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Types of Nerworks (First Two Lectures Notes)

The document discusses different types of computer networks: - LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers in a small area like an office or building. - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) interconnects LANs over a larger area like a city using high-capacity connections. - WAN (Wide Area Network) connects LANs over long distances using technologies like fiber optics. It also defines key network terminology like data rate, baud rate, peak data rate, and bursty data transmission. The document provides information on the history of computer networking and components of a basic network like servers, clients, media, and protocols.

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59 views4 pages

Types of Nerworks (First Two Lectures Notes)

The document discusses different types of computer networks: - LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers in a small area like an office or building. - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) interconnects LANs over a larger area like a city using high-capacity connections. - WAN (Wide Area Network) connects LANs over long distances using technologies like fiber optics. It also defines key network terminology like data rate, baud rate, peak data rate, and bursty data transmission. The document provides information on the history of computer networking and components of a basic network like servers, clients, media, and protocols.

Uploaded by

Salman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE-1

TYPES OF NETWORK
• There are three main types of network:

– LAN

– MAN

– WAN

• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): – Definition: “A network which is located entirely on one site such as an
office, school or within a group of buildings that are in close area, that are connected together.”

Metropolitan Area Network

• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus.
A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone
technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and
the Internet. History of Computer Network

• In the 1960's Computers from different manufactures were unable to communicate with one another.

• The advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) in the Department of Defense (DOD) has taken interest
in connecting computers so that the computers can communicate with one another.

• In 1967 ARPA came up with its ideas for ARPANET a small network of connected computers.

• In 1969 the ARPANET has become a reality. Software called Network Control protocol (NCP) provided
communication between host.

• In 1972 two core members of the ARPANET group collaborated on a project called Internetting project,
and in 1973 they outlined the protocols for the end-to-end delivery of packets (Transmission control
protocol: TCP).

• Later the authorities decided to split TCP into two protocols: Transmission control protocol (TCP)

Advantages of Networking

1. Peripherals such as printers can be shared amongst many different users.

2. Terminals are cheaper than standalone PCs.

3. Software can be shared amongst different users.

4. Communication across the network is cheap and fast.

Disadvantages of Networking

1. Cabling can be expensive to install and replace.


2. A fault with the server will prevent the whole network from working.

3. Security measures are needed to restrict access to the network.

4. WANs are vulnerable to hackers and viruses.

Network Components

• The following list explains some of these parts:

• Server: powerful computer that provides services to the other computers on the network.

• Client: computer that uses the services that a server provides. The client is usually less powerful than
the server.

• Peer: A computer that acts as both a client and server.

• Media: physical connection between the devices on a network.

• Resources: anything available to a client on a network is considered resource printers; data, fax
devices and other networked and information are resources.

• User: any person that uses a client to access resources on the network.

• Protocol: protocols are written rules used for communications, they are he languages that computer
uses to talk to each other over a network.

End of 1st Lecture


LECTURE-2
Basic Network Terminologies.
• Data

• Data rate

• Baud rate

• Peak data rate.

• Bursty data.

Data

• The Collection of raw facts and figure is called data.

• Data can be either – Alphabetic (A-Z, a-z) – Numeric (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)– Alphanumeric data (A1,
alpha23)

DATA RATE/BIT RATE

• Definition of: data rate

(1) The speed at which data is transferred within the computer or between a peripheral device and the
computer, measured in bytes per second. (2) The speed at which audio and video files are encoded
(compressed), measured in bits per second (3) The transmission speed of a network. For example,
100Base-T Ethernet is rated at 100 Mbps (megabits per second). Also called "bit rate”

Data rate (continue)

• In telecommunications and computing, bit is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per
unit of time.

• The bit rate is quantified using the bits per second (bit/s) unit, often in conjunction with an System
International prefix such as – kilo- (kbit/s), mega- (Mbit/s), giga- (Gbit/s) or tera- (Tbit/s).

Baud rate

• Baud rate refers to the number of signal or symbol changes that occur per second. A symbol is one of
several voltages, frequency, or phase changes.

• Baud is used to measure the rate of electrical signals, or "signaling elements," for modems, networks,
serial cables, and other data transfer mediums.

Peak data rate


• The maximum data rate of the traffic.

• The maximum data rate that a user can attain from a network is called peak data rate.

• It Refers to data that is transferred or transmitted in short, uneven spurts.

• LAN traffic is typically bursty.

• Any relatively high-bandwidth transmission over a short period.

• For example, a download might use 2 Mbit/s on average, while having "peaks" bursting up to, say, 2.4
Mbit/s.

• Transmission that combines a very high data signaling rate with very short transmission times - i.e., the
message is compressed.

End of 2nd Lecture

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