Gas and steam emissions can
also indicate an impending volcanic eruption.
There are more than 500 active
volcanoes in the world. More than half of these

257
volcanoes are part of the "Ring of Fire," a region
that encircles the Pacific Ocean. The world's
largest active volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
Taller than Mount Everest, Mauna Loa's summit
rises 56,000 ft (17,000 m) from its base below
sea level.

258
 Volcanoes

Active Dormant

Volcanoes are described as active (in

eruption), dormant (not erupting at the present
time), or extinct (having ceased eruption; no
longer active). Some volcanoes explode. Others
are slow-flowing fountains of lava, which is hot
fluid rock. A volcano that is erupting or has
erupted during historic times is called active. A
volcano in which there is no evidence of any
activity is considered extinct. Volcanoes that
appear recent but have no recorded activity
other than the quiet escape of gas are called
dormant. Some volcanoes are much more active
than others. Stromboli, in the Lipari Islands near
Sicily, has been constantly active since ancient

259
times. Many active volcanoes are found in a belt,
called the Ring of Fire, that circles the Pacific
Ocean. Yet other volcanoes, such as Mount
Vesuvius, continue in a state of activity for
longer or shorter periods and then become
dormant. The eruption that follows long
dormancy is violent. This was shown in the 1980
eruption of Mount Saint Helens in the state of
Washington. It had been dormant for a period of
123 years of being in a dormant state. The
danger to life posed by active volcanoes is not
limited to eruption of molten rock or showers of
ash and cinders. Mudflows are also equally
troublesome. A mudflow triggered by an eruption
that melted ice and snow on Colombia’s Nevada
del Ruiz volcano in 1985 killed more than 25,000
people.

260
MAJOR STORMS
Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons are
the same kind of tropical storm but are called by
different names in different areas of the world.
A tropical cyclone is the general term for violent
circular winds with torrential rains that
originate in the tropics. When they occur in the
Atlantic Ocean, they are called hurricanes. In
the Indian Ocean, they are called cyclones. In
the Pacific Ocean, they are called typhoons.

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HURRICANE
One of nature's most destructive forces,
a hurricane that reaches the shore can cause
enormous damage to life and property,
precipitating mudslides, flash floods, storm
surges, and wind and fire damage.
Here's how a hurricane works: A tropical
storm begins to brew over the ocean. As it
makes contact with warm ocean waters — if the
temperature of the water is above 26.5 degrees
Celcius (80 Fahrenheit) — the storm's heat and
energy intensify. Winds rotate counterclockwise
around a calm center (the "eye"). When the
sustained speed of the winds reaches 74 mi (119
km) per hour, the storm is officially classified as
a hurricane. (The term applies to storms which
occur over the N Atlantic Ocean, the NE Pacific
Ocean east of the dateline, or the S Pacific
Ocean. The same storm occurring over the NW
Pacific Ocean west of the dateline is called
a typhoon; one occurring over Australia and the
Indian Ocean is a tropical cyclone, but the winds
rotate clockwise.)
The weather bureaus declare a hurricane
watch when a tropical storm intensifies, and it
becomes likely that a hurricane will develop

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within 24-36 hours. A hurricane warning is
issued when hurricane conditions are expected in
24 hours or less. The severity of a hurricane in
terms of its intensity is measured by the Saffir-
Simpson Scale, on a scale of 1-5, with 5 being
the most severe. The hurricane is ranked by its
wind speed. The scale helps to estimate the
amount and type of damage expected from the
storm.

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EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake is a tremor of the earth's
surface usually triggered by the release of
underground stress along fault lines. This
release causes movement in masses of rock and
resulting shock waves. In spite of extensive
research and sophisticated equipment, it is
impossible to predict an earthquake, although
experts can estimate the likelihood of an
earthquake occurring in a particular region.
In 1935, American seismologist Charles
Richter developed a scale that measures the
magnitude of seismic waves. Called the Richter
scale, it rates earth tremors on a scale from 1 to
9, with 9 being the most powerful and each
number representing an increase of ten times
the energy over the previous number. According
to this scale, any quake that is higher than 4.5
can cause damage to stone buildings; quakes
rated a magnitude of 7 and above are considered
very severe.
Some earthquakes are too small to be
felt but can cause movement of the earth,
opening up holes and displacing rocks. Shock
waves from a very powerful earthquake can
trigger smaller quakes hundreds of miles away

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from the epicenter. Approximately 1,000
earthquakes measuring 5.0 and above occur
yearly. Earthquakes of the greatest intensity
happen about once a year and major earthquakes
(7.0-7.9) occur about 18 times a year. Strong
earthquakes (6.0-6.9) occur about 10 times a
month and moderate earthquakes (5.0-5.9)
happen more than twice daily. Most earthquakes
are not even noticed by the general public, since
they happen either under the ocean or in
unpopulated areas. Sometimes an earthquake
under the ocean can be so severe, it will cause a
tsunami, responsible for far greater damage.
The greatest danger of an earthquake
comes from falling buildings and structures and
flying glass, stones and other objects.

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Avalanche
An avalanche is a massive slide of snow,
ice, rock or debris down a mountainside.
Provoked by an earth tremor,
extreme precipitation or man-made disturbances
(such as a loud noise or the heavy movement of a
skier or snowboarder), an avalanche can reach
speeds of over 200 m/h (300 km/h). The impact
of the falling material and the winds produced
by the flow can cause extensive damage to
anything in its path. According to experts, there
are some 1 million avalanches yearly.
In the case of a snow avalanche, the new
snow that accumulates on top of another heavy
layer of snow can begin to slide down the
mountainside. The risk of an avalanche can be
reduced by building a snow shed — a barrier
made of rocks, soil and other materials — or by
triggering a controlled avalanche at a time when
no one is on the mountain.
The worst US avalanche occurred in
1910, when a snowslide swept two trains into
a canyon in Wellington, WA, killing 96. In

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January 1962, an avalanche down an extinct
volcano in Peru killed 3,000.

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 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

 Blow over – to become less strong and then

ended
 Tear off – to remove with force
 Flood out – to leave a home or place because
of a flood.
 Weather the storm – to survive a difficult
situation.
 A storm in a teacup – to make a situation
worse than it is; to make a small
problem seem like a big problem
 Act of God – an event such as a flood,
lightning or an earthquake that is produced
by natural forces and that people have no
control over
 Be a disaster – to be very unsuccessful or
extremely bad.
 Add fuel to the fire – to make a problem
worse, to say or do smth. that makes a bad
situation worse
 Calm before the storm – an unusual or false
quiet period before a period of upheaval

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 Oceans of - a large amount of something
 When it rains, it pours (also it never rains
but it pours) - when bad things occur in
large numbers
 Salt of the Earth – someone who is honest
and good
 Make waves – to cause trouble
 Rain or shine – whatever happens; no matter
it is rainy or sunny
 Any port in a storm – this idiom is used to
describe a situation in which you are forced
to accept any solution whether you like or
not.

Add your own new words and expressions

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 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the
following questions and explain your
ideas.
1. What is a disaster?
2. What kind of disasters are common in
your country?
3. What is the difference between a tornado
and a hurricane?
4. What is disaster insurance? Do most
people have it?
5. Are there ways we can prepare ourselves
in advance to cope with disasters?
6. How are the problems solved after a
disaster?
7. If you had the power to stop a natural
disaster that has happened in the past,
which would you choose? Why?
8. What is the difference between natural
disasters and manmade disasters?
9. Do some natural disasters occur
repeatedly in the same area?

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 10. What natural disasters occur in your
country?

II. Express your ideas about the following

idioms.
1. A storm in a teacup
2. Act of God
3. Tear off
4. Any port in a storm
5. Rain or shine
6. Weather the storm
7. When it rains, it pours
8. Add fuel to the fire
9. Be a disaster
10. Calm before the storm

III. Group work: Split the class into small

groups. (4 or 5 students) Give one idiom
for each group. Ask each group to
perform the given idioms. (Choose any
of the idioms relating to the topic.)

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 MODULE
XX

Customs and traditions in England

Almost every nation has a reputation of
some kind. The English are reputed to be cold,
reserved, rather haughty people. They are
steady, easy-going and fond of sports. There are
certain kinds of behavior, manners and customs
which are peculiar to England. The English are
naturally polite and are never tired of saying
«Thank you» and «I am sorry». They are
generally disciplined, you never hear loud talk in
the street. They don't rush for seats in buses
and trains, but they take their seats in queues at
bus stops. English people do not shake hands
when meeting one another, they do not show
their emotions even in tragic situations. They
seem to remain good-tempered and cheerful
under difficulties.
The English are a nation of stay-at-
homes. There is no place like home. The

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Englishman says «My house is my castle»
because he doesn't wish his doings to be
overlooked by his neighbours. It is true that
English people prefer small houses, built for one
family. The fire is the focus of the English
Home. Other nations go out to cafes or cocktail
bars. The fireplace is the natural centre of
interest in the room. They like to sit round the
fire and watch the dancing flames, exchanging
the day's experience. In many houses you will
still see fireplaces, sometimes with columns on
each side and a shelf above it on which there is
often a clock or a mirror or photos.

How do they spend their week-ends. Those

who live in cities and towns like to go out of
town. They may go to stay in the country. Every
Englishman is fond of the countryside in a nice
thatched cottage with roses round the porch and
in the garden, the fresh air and bright sun. No
crowds of people, silence and leisure. Those who
stay at home try to do all the jobs they, were
too busy to do during the week. Some go
shopping on Saturday mornings, some do the
house - washing, cleaning. Some men do and
watch sporting events. Saturday evening is the

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best time for parties, dances, going to the
cinema or theatre. On Sunday after breakfast
they may go to work in the garden take a dog for
a walk, play a visit to a pub. Sunday is a day for
inviting friends and relatives to afternoon tea.

There are some traditions concerning food.

English cooking is heavy, substantial and plain.
The Englishman likes a good breakfast. To him a
good breakfast means porridge with, fish, bacon
and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. It
is the same day to day. The English like their
toast cold. Tea is part of the prose of British
life, as necessary as potatoes and bread. Seven
cups of it wake you up in the morning, 9 cups will
put you to sleep at night. The midday meal is
called lunch. This meal consists on week- days of
stew, fried fish, chops, liver or sausages,
vegetables. Rice and macaroni are seldom served.
Then goes an apple tart, or hot milk pudding.
Sunday dinner is a special occasion, it is a joint
of beef or lamb with vegetables. Then goes a
large heavy pudding with custard. From 4 to 6
there is a very light meal called 5 o'clock tea. It
is a snack of thin bread and butter and cups of
tea with small cakes. This became a kind ritual.

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At this time everything stops for tea. Dinner
(usually at 6 p.m.) is much like lunch and is in
many families the last meal of the day. Supper is
a snack of bread and cheese and cocoa. The
English have a popular speciality known as fish
and chips. They are bought at special fish and
chips shops.

HOLIDAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN

Every country and every nation has own
traditions and customs. It's very important to
know traditions and customs of other countries.
It helps to know more about the history and line
of different nations. English are proud of their
traditions and carefully keep them up. English
people celebrate Christmas on the 25th of
December. It's the season of good will. It's the
most beautiful time of the year - the time of
love, joy and hopes. Christmas Day is a family
holiday. All the people look forward to it,
expecting something special. It is the time when
all the family gets together round the Christmas
tree decorated with toys and sweets. Little
children believe that when they are asleep Santa
Claus comes with a big bag of toys. They often
hang up large stockings for the presents. All

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families have Christmas dinners. They eat
traditional dishes - turkey, duck, pudding. On the
New Year's Day they watch the old year out and
the new year in.
There are some traditions on New
Year's Day. One of them is the old First
Footing. The first man to come into the house is
very important. The Englishmen believe that he
brings luck. This man (not a woman) must be
healthy, young, pretty-looking. He brings
presents - bread, a piece of coal or a coin.
Another best-loved holiday is St.
Valentine's Day on the 14th of February - the
holiday of love and affection, the day of sending
and giving presents to those you love -
Englishmen with these word ask to become
friends or companion Valentines often are
decorated with symbols of love - red hearts and
roses, ribbons and laces.
In England tradition of celebrating
Easter is deep-rooted in the history of the
nation. Easter is a church holiday. There is a
popular belief that wearing 3 new things on
Easter will bring good luck. Traditionally Easter
parades of people in bright new spring clothes
are held on this day. Another custom is

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decorating eggs for children. Eggs are hidden in
the yards little children believe that the Easter
rabbit comes and leaves eggs for them. Easter
candies are maid in the form of eggs, little
chickens and rabbits.
Halloween is the day or evening before
all Saint's Day Children dress up in Halloween
costumes and masks over their faces. They go
out into the streets to beg. People give them
sweets, cookies and apples. A favourite
Halloween custom is to make a jack-o'-lantern
(the children scrape out a pumpkin and cut the
eyes, nose and mouth). They light a candle inside
the pumpkin to scare their friends. A few words
about superstitions in Britain. The people believe
that if they put shoes on the table, they will
have bad luck. The English won't kill a spider,
especially money spiders (small red ones). This is
very unlucky. Some animals are also lucky (black
cats bring good luck, white horses are also lucky.
The most unlucky thing is to break a mirror. This
brings 7 years of bad luck. The number 13 is the
most unlucky number especially Combination
Friday, the 13th. According to the Act of
Parliament of 1871 there are 4 bank holidays
Easter Monday, whit-Monday, Dec.26th - Boxing

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Day. Other public holidays are Good Friday, May
Day, Also there is a Pancake Day, April's Fool
Day, Mother's Day.

C us to m s a nd T rad itio ns in Brita in

Britain is full of culture and traditions
which have been around for hundreds of years.
British customs and traditions are famous all
over the world. When people think
of Britain they often think of people drinking
tea, eating fish and chips and wearing bowler
hats, but there is more to Britain than just
those things.
Acceptable Behavior in
England and the rest of Britain
The English are said to be reserved in
manners, dress and speech. They are famous for
their politeness, self-discipline and especially
for their sense of humour. Basic politeness
(please, thank you, excuse me) is expected.

H o w to greet s o m eo ne
English people are quite reserved when
greeting one another. A greeting can be a bright
'Hello' 'Hi' or 'Good morning', when you arrive
at work or at school.

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 Vis iting peo ple i n th eir h o us es
When being entertained at someone's
home it is nice to take a gift for the host and
hostess. A bottle of wine, bunch of flowers or
chocolates are all acceptable.

DOS DON’TS

Do stand in line: In England they like to form

orderly queues (standing in line) and wait
patiently for our turn e.g. boarding a bus. It is
usual to queue when required, and expected that
you will take your correct turn and not push in
front. 'Queue jumping' is frowned upon.
Do take your hat off when you go
indoors (men only) It is impolite for men to wear
hats indoors especially in churches.
Nowadays, it is becoming more common
to see men wearing hats indoors. However, this
is still seen as being impolite, especially to the
older generations.

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Do say "Excuse Me": If someone is blocking
your way and you would like them to move, say
excuse me and they will move out of your way.
Do Pay as you Go: Pay for drinks as you order
them in pubs and other types of bars.
Do say "Please" and "Thank you": It is very
good manners to say "please" and "thank you". It
is considered rude if you don't. You will notice in
England that we say 'thank you' a lot.
Do cover your Mouth: When yawning or
coughing always cover your mouth with your
hand.
Do Shake Hands: When you are first
introduced to someone, shake their right hand
with your own right hand.
Do say sorry: If you accidentally bump into
someone, say 'sorry'. They probably will too,
even if it was your fault! This is a habit and can
be seen as very amusing by an 'outsider'.
Do Smile: A smiling face is a welcoming face.
Do Drive on the left side of the road
Do open doors for other people: Men and
women both hold open the door for each other.
It depends on who goes through the door first.

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Do not greet people with a kiss:
They only kiss people who are close friends and
relatives.
Avoid talking loudly in public
It is impolite to stare at anyone in public.
Privacy is highly regarded.
Do not ask a lady her age
It is considered impolite to ask a lady her age
Do not pick your nose in public:
We are disgusted by this. If your nostrils need
de-bugging, use a handkerchief.
Avoid doing gestures such as backslapping and
hugging: This is only done among close friends.
Do not spit. Spitting in the street is considered
to be very bad mannered.
Do not burp in public. You may feel better by
burping loudly after eating or drinking, but other
people will not! If you can not stop a burp from
bursting out, then cover your mouth with your
hand and say 'excuse me' afterwards.
It is impolite to speak with your mouth full of
food
Do not ask personal or intimate questions.
They like their privacy. Please do not ask
questions such as "How much money do you

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earn?" "How much do you weigh?" or "Why aren't
you married?"

TEA DRINKING TRADITION IN ENGLAND

Every nation has its own customs and
traditions. England is a country of old traditions.
We are going to speak about English tea
tradition and drinking English tea with delicious
cakes, scones and marmalade.

Tea Drinking in England

English tea drinking traditions have a
long history. Tea was brought to England in the
seventeenth century by a Portuguese princess,
who married king Charles II of England, and has
been popular in the country ever since.
When the first clippers began to bring
tea to England from China and India, it was very
expensive. The reason was that the members of

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the church called it a “sinful drink” because it
was coming from a non-Christian country. So it
was taxed to 119% and therefore tea became a
drink for the elite. A drink for the rich, the
aristocracy, tea was locked up in the households
in enamel containers.
However from the 18th century tea
began to be used by the common people too,
thanks to tea-smuggling in Cornwall. Tea was
brought in illegally — it was not imported by the
East India Company, and it did not pass through
customs. Tea was lighter and easier to transport
than gin and brandy, small sacks of tea were
easy to hide under clothes, so it was very
profitable for tea-smugglers.
Traditional tea time in English is late
afternoon, when world-famous 5 o’clock tea is
served. Five o’clock tea is a ceremony, a work of
art. It is not only about a perfect combination of
the tablecloth, the napkins, the flowers, the
vases and the tea set, it means a certain way of
behaving and talking too. But tea is also drunk in
the morning and during the day because the
English believe it to be healthy and refreshing.
There are a lot of traditional tea-rooms in
England, where ideally you should not ask for a

283
cup of tea, but say you want an Earl Grey or an
English Breakfast because you should drink your
teas according to how you are feeling. For
example, English Breakfast is a strong tea, which
fills you with energy, and Prince of Wales or Earl
Grey are more relaxing. Green teas are very
refreshing, very light and good after meals.
Tea is traditionally served with lemon or
milk. Tea used to be drunk black without
anything in it, but as people became more in a
hurry they added milk to drink it more quickly.
It is possible that milk was used to cool the tea
down when the hostess did not want to have her
guests for too long. Another explanation of milk
in tea is the fear to break the delicate porcelain
that tea cups were made of real porcelain does
not normally break but early examples of British
porcelain cups sometimes fell apart. Because
porcelain was very expensive at that time, it was
safer to put in some milk first to reduce the
temperature of the tea so the cups did not
break. This is how the habit of putting milk in
tea remained.
The Queen makes her own cup of tea
The Queen makes her own cup of tea at
the same time each day, it has been revealed.

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The British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, makes
sure that staff leaves her the duty of pouring
her own tea each afternoon at 5pm. She makes
her own Earl Grey with Malvern water. According
to UK newspaper The Sun, the Queen lets her
staff make the drinks any other time of the day.
Etiquette expert Jean Broke-Smith said, "She is
a very traditional lady and when she has visitors,
no matter where she is in the world, she pours
tea for herself and all of her guests at 5pm.
"Queen Elizabeth is a very proud hostess."

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 Activities
I. Discuss the following sayings and express
your thoughts. Say whether you agree or
disagree.

Just because something is

traditional is no reason to do it, of
course.

Lemony Snicket

Tradition becomes our security,

and when the mind is secure it is in
decay

Jiddu Krishnamurti

Tradition is a guide and not a

jailer

W. Somerset Maugham

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 It is a fine thing to establish one's own
religion in one's heart, not to be
dependent on tradition and second-
hand ideals. Life will seem to you, later,
not a lesser, but a greater thing

.
D.H. Lawrence

When men are oppressed, it's a

tragedy. When women are oppressed,
it's tradition

Letty Cottin Pogrebin

II. Group work: Split the class into two groups.

(group A, group B) Group A will speak about
customs and traditions in their own country and
group B will speak about English and American
customs and traditions. Give each group 5
minutes to prepare their report. Ask each group
to present their information.

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 MODULE
XXI

Why English is important

IF YOU are currently learning English in
a school, college or institute of further
education, you join approximately one billion
other people around the world who are engaged
in the same pursuit. However, as you try to
memorize proper grammar, and try to avoid the
mistakes common to most students of English,
you may wonder why you are learning the
language in the first place.
So, why is English important?
After Mandarin, English is spoken by
more people than any other language, and is the
native language of more than 350 million people.
More people speak English than those who speak
the Arabic and French languages combined.
Moreover, English is the international
language of diplomacy, business, science,
technology, banking, computing, medicine,

288
aviation, UN & NATO armed forces, engineering,
tourism, Hollywood films and arguably the best
pop and rock music in the world.
English has plenty of words to choose
from. In fact, an English speaker is offered the
biggest vocabulary of any language with a choice
of 500,000 to 1,000,000 words (including
technical and scientific terms).
But don’t panic, most English speakers do
very well with a vocabulary of around 20,000
words.
English can be fun too. For instance, the
music of such stars as Elvis Presley, The Beatles,
Led Zeppelin, Michael Jackson and Madonna has
encouraged fans to speak the language of their
idols, whilst others have enrolled in English
classes to improve their understanding of the
dialogue in films and TV shows.
Or perhaps they have embraced English
to enjoy the writing of Stephen King, George
Orwell or J.K. Rowling. They may even have an
interest in speaking English just to converse with
travellers from other countries, who
communicate by using the English global
interlingua while travelling abroad.

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 Finally, if you are studying English at
school, college or university, remember that
getting an ‘A’ grade in English is almost
worthless, in terms of communication, if you
cannot speak the language. Spoken English is
used in the best careers, the best universities,
and is increasingly being used at job interviews.
So like it or not, English is a very important
language to learn how to speak.

The Advantages of Speaking English

When You Travel
There are many great reasons to learn
English and the advantages that come from
speaking English when you travel. In so many
parts of the world, English is the ‘international
language’ — although it may not be the language
that is native to, or most commonly spoken in a
particular country, English is most often the
language that travellers share and local people
use when communicating with visitors.
Here we take a look at six of the
greatest advantages of speaking English when
you travel:
 Ease of making bookings

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 As so many travellers will testify, being
able to quickly and easily make reservations and
other bookings is critical to the success of your
adventures. Needing to spend time, effort and
possibly money on translations and explanations
can be stressful and is simply not effective.
 Express what you want
When you are a proficient speaker of the
English language, it is much simpler to ask for
what you want and explain your preferences. For
example, expressing yourself through the
English language can make it far easier to ask
for food to be cooked the way that you desire,
an air conditioned room or recommendations for
sights and adventures most closely aligned with
your interests.
 Meeting local people
Having the opportunity to meet and eat
with local people and getting to know something
of their lifestyle is a completely precious
opportunity that is unique to travel. Even if you
are in a country where English is not the
dominant language, chances are that English will
be used as the basis for communication between
speakers of different native languages.

291
 When you travel and are able to speak
English well, it is more than likely that you will
experience greater ease and confidence when
interacting with local people.
 Interacting with other travellers
No matter where travellers call home,
English is, overwhelmingly, the international
language of communication for travellers.
Although you may be thousands of kilometres
from home and initially perceive little advantage
in hanging out with people that live close to or in
a similar way to you, it can often be very
comforting to mix with people with whom you can
share experiences and communicate using a
language with which you are confident.
 Pleasantries and important phrases
Even a very basic level of English can
assist you with important phrases and key
pleasantries that will be frequently used when
travelling. It goes without saying that being able
to use these phrases appropriately and
confidently can make your time and experiences
in different places all the more enjoyable.
 Independence
Speaking English when you travel enables
you to enjoy a greater level of independence

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than you otherwise might. Speaking English
allows you significantly more freedom and the
opportunity to explore more independently and
creatively.
English is an important and useful
language to know when you travel. Even when
travelling to countries where English is not the
language most commonly spoken, it is often
recognized as the ‘international language’ and the
language that is mutual to travellers and locals.
When you are able to speak English at some level
of proficiency, travelling becomes more
straightforward because major challenges and
difficulties can be ameliorated.

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 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the following
questions and explain your thoughts.
1. What language is spoken the most in your
country? What is your mother tongue? Do
you have a second language in your country?
2. Is English important for an individual in your
country?
3. Why are you studying English?
4. What languages are spoken the most
throughout the world?
5. Which do you think is the most difficult
language?
6. What's your favorite language? What's your
least favorite language?
7. Do you wish your country has another
language instead of the present one?
8. Can you name any languages that are no
longer spoken?
9. Do you think foreign language study should
be required? Do you think foreign language
study should start as early as possible, or is
it okay to start later?

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10. Why is English used in so many places? Do
you think that a language other than English
should be used as an "international
language"?
11. Do you think language affects thought? Do
you have a large vocabulary? Is increasing
your vocabulary important to you? What
techniques do you use to remember
vocabulary?
12. When you study a language, do you like to
study reading, writing, speaking and
listening? Why? Explain your choice.

II. Group work: Split the class into two

groups. (group A and group B). The topic of
today’s debate is “The benefits of learning
foreign languages (English)”. Group A will
speak about advantages of learning English;
group B will speak about disadvantages of
learning English. Each group will try to
persuade others to change their ideas.

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 MODULE
XXII

What Is Culture Shock?

Culture shock isn't a clinical term or
medical condition. It's simply a common way to
describe the confusing and nervous feelings a
person may have after leaving a familiar culture
to live in a new and different culture. When you
move to a new place, you're bound to face a lot
of changes. That can be exciting and stimulating,
but it can also be overwhelming. You may feel
sad, anxious, frustrated, and want to go home.
It's natural to have difficulty adjusting
to a new culture. People from other cultures
(whom you'll be hanging out with and going to
school with) may have grown up with values and

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beliefs that differ from yours. Because of these
differences, the things they talk about, the
ways they express themselves, and the
importance of various ideas may be very
different from what you are used to. But the
good news is that culture shock is temporary.

What Causes Culture Shock?

To understand culture shock, it helps to
understand what culture is. You may know that
genes determine a big part of how you look and
act. What you might not know is that your
environment — your surroundings — has a big
effect on your appearance and behavior as well.
Your environment isn't just the air you
breathe and the food you eat, though; a big part
of your environment is culture. Culture is made
up of the common things that members of a
community learn from family, friends, media,
literature, and even strangers. These are the
things that influence how they look, act, and
communicate. Often, you don't even know you're
learning these things because they become
second-nature to you — for instance, the way
you shake hands with someone when meeting
them, when you eat your meals each day, the

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kind of things you find funny, or how you view
religion.
When you go to a new place, such as a
new country or even a new city, you often enter
a culture that is different from the one you left.
Sometimes your culture and the new culture are
similar. Other times, they can be very different,
and even contradictory. What might be perfectly
normal in one culture — for instance, spending
hours eating a meal with your family — might be
unusual in a culture that values a more fast-
paced lifestyle.
The differences between cultures can
make it very difficult to adjust to the new
surroundings. You may encounter unfamiliar
clothes, weather, and food as well as different
people, schools, and values. You may find yourself
struggling to do things in your new surroundings
that were easy back home. Dealing with the
differences can be very unsettling; those
feelings are part adjusting to a new culture.
How Does It Feel?
One person's adjustment to a new
culture is not necessarily like another's. In some
situations, people are excited about their move.
Though they may feel a little sad about leaving

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important people and places behind, they think
of the move as a new adventure, or they've
heard great things about the place that will
become their new home. In some people, the
excitement gives way to frustration as time goes
on and they still have trouble understanding
their new surroundings.
On the other hand, there are people who
never wanted to move in the first place. Their
frustration starts the day they realize that they
have to move to a new place, when they're
perfectly happy where they are. It continues as
they find out just how unfamiliar their new home
is.
Though people experience culture shock
in different ways, these feelings are common:
 not wanting to be around people who are
different from you
 sadness
 Loneliness
 anxiety
 trouble concentrating
 feeling left out or misunderstood
 developing negative and simplistic views of
the new culture
 frustration

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  extreme homesickness
These difficult feelings may tempt you
to isolate yourself from your new surroundings
and dismiss the new culture. It's best not to
withdraw like this. If you stay calm, observe and
learn, and keep things in perspective, you'll
probably find that your difficulties will pass. But
if you're feeling depressed and you aren't able
to function normally even after the first few
months in your new environment, you should talk
to a parent or trusted adult about whether to
seek help from a physician or mental health
professional.

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 HOW TO COPE WITH CULTURE SHOCK
Probably the best strategy for coping
with the various impacts of culture shock is to
make a conscious effort to adjust to the new
culture. Here are some suggestions on how to
make yourself feel more at home in your new
surroundings:
Admit frankly that these impacts
exist. It is not a sign of weakness to admit that
you feel uncomfortable, tense or confused.
Learn the rules of living in your host
country. Try to understand how and why the
local people act the way they do. Their behavior
and customs, although they may be different
from your own, are neither better nor worse
than what you are used to.
Get involved in some aspect of the new
culture. Whether you study art or music, or
learn a new sport or martial art, being an
interested student will make a world of
difference.
Take time to learn the language. It
always helps to understand as much as possible
of what people are saying. They will appreciate
your effort to communicate with them in their

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language, even if it is just a few simple phrases,
and it will make your daily life much easier.
Take care of yourself. Eat well,
exercise and take the time to sleep. Limit your
alcohol consumption to moderate amounts.
Travel. Take the time to be a tourist and
explore the country’s sights.
Make friends and develop relationships.
Getting to know local people will help you
overcome cultural differences and understand
the country. It will also show you how to be more
sensitive to cultural norms and expectations.
Maintain contact with friends and
family back home. Writing home about your
experiences and problems can help you sort
through them. It is also a good idea to keep a
journal of your feelings and thoughts.
Do something that reminds you of
home. Listening to your favourite music or
practising a familiar hobby can boost your spirits
when you are feeling homesick.
Avoid idealizing life back home. Try to
make the most of your stay and consciously
adopt an open mind.

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 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the following
questions and express your ideas.
1. What are some things that define a
culture? For example, music, language, .
2. What do you like about your culture?
3. Why do you think culture is important?
4. If you could change one thing about your
culture, what would it be?
5. What is culture shock?
6. Have you ever experienced culture shock?
7. What do you think is important when
visiting another culture?
8. Do you think "when in Rome, do as the
Romans do" is always good advice? Why or
why not? Have you ever been in a situation
where you felt you had to "do as the
Romans do"?
9. What are the five most important values
of your culture? (For example, Family)
10. What is culture trauma?

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 11. If you could choose three aspects of your
culture to put in a "time box" for the
future, what would you put in it?

II. Group work: Split the class into four

groups. (group A, B, C and D). Each group
visited different countries with different
cultures. (The choice of the country depends
on group members.) Each group experienced
culture shock. Now they are going to share
their culture experiences with others. They
are going to speak about the differences and
similarities among these four cultures.

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 MODULE
XXIII

TRAVEL

Travel is the movement of people

between relatively distant geographical
locations, and can involve travel by foot, bicycle,
automobile, train, boat, airplane, or other means,
with or without luggage, and can be one way or
round trip.
Etymology: The origin of the word
"travel" is most likely lost to history. The
term "travel" may originate from the Old
French word travail. According to the
Merriam Webster dictionary, the first known
use of the word travel was in the 14th
century. It also states that the word comes
from Middle English travailen, travelen (which
means to torment, labor, strive, journey) and
earlier from Old French travailler (which
means to work strenuously, toil).
Purpose and motivation: Reasons for
traveling include recreation, tourism or

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vacationing, research travel for the gathering of
information, for holiday to visit people, volunteer
travel for charity, migration to begin life
somewhere else, religious pilgrimages and mission
trips, business travel, trade, commuting, and
other reasons, such as to obtain health care or
fleeing war or for the enjoyment of traveling.
Travel may occur by human-powered transport
such as walking or bicycling, or with vehicles,
such as public transport, automobiles, trains and
airplanes.
Motives to travel include pleasure,
relaxation, discovery and exploration, getting to
know other cultures and taking personal time for
building interpersonal relationships. Travel may
be local, regional, national (domestic) or
international. In some countries, non-local
internal travel may require an internal passport,
while international travel typically requires a
passport and visa. A trip may also be part of a
round-trip, which is a particular type of travel
whereby a person moves from one location to
another and returns.

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TYPES OF TRAVEL
More and more people all over the world
prefer to spend their holidays travelling. Rich or
poor, old or young, they strive to leave the place
where they live or work, and move to another
spot of our planet — at least for two to four
weeks a year. They travel to cities and towns,
mountains and lakes, across oceans and seas.
There are several reasons why the
popularity of travel and tourism is growing. The
first one is educational value of travelling. Man
has always moved from one place to another in
search of knowledge. Even now, in the age of
technology and global communication, travelling
to a different region or country can help
discover new ideas, technologies and inventions.
The best way of studying geography is travelling,
the best way to help you master a foreign
language is travelling, too. Moreover, a special
kind of tourism has developed, called educational
tourism when people travel to study a foreign
language or to take up a course in one or several
other subjects.
The second reason why people travel is
entertainment and rest. To see great buildings
and natural wonders, listen to national music, get

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some knowledge about traditions and ways of
different countries, taste new cuisine gives us
new emotions, helps drive away the stress.
Thirdly, there are special reasons. A lot
of new types of travelling have appeared like
ecotourism, educational tourism, sports tourism.
A lot of people travel on business. Now, with the
growth of international trade people have a lot
of chances to do business with foreign partners,
and they do it willingly. Some people have
additional reasons to like travelling. When
travelling, they do sports, or take care of their
health, or get new contacts.
And now let’s get acquainted with
different types of travel.
Travel

Adventure Backpacking

travel

Business Lifestyle Recreational

travel

Volunteer Educational Air

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 Adventure travel is a type of tourism, involving
exploration or travel to remote, exotic and
possibly hostile areas. Adventure tourism is
rapidly growing in popularity, as tourists seek
different kinds of vacations.
Adventure tourists may be motivated to
achieve mental states characterized as rush
or flow, resulting from stepping outside of
their comfort zone. This may be from
experiencing culture shock or through the
performance of acts, that require significant
effort and involve some degree of risk (real or
perceived) and/or physical danger. This may
include activities such
as mountaineering, trekking, bungee
jumping, mountain biking, rafting, zip-
lining, paragliding, and rock climbing.

TYPES OF ADVENTURE TRAVEL

 Trekking
Trek is a long, adventurous journey
undertaken on foot in areas where common
means of transport are generally not available.
Trekking should not be confused with
mountaineering.

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 Etymology: The term derived from the
Afrikaans word trek (noun), trekken (verb),
(literally meaning to "pull, travel"), became a
word in English language in mid 19th century,
and means a long arduous journey, typically on
foot.

 Zip-line
Zip-line in Costa Rica
A zip-line consists of a pulley suspended
on a cable, usually made of stainless steel,
mounted on an incline. It is designed to enable a
user propelled by gravity to travel from the top
to the bottom of the inclined cable by holding
onto, or attaching to, the freely moving pulley.
Zip-lines come in many forms, most often used as
a means of entertainment. Zip line tours are
becoming popular vacation activities. The jungles

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of Costa Rica, Florida, and Nicaragua are popular
destinations for zip line enthusiasts.

 Rock Climbing
Rock climbing is an activity in which
participants climb up, down or across
natural rock formations or artificial rock
walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a
formation or the endpoint of a pre-defined
route without falling. To successfully complete
a climb, one must return to the base of the
route safely.

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  Bungee jumping
Bungee jumping (/ˈbʌndʒiː/; also spelt
"Bungy" jumping) is an activity that involves
jumping from a tall structure while connected to
a large elastic cord. The tall structure is usually
a fixed object, such as a building, bridge or
crane; but it is also possible to jump from a
movable object, such as a hot-air-
balloon or helicopter, that has the ability
to hover above the ground. The thrill comes
from the free-falling and the rebound.

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  Hitchhiking
Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing or
hitching) is a means of transportation that is
gained by asking people, usually strangers, for a
ride in their automobile or other road vehicle.
The latter may require many rides from
different people. A ride is usually, but not
always, free. If the hitchhiker wishes to
indicate that they need a ride, they may simply
make a physical gesture or display a written sign.
In North America and the United Kingdom, the
gesture involves extending the hitchhiker's arm
toward the road and sticking the thumb of their
outstretched hand upward with the hand closed.
In other parts of the world, it is more common
to use a gesture where the index finger is
pointed at the road.

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Backpacking travel is a form of low-cost,
independent international travel. It includes the
use of a backpack or other luggage that is easily
carried for long distances or long periods of
time; the use of public transport; inexpensive
lodging such as youth hostels; a longer duration
to the trip when compared with conventional
vacations; and an interest in meeting the locals
as well as seeing the sights. It is typically
associated with young adults, who generally have
fewer obligations and thus more time to travel.
They also have less money to spend on hotels or
private vehicles. It may include wilderness
adventures or be limited to travel within settled
areas.

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Business travel is travel done in the course of
business or work, other than the daily
commuting between home and workplace.

Reasons for business travel:

The necessity to conduct business travel
may have many reasons. A few are stated below:
 Visiting customers or suppliers
 Meetings at other company locations
 Professional development and attending at
a congress

Volunteer travel, volunteer vacations or

voluntourism is travel which includes
volunteering for a charitable cause. In recent
years, volunteer vacations have grown in
popularity. Volunteer vacations vary widely in
scope, from low-skill work cleaning up local
wildlife areas to providing high-skill medical
aid in a foreign country. Volunteer vacations
participants are diverse but typically share a
desire to “do something good” while also
experiencing new places and challenges in
locales they might not otherwise visit.

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Lifestyle travelling is a type of alternative
lifestyle practised by people who travel for
many years, usually from country to country.
Some lifestyle travellers purchase a
sailboat, which provides a place to live and a
mode of transportation at the same time.
Others, according to their budget and way to
generate income, travel with a van, or in rare
instances have their own airplane, or even
continue backpacking.
Lifestyle travellers, as opposed to
shorter-term backpackers, often spend at least
three to six months in their various destinations,
usually to cut down on costs but also to get a
fuller experience from each new culture they
explore.

Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such

as airplanes, helicopters, hot air balloons,
blimps, gliders, hang gliding, parachuting, or
anything else that can sustain flight.
Domestic and international flights: Air
travel can be separated into two general
classifications: national/domestic and
international flights. Flights from one point to
another within the same country are called

316
domestic flights. Flights from a point in one
country to a point within a different country
are known as international flights.

Educational tourism Educational tourism

developed, because of the growing popularity
of teaching and learning of knowledge and the
enhancing of technical competency outside of
the classroom environment. In educational
tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure
activity includes visiting another country to
learn about the culture, such as in Student
Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to
work and apply skills learned inside the
classroom in a different environment, such as
in the International Practicum Training
Program.

Recreational travel can be defined as travel

for and recreation. The automobile has made
recreational travel possible for people around-
the-world, and also allows the easy hauling
of trailers, travel trailers, popup campers,
off-road vehicles, boats and bicycles, which
enables recreational travel.

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Travel Health and Safety
International travellers should always be
extra concerned about their health and safety,
because every region and country around the
world has its own risks, customs and level of
health care. Here is essential information on
travel health risks and preventive measures that
will keep you and your loved ones safe during
your travels.
Eat and Drink Safely
Food-borne and water-borne illnesses are
sometimes called food poisoning, the stomach flu
or travellers’ diarrhea. They are the most
common cause of illness in travellers, generally
caused by eating or drinking food or beverages
contaminated by bacteria, parasites, or viruses.
You can also get sick from swimming in
contaminated water or from close contact with
someone else who is ill.
Follow safe food and water practices:
Boil it, cook it, peel it or leave it!
Always wash your hands before eating
and drinking.

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 Only eat food that has been well cooked
and is still hot when served. Avoid uncooked
foods, especially shellfish and salads.
Drink and use ice only from purified
water that has been boiled or disinfected with
chlorine or iodine, or commercially bottled water
in sealed containers. Carbonated drinks, including
beer, are usually safe.
Brush your teeth with purified or bottled
water.
Avoid unpasteurized dairy products.
Avoid food from street vendors.
Avoid swimming, wading, bathing or
washing clothing in polluted or contaminated
water.
Vaccination
When you are travelling, you may be at
risk for a number of illnesses that can be
prevented by vaccination. As you age, your
vaccine-acquired protection against many
illnesses may decrease, and your risk of getting
certain diseases may increase. You should
consult a doctor, nurse or health care provider,
or visit a travel health clinic preferably six
weeks before you travel.

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 Required Vaccinations: Some countries
require that you have received a yellow fever
vaccination within the past 10 years and have
an International Certificate of Vaccination or
Prophylaxis before you can enter the country.
Many countries require this proof of
yellow fever vaccination if you’ve passed through
an area where yellow fever may occur. Without
such proof, you may be refused entry,
quarantined or vaccinated. Yellow fever
vaccination is only given at designated yellow
fever vaccination centres.
Some countries require that you receive
specific vaccinations before you arrive. For
example, Saudi Arabia requires proof of
meningococcal vaccination for all pilgrims and
proof of polio vaccination for all children going
to Mecca during the Hajj.
Transportation Safety
Foreign domestic airlines; Planes used
by domestically owned and operated airline
companies may be poorly maintained and may
not meet International Civil Aviation
Organization or other international safety
standards.

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 Transportation accidents abroad: If you
are involved in a transportation accident:
Ensure that the appropriate authorities
are advised, especially if medical attention is
required.
Make notes on the circumstances of the
accident and, if possible, take photographs.
Obtain the names and addresses of
witnesses and others involved in the accident.
Account for your belongings.
Be prepared to provide information on
your insurance.
Have information available on any pre-
existing medical conditions that could affect
your treatment and know your blood type.
If detained by police, make no
statements until you consult a lawyer.

Insect Bite Prevention

Many travel-related diseases are
transmitted by infected insects such as
mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, or flies. Before you
travel, be aware of insects at your destination
that cause disease. To minimize your risk, you
should always practise protective measures to
avoid insect bites and ensure you have the

321
appropriate preventive vaccines and/or
medications.
Protect yourself from bites:
1. Cover up:
2. Use insect repellent on exposed skin:
3. Consider your accommodations:
4. Sleep under a bed net, preferably
treated with insecticide:
Natural Disasters and Civil Emergencies
Natural disasters such as earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, floods, forest fires,
hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes and drought may
affect your safety, as well as services and
transportation, when you are travelling. If there
is a natural disaster or civil emergency, listen to
local news broadcasts for updates on the
situation. Carefully evaluate the implications for
your security and safety before travelling to or
remaining in a country affected by a dangerous
situation. Follow the advice of local authorities,
keep a low profile and maintain close contact
with your family to inform them of your
situation. Prepare a basic emergency kit so that
you will be prepared to be self-sufficient for at
least 72 hours. You should confirm your travel
arrangements before you leave the country.

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 Sun and Heat Safety Tips for Travellers
If you are planning to travel to a warm
and sunny place, you should be aware that strong
sunlight and extremely hot temperatures can be
dangerous to your health. While extreme heat
can put everyone at risk from heat illnesses,
health risks are greatest for older travellers,
infants and young children, and those who have
chronic illnesses or are physically impaired.
Extreme heat may increase your health risks if
you have breathing difficulties, heart or kidney
problems, hypertension, Parkinson’s disease or a
mental disorder.

Sun safety tips

Dress for the weather: wear loose-
fitting, light-coloured clothing made from
breathable fabric.
Stay hydrated: drink plenty of cool
liquids, especially water, before you feel thirsty
to decrease your risk of dehydration.
Avoid sun exposure: wear a wide-
brimmed, breathable hat or use an umbrella.
Wear sunglasses: make sure they
provide protection against UVA and UVB rays.

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 Limit your time in the sun: especially
between 11:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.
Use sunscreen: with a Sun Protection
Factor of at least 15. The sunscreen should also
say "broad-spectrum" on the label, to screen out
most of the UVA and UVB rays. Remember,
sunscreen will protect against the sun’s
ultraviolet (UV) rays, but not from the heat.
Alcohol, Drugs and Travel
Carrying any kind of drugs, even
prescription drugs, across international borders
can cause problems. This section offers
information and advice to help you understand
and avoid the risks related to drugs and travel.
Severe penalties for using or smuggling
illegal drugs
When you travel abroad, you are subject
to the laws of the country you are visiting. If
you get caught with illegal drugs, being a
foreigner or not knowing the local laws is no
excuse. Most countries, including the United
States, have a zero-tolerance policy with
respect to illegal drugs, which means that very
severe penalties are imposed for the possession
of even a small quantity.

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 Top tips for safe travel

The world isn't dangerous or unsafe.

Quite the opposite. There are some desperate
places and people, even in your home town, but
these are a minority. In fact, you're more likely
to get into trouble at home than travelling if you
follow these common sense tips on your trips.
1. Back (packer) glance
Get in the habit of looking back when you
get up to leave somewhere. Travel is very
distracting, and you're probably carrying more
stuff than when you're at home, so you're more
likely to leave a jacket or journal at that Parisian
cafe table where you were people watching.
2. Separate your sources of money
You know how you keep all your bank
cards in your wallet/purse when you're at
home? Well, don't do this while you're
travelling. Keep at least one in a different
place, preferably not on your person. If you
lose all your cards on the road it is very
difficult to get replacements.
3. Don't keep your wallet/purse in your jeans'
back pocket

325
 To avoid being pickpocketed, keep your
wallet in your front pocket, especially a pocket
that can be buttoned up. Best of all, use the
inside pocket of your jacket. There are also a
load of different 'money belts' that either hang
inside your shirt or wrap around your waist
(under your shirt). Make sure it's waterproof
because travelling can often be
sweaty/perspiring work.
4. Scan all your major documents
Scan your travel documents and email
them to yourself. It was traditional to photocopy
your passport and visas, travel insurance etc, and
keep them in a separate part of your luggage.
But that's old school. These days, digital is best
- that way your documents won't go missing even
if your bags do.
5. Don't trust strangers who wear turtle
neck/polo neck tops
Only kidding about the turtle necks. It is
hard to get to know the locals at a destination if
you don't trust them, but there are limits to how
much you should trust them when it comes to
your personal safety (going with them into a
risky area of town), money, and consuming their

326
food or drink (if they are not consuming it
themselves).
6. Get travel insurance
This is mainly for health costs if you get
ill or injured while abroad. Hospital costs can
quickly get into the tens of thousands of dollars,
even for a minor injury.
7. Get vaccinated
Visit your doctor before you leave to get
all the relevant vaccinations/ immunizations for
the destinations you're visiting, and to learn
what health precautions you should follow.
8. Avoid PDAs
Public Displays of Affluence (not
affection). If you're travelling abroad then
you're more than likely to be richer than most of
the locals, but advertising this fact by wearing
gold jewelry or carrying a $2000 camera around
your neck is not advisable. It makes you a target
for thieves. Leave your jewelry at home and keep
your camera in a bag when you're not using it.
9. Some things are best perfected at
home
It may seem like a breeze, but be
advised that teaching yourself to ride a
motorbike or jet ski in a foreign country is

327
probably unwise. In Thailand, for instance, 38
people a day die in scooter accidents. Some
travel insurance policies won't cover scooter-
related injuries.
10. Don't leave your belongings
unattended in public spaces
People do it all the time. Most notably,
travellers leave their bags at their feet or
hanging from the back of chairs when they're
at cafes or restaurants. Either keep them on
your lap or wrap its strap around your leg.
11. Don't give to beggars
There are exceptions to this rule, such
as monks seeking alms. But, in general, don't give
away money to people on the street. Apart from
the fact that you may have to get your
wallet/purse out, encouraging begging is not the
most efficient use of your money (and goodwill).
If you want to help out then do some volunteer
work in the destination or donate some money to
a local charity for the homeless.

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 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

 Play it safe - To be or act safe; to avoid

taking a risk.
 Safe and sound - Unharmed and whole or
healthy.
 To be on the safe side - To be safe; to
be cautious; [to do something just] in case
it is necessary; to be very well prepared.
 A safe bet - Something that you are
certain will happen
 A safe pair of hands - Someone who you
can trust to do an important job well
without making mistakes
 Be as safe as houses - To be very safe
 Be in safe hands - If someone or
something is in safe hands, they are being
looked after by someone who can be
trusted
 Better (to be) safe than sorry. -
Something that you say which means it is

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 best not to take risks even if it seems
boring or hard work to be careful
 Save one’s neck/ skin - If you manage to
escape from serious danger or trouble,
you save your skin (or neck)
 Out of harm’s way - If you put
something out of harm’s way, you put it in
a safe place where it won’t be damaged.

Add your own new words and expressions

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 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the following
questions and explain your ideas.
1. Why do people travel? What are benefits of
travel? Have you ever been abroad? Where
have you been? Why?
2. Are you planning on going anywhere for your
next vacation? If so, where? Who with?
How long will you stay?
3. What was your best trip.? What was your
worst trip.?
4. Do you like to travel with children (parents,
alone, friends)? Why or why not?
5. Do you prefer summer vacations or winter
vacations?
6. Do you prefer to travel by train, car, bus,
plane or ship?
7. If you were going on a camping trip for a
week, what 10 things would you bring?
Explain why.
8. What are some countries that you would
never visit? Why would you not visit them?

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9. What countries would you most like to visit?
10. What do you need before you can travel to
another country?
11. What was the most interesting (beautiful,
boring, exciting, tiring place you have ever
visited?
12. Do you prefer active or relaxing holidays?
Why?
13. Is there any difference between young
tourists and adult tourists? Do you think
tourism will harm the earth?

II. Tell the definitions of the following

idioms.
1. Save one’s neck/ skin
2. Be in safe hands
3. Your secret is safe with me
4. Be as safe as houses
5. Out of harm’s way
6. Safe and sound
7. To be on the safe side
8. Better (to be) safe than sorry
9. Play it safe
10. Have a safe trip

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 MODULE
XXIV

Ways of Travelling
We all know travelling gives us lots of
joy, experience and adventures. Everyone likes
to travel, but everybody does it in different
ways. It depends on many things such as money,
time, health and other things. Mainly travels are
of long and short distance.
There are several ways to travel the
world. Travelers can circle the globe either on
water, on land, or in the air. Any one of these
ways to travel the world can be used, or a
combination may be needed depending on a
traveler's wants and needs. Also, other
accommodations for overnight stays in certain
destinations may be necessary.
People travel by train, by plane, by ship,
by bus, by car and on foot.

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 TRAVELLING BY TRAIN.
Many people make their choice on
travelling by train as with a train you have speed,
comfort and pleasure combined. If you are going
to travel by train you'd better book seats
beforehand because many people are fond of
travelling by train. There are some reasons why
people choose railroad. Train is the cheap means
of travelling. Modern trains have very
comfortable seats in all passenger cars, and
there are sleeping-cars and dining-cars which
make even the longest journey enjoyable. You
can buy first-class, second-class and third-class
sleepers in a separate compartment. There are
express, slow and long-distance trains. If you
want to go somewhere and get there as quickly
as possible you'd better know that express
trains only stop at the largest stations while
slow trains stop at all stations. You can get to
far countries only by a long-distance train. Once
you are in your compartment you have to ask the
guide to bring in the bedding. There are usually
two lower and two upper berths in a third-class
sleeper compartment. Some people like to occupy
upper berths because it is more convenient and
exciting to travel. During your way on the train

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you can read newspapers, books, look out of the
window, drink the tea, communicate with your
neighbors or sleep. You can have something to
eat at the stations when the train makes stops.
Though we all seem to agree that the future
belongs to air transport, the railroads today still
carry a lot of passengers and goods.

Advantage: Inexpensive
Traveling by train can be one of the more
cost-efficient means of transportation. Cars are
expensive to buy and maintain, not to mention
the high cost of gas. Depending on the distance,
airplanes are often an even more expensive
option due to the price of an airplane ticket and
added fees. Carrying additional luggage can be
quite costly on an airplane as well. However, train
tickets are often much easier to come by and
the price most often remains at a flat,
consistent rate. Checked and carry-on luggage
are free on the train.
Advantage: Convenient and Comfortable
While not all train rides are the same,
most can prove to be an enjoyable experience.
Many trains have snack and bar cars. Depending
on the length of the ride, sleeping cars may be

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an option as well. Additionally, trains provide the
opportunity to walk around and socialize, which
breaks up the monotony of a long trip. A train
ride can also offer its passengers a pleasant
view, further increasing the potential enjoyment
level.
Disadvantage: Lengthy & Unreliable
Depending on the distance that needs to
be traveled, train rides can prove to be a very
time-consuming form of travel. While often more
expensive, airplanes are a much faster way to go
if time is an issue. Additionally, trains are often
subject to congestion and delays, prove them
unreliable at times.
Disadvantage: Ambience
While train travel may offer a great
scenic view outside of the car, the environment
inside the car may not be as peaceful. Depending
on the train, seats can be close together,
preventing the rider from possessing much space
of his own. Additionally, since passengers are
free to roam through the cars, the noise levels
can be annoying. Also, train rides are often quite
bumpy, making it more difficult to enjoy a
peaceful rest.

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 TRAVELLING BY PLANE
Nowadays people mostly travel by air. It
combines both comfort and speed and you will
reach the place of destination very quickly. No
doubt, travelling by air is the most convenient
and comfortable means of travelling. But if you
are airsick the flight may seem not so nice to
you. Unfortunately sometimes the flights are
delayed because of unfavourable weather
conditions, and one more inconvenience is jet-lag.
Before boarding the plane you must
check in at the airport. Passengers are
requested to arrive at the airport one hour
before departure time on international flights
and half an hour on domestic flights. You must
register your tickets, weigh in and register the
luggage.
The economy class limitation is 20 kg.
First-class passengers are allowed 30 kg. Excess
luggage must be paid for. Passengers are
permitted, to take only some personal belongings
with them into the cabin. These items include
handbags, brief-cases or attaché cases,
umbrellas, coats and souvenirs bought at the
tax-free shops at the airport. Each passenger is
given a boarding pass to be shown at the

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departure gate and again to the stewardess
when boarding the plane.
Before the plane takes off the
stewardess gives you all the information about
the flight, the speed and altitude. She asks you
to fasten the belts and not to smoke. She will
take care of you during the flight and will help
you to get comfortable in your seat. Inside the
cabins the air is always fresh and warm. The
captain will welcome you on board, tell you all
about the flight and the interesting places you
are flying over. During the flight you can take a
nap or have a chat, you can read and relax. In
some planes you can watch video or listen to the
music.
When the plane is landing or taking off
you have an opportunity to enjoy the wonderful
scenery and landscapes. While travelling by plane
you fly past various villages and cities at the
sight of which realize how majestic and
tremendous our planet is. Do not forget your
personal belongings when leaving the plane.

Advantages of traveling by plane.

The biggest advantage of flying is that it
is often the fastest way to get from one place to

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another, especially when long distances are
involved. It helps us save a lot of time, so we can
do more things.Secondly, the comfort of air
traveling makes people satisfactory. When
traveling by air, we can sit comfortably in an
arm- chair, reading magazines or watching a free
film on television. The process of making
arrangements to fly can be quite convenient. A
plane ticket can be purchased by telephone or on
the Internet. We don’t have to cope with crowd
at airport as other stations for buying tickets.

Disadvantages of traveling by plane.

Apart from these advantages, however,
traveling by air has its disadvantages, too. First
of all, flying is often the most expensive form of
transportation, especially if reservations are not
made well in advance. Some people might not be
able to afford to fly on the budget airline. Then
air travels have the reputation of being
dangerous and even hardened travelers are
intimidated by them. There are plane crashes in
which the crew and passengers have died. Finally,
traveling by air, we can’t stop wherever we want
to enjoy beautiful landscapes on our way as we

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do in a trip by car or boat. Sceneries seen from
plane are merely vague sights.

TRAVELLING BY SHIP
Cruise travel is one of the most
recognized ways to travel the world. There are a
few types of cruises available. Vacation cruises
are the most popular, but these cruise ships may
not necessarily go all the way around the world,
in the true sense. Many times they will stop at a
few ports in one geographical region.
A world cruise ship is a little different.
Unlike a vacation cruise, travelers are given the
option to purchase a cabin aboard a cruise ship.
This ship then slowly circles the globe, stopping
at ports every few days. Each cabin usually
comes complete with a kitchen and bathroom,
and there are also stores, spas, gyms,
restaurants, and anything else that a world
traveler might need. These cruises may be a nice
comfortable way to travel the world, but they
are typically very expensive to buy and maintain.
What are the Advantages and
Disadvantages of Cruises?
There are many advantages as well as
disadvantages associated with taking a cruise.

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One advantage of taking a cruise is the amazing
pricing. Most cruise lines are all-inclusive
packages. This includes a person’s cruise fare,
lodging, food and some onboard entertainment
and sightseeing. Cruise lines make it easy for the
worrisome traveler by including everything they
need. Instead of having to book plane tickets,
call a hotel and then have to pay for food and
entertainment separately, cruises offer it
all. When a cruise trip is booked, the traveler
can rest easy knowing no further calls have to be
made, except to figure out their transportation
to the port of departure.
One of the best features of cruises for
parents is the unbelievable deals they can
receive for their children. Child care is available
aboard most ships. Parents are usually given a
pager in case of an emergency. This gives
parents the ability to enjoy themselves while
their children are engaged in fun onboard
activities, under the watchful eye of individuals
paid to play and cater to children. This almost
guarantees both parents and children have a
great vacation.
Despite the many advantages of cruises,
like any type of vacation, there are also several

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disadvantages. Although a cruise is all-inclusive,
there are several things the traveler will have to
pay out of pocket. When a ship reaches a
destination, they will have to pay extra if they
want to do any sightseeing, such as snorkeling,
horseback riding or scuba diving. Most travelers
know this already, but if a traveler is unable to
pay for any extras, they basically have only the
ship to enjoy.
It may appear humorous but one
downside to a cruise is the possibility of
becoming sea sick. It is important to mention
this because it can greatly affect one’s trip. If
a person is feeling sick for most of the trip, it is
going to seem like a very long trip. On most
cruise lines, ships spend several days at
sea. This is something to take into consideration
when planning a cruise. It is important to make
sure that all travelers are comfortable and this
can cause quite a discomfort if one is not
prepared. When travelling, we all hope for
wonderful weather, but the reality is that
Mother Nature does not always cooperate. This
is especially true on a cruise. If the weather is
bad, the trip along the sea can be bumpy; this
brings sea sickness to mind again. The weather

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can also hinder the activities planned both
onboard and onshore at destination sites.

TRAVELLING ON FOOT
To begin with, travelling on foot is the
cheapest and the most economical mean of
transport on Earth. It doesn’t require a purchase
of fuel or tickets which are very expensive at
current times. The only cost you bear is basically
food. What’s more, travelling on foot is
environmentally friendly. It does not emit carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere because no fuel or
energy is used.
Another positive aspect is that it is a
great way to maintain a good shape and a very
effective exercise to lose weight and reduce
stress. It is a big effort which builds muscles
and lowers the blood pressure. Although it is
very exhausting, it strengthens endurance
without the negative side effects.
Another positive argument is that
travelling on foot allows to stop anywhere at any
time you want. If you are tired you can take a
break to take a deep breath. In contrast to
common means of transport you can stop en

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route to admire the local scenery and take a few
pictures.
The first disadvantage of travelling on
foot is that it is very hazardous. Walking down
the street with no pavement makes the situation
more difficult for drivers who can easily run
somebody down. In addition to that, a poor
visibility during the fog doubles the risk.
Another negative aspect concerns the
weather conditions. You are always dependent on
the weather. It can easily spoil your plans.
Furthermore, travelling on foot is very
exhausting and time-consuming. An incessant
effort will not let you win. You will be sooner or
later forced to take a break and rest for a while.
In meantime however, you lose valuable time.
Travelling on foot takes hours, even days.

TRAVELLING BY BUS
There are many advantages and
disadvantages of travelling by bus depending on
a number of factors.

Advantages
For personal use a bus is of advantage as
it is a cheap service that involves no driving or

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stress for the person travelling as they don't
have to take control of the vehicle. Though the
bus is larger there are also many customers
paying so the ride cost can be broke down,
thereby making the bus ride more inexpensive
for each individual. People who ride the bus are
also sharing the service and as they are not using
separate cars there are less emissions and less
of an impact on the atmosphere. Coaches and
buses can also be extremely comfortable and
there may be televisions and radios on board. As
well as this there is time to read or do work and
in this day and age you can even use the internet
when travelling. There is also no need to look for
parking places while in a built up area and the
bus may let you off nearly exactly where you
want to go.

Disadvantages
The bus may be a noisy and
uncomfortable ride where you have to share with
other strangers; thereby having a lack of
privacy. Buses are also famed for being late and
not stopping where you want them to stop. They
can also be expensive depending on where you
want to go. As well as this the trip may take a

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longer route than you'd go by private transport.
Buses are also sometimes full meaning you can be
left waiting for the next one. They are also less
environmentally friendly than a bicycle. So as is
clear to see there are a number of advantages
and disadvantages to buses depending on the
individual service, where you are and how you
want to use them.

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 REMEMBER
IDIOMS

• drive a hard A person who drives a hard

bargain bargain always makes sure they
gain advantage in a business
deal.

• drive up the If somebody or

wall something drives you up the
wall, they do something that
greatly annoys or irritates you.

• backseat driver A passenger in a car who gives

unwanted advice to the driver
is called a backseat driver.

• hit the road When you hit the road, you

begin a journey.

• itchy feet A person who has itchy feet is

someone who finds it difficult
to stay in one place and likes to
travel and discover new places.

• road rage Aggressive driving habits

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 sometimes resulting in violence
against other drivers is
called road rage.

• sail through If you sail through something,

for example a test or an exam,
you succeed in doing it without
difficulty.

• live out of Someone who lives of a

a suitcase suitcase travels a lot, moving
from place to place, and is
therefore restricted to the
contents of their suitcase.

Add your own new words and expressions

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 Activities
I. Questions to discuss: Answer the following
questions and express your thoughts.
1. Do you prefer to travel by train, bus, car,
plane, ship or on foot?
2. Have you ever been in a difficult situation
while traveling?
3. What is the easiest (cheapest, most
expensive, most difficult, most dangerous,
safest) way of travelling?
4. Did you find anything of particular
interest? / Did you get attracted to
anything special?
5. Do you prefer hot countries or cool
countries when you go on holiday
6. Who makes the decisions when your family
decides to go on holiday
7. If you could choose one place to go this
weekend, where would it be?
8. When you are on a long car journey do you
play games or sing songs to occupy your
time?

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 9. Have you ever been in a difficult situation
while traveling?
10. Which is better, package tour or a tour
you organize and book yourself?

II. Match the idioms with their definitions.

drive a hard bargain a. passenger in a
car who gives
unwanted
advice to the driver
sail through b. to travel a lot
moving from place
to place
itchy feet c. gain
advantage in a business deal.
hit the road d. succeed in
doing it without difficulty
drive up the wall e. to travel and
discover new things
road rage f. do something
that greatly annoys or
irritates you
live out of a suitcase g. aggressive
driving habits
backseat driver h. to begin a
journey

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