Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

SURVEY ON NoSQL DATABASE

CLASSIFFICATION: NEW ERA OF DATABASES
FOR BIG DATA
Biswaranjan Acharya
School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
Email: [email protected]

Manjusha Pandey and Siddharth S. Rautaray

School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
Email: {manjushapandey82, sr.rgpv}@gmail.com

NewSQL systems square measure relative databases

Abstract— Digital world is growing in no time and become a lot of designed to produce ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
complicated within the volume (terabyte to petabyte), variety Durability) -compliant, time period OLTP (Online group action
(structured and un-structured and hybrid), speed (high speed in Processing) and traditional SQL-based OLAP in huge information
growth) in nature. This refers to as ‘Big Data’ that's a world environments. These systems break through standard RDBMS
development. This can be usually thought-about to be information
performance limits by using NoSQL-style options like column-
from a knowledge of an information assortment that has fully grown
thus massive it can’t be effectively managed or exploited oriented information storage and distributed architectures, or by
victimization standard data management tools: e.g., classic relational using technologies like in-memory process [4], cruciate data
database management systems (RDBMS) or standard search engines. processing (SMP) [3] or Massively multiprocessing (MPP) [12].
At the side of the event of the web and cloud computing, there would
like knowledge bases to be able to store and method massive data
A. Background
effectively, demand for top performance once reading and writing, Database management system (DBMS) has been associate
therefore the ancient computer database is facing several new degree integral a part of the event of web and alternative massive
challenges. Particularly in massive scale and high concurrency scale systems. the normal approach of relative and objectoriented
applications, like search engines and SNS, using the relational software system has practised its limitation because it faces the
database to store and query dynamic user data has appeared to be the matter of versatile scaling needed for contemporary systems.
inadequate. During this case, to handle this downside, ancient
Databases of a size that has ne'er existed before emerged,
RDBMS are complemented by specifically designed a chic set of
other DBMS; like - NoSQL, NewSQL and Search-based systemms. and systems which will support such databases had to be
developed. These vast databases might not be contained in one
physical system, however ought to be run on a distributed system.
Index Terms—NoSQL, NewSQL, Big data, ACID, BASE, Non Accommodating for quantifiability and performance meant
Relational DBMS. . leaving behind on some vital aspects associated with the
dependableness of the information transactions. The CAP theorem
[5] states that it's not possible for a distributed computing system
I. INTRODUCTION
to at the same time offer all of consistency, accessibility, and
Nosql, for ―‖not only sql‖, refers to an eclectic and partition tolerance. Given such limitations, there was a robust
progressively acquainted cluster of non-relational information push towards associate degree approach that considers the trade-
management systems; wherever databases aren't designed totally offs among completely different aspects of the distributed system
on tables, and customarily don't use sql for information and style them during a manner that's handiest for various
manipulation [1]. Nosql direction systems square measure helpful applications.
once operating with a large amount of knowledge once the data's Within the twenty first century a replacement trend of
nature doesn't need a relative model. Nosql systems square NoSQL databases has started. Structured search language (SQL)
measure distributed, non-relational informationbases designed for could be a programing language designed for relative software
large-scale data storage and for massively-parallel processing system. NoSQL, that stands for ―Not solely SQL‖, was a trend off
across an oversized range of artifact servers. They conjointly use from the relative databases and emphasize on flexibility and
non-sql languages and mechanisms to act with information quantifiability [6].
(though some new feature apis that convert sql queries to the Attributable to the limitation that's expressed by the
system‗s native command language or tool). Nosql info systems CAP theorem, rather than the normal principles that guarantee
arose aboard major web firms, like google, amazon, and facebook; reliable information transactions, NoSQL databases tend to
that had challenges in coping with brobdingnagian quantities of embrace the ideas of high accessibility and ultimate consistency.
knowledge with standard rdbms solutions couldn't cope [1]. this means that the requester might not continuously be able to
They'll support multiple activities, as well as preliminary and create a information group action and even though the requester
prognosticative analytics, etl-style information transformation, succeeded to try to to therefore, he or she would possibly browse
and non mission-critical oltp (for example, managing long- stale knowledge.
duration or inter-organization transactions). Originally actuated by In spite of those failures that appear fatal, NoSQL
internet a pair of.0 applications, these systems square measure databases are in and used wide through varied engineering
designed to scale to thousands or immeasurable users doing techniques, like replicating knowledge for consistency, handling
updates further as reads, in distinction to ancient DBMSs and failures in varied cases, and victimization varied mechanisms to
information warehouses [2]. resolve inconsistency, all of that square measure enforced during a
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

manner that minimizes the user‘s adverse ―experiences‖ with the factors that differentiate it area unit it doesn‘t use SQL as its
information. search language, be a part of operations can't be performed, it
With the continual development of the web and cloud doesn‘t guarantee ACID properties and might be scaled
computing, varied varieties of applications have emerged, that horizontally. There may be several classification for NOSQL
created information technology a lot of demands, primarily within databases that area unit out there these days. one in all the
the following aspects [5][6]: classification will supported CAP theorem as is mentioned in [5].
 High synchronic of reading and writing with low
latency
A. Features of NoSQL
Database were demand to satisfy the wants of high synchronic of
reading and writing with low latency, at an equivalent time, so as Main advantages of NoSQL area unit the subsequent aspects:
to greatly enhance client satisfaction, information were demand to 1) Reading and writing information quickly
assist applications reacting quickly enough. 2) Supporting mass storage
 Efficient huge knowledge storage and access needs 3) Straightforward to expand
Large applications, like sns and search engines, would like 4) Low price.
information to satisfy the economical knowledge storage (pb level) Meanwhile, NoSQL have some inadequacies, like doesn't support
and might reply to the wants of variant traffic. SQL that is business customary , lacking of transactions, reports
 High quantifiability and high accessibility and alternative further options, not mature enough for many of the
With the increasing range of synchronic requests and knowledge, NoSQL information merchandise were created in recent years and
the information has to be able to support straightforward then on. Feature of NoSQL atabase delineate on top of area unit
enlargement and upgrades, and guarantee speedy uninterrupted common ones, in reality, every product go with the various
service. information models and CAP theorem. Therefore, we are going to
introduce NoSQL information information model, and classify
 Lower management and operational prices
NoSQL in keeping with CAP theorem.
With the dramatic increase in knowledge, information prices,
together with hardware prices, software system prices and
operative prices, have multiplied. Therefore, would like lower B. Characteristics of NoSQL Databases
prices to store huge knowledge. though relative knowledgebases In order to ensure the integrity of information, most of the
have occupied a high position within the data cargo area, however classical info systems square measure supported transactions. This
once facing higher than needs, it's some inherent limitations: ensures consistency of information all told things of information
 Slow reading and writing management. These transactional characteristics are referred to as
ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability) [32].
A computer database itself features a sure logic complexness, with However, scaling out of ACID-compliant systems has shown to
the information size will increase, it's susceptible to create be a haul. Conflicts square measure arising between the various
deadlocks and alternative concurrency problems, this has light- aspects of high convenience in distributed systems that don't seem
emitting diode to the speedy decline within the potency of reading to be totally resolvable - referred to as the CAP- theorem [38]:
and writing; robust Consistency: all shoppers see identical version of the info,
 Limited capability even on updates to the dataset - e. g. by suggests that of the two-
phase commit protocol (XA transactions), and ACID, High
Existing relational database cannot support huge data in computer Availability: all shoppers will invariably realize a minimum of
program, SNS or huge System. one copy of the requested information, even though a number of
the machines during a cluster is down, Partition-tolerance: the
 Expansion tough
entire system keeps its characteristic even once being deployed on
Multi-table correlation mechanism that exists in computer totally different servers, clear to the consumer. The CAP-Theorem
database, became the most important issue of information postulates that solely 2 of the 3 totally different aspects of scaling
quantifiability. out square measure may be achieved totally at identical time. See
figure one.
To solve many wants higher than, a spread of latest varieties of
databases have appeared. In general, these new databases square
measure terribly completely different with ancient relative
databases, therefore it's named as "NoSQL" information. NoSQL
even be taken because the abbreviation of "NOT solely SQL" to
indicate the advantage of NoSQL. when the introduction of the
background of NoSQL, we'll specialize in the benefits and
downsides NoSQL information.

Thus, there was a strict got to store and access vast knowledge
during a higher manner, so giving rise to a more moderen kind of
knowledge storage referred to as NON-RELATIONAL
DATABASES.
II. NON-RELATIONAL DATABASES
Non relational database may be a category of systems that manage
databases and it generally differs from the relational database
systems in several vital ways; most significant being that it
doesn‘t use relations (tables) as its storage structure. different
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

classifies NoSQL databases in keeping with the CAP theorem

[10]. Tudorica, B. G., & Bucur, C. (2011), compares
victimization multiple criteria between many NoSQL databases
[11].

Primary Uses of NoSQL information

(1) Massive-scale process|processing}
(parallel processing over distributed
systems);
(2) Embedded IR (basic machine-to-
machine info look-up & retrieval);
(3) Wildcat analytics on semi-structured
knowledge (expert level);
(4) Large volume knowledge storage
(unstructured, semi-structured and
structured).

Consequently, they supply comparatively cheap,

extremely ascendable storage for high-volume, small-packet
historical knowledge like logs, call-data records, meter readings,
and ticker snapshots (i.e., ―big bit bucket‖ storage), and for
unwieldy semi-structured or unstructured knowledge (email
archives, xml files, documents, etc.). Their distributed framework
conjointly makes them ideal for large batch processing
(aggregating, filtering, sorting, algorithmic crunching (statistical
or programmatic), etc.). they're smart likewise for machine-to-
machine knowledge retrieval and exchange, and for process high-
volume transactions, as long as ACID constraints are often
relaxed, or a minimum of enforced at the applying level instead
of inside the DMS. Finally, these systems square measure
excellent wildcat analytics against semi-structured or hybrid
knowledge, tho' to tease out intelligence, the investigator
Figure 1: Characteristics of NoSQL Database (Source:
sometimes should be a talented statistician operating in cycle with
nosqltips.blogspot.com )
a talented applied scientist.
C. Data Model
Many of the NOSQL databases particularly have
Data model of traditional database are mainly relational,
untangled up the wants on Consistency so as to attain higher
specifically to support associated class operations and ACID
availableness and Partitioning. This resulted in systems recognize
transactions, but in the NoSQL database fields, the mainstream
as BASE (Basically accessible, Soft-state, Eventually consistent)
data model are the following:
[9]. These haven't any transactions within the classical sense and
introduce constraints on the info model to alter higher partition
schemes. Han, J., Haihong, E., Le, G., & Du, J. (2011)

Varieties of
NOSQL Database

Wide Key Multimodel Grid & Cloud Multidimensional

Column Value/Tuple Databases Database Solution Databases Network
Store Store Model
Multivalue
Document Object Databases Databases
Base
Graph XML Databases
Databases
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

These databases are commonly used when simple key /

1) Wide Column Store/Column Families
value pairs are not enough, and storing very large
Unlike the normal defines schemas of relational numbers of records with very large numbers of
databases, column-based NoSQL solutions don't need a information is a must. DBMS implementing column-
pre-structured table to figure with the information. every based, schema-less models can scale extremely well.
record comes with one or a lot of columns containing the
data and every column of every record will be completely
different.Basically, column-based NoSQL databases ar 2
dimensional arrays whereby every key (i.e. row / record)
has one or a lot of key / worth pairs connected thereto and
these management systems enable terribly massive and
un-structured knowledge to be unbroken and used (e.g. a
record with loads of information).It store their knowledge
within the variety of columns. It serializes all the values
of 1 column along then on. Column-oriented
knowledgebases ar relatively economical than row
orientating one‘s once new values for a column ar entered
for all rows promptly as column knowledge will be
written with efficiency and replace recent data while not
neutering the other columns for the rows.
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

Hadoop/ HBase API: Java / any writer, Protocol: any write call, Query Method: MapReduce Java /
any exec, Replication: HDFS Replication, Written in: Java, Concurrency: ? [14]

Cassandra Massively scalable, partitioned row store, masterless architecture, linear scale
performance, no single points of failure, read/write support across multiple data
centers & cloud availability zones. API / Query Method: CQL and Thrift, replication:
peer-to-peer, written in: Java, Concurrency: tunable consistency, Misc: built-in data
compression, MapReduce support, primary/secondary indexes, security features[15] .

Hypertable API: Thrift (Java, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, etc.), Protocol: Thrift, Query Method:
HQL, native Thrift API, Replication: HDFS Replication, Concurrency: MVCC,
Consistency Model: Fully consistent Misc: High performance C++ implementation
of Google's Bigtable [16].

Accumulo Accumulo is based on BigTable and is built on top of Hadoop, Zookeeper, and
Thrift. It features improvements on the BigTable design in the form of cell-based
access control, improved compression, and a server-side programming mechanism
that can modify key/value pairs at various points in the data management process.

Amazon SimpleDB Misc: not open source/a part of AWS[17]. Amazon SimpleDB provides a
straightforward net services interface to make and store multiple knowledge sets,
question your knowledge simply, and come back the results. Your knowledge is
mechanically indexed, creating it straightforward to quickly notice the data that you
simply want. there's no ought to pre-define a schema or modification a schema if new
knowledge is intercalary later. And scale-out is as easy as making new domains,
instead of building out new servers.

Cloudata Cloudata is a new open source implementation of Google's BigTable paper. It may be
found on Github here. It seems to be the project of a Korean developer named
YKKwon. As noted at MyNoSQL, there ar solely one or two commits and it isn't
clear however serious this project is. however it'll be of interest to big data,
MapReduce and BigTable buffs.

Cloudera Professional Software & Services supported Hadoop. It‘s open-source Apache
Hadoop distribution, CDH (Cloudera Distribution as well as Apache Hadoop),
targets enterprise-class deployments of that technology. Cloudera says that quite five
hundredth of its engineering output is given upstream to the varied Apache-licensed
open supply comes (Apache Hive, Apache Avro, Apache HBase, so on) that mix to
make the Hadoop platform. Cloudera is additionally a sponsor of the Apache
Software Foundation.

MonetDB MonetDB pioneered column-store solutions for superior-performance data

warehouses for business intelligence and eScience since 1993. It achieves its goal by
innovations the least bit layers of a database management system, e.g. a storage
model supported vertical fragmentation, a contemporary CPU-tuned question
execution design, automatic and reconciling indices, run-time question optimisation,
and a standard package design. it's supported the SQL 2003 normal with full support
for foreign keys, joins, views, triggers, and keep procedures. it's totally ACID
compliant and supports a chic spectrum of programming interfaces (JDBC, ODBC,
PHP, Python, RoR, C/C++, Perl) [18].

HPCC HPCC (High Performance Computing Cluster) may be a huge parallel-processing

computing platform that solves Big Data issues. The platform is Open Source!
It is additionally called DAS (Data Analytics Supercomputer), is AN open supply,
data-intensive computer system platform developed by LexisNexis Risk Solutions.
The HPCC platform incorporates a software package design enforced on trade goods
computing clusters to supply superior, knowledge-parallel process for applications
utilizing massive data. The HPCC platform includes system configurations to support
each parallel batch processing (Thor) and superior on-line question applications
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

mistreatment indexed knowledge files (Roxie). The HPCC platform additionally

includes a data-centric declarative programing language for parallel processing
known as ECL [19].

Apache Flink (formerly called Stratosphere) massively parallel & versatile data analytics platform,
(incubating) API: Java, Scala, Query Method: expressive data flows (extended M/R, rich UDFs,
iteration support), Data Store: independent (e.g., HDFS, S3, MongoDB), Written in:
Java, License: Apache License V2.0, Misc: good integration with Hadoop stack
(HDFS, YARN), source code on Github

Splice Splice Machine is associate RDBMS engineered on Hadoop, HBase and Derby.
Machine Scale real time applications using commodity hardware while not application
rewrites, Features: ACID transactions, ANSI SQL support, ODBC/JDBC, distributed
computing [OpenNeptune, Qbase, KDI]
it assumes that data is closed in and encoded in some
normal format which can be XML, BSON, PDF or
2) Document Store Microsoft workplace. every document is diagrammatic by
a singular key that could be a string (URI or path).
Document Store, additionally normally called ―Document
Associate in Nursing API or a question language is
orienting Database‖, is essentially a worm used for provided for quick retrieval of documents on the premise
storing, retrieving, change information hold on in of its content .For e.g. a question that retrieves all the
information.
documents within which bound field is ready to some
The underlying storage structure utilized in such
specific worth.
databases could be a ‗document‘. Every Document Store
differs in its implementation of information; but every of
MongoDB API: BSON, Protocol: C, Query Method: dynamic object-based language &
MapReduce, Replication: Master Slave & Auto-Sharding, Written in: C++,
Concurrency: Update in Place. Misc: Indexing, GridFS, Freeware + Commercial
License [20].

Elasticsearch API: REST and many languages, Protocol: REST, Query Method: via JSON,
Replication + Sharding: automatic and configurable, written in: Java, Misc: schema
mapping, multi tenancy with arbitrary indexes [21].

Couchbase Server API: Memcached API+protocol (binary and ASCII) , most languages, Protocol:
Memcached REST interface for cluster conf + management, Written in: C/C++ +
Erlang (clustering), Replication: Peer to Peer, fully consistent, Misc: Transparent
topology changes during operation, provides memcached-compatible caching
buckets, commercially supported version available.

CouchDB API: JSON, Protocol: REST, Query Method: MapReduceR of JavaScript Funcs,
Replication: Master Master, Written in: Erlang, Concurrency: MVCC [22].

RethinkDB API: protobuf-based, Query Method: unified chainable query language (incl. JOINs,
sub-queries, MapReduce, GroupedMapReduce); Replication: Sync and Async
Master Slave with per-table acknowledgements, Sharding: guided range-based,
Written in: C++, Concurrency: MVCC. Misc: log-structured storage engine with
concurrent incremental garbage compactor

RavenDB .Net solution, Open source, speed-obsessed, and a joy to use Provides HTTP/JSON
access. LINQ queries & Sharding supported.

MarkLogic Server (freeware+commercial) API: JSON, XML, Java Protocols: HTTP, REST, Query
Method: Full Text Search, XPath, XQuery, Range, Geospatial Written in: C++
Concurrency: Shared-nothing cluster, MVCC Misc: Petabyte-scalable, cloudable,
ACID transactions, auto-sharding, failover, master slave replication, secure with
ACLs. Developer Community.
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

Clusterpoint Server (freeware+commercial) API: XML, PHP, Java, .NET Protocols: HTTP, REST,
native TCP/IP Query Method: full text search, XML, range and Xpath queries;
Written in C++ Concurrency: ACID-compliant, transactional, multi-master cluster
Misc: Petabyte-scalable document store and full text search engine. Information
ranking. Replication. Cloudable.

NeDB NoSQL database for Node.js in pure javascript. It implements the most commonly
used subset of MongoDB's API and is quite fast (about 25,000 reads/s on a 10,000
documents collection with indexing).

Terrastore API: Java & http, Protocol: http, Language: Java, Querying: Range queries,
Predicates, Replication: Partitioned with consistent hashing, Consistency: Per-record
strict consistency, Misc: Based on Terracotta.

AmisaDB: Architected to unify the best of search engine, NoSQL and NewSQL DB
technologies. API: REST and many languages. Query method: SQL. Written in
C++. Concurrency: MVCC. Misc: ACID transactions, data distribution via
consistent hashing, static and dynamic schema support, in-memory processing.
Freeware + Commercial License .

JasDB Lightweight open source document database written in Java for high performance,
runs in-memory, supports Android. API: JSON, Java Query Method: REST OData
Style Query language, Java fluent Query API Concurrency: Atomic document
writes Indexes: eventually consistent indexes [23].

RaptorDB JSON based, Document store database with compiled .net map functions and
automatic hybrid bitmap indexing and LINQ query filters [23].

djondb djonDB API: BSON, Protocol: C++, Query Method: dynamic queries and
map/reduce, Drivers: Java, C++, PHP Misc: ACID compliant, Full shell console
over google v8 engine, djondb requirements are submited by users, not market.
License: GPL and commercial

EJDB Embedded JSON database engine based on tokyocabinet. API: C/C++, C# (.Net,
Mono), Lua, Ruby, Python, Node.js binding, Protocol: Native, Written in: C, Query
language: mongodb-like dynamic queries, Concurrency: RW locking, transactional ,
Misc: Indexing, collection level rw locking, collection level transactions, collection
joins., License: LGPL

densodb DensoDB is a new NoSQL document database. Written for .Net environment in c#
language. It‘s simple, fast and reliable.

SisoDB A Document Store on top of SQL-Server [24]. Simple-Structure-Oriented-Db - a

document-oriented db-provider for SQL Server 2005-2012, Express, LocalDb, SQL
Azure & SQLCE4.
License: The MIT License (MIT).

SDB For small online databases, PHP / JSON interface, implemented in PHP [24].

NoSQL embedded db Node.js asynchronous NoSQL embedded database for small websites or projects.
Database supports: insert, update, remove, drop and supports views (create, drop,
read). Written in JavaScript, no dependencies, implements small concurrency
model.

ThruDB Uses Apache Thrift to integrate multiple backend databases as BerkeleyDB, Disk,
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

MySQL, S3.

iBoxDB Transactional embedded database, it can embed into mobile, desktop and web
applications, supports on-disk and in-memory storages. API: Java,C# (Android,
Mono, Xamarin, Unity3D). Query Method: SQL-like and KeyValue. Written In:
Java, C#. Replication: MasterSlave, MasterMaster.
3) Key Value / Tuple Store
It permits the app-developer to store schema-less
information. This information consists of a key that is
delineated by a string and also the actual information that
is that the worth in key-value try. the info is any primitive
of programing language, which can be a string, associate
number or associate array or it is associate object. so it
loosens the need of formatted information for storage,
eliminating the requirement for fastened information
model.

DynamoDB Automatic ultra scalable NoSQL DB based on fast SSDs. Multiple Availability Zones. Elastic
MapReduce Integration. Backup to S3 and much more [25,26].

Azure Table Collections of free form entities (row key, partition key, timestamp). Blob and Queue Storage
Storage available, 3 times redundant. Accessible via REST or ATOM [27].

Riak API: JSON, Protocol: REST, Query Method: MapReduce term matching , Scaling: Multiple
Masters; Written in: Erlang, Concurrency: eventually consistent (stronger then MVCC via
Vector Clocks).

Redis API: Tons of languages, Written in: C, Concurrency: in memory and saves asynchronous disk
after a defined time. Append only mode available. Different kinds of fsync policies. Replication:
Master / Slave, Misc: also lists, sets, sorted sets, hashes, queues [28].

Aerospike Fast & Web Scale DB. In-memory + Native flash. Predictable Performance - balanced 250k/50k
TPS reads/writes, 99% under 1 ms. Concurrency: ACID + Tunable Consistency. Replication:
Zero Config, Zero Downtime, auto clustering, cross datacenter replication, rolling upgrades.
Written in: C. APIs: Many.

FoundationDB An ordered key-value store with multikey ACID transactions, replicated storage, and fault
tolerance, built on a shared-nothing, distributed architecture. API: Python, Ruby, Node, Java, C.
Written In: Flow, C++. Data models: layers for tuples, arrays, tables, graphs, documents,
indexes.

LevelDB Fast & Batch updates. DB from Google. Written in C++. It is a light-weight, single-purpose
library for persistence with bindings to many platforms. This allows more complex features such
as replication, map-reduce, pub-sub, etc. to be published as modules on package management
systems such as npm or clibs [30].

Berkeley DB API: Many languages, Written in: C, Replication: Master / Slave, Concurrency: MVCC,
License: Sleepycat, Berkeley DB Java Edition: API: Java, Written in: Java, Replication: Master /
Slave, Concurrency: serializable transaction isolation, License: Sleepycat.

Oracle NOSQL Oracle NoSQL Database is a distributed key-value database. It is designed to provide highly
Database reliable, scalable and available data storage across a configurable set of systems that function as
storage nodes. NoSQL and the Enterprise Data is stored as key-value pairs, which are written to
particular storage node(s), based on the hashed value of the primary key. Storage nodes are
replicated to ensure high availability, rapid failover in the event of a node failure and optimal
load balancing of queries. API: Java/C.

GenieDB Immediate consistency sharded KV store with an eventually consistent AP store bringing
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

eventual consistency issues down to the theoretical minimum. It features efficient record
coalescing. GenieDB speaks SQL and co-exists / do intertable joins with SQL RDBMs [29] .

BangDB API: Get,Put,Delete, Protocol: Native, HTTP, Flavor: Embedded, Network, Elastic Cache,
Replication: P2P based Network Overlay, Written in: C++, Concurrency: ?, Misc: robust, crash
proof, Elastic, throw machines to scale linearly, Btree/Ehash [23].

Chordless API: Java & simple RPC to vals, Protocol: internal, Query Method: M/R inside value objects,
Scaling: every node is master for its slice of namespace, Written in: Java, Concurrency:
serializable transaction isolation,

Scalaris Written in: Erlang, Replication: Strong consistency over replicas, Concurrency: non blocking
Paxos.

Tokyo Cabinet High concurrency – multi-thread safe – read/write locking by records • high scalability – hash
/ Tyrant and B+tree structure. script language bindings – Perl, Ruby, Java, Lua, Python, PHP, Haskell,
Erlang, etc...

Scalien API / Protocol: http (text, html, JSON), C, C++, Python, Java, Ruby, PHP,Perl. Concurrency:
Paxos.

Voldemort Open-Source implementation of Amazons Dynamo Key-Value Store.

Dynomite Open-Source implementation of Amazons Dynamo Key-Value Store. written in Erlang. With
"data partitioning, versioning, and read repair, and user-provided storage engines provide
persistence and query processing".

KAI Distributed Open Source inspired by Amazon Dnamo implementation. It brings high scalability
and availability, so You can manage variety of contents with Kai, as if Dynamo stores shopping
carts, catalogs, session states and so forth.

MemcacheDB API: Memcache protocol (get, set, add, replace, etc.), Written in: C, Data Model: Blob, Misc: Is
Memcached writing to BerkleyDB.

Faircom C-Tree API: C, C++, C#, Java, PHP, Perl, Written in: C, C++. Misc: Transaction logging. Client/server.
Embedded. SQL wrapper (not core). Been around since 1979.

LSM Key-Value database that was written as part of SQLite4, They claim it is faster then LevelDB.
Instead of supporting custom comparators, they have a recommended data encoding for keys that
allows various data types to be sorted.

KitaroDB A fast, efficient on-disk data store for Windows Phone 8, Windows RT, Win32 (x86 & x64) and
.NET. Provides for key-value and multiple segmented key access. APIs for C#, VB, C++, C and
HTML5/JavaScript. Written in pure C for high performance and low footprint. Supports async
and synchronous operations with 2GB max record size.

HamsterDB (embedded solution) ACID Compliance, Lock Free Architecture (transactions fail on conflict
rather than block), Transaction logging & fail recovery (redo logs), In Memory support – can be
used as a non-persisted cache, B+ Trees – supported [Source: Tony Bain ]

STSdb API: C#, Written in C#, embedded solution, generic XTable<TKey,TRecord> implementation,
ACID transactions, snapshots, table versions, shared records, vertical data compression, custom
compression, composite & custom primary keys, available backend file system layer, works over
multiple volumes, petabyte scalability, LINQ.

Tarantool/Box API: C, Perl, PHP, Python, Java and Ruby. Written in: Objective C, Protocol: asynchronous
binary, memcached, text (Lua console). Data model: collections of dimensionless tuples, indexed
using primary + secondary keys. Concurrency: lock-free in memory, consistent with disk (write
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

ahead log). Replication: master/slave, configurable. Other: call Lua stored procedures.

Maxtable API: C, Query Method: MQL, native API, Replication: DFS Replication, Consistency: strict
consistency Written in: C.

quasardb Very high-performance associative database. Highly scalable. API: C, C++, Java, Python and
(limited) RESTful Protocol: binary Query method: key-value, iteration, Replication: Distributed,
Written in: C++ 11/Assembly, Concurrency: ACID, Misc: built-in data compression, native
support for FreeBSD, Linux and Windows. License: Commercial.

Pincaster For geolocalized apps. Concurrency: in-memory with asynchronous disk writes. API:
HTTP/JSON. Written in: C. License: BSD.

RaptorDB A pure key value store with optimized b+tree and murmur hashing. (In the near future it will be a
JSON document database much like mongodb and couchdb.)

TIBCO Active Peer-to-peer distributed in-memory (with persistence) datagrid that implements and expands on
Spaces the concept of the Tuple Space. Has SQL Queries and ACID (=> NewSQL).

allegro-C Key-Value concept. Variable number of keys per record. Multiple key values, Hierarchic
records. Relationships. Diff. record types in same DB. Indexing: B*-Tree. All aspects
configurable. Full scripting language. Multi-user ACID. Web interfaces (PHP, Perl,
ActionScript) plus Windows client.

nessDB A fast key-value Database (using LSM-Tree storage engine), API: Redis protocol
(SET,MSET,GET,MGET,DEL etc.), Written in: ANSI C

HyperDex Distributed searchable key-value store. Fast (latency & throughput), scalable, consistent, fault
tolerance, using hyperscpace hashing. APIs for C, C++ and Python.

SharedHashFile Fast, open source, shared memory (using memory mapped files e.g. in /dev/shm or on SSD),
multi process, hash table, e.g. on an 8 core i7-3720QM CPU @ 2.60GHz using /dev/shm, 8
processes combined have a 12.2 million / 2.5 to 5.9 million TPS read/write using small binary
keys to a hash filecontaining 50 million keys. Uses sharding internally to mitigate lock
contention. Written in C.

Symas LMDB Ultra-fast, ultra-compact key-value embedded data store developed by Symas for the
OpenLDAP Project. It uses memory-mapped files, so it has the read performance of a pure in-
memory database while still offering the persistence of standard disk-based databases, and is
only limited to the size of the virtual address space, (it is not limited to the size of physical
RAM)

Sophia Sophia is a modern embeddable key-value database designed for a high load environment. It has
unique architecture that was created as a result of research and rethinking of primary
algorithmical constraints, associated with a getting popular Log-file based data structures, such
as LSM-tree. Implemented as a small C-written, BSD-licensed library.

PickleDB Redis inspired K/V store for Python object serialization written by Harrison Erd.

Mnesia ErlangDB. Mnesia is a distributed DBMS written in Erlang for industrial telecommunications
applications [13].

LightCloud Built on Tokyo Tyrant. one amongst the quickest key-value databases. Tokyo Tyrant has been in
development for several years and is employed in production by Plurk.com, mixi.jp and
scribd.com (to name a few)...
Great performance (comparable to memcached!)
Can store various keys on only a few servers - tested in production
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

Scale out by simply adding nodes

Nodes area unit replicated via master-master replication. Automatic failover and cargo
reconciliation is supported from the beginning
Ability to script and extend victimisation Lua. enclosed extensions area unit incr and a hard and
fast list
Hot backups and restore: Take backups and restore servers while not movement them down
LightCloud manager will management nodes, take backups and provides you a standing on
however your nodes do
•Python solely, however LightCloud ought to be simple to port to alternative languages

Hibari Hibari may be a powerfully consistent, extremely offered, distributed, key-value Big Data store.
(NoSQL database). It absolutely was developed by Cloudian, Inc., once Gemini Mobile
Technologies to support its mobile electronic messaging and email services and discharged as
open source on Gregorian calendar month twenty seven, 2010. It supports APIs like Amazon S3,
JSON-RPC and Universal Binary Protocol; plans are declared for support of Apache Thrift;
additionally to Erlang, the language it absolutely was developed in. Hibari supports language
bindings like Java, C, C++, Python, and Ruby.

OpenLDAP Key-value store, B+tree. Lightning fast reads+fast bulk loads. Memory-mapped files for
persistent storage with all the speed of an in-memory database. No tuning conf required. Full
ACID support. MVCC, readers run lockless. Tiny code, written in C, compiles to under 32KB of
x86-64 object code. Modeled after the BerkeleyDB API for easy migration from Berkeley-based
code. Benchmarks against LevelDB, Kyoto Cabinet, SQLite3, and BerkeleyDB are available,
plus full paper and presentation slides.

Genomu High availability, concurrency-oriented event-based K/V database with transactions and causal
consistency. Protocol: MsgPack, API: Erlang, Elixir, Node.js. Written in: Elixir, Github-Repo.

BinaryRage BinaryRage is designed to be a lightweight ultra fast key/value store for .NET with no
dependencies. Tested with more than 200,000 complex objects written to disk per second on a
crappy laptop :-) No configuration, no strange driver/connector, no server, no setup - simply
reference the dll and start using it in less than a minute.

Elliptics It is a classic distributed hash table (DHT) with multiple replicas put in different groups
(distributed hashes). Elliptics was created to meet requirements of multi-datacenter and
physically distributed storage locations when storing huge amount of medium and large files
(1kb up to gigabytes in size, thousands to billions of objects).

There are several APIs for data access:

Asynchronous feature/promise C++ library

Python binding

Go binding

HTTP-proxy named Rift with buckets and ACLs based on TheVoid library (using boost::asio)

Community-driven Erlang bindings

DBreeze Professional, open-source, NoSql (embedded Key/Value storage), transactional, ACID-
compliant, multi-threaded, object database management system for .NET 3.0> MONO. Written
in C#.

RocksDB API: C++. Written in C++. Facebook`s improvements to Google`s LevelDB to speed throughput
for datasets larger than RAM. Embedded solution.
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

TreodeDB API: Scala. Written in Scala. Replication: Replicas vote on writes and reads. Sharding: Hashes
keys onto array of replica cohorts. Concurrency: Optimistic + Multiversion Concurrency
Control. Provides multirow atomic writes. Exposes optimistic concurrency through API to
support HTTP Etags. Embedded solution.

4) Graph Databases
Graph databases area unit schema-less databases that use
graph data structures at the side of nodes, edges and
bound properties to represent information. Nodes could
represent entities like folks, business or the other item
almost like what objects represent in any artificial
language. Properties designate any pertinent data
associated with nodes. On alternative|the opposite} hand;
edges relate a node to other node or a node to some
property. One will acquire some meaning pattern or
behavior when finding out the interconnection between
all 3 viz. nodes, properties and edges [34].

Neo4J API: lots of langs, Protocol: Java embedded / REST, Query Method: SparQL,
nativeJavaAPI, JRuby, Replication: typical MySQL style master/slave, Written in: Java,
Concurrency: non-block reads, writes locks involved nodes/relationships until commit, Misc:
ACID possible [31].

Infinite Graph (by Objectivity) API: Java, Protocol: Direct Language Binding, Query Method: Graph
Navigation API, Predicate Language Qualification, Written in: Java (Core C++), Data
Model: Labeled Directed Multi Graph, Concurrency: Update locking on subgraphs,
concurrent non-blocking ingest, Misc: Free for Qualified Startups.

DEX API: Java, .NET, C++, Blueprints Interface Protocol: Embedded, Query Method: APIs (Java,
.Net, C++) + Gremlin (via Blueprints), Written in: C++, Data Model: Labeled Directed
Attributed Multigraph, Concurrency: yes, Misc: Free community edition up to 1 Mio nodes.

TITAN API: Java, Blueprints, Gremlin, Python, Clojure Protocol: Thrift, RexPro(Binary), Rexster
(HTTP/REST) Query Method: Gremlin, SPARQL Written In: Java Data Model: labeled
Property Graph, directed, multi-graph adjacency list Concurrency: ACID Tunable C
Replication: Multi-Master License: Apache 2 Pluggable backends: Cassandra, HBase, MapR
M7 Tables, BDB, Persistit, Hazelcast.

InfoGrid API: Java, http/REST, Protocol: as API + XPRISO, OpenID, RSS, Atom, JSON, Java
embedded, Query Method: Web user interface with html, RSS, Atom, JSON output, Java
native, Replication: peer-to-peer, Written in: Java, Concurrency: concurrent reads, write lock
within one MeshBase.

HyperGraphDB API: Java (and Java Langs), Written in:Java, Query Method: Java or P2P, Replication: P2P,
Concurrency: STM, Misc: Open-Source, Especially for AI and Semantic Web.

GraphBase Sub-graph-based API, query language, tools & transactions. Embedded Java, remote-proxy
Java or REST. Distributed storage & processing. Read/write all Nodes. Permissions &
Constraints frameworks. Object storage, vertex-embedded agents. Supports multiple graph
models. Written in Java

Trinity API: C#, Protocol: C# Language Binding, Query Method: Graph Navigation API,
Replication: P2P with Master Node, Written in: C#, Concurrency: Yes (Transactional update
in online query mode, Non-blocking read in Batch Mode) Misc: distributed in-memory
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

storage, parallel graph computation platform (Microsoft Research Project).

AllegroGraph API: Java, Python, Ruby, C#, Perl, Clojure, Lisp Protocol: REST, Query Method: SPARQL
and Prolog, Libraries: Social Networking Analytics & GeoSpatial, Written in: Common Lisp

BrightstarDB A native, .NET, semantic web database with code first Entity Framework, LINQ and OData
support. API: C#, Protocol: SPARQL HTTP, C#, Query Method: LINQ, SPARQL, Written
in: C#

Bigdata API: Java, Jini service discovery, Concurrency: very high (MVCC), Written in: Java, Misc:
GPL + commercial, Data: RDF data with inference, dynamic key-range sharding of indices.

Meronymy RDF enterprise database management system. It is cross-platform and can be used with most
programming languages. Main features: high performance, guarantee database transactions
with ACID, secure with ACL's, SPARQL & SPARUL, ODBC & JDBC drivers, RDF &
RDFS.

WhiteDBOpenLink WhiteDB is a fast lightweight graph/N-tuples shared memory database library written in C
Virtuoso with focus on speed, portability and ease of use. Both for Linux and Windows, dual licenced
with GPLv3 and a free nonrestrictive royalty-free commercial licence.
Hybrid DBMS covering the following models: Relational, Document, Graph.
Programming language(s) that can be used with the tool: C, C++, Python, PHP, Java,
Javascript, C#, ActionScript, Tcl, Perl, Ruby, Obj-C
Relevant semantic web technologies: RDF, RDFS, SPARQL, OWL, GRDDL, RDFa,
RDB2RDF, R2RML, Direct Mapping
Categories: Triple Store, Reasoner, RDF Generator, SPARQL Endpoint, OWL Reasoner,
RDFS Reasoner, RDB2RDF

VertexDB Small graph database. It's written in C, uses Tokyo Cabinet for storing data. Simple http
filesystem-like interface. The general advantage - links, that allow to make graph structures
on database level.

FlockDB An open source distributed, fault-tolerant graph database for managing wide but shallow
network graphsBy twitter in April 2010, Written in Scala, Java, Ruby.

BrightstarDB BrightstarDB is a unique and powerful data storage technology for the .NET platform. It
combines flexibility, scalability and performance while allowing applications to be created
using tools developers are familiar with.

Execom IOG Immutable Object Graph database for .NET has following goals:
* enable native .NET objects to be stored anywhere
* thread safe objects using isolated workspaces
* multiple versions of the data
* object database for embedded and medium scale systems
* zero-configuration code first entity modelling
* query through object navigation and LINQ

Fallen 8 Github, Fallen-8 is an in-memory graph database implemented in C#.

 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

Bi-Directional SQL Server sync,

5) Multimodel Databases Integrated File Management System,
Asynchronous Work Queue, Unified
Enterprises and applications that need multiple
Routing, Fault Tolerance, Hosting
information models typically adopt a technique of
agnostic (in-house, AWS, Azure etc)
polyglot persistence, mistreatment separate information
stores for every model. This strategy has 2 major
AlchemyDB GraphDB + RDBMS + KV Store +
disadvantages: it ends up in a major increase in
Document Store. Alchemy Database is
operational quality, and there's no support for maintaining
a low-latency high-TPS NewSQL
information consistency across the separate information
stores. RDBMS embedded in the NOSQL
datastore redis. Extensive datastore-
Multi-model databases square measure meant to side-scripting is provided via deeply
supply the info modeling blessings of polyglot embedded Lua. Bought and integrated
persistence while not its disadvantages. Operational with Aerospike.
quality, specifically, is reduced through the utilization of
one information store. CortexDB CortexDB is a dynamic schema-less
multi-model data base providing nearly
ArangoDB API: REST, Graph Blueprints, C#, D, all advantages of up to now known
Ruby, Python, Java, PHP, Go, Python, NoSQL data base types (key-value
etc. Data Model: K/V, JSON & graphs store, document store, graph DB, multi-
with shapes, Protocol: HTTP using value DB, column DB) with dynamic
JSON, Query Method: declarative re-organization during continuous
AQL, query by example, map/reduce, operations, managing analytical and
key/value, Replication: master-slave transaction data for agile software
(m-m to follow), Sharding: automatic configuration,change requests on the
and configurable Written in: fly, self service and low footprint.
C/C++/Javascript (V8 integrated),
Concurrency: MVCC, tunable Misc:
"stored procedures" (Ruby &
Javascript), many indices as secondary,
fulltext, geo, hash, Skip-list, bit-array, The following section containts Soft NoSQL Systems
n-gram, capped collections [32].
6) Object Databases
OrientDB Languages: Java, Schema: Has features
of an Object-Database, DocumentDB,
GraphDB or Key-Value DB, Written
in: Java, Query Method: Native and
SQL, Misc: really fast, lightweight,
ACID with recovery [33].

Datomic API: Many jvm languages, Protocol:

Native + REST, Query Method:
Datalog + custom extensions, Scaling:
elastic via underlying DB (in-mem,
DynamoDB, Riak, CouchBase,
Infinispan, more to come), Written in:
Clojure, Concurrency: ACID MISC:
smart caching, unlimited read
scalability, full-text search, cardinality,
bi-directional refs 4 graph traversal,
loves Clojure + Storm.

FatDB .NET solution with tight SQL Server

integration. API: C# Protocol: Protobuf
or Raw Binary Query Method: LINQ
Replication: All peer network, multiple
consistency strategies Written in: C#,
.NET Concurrency: Variable, Many
Strategies License: Free Community
Edition + Commercial Options Misc:
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

Object familiarised Databases conjointly unremarkably As the usage of web-based technology will increase with
called OODBMS), may be a info system. It stores its the implementation of Intranets and extranets,
information within the kind of objects. This feature corporations have a unconditional interest in OODBMSs
supports inheritance and thus reusability similar as in to show their complicated information. employing a
object familiarised programming [35]. software package that has been specifically designed to
store information as objects provides a bonus to those
Object-oriented info management systems (OODBMSs)
corporations that area unit back-geared towards
mix database capabilities with object-oriented
multimedia system presentation or organizations that
programing language capabilities. OODBMSs enable
utilize computer aided design (CAD).
object-oriented programmers to develop the merchandise,
store them as objects, and replicate or modify existing Some object-oriented databases area unit designed to
objects to create new objects among the OODBMS. as a figure well with object-oriented programming languages
result of the info is integrated with the programing like city, Ruby, Python, Perl, Java, C#, Visual Basic
language, the computer user will maintain consistency .NET, C++, Objective-C and Smalltalk; others have their
among one setting, therein each the OODBMS and own programming languages. OODBMSs use precisely
therefore the programing language can use constant the same model as object-oriented programming
model of illustration. relative software package comes, by languages.
method of distinction, maintain a clearer division
between the info model and therefore the application.

Versant API: Languages/Protocol: Java, C#, C++, Python. Schema: language class model (easy
changable). Modes: always consistent and eventually consistent Replication:
synchronous fault tolerant and peer to peer asynchronous. Concurrency: optimistic and
object based locks. Scaling: can add physical nodes on fly for scale out/in and migrate
objects between nodes without impact to application code. Misc: MapReduce via
parallel SQL like query across logical database groupings [36].

db4o API: Java, C#, .Net Langs, Protocol: language, Query Method: QBE (by Example),
Soda, Native Queries, LINQ (.NET), Replication: db4o2db4o & dRS to relationals,
Written in: Java, Cuncurrency: ACID serialized, Misc: embedded lib [37]

Objectivity API: Languages: Java, C#, C++, Python, Smalltalk, SQL access through ODBC.
Schema: native language class model, direct support for references, interoperable
across all language bindings. 64 bit unique object ID (OID) supports multi exa-byte.
Platforms: 32 and 64 bit Windows, Linux, Mac OSX, *Unix. Modes: always consistent
(ACID). Concurrency: locks at cluster of objects (container) level. Scaling: unique
distributed architecture, dynamic addition/removal of clients & servers, cloud
environment ready. Replication: synchronous with quorum fault tolerant across peer to
peer partitions[38].

GemStone/S API: Java, C, C++, Smalltalk Schema: language class model Platforms: Linux, AIX,
Solaris, Mac OSX, Windows clients Modes: always consistent (ACID) Replication:
shared page cache per node, hot standby failover Concurrency: optimistic and object
based locks Scaling: arbitrarily large number of nodes Misc: SQL via GemConnect
[39].

Starcounter API: C# (.NET languages), Schema: Native language class model, Query method:
SQL, Concurrency: Fully ACID compliant, Storage: In-memory with transactions
secured on disk, Reliability: Full checkpoint recovery, Misc: VMDBMS - Integrating
the DBMS with the virtual machine for maximal performance and ease of use [40].

Perst API: Java,Java ME,C#,Mono. Query method: OO via Perst collections, QBE, Native
Queries, LINQ, native full-text search, JSQL Replication: Async+sync (master-slave)
Written in: Java, C#. Caching: Object cache (LRU, weak, strong), page pool, in-
memory database Concurrency: Pessimistic+optimistic (MVCC) + async or sync
(ACID) Index types: Many tree models + Time Series. Misc: Embedded lib.,
encryption, automatic recovery, native full text search, on-line or off-line backup [41].

VelocityDB Written in100% pure C#, Concurrency: ACID/transactional, pessimistic/optimistic

locking, Misc: compact data, B-tree indexes, LINQ queries, 64bit object identifiers
(Oid) supporting multi millions of databases and high performance. Deploy with a
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

single DLL of around 400KB [42].

HSS Database Written in: 100% C#, The HSS DB v3.0 (HighSpeed-Solutions Database), is a client
based, zero-configuration, auto schema evolution, acid/transactional, LINQ Query,
DBMS for Microsoft .NET 4/4.5, Windows 8 (Windows Runtime), Windows Phone
7.5/8, Silverlight 5, MonoTouch for iPhone and Mono for Android

ZODB API: Python, Protocol: Internal, ZEO, Query Method: Direct object access,
zope.catalog, gocept.objectquery, Replication: ZEO, ZEORAID, RelStorage Written
in: Python, C Concurrency: MVCC, License: Zope Public License (OSI approved)
Misc: Used in production since 1998

Magma Smalltalk DB, optimistic locking, Transactions, etc.

NEO API: Python - ZODB "Storage" interface, Protocol: native, Query Method:
transactional key-value, Replication: native, Written in: Python, Concurrency: MVCC
(internally), License: GPL "v2 or later", Misc: Load balancing, fault tolerant, hot-
extensible.

siaqodb An object database engine that currently runs on .NET, Mono, Silverlight,Windows
Phone 7, MonoTouch, MonoAndroid, CompactFramework; It has implemented a Sync
Framework Provider and can be synchronized with MS SQLServer; Query method:
LINQ;

Sterling It is a lightweight object-oriented database for .NET with support for Silverlight and
Windows Phone 7. It features in-memory keys and indexes, triggers, and support for
compressing and encrypting the underlying data.

Morantex Stores .NET classes in a datapool. Build for speed. SQL Server integration. LINQ
support.

EyeDB EyeDB is an LGPL OODBMS, provides an advanced object model (inheritance,

collections, arrays, methods, triggers, constraints, reflexivity), an object definition
language based on ODMG ODL, an object query and manipulation language based on
ODMG OQL. Programming interfaces for C++ and Java.

FramerD Object-Oriented Database designed to support the maintenance and sharing of

knowledge bases. Optimized for pointer-intensive data structures used by semantic
networks, frame systems, and many intelligent agent applications. Written in: ANSI C.

Ninja Database Ninja Database Pro is a .NET ACID compliant relational object database that supports
Pro transactions, indexes, encryption, and compression. It currently runs on .NET Desktop
Applications, Silverlight Applications, and Windows Phone 7 Applications.

NDatabase API: C#, .Net, Mono, Windows Phone 7, Silverlight, Protocol: language, Query
Method: Soda, LINQ (.NET), Written in: C#, Misc: embedded lib, indexes, triggers,
handle circular ref, LinqPad support, Northwind sample, refactoring, in-memory
database, Transactions Support (ACID) and more, Documentation:

PicoLisp Language and Object Database, can be viewed as a Database Development

Framework. Schema: native language class model with relations + various indexes.
Queries: language build in + a small Prolog like DSL Pilog. Concurrency:
synchronization + locks. Replication, distribution and fault tolerance is not
implemented per default but can be implemented with native functionality. Written in
C (32bit) or assembly (64bit).
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

acid-state API: Haskell, Query Method: Functional programming, Written in: Haskell,
Concurrency: ACID, GHC concurrent runtime, Misc: In-memory with disk-based log,
supports remote access

ObjectDB API: Java (JPA / JDO) Query method: JPA JPQL, JDO JDOQL Replication: Master-
slave Written in: 100% Pure Java Caching: Object cache, Data cache, Page cache,
Query Result cache, Query program cache Concurrency: Object level locking
(pessimistic + optimistic) Index types: BTree, single, path, collection Misc: Used in
production since 2004, Embedded mode, Client Server mode, automatic recovery, on-
line backup.

CoreObject CoreObject: Version-controlled OODB, that supports powerful undo, semantic

merging, and real-time collaborative editing. MIT-licensed, API: ObjC, Schema:
EMOF-like, Concurrency: ACID, Replication: differential sync, Misc: DVCS based on
object graph diffs, selective undo, refs accross versioned docs, tagging, temporal
indexing, integrity checking.

Grid and Cloud Databases build use of grid and cloud

7) Grid & Cloud Database Solutions
computing jointly. Grid computing is exploited to
manage heterogeneous and geographically distributed
databases whereas Cloud Computing provides quick
access to remote hardware and storage resources.

Oracle Coherence Oracle Coherence offers distributed, replicated, multi-datacenter, tiered (off-heap/SSD) and
near (client) caching. It provides distributed processing, querying, eventing, and map/reduce,
session management, and prorogation of database updates to caches. Operational support
provided by a Grid Archive deployment model.

GigaSpaces Popular SpaceBased Grid Solution.

GemFire GemFire offers in-memory globally distributed data management with dynamic scalability,
very high performance and granular control supporting the most demanding applications. Well
integrated with the Spring Framework, developers can quickly and easily provide sophisticated
data management for applications. With simple horizontal scale-out, data latency caused by
network roundtrips and disk I/O can be avoided even as applications grow.

Infinispan Scalable, highly available data grid platform, open source, written in Java.

Queplix NOSQL Data Integration Environment, can integrate relational, object, BigData – NOSQL
easily and without any SQL.

Hazelcast Hazelcast is a in-memory data grid that offers distributed data in Java with dynamic scalability
under the Apache 2 open source license. It provides distributed data structures in Java in a
single Jar file including hashmaps, queues, locks, topics and an execution service that allows
you to simply program these data structures as pure java objects, while benefitting from
symmetric multiprocessing and cross-cluster shared elastic memory of very high ingest data
streams and very high transactional loads.

Crate Data A shared nothing, document-oriented cluster data store. Accessed via SQL and has builtin
BLOB support. Uses the cluster state implementation and node discovery of Elasticsearch.
License: Apache 2.0, Query Method: SQL, Clients: HTTP (REST), Python, Java (JDBC or
native), Ruby, JS, Erlang, Replication + Sharding: automatic and configurable, written in: Java.
XML information could be a direction system that's
8) XML Databases accustomed store XML knowledge. altogether native
XML databases, XML document is that the
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

elementary storage format. but in some XML mapping layer. Some hybrid XML databases
enabled databases, knowledge of the XML document additionally exist that area unit combination of native
is split into elements and these elements area unit and XED‘s.
keep among tables exploitation another XML
EMC (commercial system) API: Java, XQuery, Protocol: WebDAV, web services, Query
Documentum xDB method: XQuery, XPath, XPointer, Replication: lazy primary copy replication
(master/replicas), Written in: Java, Concurrency: concurrent reads, writes with lock;
transaction isolation, Misc: Fully transactional persistent DOM; versioning; multiple
index types; metadata and non-XML data support; unlimited horizontal scaling.
Developer Network

eXist API: XQuery, XML:DB API, DOM, SAX, Protocols: HTTP/REST, WebDAV, SOAP,
XML-RPC, Atom, Query Method: XQuery, Written in: Java (open source), Concurrency:
Concurrent reads, lock on write; Misc: Entire web applications can be written in XQuery,
using XSLT, XHTML, CSS, and Javascript (for AJAX functionality). (1.4) adds a new
full text search index based on Apache Lucene, a lightweight URL rewriting and MVC
framework, and support for XProc.

Sedna Misc: ACID transactions, security, indices, hot backup. Flexible XML processing
facilities include W3C XQuery implementation, tight integration of XQuery with full-text
search facilities and a node-level update language.

BaseX BaseX is a fast, powerful, lightweight XML database system and XPath/XQuery
processor with highly conformant support for the latest W3C Update and Full Text
Recommendations. Client/Server architecture, ACID transaction support, user
management, logging, Open Source, BSD-license, written in Java, runs out of the box.

Qizx commercial and open source version, API: Java, Protocols: HTTP, REST, Query Method:
XQuery, XQuery Full-Text, XQuery Update, Written in: Java, full source can be
purchased, Concurrency: Concurrent reads & writes, isolation, Misc: Terabyte scalable,
emphasizes query speed.

Berkeley DB XML API: Many languages, Written in: C++, Query Method: XQuery, Replication: Master /
Slave, Concurrency: MVCC, License: Sleepycat
[ Xindice Tamino ]
dimensional queries square measure mapped onto
9) Multidimensional Databases equivalent relative queries. merchandise that use this idea
square measure modern and Micro strategy.
Multidimensional Databases store the information as n-
dimensional matrix. All the helpful aggregates also are
precompiled and hold on, permitting roll-ups and drill-
downs to be answered interactively. several merchandise
use this approach, like, Arbor Essbase [Arb] and IRI
categorical [IRI].
Multidimensional databases could use a electronic
information service as backend during which four-
Globals: By Intersystems, multidimensional array.Node.js API, array based APIs (Java / .NET),
and a Java based document API.

Intersystems Cache Postrelational System. Multidimensional array APIs, Object APIs, Relational Support
(Fully SQL capable JDBC, ODBC, etc.) and Document APIs are new in the upcoming
2012.2.x versions. Availible for Windows, Linux and OpenVMS.

GT.M API: M, C, Python, Perl, Protocol: native, inprocess C, Misc: Wrappers: M/DB for
SimpleDB compatible HTTP , MDB:X for XML , PIP for mapping to tables for SQL ,
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

Features: Small footprint (17MB), Terabyte Scalability, Unicode support, Database

encryption, Secure, ACID transactions (single node), eventual consistency (replication),
License: AGPL v3 on x86 GNU/Linux

SciDB Array Data Model for Scientists.

MiniM DB Multidimensional arrays, API: M, C, Pascal, Perl, .NET, ActiveX, Java, WEB.
Available for Windows and Linux.

rasdaman Short description: Rasdaman is a scientific database that allows to store and retrieve
multi-dimensional raster data (arrays) of unlimited size through an SQL-style query
language. API: C++/Java, Written in C++, Query method: SQL-like query language
rasql, as well as via OGC standards WCPS, WCS, WPS .
10) Multivalue Databases
Multivalue database earlier known as PICK database is
such a database which understands three dimension data
directly i.e. fields, values and subvalues. In this, value is a
breakdown of field and subvalue is further breakdown of
value. The tables during this information area unit
extraordinarily versatile such if any of the changes area
unit created within the information, there's no have to be
compelled to pack up the information or build the
information. additionally multivalue databases have
calculated columns as they will contain tiny programs for
calculations.

U2 (UniVerse, UniData): MultiValue Databases, Data Structure: MultiValued, Supports

nested entities, Virtual Metadata, API: BASIC, InterCall, Socket, .NET and Java
API's, IDE: Native, Record Oriented, Scalability: automatic table space allocation,
Protocol: Client Server, SOA, Terminal Line, X-OFF/X-ON, Written in: C, Query
Method: Native mvQuery, (Retrieve/UniQuery) and SQL, Replication: yes, Hot
standby, Concurrency: Record and File Locking (Fine and Coarse Granularity)

OpenInsight API: Basic+, .Net, COM, Socket, ODBC, Protocol: TCP/IP, Named Pipes, Telnet,
VT100. HTTP/S Query Method: RList, SQL & XPath Written in: Native 4GL, C,
C++, Basic+, .Net, Java Replication: Hot Standby Concurrency: table &/or row
locking, optionally transaction based & commit & rollback Data structure: Relational
&/or MultiValue, supports nested entities Scalability: rows and tables size
dynamically.

TigerLogic PICK (D3, mvBase, mvEnterprise) Data Structure: Dynamic multidimensional PICK data
model, multi-valued, dictionary-driven, API: NET, Java, PHP, C++, Protocol: C/S,
Written In: C, Query Method: AQL, SQL, ODBC, Pick/BASIC, Replication: Hot
Backup, FFR, Transaction Logging + real-time replication, Concurrency: Row Level
Locking, Connectivity: OSFI, ODBC, Web-Services, Web-enabled, Security: File
level AES-128 encryption

Reality (Northgate IS): The original MultiValue data set database, virtual machine, enquiry
and rapid development environment. Delivers ultra efficiency, scalability and
resilience while extended for the web and with built-in auto sizing, failsafe and more.
Interoperability includes Web Services, Java Classes, XML, ActiveX, Sockets, C and,
for those that have to interoperate with the SQL world, ODBC/JDBC and two-way
transparent SQL data access.

OpenQM Supports nested data. Fully automated table space allocation. Concurrency control via
task locks, file locks & shareable/exclusive record locks. Case insensitivity option.
Secondary key indices. Integrated data replication. QMBasic programming language
for rapid development. OO programming integrated into QMBasic. QMClient
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

connectivity from Visual Basic, PowerBasic, Delphi, PureBasic, ASP, PHP, C and
more. Extended multivalue query language.

Model 204 Database A high performance dbms that runs on IBM mainframes (IBM z/OS, z/VM, zVSE),
+SQL interface with nested entity support API: native 4GL (SOUL + o-o support),
SQL, Host Language (COBOL, Assembler, PL1) API, ODBC, JDBC, .net,
Websphere MQ, Sockets Scalability: automatic table space allocation, 64-bit support
Written in: IBM assembler, C Query method: SOUL, SQL, RCL ( invocation of
native language from client ) Concurrency: record and file level locking Connectivity:
TN3270, Telnet, Http

ESENT (By Microsoft) ISAM storage technology. Access using index or cursor navigation.
Denormalized schemas, wide tables with sparse columns, multi-valued columns, and
sparse and rich indexes. C# and Delphi drivers available. Backend for a number of
MS Products as Exchange.

jBASE Open and published interface (jBASE External Device Interface, jEDI), customers
could achieve seamless integration with foreign databases. This meant that any jBASE
developed application could read and write to whichever database was required for
data storage such as the native jBASE database but also Oracle, SQL Server, DB2,
and others—a first in the industry.

11) Event Sourcing

Event The open-source, functional database with Complex Event Processing in
Store JavaScript.

12) Network Model

Vyhodb Service oriented, schema-less, network data model DBMS. Client application
invokes methods of vyhodb services, which are written in Java and deployed
inside vyhodb. Vyhodb services reads and modifies storage data. API: Java,
Protocol: RSI - Remote service invocation, Written in: Java, ACID: fully
supported, Replication: async master slave, Misc: online backup, License:
proprietary

13) Other NoSQL related databases

IBM Lotus/Domino Type: Document Store, API: Java, HTTP, IIOP, C API, REST Web Services, DXL,
Languages: Java, JavaScript, LotusScript, C, @Formulas, Protocol: HTTP, NRPC,
Replication: Master/Master, Written in: C, Concurrency: Eventually Consistent,
Scaling: Replication Clusters

eXtremeDB Type: In-Memory Database; Written in: C; API: C/C++, SQL, JNI, C#(.NET), JDBC;
Replication: Async+sync (master-slave), Cluster; Scalability: 64-bit and MVCC

RDM Embedded APIs: C++, Navigational C. Embedded Solution that is ACID Compliant with Multi-
Core, On-Disk & In-Memory Support. Distributed Capabilities, Hot Online Backup,
supports all Main Platforms. Supported B Tree & Hash Indexing. Replication:
Master/Slave, Concurrency: MVCC. Client/Server: In-process/Built-in.

ISIS Family (semistructured databases) Micro CDS/ISIS is an advanced non-numerical

information storage and retrieval software developed by UNESCO since 1985 to
satisfy the need expressed by many institutions, especially in developing countries, to
be able to streamline their information processing activities by using modern (and
relatively inexpensive) technologies.
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

Moonshadow NoSql, in-memory, flat-file, cloud-based. API interfaces. Small data footprint and
very fast data retrieval. Stores 200 million records with 200 attributes in just 10GB.
Retrieves 150 million records per second per CPU core. Often used to visualize big
data on maps. Written in C.

VaultDB Next-gen NoSQL encrypted document store. Multi-recipient / group encryption.

Featuers: concurrency, indices, ACID transactions, replication and PKI management.
Supports PHP and many others. Written in C++. Commercial but has a free version.
API: JSON

Prevayler Java RAM Data structure journalling.

Yserial Python wrapper over sqlite3

14) Unresolved And Uncategorized

Btrieve (by Pervasive Software) Btrieve may be a transactional information (navigational
database) software package. it's supported Indexed consecutive Access methodology
(ISAM), that may be a approach of storing information for quick retrieval. There are
many versions of the merchandise for DOS, Linux, older versions of Microsoft
Windows, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows
Server 2003, 32-bit IBM OS/2 and for Novell NetWare.

KirbyBase Written in: Ruby. kirbybase may be a pure-python, flat-file, plain-text management
system. It may be used either embedded in a very python application or in a very
client/server, multi-user mode. you'll use python expressions/regular expressions in
your question statement instead of having to use another language in your code like
sql. it's little and extremely simple to put in (1 file). It understands python field
varieties and permits you to store your knowledge in: strings, integers, floats,
booleans, and datetime.date/datetime.datetime formats.

Tokutek High-performance, high-compression, enterprise-ready MongoDB and MySQL.

Recutils GNU Tool for text files containing records and fields.It is a group of tools and
libraries to access human-editable, plain text databases referred to as recfiles. the info
is keep as a sequence of records, every record containing AN impulsive variety of
named fields. the image below shows a sample info containing data concerning
antelope packages, in conjunction with the most options provided by recutils.
Data Integrity
Mandatory and impermissible fields.
Unique fields and first keys.
Auto-counters and time-stamps.
Arbitrary constraints.
Rich kind System for Fields
Predefined: number, real, date, etc.
• User-defined: supported regular expressions.

FileDB Mainly targeted to Silverlight/Windows Phone developers but its also great for any
.NET application where a simple local database is required, extremely Lightweight -
less than 50K, stores one table per file, including index, compiled versions for
Windows Phone 7, Silverlight and .NET, fast, free to use in your applications.

CodernityDB written in Python illuminate Correlation info Ringo, Sherpa, tin, Dryad, SkyNet,
Disco
 Survey On NoSQL Database Classification: New Era of Databases for Big Data

Possibly the oldest NoSQL sound unit (together with infectious disease and IBMs
IMS &amp; IDMS [1968,1964]).Followings ar the key feature of this
Native Python info
Multiple indexes
Fast (even a hundred 000 insert and over a hundred 000 get operations per second see
Speed for details)
Embedded mode (default) and Server, with shopper library that aims to be 100%
compatible with embedded one.
Easy thanks to implement custom Storage
Collections / Tables support
• Sharding
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Authors’ Profiles

Biswa Ranjan Acharya M.Tech from

Dhaneswar Ratha Institute of
Management & Studies under BPUT,
Odisha, India. He obtained MCA from
IGNOU in 2009.He has more than 5
years industry experience as well as
teaching experience. His research intrest
Data Analytics, Computer Vision &
Image processing, parallel computing
and Cloud computing.

Manjusha Pandey is presently working as an Assistant

Professor in the School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga
Institute of Industrial Technology, and Bhubaneswar.She is
pursuing her PhD from Indian Institute of Information
Technology, Allahabad. She has more than 15 research
publications to her credit in journals and conferences of
repute.Her research interest areas include Wireless Sensor
Network, Security and Privacy in Wireless Sensor Network,
Data Analytics, Human Computer Interaction and Computer
Networks.

Siddhath Swarup Rautaray is presently working as an

Assistant Professor in the School of Computer Engineering,
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar. He
obtained his PhD from Indian Institute of Information
Technology, Allahabad. He has more than 25 research
publications to his credit in journals and conferences of repute.
His research interest areas include Human Computer
Interaction, Computer Vision, Data Analytics, Security and
Privacy in Wireless Sensor Network, and Computer Networks.
.