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    SAT Protists 1

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    Luna eukharis
    This document discusses several groups of protists including rhizopods, mastigophorans, ciliophorans, and apicomplexans. It describes characteristics like pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and complex life cycles requiring multiple hosts for some groups. Many mastigophorans and apicomplexans are parasites that infect a wide range of animal species.

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    SAT Protists 1

    Uploaded by

    Luna eukharis
    17 views19 pages
    This document discusses several groups of protists including rhizopods, mastigophorans, ciliophorans, and apicomplexans. It describes characteristics like pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and complex life cycles requiring multiple hosts for some groups. Many mastigophorans and apicomplexans are parasites that infect a wide range of animal species.

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    This document discusses several groups of protists including rhizopods, mastigophorans, ciliophorans, and apicomplexans. It describes characteristics like pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and complex life cycles requiring multiple hosts for some groups. Many mastigophorans and apicomplexans are parasites that infect a wide range of animal species.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    17 views19 pages

    SAT Protists 1

    Uploaded by

    Luna eukharis
    This document discusses several groups of protists including rhizopods, mastigophorans, ciliophorans, and apicomplexans. It describes characteristics like pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and complex life cycles requiring multiple hosts for some groups. Many mastigophorans and apicomplexans are parasites that infect a wide range of animal species.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppsx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    PROTISTS

    Domain Eukarya
    Kingdom Protista
     Organisms in this kingdom may be algaelike, animallike,
    funguslike, unicellular, or multicellular.
     In many cases, the evolutionary relationships among the
    various groups are either very weak, poorly understood, or
    both.
     This kingdom is artificial and is used more for convenience
    than to present actual evolutionary relationships.
    Rhizopoda
     Amebas are microscopic, in the size range 0.0004–
    0.004 inches (10–100 microns)
     An ameba has a single nucleus and a simple

    contractile vacuole, which pumps fluid from within


    the cell to the outside by alternately filling and then
    contracting. It functions in maintaining osmotic
    equilibrium, regulating the body’s salt and water
    balance
     An ameba is bounded by a plasma membrane, and its
    shape can change as cytoplasm contained within the
    cell flows forward. The cell bulges outward in some
    places to create a pseudopodium.
     Amebas feed by throwing pseudopodia around a prey

    organism and engulfing it in a vacuole. Enzymes are


    then secreted into this vacuole to digest the food and
    allow it to be absorbed into the ameba. Indigestible
    remains are ejected from the cell by exocytosis.
    Mastigophora
     Members of this phylum are characterized by one or
    more flagella. Flagella are long, whiplike structures
    that are made up of microtubules and used for
    movement.
     Many mastigophorans are free-living species that

    inhabit lakes and ponds, where they feed on smaller


    organisms.
     Some mastigophorans are parasites, including many
    in the genus Trypanosoma.
     Trypanosomes live in the blood of fish, amphibians,

    reptiles, birds, and mammals and are carried from


    host to host by bloodsucking insects.
     Two species of Trypanosoma cause sleeping sickness.
     The tsetse fly, which lives only in Africa, transmits

    these parasites. The disease is characterized by


    increasing fever, lethargy, mental deterioration, and
    coma.
    Ciliophora
     A Paramecium is a non photosynthetic microorganism
    that ingests small algae and bacteria for food.
     A Paramecium is covered with small hair-like

    structures called cilia. These beat in coordinated


    patterns to drive the Paramecium through the water.
     Trichocysts are the structures embedded in the cell that

    produce the cilia.


     The oral groove, a deep groove in the surface of the
    Paramecium, leads from the oral vestibule to the
    buccal cavity (the oral region) and cytosome (mouth),
    where food can be engulfed to form a food vacuole.
    Enzymes are released into this vacuole to digest the
    food and allow it to be absorbed into the cell.
     Cilia beat to create currents that push food into this

    area. After digestion, the vacuoles fuse with the


    cytoproct, which empties the cell’s waste material to
    the outside.
     The nucleus in Paramecium is complex, with two
    components: the macronucleus, which controls most
    of the functions of the cell, and the smaller
    micronucleus, which is concerned with reproduction.
     Osmoregulation, the regulation of the body’s

    salt and water balance, depends on contractile


    vacuoles that collect excess water in the cell and then
    burst to expel it.
    Apicomplexans
     Nearly all apicomplexans are parasites of animals and
    virtually all animal species examined so far are
    attacked by these parasites.
     The parasites spread through their host as tiny

    infectious cells called sporozoites.


     Apicomplexans are so named because one end (the

    apex) of the sporozoite cell contains a complex of


    organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and
    tissues.
     Most apicomplexans have intricate life cycles with
    both sexual and asexual stages. Those life cycles
    often require two or more host species for
    completion.
     Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria, lives in

    both mosquitoes and humans

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