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SL Topics 4.1 & 4.2 Matrices Revision Notes

Matrices are rectangular arrangements of numbers organized in rows and columns. The size of a matrix is defined by its dimensions (number of rows and columns). Matrices can be added, subtracted, multiplied by scalars, or multiplied together, depending on their dimensions. Matrix multiplication is not commutative. The identity matrix is a special matrix with ones along the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere that leaves other matrices unchanged when multiplied.

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300 views2 pages

SL Topics 4.1 & 4.2 Matrices Revision Notes

Matrices are rectangular arrangements of numbers organized in rows and columns. The size of a matrix is defined by its dimensions (number of rows and columns). Matrices can be added, subtracted, multiplied by scalars, or multiplied together, depending on their dimensions. Matrix multiplication is not commutative. The identity matrix is a special matrix with ones along the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere that leaves other matrices unchanged when multiplied.

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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Topics 4.1 & 4.2 Revision Notes Matrices IB Math SL Topics 4.1 & 4.

IB Math SL Topics 4.1 & 4.2 Revision Notes Matrices IB Math SL

Basics of Matrices MULTIPLICATION BY A SCALAR.


A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns.
To multiply a matrix by a scalar, you multiply each entry in the matrix by the scalar.
The numbers inside the matrix are called the elements.
2 4  1   8 16  4 
A  3 5  2 4A  12 20  8 
The size of the matrix are the dimensions (or “order”) of the matrix. The dimensions of the matrix are
always the number of rows by the number of columns.
0 6  3  0 24  12
Some matrices have special names because of their dimensions or entries.
Name Description Example
Row matrix
A matrix with only 1 row.
3  2 0 4 The product of two matrices A and B is defined provided the number of columns in A is equal to the
number of rows in B.
1
Column matrix A matrix with only 1 column. 3 If A is an m x n matrix and B is an n x p matrix, then the product AB is an m x p matrix.
 
4  1 5 A · B = AB
A matrix with the same number of 2 0 1 
Square matrix   m×n n×p m×p
rows and columns.
1  3 6
equal
0 0
0 0
Zero matrix A matrix whose entries are all zeros.  
0 0
To find the element in the first row, first column multiply the corresponding elements in the first row
of A and the first column of B. Then add.
Two matrices are equal if their dimensions are the same and the entries in corresponding positions are
equal. Multiply a 3×2 by a 2×2
a b  ag  bi ah  bj 
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION  c d    g h    cg  di ch  dj 
   i j  
Matrices can be added, subtracted, multiplied by a scalar or multiplied by another matrix.  e f     eg  fi eh  fj 
 

To add or subtract matrices the dimensions must be exactly the same. Multiplying two 2×2 matrices
a b   e f  ae  bg af  bh
a b   e f  a  e b  f   c d    g h   ce  dg cf  dh 
c d    g 
h  c  g d  h 
     
  
Multiplying two 3×3 matrices
a b   e f  a  e b  f   a b c   j k l  aj  bm  cp ak  bn  cq al  bo  cr 
c d    g 
h  c  g d  h  d e f   m n o  dj  em  fp dk  en  fq dl  eo  fr 
        
 g h i   p q r   gj  hm  ip gk  hn  iq gl  ho  ir 

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Topics 4.1 & 4.2 Revision Notes Matrices IB Math SL

IDENTITY MATRIX
The number 1 is the multiplicative identity for real numbers because 1·a = a and a·1 = a. For matrices,
the n×n identity matrix is the matrix that has 1’s on the main diagonal and 0’s elsewhere.
2×2 identity matrix 3×3 identity matrix
1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 
0 1   
 
0 0 1
If A is any n × n matrix and I is the n × n identity matrix, then IA = A and AI = A.

Properties of matrix operations

Let A, B, and C be matrices with the same dimensions and let k be a scalar.
Associative property of addition (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

Commutative property of addition A+B=B+A

Distributive property of addition k(A + B) = kA + kB

Distributive property of subtraction k(A – B) = kA – kB

Associative property of matrix multiplication A(BC) = (AB)C

Left distributive property A(B + C) = AB + AC

Right distributive property (A + B)C = AC + BC

Associative property of scalar multiplication k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB)

Notice that the commutative property of multiplication is missing. This is very important: matrix
multiplication is not, in general, commutative AB ≠ BA.

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