Crude birth rate The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.

Crude death rate The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Maternal mortality rate Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

Population momentum Continued population growth after growth reduction measures

have been implemented

Exponential growth Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a

constant rate

Pro-natalist Concerned with promoting population growth

Anti-natalist Concerned with limiting population growth

Population growth

Population pyramids

Natural increase

Demographic Transition Model (DTM) The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based
on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics - birth rate and death rate - to
suggest that a country's total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country
develops economically.

Stage 1 of DTM Expansive

Wide base
Concave
High Birth Rate
High Death Rate
Very short live expectancy

Stage 2 of DTM (Early Expanding) Expansive

Straight Sides
Still High Birth Rate
Falling Death Rate
Slightly longer life expectancy
Fall in death rate so more people living into middle age.

Stage 3 of DTM (Late Expanding) Stationary

Convex Sides
Declining Birth Rate
Low Death Rate
Long Life Expectancy
An increasing proportion of the population is in the 65+ age group

Stage 4 of DTM (Low Stationary) Contractive

Convex Sides
Very Low Birth Rate
Low Death Rate
Longer Life Expectancy
Higher Dependency Ratio

Stage 5 of DTM (Declining) Contractive

Convex Sides
Birth Rate lower than death rate
Death rate higher than birth rate
Longer life expectancy
Majority or significant proportion of the population is in the 65+ age group

Which Stage? Stage 1

Which Stage? Stage 2

Which Stage? Stage 3

Which Stage? Stage 4

Which Stage? Stage 5

Population Pyramids Visual representation of the age and sex composition of a population
graph
Can be measured in millions, thousands or %age of a population.

Triangular Graph Used to show data divided into 3 parts

Can show the age structure of a population, soil variations (sand, silt & clay) & employment
(Primary, Secondary & Tertiary sectors.

Uses for Population Pyramid & Triangular Graph Groupings recognised easily
Dominant characteristic can be shown
Classifications

Old Dependents Anyone over the age of 65 (usually retired)

Young Dependents Anyone under the age of 15 (normally at school and cared for at home)
Economically Active People between 16-65 (Working Class) normally working and paying
taxes

Overpopulation Where there is population greater than resources

Underpopulation When the population is not big enough to fully exploit the economic
potential of a country

Optimum Population When the population & resources are in perfect balance. In reality, this
never happens

Ageing ratio The proportion of old dependants compared to the total population

Ageing population A rise in the median age of the population usually associated with an
increase in the proportion of old dependants

Dependency Ratios The measure of the working population and the dependent population.

Dependency Ratio Formula Population aged <15 + population >64 (the dependents) /
population aged 16-64 (the economically active *100

Factors that lead to dependency ratio increase Increasing life expectancy

Falling Death Rates
Rising Birth Rates
Immigration of Dependants
Emigration of the economically active

Lorenz Curve The curve that illustrates income distribution

Lorenz Curve Aim Plots the proportion of the total income of the population (y axis that is
cumulatively earned by the bottom % of population.

Lorenz Curve

Infant Mortality Rate The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live
births

Child Mortality Rate The number of deaths of children under the age of 5 per 1000 live births

Marginalisation Refers to the social exclusion of groups, measured in terms of the level in
disadvantage experience in income housing and education

Human Development Index (HDI) Made in 1990 by the UN

Most Prevalent Indicator
Combination of 3 Indicators:
-PPP per capita income
-Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling
-Life Expectancy

HDI Ranking System Each country is ranked 100 to 0 in the 3 indicators, with the average of all
three then taken. The result is then given as a number between 0(Horrible) & 1(Wonderful)

Advantages of HDI Composite Indicators

Allows for comparison between countries
Allows for progressive (Temporal) analysis invented in 1990

Disadvantages of HDIDoes not take into account the environment

Data can be manipulated
Is an average not an exact
Does not measure factors like human rights, gender and corruption
Literarcy measurement modified in 2011 makes comparisons difficult

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Compares the ability of women and men to
participate in economic and political decision making.

Qualitative Indicators Freedom

Happiness
Freedom from persecution
Welfare
Security

Issues of Qualitative indicators Subjective Based

No Physical Proof

Fertility Rate Number of children avg woman in population would have in her lifetime

Life Expectancy A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to
live

Factors of Fertility Rate & Life Expectancy The Status of Women

Level of Education
Material Ambition
Location of Residence
Religion
Health of Mother
Economic Prosperity
Need For Children
Core Favoured areas of settlement in a country

Periphery Not so favoured areas for settlement in a county, due to the lack of neccessities.

Core Characteristics High Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

High Employment & High Wages
High Levels of Communications & Technology (Internet & Mobile Networks)
High Literacy & Skills
Net Migration Gain
Larger Secondary & Tertiary economy
Good Electricity, Water & Gas Supplies
Good Quality Housing
Wide Variety of Entertainment (Cinemas, Museums, Etc.)
Cultural Diversity (Sport, Music, Religion, Language, Food, Dress)
Large Racial Mix

Periphery Characteristics Disinvestment

Net Migration Loss
Unemployment
Low Levels of Literacy & Skills Base
Large Primary Sector Economy - a large number of subsistence farmers
Water & Electricity shortages - possible reliance on fuelwood
Poor levels of communications
Poor Houses - often informal settlements
Traditional Lifestyle/Culture
Lack of Culture Mix
Little international Cultural or Sporting Facilities

Core Areas Benefits Greater Growth

Investment and Net Migration Gain

Core-Periphery Theory More core regions begin to develop when it is necessary to exploit
the peripheral areas. This may be for migration gain or net explotiation of resources

Core Periphery Model

Migration The movement of people, involving a change of residence.

Voluntary Internal Migration Moving within a country between specific regions of a country by
choice. Directed from rural to urban areas

Voluntary Migration Migrants chose to move

Pull Factors of voluntary migration Freedom

Good Wages
Marrige
Family

Push Factors of voluntary migration Discrimination

Family Planning
Natural Disaster
Limited healthcare
Poverty

Immigration Moving into a place

Emigration Moving out of a place

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) A measurement of the total goods and services produced
within a country.

Gross National Income (GNI) GDP plus net income from abroad

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) An adjustment in gross domestic product per capita to
reflect differences in the cost of living

GDP VS. GNI GDP is based on location. GNI is based on ownership.

Problems of using economic indicators to measure development Currency fluctuations

Prices of goods and services
Distribution of wealth
Dependency on one industry
Tax & Government Spending on public goods
Blackmarket dealings
Monetary value of goods can fluctate
Inaccurate information
% of public and private sectors
Remittances from migrant workers not taken into account

Development Indicators Wealth

Health
Education
Employment
Environment Qualities
Personal & Social Factors
Voting Rights & Political Freedoms
Access to Freshwater & Shelter
Sustainable Development Goals 17 goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities
between developed and developing countries

UN Goal 1 End poverty in all forms everywhere

UN Goal 17 Revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development

UN Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition & promote sustainanble
agirculture

UN Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives promote wellbeing for all ages

UN Goal 16 Promote just, peaceful & inclusive communtiies

UN Goal 4 Ensure inclusive & equal education for all & promote lifelong learning

UN Goal 15 Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land
degradation

UN Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower women & girls

UN Goal 14 Conserve & Sustainably use the oceans, seas & marine resources

UN Goal 6 Ensure access to water and sanitation for all

UN Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change & its impacts

UN Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable & sustainable modern energy for all

UN Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption & production patterns

UN Goal 8 Promote inclusive & sustainable economic growth, employment & decent work
for all

UN Goal 11 Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient & sustainable

UN Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialism & foster

innovation

UN Goal 10 Reduce inequality within & among countries